汉语翻译第15讲
增补与省略异化翻
译策略
一、考试解题指导：Choose better or the best version in each group
1.学生违反校规规都要受到老师的批评。
A. A student who violates any school rules will be criticized by the teacher.
B. A student for his violation of any school rules will be criticized by the teacher.
C. Violations of any school rules by a student will be criticized by the teacher.
2.我们的英语学习取得了一个又一个进步。
A. We have made advances one after another for our English studies..
B. Our English studies have made advances one after another..
3. 那手里拿着一本书的中年女老师正等着
学生讨论问题。
A.The aged woman with a book in her hand
is waiting for the students to discuss a problem.
B. The middle-aged is waiting for the students to discuss a problem., holding a book in her hand.
C. The middle-aged woman teacher holding a book in her hand is waiting for the students with whom she will discuss a problem.
4.请全体学生，于明天在会议室开会。
A. All students are required to the meeting in the meeting-room tomorrow.
B. Please All students to attend the meeting in the meeting-room tomorrow.
C. All students are requested to have the meeting in the meeting-room tomorrow..
5. 上述论述充分说明，学生在学习中起着越来越重要的作用。
A. Statements above mentioned fully show that students have played more and more
important role in their studies.
B. Statements listed above clearly indicate the increasing important role played by the students in their studies.
6. 我希望一年四季都是春天。
I wish it is spring all the year round.
I wish it were spring all the year round.
二、翻译术语说明
conversion: v→prep./n.)
（omission）
(into a simple sentence with inanimate subj (n.→adverb)
(into a passive sentence)
( translated as subject
(amplification)
( the choice of predicate )
((literal translation)
（combination）
(into a passive sentence)
我们往往从一个人所交往的朋友以及所阅读的书去看他的为人，因为人与人之间有友
谊，同样的，人与书也就有书谊。
三、combination
1. A man may usually be known by the book he read as well as by the company he keeps, for there is a companionship of books as well as of men.
2. We may usually judge a man by the books that he read as well as by the friends that he has since there is a friendship between books and men as well as a friendship between men and men
3. We may usually judge a man’s virtue by the books that he read as well as by the friends that he has, for a friendship exists between books and men as well as between men and men.
一、增补法（Amplification)
根据译文的语法结构，表达习惯和语义连贯的需要增加一些原文中虽无其词却有其意的一些词句从而更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。
比较以下译文：
1.挖掘含义
感冒可以通过人的手进行传染。（学生译文）Flue will be spread by hand.
（参考译文）Flue can be spread by hand contacts.
我在花园里种满了芬芳的玫瑰花，
远远望去，像是一片燃烧的晚霞。（学生译文）：I have grown many fragrant roses in my garden, looked from a distance, it seemed that there was a sunset glow burning flamingly.
（参考译文）：All over my garden I’ve planted nothing but roses, fragrant and ---if looked from afar---ablaze with color like sunset clouds.
2.修补语法结构
我知道她平素最喜欢些花花草草，临别时我说，采一束玫瑰点缀你的
闺房吧。
(学生译文) I knew that she likes flowers and plants. When we said goodbye to each other, I told her to pick a bunch of roses to decorate her boudoir.
(参考译文）I know her to be a lover of flowers and plants, and for the reason I told her at her departure that she should pick a bunch of roses to decorate her boudoir.
3.Addingthe social bachground(增补社会背景)
江南的紫砂壶玲珑剔透，泥人张的
彩塑令人拍案叫绝；
(学生译文）Both the exquisitely carved pottery teapots made in South China and The shocking beautiful sculptures made by NiRen Zhang;
（参考译文）Both the exquisiteness of the boccaro teapots made in south China, and the shockingly beautiful sculptures by sculptor Zhang of Tianjin
4. Adding the words indicationg the tense(增加表达时态的词)
我在花园里种满了芬芳的玫瑰花
（学生译文）I planted fragrant roses all over my garden.
（参考译文）I’ve planted fragrant roses all over my garden.
5. Semantic Amplification
1．对毕业生可采取“双向选择”的制度。
The two-way choice system can be adopted for college graduates, which means that graduates could choose employers and employers could choose graduates.
2．深入开展“严打”斗争和专项治理。
We cracked down on all criminal activities and launched special campaigns to fight the crime and social evils that the people detest most.
二. 省略法(omission)
1.减去意思重复的词语
1) 他喜欢英语，可我不喜欢英语。
He likes English, but I don’t(like it).
2) 他一开口总是三句话不离他女
朋友。
He can hardly open his mouth without talking about his girlfriend.
2.省略冗余用词
1) 按照格林先生的说法，这个问题很微妙。
According to Mr. Green, this is a very delicate problem.
2) 我对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，但是忠言。
I talked to him with brutal frankness.
3) 你愿意别人如何待你，你就如
何待人。
Do as you would be done by. 3．省略表语气的词或虚词
1) 她就是这种脾气。
That is her temper!
2)
III．增补与省略翻译练习
1．送君千里，终须一别。
2．一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三个帮。
3．春节假期，火车票十分紧俏，人们提前十天预定火车票。
4．前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
5．让一部分人先富起来。
1.Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last.
2.A fence needs the support of three stakes, an able fellow needs the help of three other people.
3.During the Spring Festival holiday, train tickets are always in short supply, so people have to rush their ticket booking ten days in advance.
4.While the prospects are bright,
the road has twists and turns.
5. Let a minority (of people）get better off earlier than others.
1. 时间一分钟一分钟过去，前面那团红雾更红更亮了。
As time goes by minute, the rosy halos ahead grow redder and brighter.
2.听到这个消息，他一肚皮的酒几乎全化成了醋酸。
At this news the wine in his stomach turned to sour vinegar in his jealousy.
3.但是，我却看到了一次最雄伟、最瑰丽的日出景象。
I have, however, seen a superbly majestic and beautiful sunrise.
4.姑娘有点不好意思了，脸上泛着红潮。
The girl blushed shyly.
5.匪军所至，杀害人民，奸淫妇女，烧毁村庄，掠夺财务，无所不用其极。
Wherever the bandit troops went, they massacred and raped, burned and looted, and stopped at nothing.
6.教师给孩子们上的课，节奏要快，内容要有趣，因为这些孩子们是
在看电视和玩电脑游戏的环境中长大的。
Teachers have to make lessons fast-moving and entertaining, for children are raised on television and computer games.
7.我们要逐步顺利解决沿海同内地贫富差距问题。
We will gradually bridge the gap between coastal and inland areas.
8. 美国是发起对外反倾销案最多的国家，其次是加拿大，印度和欧盟。而中国则是反倾销案最主要的打击目标之一。
The United States ranks first in taking anti-dumping cases against other countries, and is followed by Canada, India and the European Union. China is one of the main target countries of anti-dumping actions.
9.活到老，学到老。
One is never too old to learn.
10.在美国做生意，尤其是一开始，中方不可避免地会有些损失。Inevitably China will suffer some losses and reversals when doing business in the U.S., especially in the initial stages.
请同学们首先自己做121页的翻译练习，然后参考229-230页的答案。
异化p117-120
老师与同学们一起阅读教材。
老师提出观点：
中国翻译理论界对异
化翻译的误读
论文：
“归化、异化”翻译策略新解
——兼与王东风教授商榷
英语题目:
A New Study of the Translation strategies of Lu-xun’s Domestication—foreigness and Venuti Lawrence’s Domestication and Foreignization
文摘：“异化”说的创始人为韦努蒂。韦努蒂的“异化”与“归化”二元对立，“异化”要颠覆“归化”，是对“归化”的反抗和革命，带有强烈的政治意识形态色彩。“异化”翻译的核心是异化，是“现代派翻译”。“异化”翻译的目的是抵抗和偏离，“异化”造成差异，阻碍人
们的沟通和交流。鲁迅非“异化”说创始人，乃“归化”说和“归化、洋气”说首创者。王东风教授认为，鲁迅是“异化”说的创始人；并认为鲁迅提出的“归化”与“洋气”二元对立，鲁迅的“归化”与“洋气”与韦努蒂的“归化”和“异化”说基本上是一回事；王教授还认为，鲁迅提出的“洋气”（即“异化”）说比韦努蒂的“异化”早60年，然而，因为语言霸权，西方人将“异化”说的桂冠戴在了韦努蒂的头上。研究发现，鲁迅的“归化、洋气”说超越“归化、异化”二元对立，是独立于“归化”、“异化”之外的第三种翻译策略。古今中外，有三种翻译观：“归化”翻译——传统翻译；“归化、洋气”翻译——改良翻译；“异化”翻译——现代派翻译。钱钟书和奈达的翻译观是“归化”翻译，要求译文自然流畅、透明；钱钟书的“化境”说把传统翻译（归化翻译）提高到了顶峰。“归化”翻译是以翻译为目的“纯翻译”，不带任何政治和意识形态色彩。鲁
谈英汉翻译技巧中的增补与省略 【摘要】增补法是英汉翻译中常用的方法之一。所谓增补，就是为了使译文准确和符合汉语习惯，译者应该添加必要的词句。所谓省略法，就是将不必译的冠词、物主代词、连系动词等省略不译。 【关键词】翻译技巧增补法省略法 英汉翻译是英语学习中最基本的技能之一，在今天的飞速发展的世界中越来越显示出它的重要性。一篇好的译文应该是既忠实于原文，又符合汉语的用法习惯，并且在内容与形式上与原文达到辩证的统一。忠实于原文是翻译中最重要的一点。但由于英汉两种语言的巨大差异，“忠实”的涵义并不是逐字逐句地照搬原文，而是“忠实地表达”原作者的思想，准确地理解和恰当地表现原文。因此，译者必须在理解原文的基础上，运用恰当的翻译技巧，将原文译出。 英汉翻译技巧一般来说有8种，即“分清主从”，“选词用字”，“增补法”，“省略法”，“词性转换”，“词序调整”，“正说反译和反说正译”以及“长句拆译”。本文侧重谈谈英汉翻译技巧中的增补与省略这两种方法。 1.增补法 增补法是英汉翻译中常用的方法之一。增补不是给原文增加某些内容，而只是翻译中的一个必要的规则。它实际上主张，为了使译文准确和符合汉语习惯，译者应该添加必要的词句。增补法在下面几种情况下经常使用： A.当某些词在英语的句子中被省略时 例如：We can get rid of a bad style and keep the good. 虽然，在good 一词后省略了style. 这句可译成：我们能够去掉不良作风，保持优良作风。 He majors in English and l in French. 在I 后面省略了动词major. 这句应译成：他主修英语，我主修法语。 在这类句子中，原文省略的部分应在译文中写出来。 B. 当英文中用代词来避免重复时
第二讲 原句：I seized the largest brush and fell upon my wretched victim with wild fury. 译文：我抓起那支最大的画笔，势不可挡扑向那全无招架之力的画布。 原文：There is a definite link between smoking and lung cancer. But this doesn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. 译文：吸烟肯定与肺癌有关，但这并不能使你感到太不舒服，因为吸烟的人不止你一个。 原文：Derek fancies himself as a ladies' man, but he spends too much time admiring himself in the mirror for my liking. 译文：德里克自以为是个讨女人喜欢的人，可是我不喜欢他花那么多的时间在镜子面前自我欣赏。 He is the last man to come. He is the last man to do it. He is the last person for such a job. He should be the last (man) to blame. 原文：John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 译文：约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。 Literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech. 死译：one-to-one translation: each SL word has a corresponding TL word. 硬译：word-for-word translation: Transfers SL grammar and word order, as well as the primary meanings of all the SL words, into translation. It is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences. Literal translation goes beyond one-to-one translation, ranges from one word to one word, through group to group, collocation to collocation, clause to clause, to sentence to sentence. Literal translation is the basic translation procedure both in communicative and semantic translation, in that translation starts from there. ---by Newmark Liberal Translation mainly conveys the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence pattern or figures of speech. 原文：我们的朋友遍天下。 错译：Our friends are all over the world. 译文: We have friends all over the world. 单词
《翻译》课程论文题目浅谈英汉翻译的增补和省略 姓名吴平 学号 1107402023 专业年级 11级2班英语 指导教师于洁 2013年 12 月 28日
浅谈汉英翻译的增补和省略 摘要：在实际翻译过程中，要准确的传达原文的信息，译者难免要对译文做一些增补与省略。增补是指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些内容，以便更准确地表达出原文的意思。翻译中的省略是使译文洗练的主要手法，指的是依循“减词不减意”的原则，把原文中的一些词舍去不译。译文的增补与省略都是为了更确切、更忠实的表达原文的精神。 关键词：英语翻译翻译技巧原文译文 实例分析与论证 1增补法（Amplification)就是根据译文的语法结构，表达习惯和语义连贯的需要增加一些原文中虽无其词却有其意的一些词句从而更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。 （一）汉语中暗含而无需明言的词语，在译文中难以再现。在此情况下，需要增加用词才能使译文语义明确。（《汉英等效翻译》管新平何志平）感冒可以通过人的手进行传染。 （同学译文）Flue will be spread by hand. （参考译文）Flue can be spread by hand contacts. 【解析】译文增加contacts，因为原文的含义实际上是“通过手的接触”。 （二）修补语法结构：根据英语的语法要求，在翻译过程中，增加代词、连词、介词和冠词等，以便符合英语的语言结构。 我说没关系，多的是。(《汉英比较翻译教程练习》魏志成编著) （同学译文）：I told her that it didn’t matter, there were far more plenty. （参考译文）：I said there were so many of them that she could pick as many as she’d like to . 【解析】中文表意，在中文的表达中，有时一个句子会省略主语，而英语是形合语言，我们在翻译成英语时就要根据意思表达的需要，适当地补出主语。根据上下文意思我们知道作者想表达的是“玫瑰花多的是”，所以在翻译过程中我们要将代词补出来。 （三）增补社会背景:背景性增补大抵与行文信息转换有关。也就是说，译文如果不作增补就会影响原文信息的传达。（《汉英比较翻译教程》P153 魏志成编著 ) 文化大革命十年，只看八个样板戏不也活过来了嘛。 （参考译文）During the ten years of the Cultural Revolution(1966-1976) we only had eight “model opera”, didn’t we? 【解析】：“文化大革命” 是我们国家特有的文化背景，对于不熟悉中国国情的人就会感到迷惑文化大革命十年，是哪十年？译文补出了时间段“1966-1976”可以加深读者的理解，明白文化大革命持续的时间段。 （四）增补概念：所谓概念性增补是指“非增补不足以充分表达或阐释原意的实意词。” (刘宓庆,1999:195) 我将听不见人们真正的声音，所能听见的都是低微的柔婉和娇痴的，唱小旦的声音：“万岁，万岁！万万岁！ I would not be able to hear their real voices; all I could hear was
译国译民 专心翻译 做到极致 常用翻译技巧：正译法和反译法 正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如： （1） 在美国，人人都能买到枪。 In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译) In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译) （2） 你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。 You can obtain this information on the Internet. （正译） This information is accessible/available on the Internet. （反译） （3） 他突然想到了一个新主意。 Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译) He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译) A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. （反译） （4） 他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。 He still could not understand me. (正译) Still he failed to understand me. (反译) （5） 无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。 She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译) She is anything but a bright student. (反译) （6） Please withhold the document for the time being. 请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译） 请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译）
英语笔译技巧--省略法 2017年英语笔译技巧--省略法 省略的目的在于使译文更加通顺流畅，更符合译文习惯。但需要注意的是，省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去，省略不能改变原文的意义。现从语法角度和修辞角度分别举例探讨省略法： 省略法是指在翻译中，原文中有些词在译文中可以省略，不必翻译出来。因为译文中虽然没有这个词，但是已经具有了原文这个词所表达的意思，或者这个词在译文中的意义是不言而喻的'。 (一)省代词 1.省略作主语的人称代词 (1)省略作主语的人称代词 根据汉语习惯，前句出现一个主语，后句如仍为同一主语，就不必重复出现。英语中通常每句都有主语，因此人称代词作主语往往多次出现，这种人称代词汉译时常常可以省略。 Ihadmanywonderfulideas,butIonlyputafewintopractice. 我有很多美妙的想法，但是只把少数付诸实践了。 (2)英语中，泛指人称代词作主语时，即使是作第一个主语，在汉语译文中往往也可以省略。 Weliveandlearn. 活到老，学到老。 Whenwillhearrive?—Youcannevertell. 他什么时候到?——说不准。 2.省略作宾语的代词
英语中有些作宾语的代词，不管前面是否提到过，翻译时往往可以省略。 Pleasetakeofftheoldpictureandthrowitaway. 请把那张旧画取下来扔掉。 3.省略物主代词 英语句子中的物主代词出现的频率相当高。一个句子往往会出现好几个物主代词，如果将每个物主代词都翻译出来，那么汉语译文就显得非常罗嗦。所以在没有其他人称的物主代词出现的情况下，在翻译时物主代词大多被省略。 Iputmyhandintomypocket. 我把手放进口袋。 (二)代词it的省略 it起着代词的作用，在译文中，当它被用作非人称或没有意义的时候，往往可以省略。 Outsideitwaspitchdarkanditwasrainingcatsanddogs. 外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。 Heglancedathiswatch;itwas7:15. 他一看表，是七点一刻了。 Ittookmealongtimetoreachthehospital. 我花了很长时间才到了医院。 Itisthepeoplewhoarereallypowerful. 人民才是最强大的。 (三)省略连接词
Clinton is the first black president . 克林顿是第一个重视黑人权益的总统 Clinton is the first woman president. 克林顿是第一个重视妇女权益的总统 1. We want to buy quality steel. 我们要买高质量的钢材。 2. I am pleased to be here to offer a U.S. business perspective on one of today’s great quality ch allenges: building a high skills/high wage workforce. 我很高兴能来此介绍一下美国商界对当今我们在素质方面所面临的挑战的看法，这项挑战就是如何建立一支高技术，高薪金的劳动队伍。 3. The president now is on a poverty tour. 总统目前正在访问贫困地区。 4. noise abatement procedures. 抑制噪声的措施 5. She is on her listening tour of New York. 她正在纽约巡回访问，听取群众的意见。 6. Professor Smith is leaving the school. That is a stupid loss. 史密斯教授要离开学校了。这个损失实在是不明智才造成的。 7. The kiss represents the symbolic loss of the most famous American child. 那轻轻的一吻是一个象征，代表这个美国著名的孩子已经长大成人了。Criminal law 刑法； Criminal layer专门处理刑事案件的律师； Criminal attack构成犯罪的攻击； criminally insane 形式法庭鉴定为患有精神病 This is a thought-provokingly different explanation . 这个解释完全不同，但却很能给人启发。 Bryant Gumbel is sometimes favorably compared with Ted Koppel. 人们有时把布来恩特甘贝尔和特德考波尔相比，认为甘贝尔更好。The so-called critics are only generically mentioned, but not individually mentioned. 那些所谓的批评者，传媒提到他们时总是泛泛而指，从来不指名道姓。The areas could be profitably rehabilitated. 重建这些地区是有利可图的。 The consensus strategies for managing the world’s forests sustainably. 既能获得各方同意，又能使全球森林得以可持续生长的管理策略。 Men tend to enjoy public, referentially orientated talk, while women enjoy intimate, affectively orientated talk. 男人喜欢公开谈论有具体内容的话题，而女人则喜欢两三个人私下交流感情。 15．The joy of his return 由于他回来而有的喜悦 16. of humble parentage, he began his working life in a shoe factory. 由于出身低微，他的第一个工作是在一家制鞋厂。
Put the following sentences into Chinese, using the technique of omission. 1.If you give him an inch, he will take a mile. 2.These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. 3.Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful. 4.It is not entirely right to say that if there is food, let everyone share it. 5. 6.Scientific exploration, the search for knowledge, has given man the practical result of being able to shield himself from the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by others. 7. 8.There was no haste or restlessness in his manner but a poised friendliness. 9. 10.N ever trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you. 11.T he true joy of joys is joy that joys in the joy of others. 12.F or generations, coal and oil have been regarded as the chief energy source to transport man from place to place.
首先请试译下列句子： 1. It is snowing. 2. Dr John resumed his experiment as soon as he came into the laboratory. 3. We took this opportunity to inform you that we are now in a position to make a prompt shipment of the merchandise. 1. It is snowing. 译文一：它正在下雪。（×） 译文二：下雪了/在下雪。 分析：译文一字字对应译出，貌似“忠实”，但完全不合汉语表达习惯，实是错误译法。 2. Dr John resumed his experiment as soon as he came into the laboratory. 译文一：约翰博士一到实验室，他就继续做实验。（×） 译文二：约翰博士一到实验室就继续做实验。 分析：译文一将主从句的主语都译出，貌似“忠实”，但产生歧义，可能让人以为“他”和”约翰博士”是两个人。 3. We took this opportunity to inform you that we are now in a position to make a prompt shipment of the merchandise. 译文一：我们借此机会告知你们现在我们可以立即装运那批货物。 译文二：兹奉告，该商品可即期装运。（简洁明确，公文惯例） 分析：译文二省却了“take this opportunity”和“in a position”等词语，还省译了三个人称代词，使译文更加符合汉语涉外文书的行文习惯。 省略法（omission)，也叫减省译法，是指在翻译中，原文中有些词在译文中可以省略，不必翻译出来。因为译文中虽然没有这个词，但是已经具有了原文这个词所表达的意思，或者这个词在译文中的意义是不言而喻的。省略的目的在于使译文更加通顺流畅，更符合译文习惯。
《英汉翻译理论与实践》课程教学大纲 （英文名称E-C Translation: Theory and Practice） 一、课程说明 课程编码 22110280 课程总学时 32 周学时 2 学分 1.5 课程性质专业必修课适用专业英语专业1、教学内容与学时安排（见下表）： 教学内容与学时安排表
2、课程教学目的与要求： 本课程是高等学校英语专业三年级学生开设的一门专业必修课。它是理论与实践相结合的一门课程，其主要目的在于使学生具备笔头英汉翻译的基本能力。通过介绍各类文体语言的特点、汉英两种语言的对比和分析以及各种不同文体的翻译方法，使学生掌握英汉翻译的基本理论，掌握英汉词语、长句及各种文体的翻译技巧和英译汉的能力。要求译文比较准确、流畅，翻译速度达到每小时250-300字。 3、本门课程与其它课程关系： 本课程为英语专业本科三年级学生开设。学生在修该课程之前已修完综合阅读，综合英语，语法学，词汇学，英美文化等课程，这些课程都为学生修该课程奠定了扎实的语言基础。该课程又是学生综合英语语言运用能力的体现和反映，它的开设不仅能提高学生的翻译能力，而且它与英美文学，语言学，口译，高级英语等都能帮助学生进一步提高他们的综合英语语言运用能力。 4、推荐教材及参考书： 教材采用孙致礼编著的《新编英汉翻译教程》上海外语教育出版社（2003年4月第1版）教学参考书 Baker, Mona. 2001. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Bassnett S, Lefevere A. 2001. Constructing Cultures: Essays On Literary Translation.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. Brown Gillian & Yule George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2000 Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press. Hatim B. 2001. Communication Across Cultures:Translation Theory and Contrastive Text
【翻译技巧】英语笔译技法——正反译法 由于国家、历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性的不同，汉英两种语言在表达正说和反说时有很大差异，尤其英语在否定意义的表达上更为复杂，有时形式否定而实质肯定，或形式肯定而实质否定。在两种语言互译时，原文中正说的句子可能不得不处理成反说，或是用反说表达更为合适。反之亦然。翻译中，这种把正说处理成反说、把反说处理成正说的译法，就称为正反译法。 正反译法是翻译技巧中的一个重要方法，属于引申和修辞范围。 笼统的说，英语句子中含有“never”、“no”、“not”、“un-”、“im-”、“in-”、“ir-”、“-less”等否定词以及否定前缀或后缀的单词，以及汉语句子中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“勿”、“毋”等否定词的即为反说，不含有这些否定词的即为正说。 但实际操作时，正说和反说的界限又变得极为模糊，例如“correct”可以翻译成“正确”（正说），也可以翻译成“没有毛病”（反说）。因此，到底译文要采用正说还是反说，就完全要看译文语言的惯用表达和上下文的语气语态了。 在正反译法中，英译汉正转反（正说反译法）和汉译英反转正（反说正译法）是最为重要的两种正反译法。 英译汉正转反 英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的，虽然形式是肯定的，但这类词大多是某些肯定词所引申或变化出来的反义词，或经过长期历史演变而引申出其他否定词义，即所谓的“含蓄否定词”或“暗指否定词”，这类词在译成汉语时，需要变成汉语的否定词组，必要时还需要作词类转换。 1、名词 —含蓄否定名词主要有：shortness / shortage（不够；不足）、lack（缺乏；没有）、absence （不在）、failure（未能；不成功）、defiance（不顾；无视）、denial（否认；否定）、exclusion （排除）、freedom（不；免除）、refusal（不愿；不允许）、loss（失去）等。 Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. 由于时间不够，没能访问那些国家。 Behave yourself during my absence. 我不在时要规矩点。 We were perplexed by his failure to answer the letter. 他何以不回信，我们大惑不解。 2、动词或动词短语 —英语中常见的含蓄否定动词包括：refuse（不愿；不肯；无法）、lack（缺乏；没有）、defy（不服从；不遵守；不让）、forbid（不许）、stop（不准；别）、ignore（不理；不肯考虑；无视；不顾）、hate（不愿意）、miss（没听清楚；没赶上）等。
英语翻译之词义省略法 一、从语法角度来看 （一）省代词 1．省略作主语的人称代词 （1）省略作主语的人称代词 I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice. 我有很多美妙的想法，但是只把少数付诸实践了。 He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他瘦弱憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。 （2）英语中，泛指人称代词作主语时，即使是作第一个主语，在汉语译文中往往也可以省略。联展在线：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6211743545.html,/xkyfd/ 考研学习：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6211743545.html,/kcnet1450/ We live and learn. 活到老，学到老。 When will he arrive?—You can never tell. 他什么时候到？——说不准。
The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain. 人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。 2．省略作宾语的代词 The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them. 他越是想要掩盖他的错误，就越是容易暴露。 Please take off the old picture and throw it away. 请把那张旧画取下来扔掉。 3．省略物主代词 I put my hand into my pocket. 我把手放进口袋。 She listened to me with her rounded eyes. 她睁大双眼，听我说话。 （二）代词it的省略 Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.
《英汉翻译理论与实践》教学大纲 一、课程名称：英汉翻译理论与实践（English-Chinese Translation Theory and Practice） 二、课程编号：11012010 三、学时与学分：68/4 四、考核方式：考试 五、先修课程：基础英语1-4 六、适用学科专业：英语 七、教学目的与要求： 本课程为本科三年级学生开设。学生在一、二学年里打好了较为牢固的英语基础，具备了较强的汉语驾驭能力，并掌握了英汉两种文化的一般性背景知识，进而修读这门课程。本课程理论与实践相结合，根据学生实际探讨基本翻译理论。上学期通过分析英、汉语语言及文化方面的差异，向学生介绍常用翻译技巧，并要求学生做大量的有关练习，提高学生处理词、句层次的水平，使其具备基础的翻译能力。下学期则引入篇章翻译。 通过对不同文体文本的篇章特点及其翻译的讲评和实践练习，培养学生针对不同文体进行翻译的能力及其篇章意识。要求学生修完本课程后，能熟练运用基本翻译技巧对较宽体裁的文本进行较为准确、流畅的翻译，每小时译速为250—300词/字。 八、基本教学内容与学时安排： 教学内容分为两部分。第一部分介绍词、句层次上的相关翻译技巧：词语的增译、减译，词类转换，句子中的语态变换，正说反译与反说正译的运用，词序调整，分译与合译等。第二部分针对各种常见体裁的文本进行篇章翻译的讲授，培养学生文体意识，对新闻、广告、商贸信贷函、法律、科技等不同文体的篇章特点进行分析，评述篇章翻译对忠实传达原文风格的重要性。与此同时，向学生介绍一些基本翻译理论知识，如翻译标准，翻译原则，奈大的功能对等理论，文化差异对翻译等值的影响以及语言差异对翻译的影响。 具体学时分两个学期安排。 第一学期共17周，每周二学时，安排如下： 第1周翻译的基本知识 2—3周英汉语言对比 第4周直译、意译及混合运用 5—14周翻译技巧：选择词义，词类转换，增译减译，重复译法，正说反译，否定转译，语态变换，词序调整，分译合译等 第15周定语及定语从句 第16周英汉主语的表达 第17周长句的翻译 第二学期共17周，每周二学时，安排如下： 1—2周：介绍文体的翻译 3—4周：人物、景象描写的翻译 5—6周：散文的翻译
第二部分翻译实践篇详解 一、非文学类文本（社会人文） 1. Van Gogh Although art historians have spent decades demystifying Van Gogh’s legend ①, they have done little to diminish his vast popularity. Auction prices still soar, visitors still overpopulate Van Gogh exhibitions, and The Starry Night remains ubiquitous on dormitory and kitchen walls②. So complete is Van Gogh’s global apotheosis that③Japanese tourists now make pilgrimages to Auvers to sprinkle their relatives’ ashes on his grave. What accounts for the endless appeal of the Van Gogh myth? It has at least two deep and powerful sources④. At the most primitive level, it provides a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy disguised as the story of heroic sacrifice to art⑤. Anyone who has ever felt isolated and unappreciated can identify with Van Gogh and hope not only for a spectacular redemption⑥but also to put critics and doubting relatives to shame. At the same time, the myth offers an alluringly simplistic conception of great art as the product, not of particular historical circumstances and the artist’s painstaking calculations, but of the naive and spontaneous outpourings of a mad, holy fool⑦. The gaping discrepancy between Van Gogh’s long-suffering life and his remarkable posthumous fame remains a great and undeniable historical irony. But the notion that he was an artistic idiot savant⑧is quickly dispelled by even the most glancing examination of the artist’s letters. It also must be dropped after acquainting
外教一对一https://www.doczj.com/doc/6211743545.html, 商务文本翻译的方法和技巧 在实践中，商务文本的翻译有一定的处理方法和技巧，分别可以概括为转换、颠倒、增补和省略等。 (一)转换 根据语言类型学，汉语属分析型语言，英语属分析综合参半型语言。在语序上汉语和英语均属“主谓宾”语言，但也存在殊异性。转换是指在商务文本的翻译中对语言的词性和表现方法做出改变。由于英语和汉语的表达习惯、句子结构和词汇的搭配关系均有差异，在翻译中往往难以做到词性和表现方法的一致。为了适应译的搭配关系均有差异，在翻译中往往难以做到词性和表现方法的一致。为了适应译文语言的表达习惯和语法规则，在商务文本翻译中必须运用词类和表现方法的转换技巧。 1. 词性的转换 1)动词和名词转换 (1)We regret to inform you that the result of examination was the emergence of disagreement between the shipment and the bill of lading.(遗憾地通知你方，检查的结果是出现了装运的货物与提单不一致的情况。) (2)美国与德国汽车制造商在欧洲市场竞争得异常激烈，迫使我们不得不改变投资计划。(Extremely keen competition between American and German vehicle manufacturers in the European market has compelled us to change our investment plan.) (3)The “Events of Default”, as used in this Contract, shall mean the occurrence, from time to time, of any of the following circumstances.(合同中使用的“违约事项”是指发生以下情形。) 分析：本句的“occurrence”本为名词，但在译成汉语时转换成动词更通达。 (4)The establishment of a joint venture in China is subject to examination and approval by the Ministry of Commerce of PRC.(在中国境内设立合营企业，必须经中华人民共和国商务部审批。) (5)Until the publication or public announcement of a patent application, staff members of the Patent Office and persons involved shall have the duty to keep the contents of the patent application confidential.(在专利申请公布或公告之前，专利局的工作人员及有关人员对其内容负有保密义务。) (6)绝对不允许合同任何一方有违反合同支付条款的行为。(No violation by either party hereto of any payment clause or clauses can be tolerated.) (7)卖方声明并保证，卖方将向买方交付完整、准确、有效的系统。该系统能够达到在产品说明与规格中规定的技术指标，并通过成功完成系统验收检测予以证明。(The Seller represents and warrants that it will deliver to the Buyer a complete, correct and valid system, capable of accomplishing the technical targets specified in Product Description and Specification, and proved by successful completion of the Acceptance Test of the System.) (8)招揽订单时，代理商应将卖方成交条件、合同的一般条款充分通知顾客，也应该告知顾客，任何合同的订立都要由卖方确认。代理商应将其收到的订单立即转交给卖方，供卖方选择是否接受订单。(When soliciting orders, the Agent shall adequately advise customers of the general terms and conditions of the Seller’s sales note or contractual note and that any contract is subject to the
英汉翻译常用技巧----省略法 Oct. 17th–21st 省略是指原文中有些词在译文中不翻译出来。原因是译文中虽无其词但已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。换言之，省略是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。但省略并非把原文的意义删去。 一、从语法结构考虑的省略 1. 代词的省略 A.省略作主语的代词。汉语习惯中，前句出现一个主语，后句如仍为同一主语，就不必重复。英语中则通常每句都有主语，人称代词往往多次出现。英译汉中该类人称代词常常可以省略。eg1. He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一幅可怜相。 eg2. Like his friends he had many wonderful ideas, but he only put a few into practice. 像他的朋友一样，他头脑里虽然有许多美妙的想法，却只有少数付诸实施。 eg3. My elder brother did not come yesterday, he went to his friend’s home. 我的弟弟昨天没来，到朋友家去了。 B. 泛指的代词常常不译。 eg4.When will he arrive? – You can never tell. 他什么时候到？很难说。 eg5. One is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。 eg6. All those years in the military, where there were certain standards and rules; where young men treated their superiors with respect; where you gave an order and it was obeyed; where a uniform meant you were all on the same side. 多年来的军队生涯，那里总是有一定的标准和规则；年轻人尊敬上级；发出命令，人人遵守；同样的制服就意味着站在同一边。 eg7. He who cannot forgive others destroys the bridge over which he himself must pass. 人不宽容他人，就会断了自己的后路。 eg8. If you want to kill a snake you must hit it first on the head and if you want to catch a band of robbers you must first catch their leader. 打蛇先打头，擒贼先擒王。 C. 省略作宾语的代词。 eg9. In fact, Hitler’s ―blitz‖ carried him so far in Russia, to the very gate of Leningrad by September, a city he was never to seize. 事实上，希特勒所进行的“闪电战”曾深入苏境，九月份已直逼列宁格勒--一座他始终未能攻陷的城市。 eg10. I’ve received your letter and read it with delight. 我收到你的来信，很愉快地读了。 eg11. In fact he showed quite clearly that the Copernican ideas were correct. But he did not say