Business Sees Profits in Education:
Challenging Public Schools
By Irving H.Buchen
由于私人企业的介入，美国的教育正在经历一系列快速、惊人的变化。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef12814877.html,cation in the United States is undergoing a rapid and dramatic series of changes caused by private enterprise moving into the field.
教育吸引私人企业有三个原因。第一是财务上的回报。估计教育是个有6000亿美元的市场，超出国防部的预算。从幼儿园至12年级是最大的单个市场，1998年的价值达到了3100百亿美元。除此之外，人们对学习的毕生追求，企业与机构进行的培训项目是不断增长的领域。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef12814877.html,cation attracts the private sector for three reasons. First, it can be financially rewarding. Education is estimated to be a $600 billion market, more than the budget for the Department of Defense. The biggest single market is kindergarten through twelfth grade (K-12), valued at $310 billion in 1998. Additionally, lifelong learning and training programs for businesses and organizations are growing areas.
第二，教育受到严重的压力，虽然内部尽全力进行改革，但人们对这个既有的体制信心不足。针对公共教育的种种败笔，居家自学者和公办民管学校有了增加，他们都是教育产品和教育服务的对象。居家自学者的家长们定期参加承办者们推荐其教育产品和教育服务的地区会议。
3.Second, education has received such a bad press that confidence in the established system is low in spite of all the internal efforts at reform. In response to public education's many failures, home schoolers and charter schools have increased, and both are customers for educational products and services. Home-schooling parents regularly attend regional conferences at which exhibitors offer their products and services.
第三，教育就在人们身边，伸手可及。人们普遍认为专业的公共教育家们有充足的时间来彻底改变这一体制。私人企业即便是以营利为动力介入来纠正这种体制，只能怪教育家们自己，尤其是因为这类介入许诺会产生效果。
4.Third, education is there for the taking. The general attitude is that professional, public educators have had sufficient time to turn the system around. They have no one but themselves to blame for corrective intervention from the private sector, even if that intervention is financially motivated, and especially since these actions promise to achieve results.
目前几乎所有在营销的新的教育产品和教育服务都带有技术的特征。这种技术能替代全部教师或减少教师的数量，从而解决一些传统教育中的致命弱点。譬如，替代教师只是降低了大量劳动密集型的教学过程导致的昂贵费用，而学生数量并没有减少。这样就取消了教师终身职位制，而终身制恰恰使那些既没有受过培训又没有水平，不适应变化及新方法的教员始终留在岗位上。这一技术最终犹如最好的教师，永远耐心温和。它适合每个学生的不同学习速度和知识水平，永不疲倦。
5.Almost all of the new educational products and services now being marketed bear the stamp of technology. Such technology replaces teachers altogether or reduces their number, thus solving several critical weaknesses in traditional education. For instance, replacing teachers reduces the high cost of an excessively labor-intensive instructional process while still serving the same number of students. Then, too, it eliminates tenure, which unfortunately locks in instructors who do not have the training or knowledge to keep up with changing fields and new approaches. Finally, technology, like the best of teachers, is infinitely patient and reassuring. It accommodates
the speed of each student and his or her level of learning. It never wearies.
以下描述的是竞争教育市场的多家不同公司，以其所采用的主导技术排列。由于情况一直在变化，也许不是所有的主要竞争对手都在此出现。其目的不在于提供一幅完整的图画而是要展现教育变化的广度。
6.Below is a description of the many different companies competing for the educational market, grouped by the main technology they use. Because the situation is in flux, not all the major players may appear here. The aim is not to produce a definitive picture but rather to demonstrate the extent to which education is changing.
卫星连接
Satellite Links
拥有800多万学生观众的第一频道提供12到15分钟的新闻广播和适合不同年龄段的时事回顾。这一免费为学校提供的服务是由广告商赞助的。学生喜欢哪个设计师的品牌或他们爱看哪种电视广告的反馈则当作市场信息出售。
7.Channel One, viewed by over 8 million students, provides a 12- to 15-minute newscast and review of current events adjusted for different age groups. This service, free for schools, is sponsored by advertisers. Feedback from students as to what designer labels they prefer and what advertising they enjoy seeing on TV is then sold as marketing data.
教育管理集团为4000多个教室开通虚拟旅行。集团花费3万美元为教室配备了卫星实况转播装置和交互对话装置，因此学生可以直接向在世界各地景点的电视制作人员提出问题。摄制景点包括考古、水下探险、科学实验室以及艺术家工作室。
8.The Educational Management Group provides virtual voyages for over 4,000 classrooms. For $30,000, the company equips classrooms with a live satellite link and interactive speaker phones so that students can ask questions directly to a traveling series of TV crews visiting sites all over the world. Visits include archaeological sites, underwater explorations, scientific labs and artists' studios.
软件
Software
卢卡斯学习创办于1998年的秋季。公司采用星球大战的样式为10至14岁儿童讲授基本科学原理。例如，他们第一个软件产品是星球大战德劳特工厂。软件以一个机器人工厂为背景，向学生解释设计制造机器人涉及到的能量、光学、磁性、工程学和机械装置原理及应用。
9.Lucas learning was launched in the fall of 1998. The company uses the Star Wars format to teach
10 to14 year-olds basic scientific principles. For example, their first software product is Star Wars Droid Works. Set on the floor of a robot factory, it takes students through all the principles and applications of energy, light, magnetism, engineering and motion necessary to design and build robots.
学习公司与布罗特邦德由布罗特邦德软件公司（产品有卡门圣地亚哥和奥秘）与学习公司（产品有马雅探索）最近合并而成。这家新公司注册用户增加了1倍，达到2000万。最流行的软件程序有点击艺术、家谱制作、打印工艺、游戏策略、红眼孩子及泥球墙，这些软件用来开发8至12岁儿童的逻辑思维技能。
10.The Learning Company and Broderbund is the result of a recent merger between Broderbund Software (which produces Carmen San Diego and Myst) and the Learning Company (which produced MayaQuest), this new company has almost doubled its registered users to about 20 million. Some of the most popular software programs are Click Art, Family Tree Maker, The Print Shop, Games Strategies, Red Orb Kids, and Mudball Wall (which build the logic skills of 8 to 12
year-olds).
计算机课程公司是从幼儿园至12年级的软件最大的提供商。这个公司50个不同的程序对学生和教师都适合。公司提供追踪个别学生和全班学生之需求与进步的程序，使教师能判断学生的不足之处并每周给出进步情况的报告。最新的教具之一是一个帮助运作和协调学校课程计划的程序。
11.The Computer Curriculum Corporation is the largest K-12 software provider. CCC's 50 different programs are both student- and teacher-friendly. The company provides programs that monitor the needs and progress of individual students as well as an entire class, enabling teachers to diagnose student deficiencies and give weekly progress reports. One of the newest teacher aids is a program that helps to manage and co-ordinate school lesson plans.
MindQ Publishing 在成人计算机的开发市场上取得了极大的成功。MindQ目前有两百多家用户，如，国际商业机器公司、Sun、和微软公司。MindQ用爪哇学院软件培训员工爪哇的程序编制技术。它还为家庭个别教学提供光盘，或针对某个公司的需要专门设计一整套计算机课程程序。
12.MindQ Publishing has been extremely successful in the adult computer development market. Currently used by over 200 companies such as IBM, Sun and Microsoft, MindQ trains employees in Java programming skills with its software Java Academy. MindQ provides CD-Roms for individual instruction at home, or it can design an entire computer curriculum tailored to the needs of a specific company.
因特网
The Internet
大多数在因特网上提供教育产品和服务的公司致力于员工和管理业务培训。电脑学校声称全校有3万名学生通过电子邮件进行计算机培训、现场聊天、诊断错误和个别指导。Pensare 用一种游戏形式为1.6万名接受管理培训的用户模拟实际公司场景。全球执行委员会力图使最高管理层不太孤寡：其5000名总经理成员能与近350个旗鼓相当的顾问团体进行接触，探讨问题，交换意见，或是交换竞争经历。国际生产力尖端在全美150个左右的培训中心培训约100万名员工，还可通过远程教育实施培训。
13.Most of the companies offering educational products and services on the Internet are targeting businesses for employee and management training. Cyber School claims to have 30,000 student employees involved in computer training, live chat sessions, diagnostics and personal tutoring by e-mail. Pensare uses a game format to simulate actual corporate situations for its 16,000 management trainee users. The Executive Committee (TEC) Worldwide is dedicated to making it less lonely at the top: Its 5,000 CEO members can contact nearly 350 peer advisory groups in order to share problems, exchange ideas, or swap war stories. Productivity Point International trains about 1 million employees at some 150 training centers around the United States, but its training is also available through distance education.
对于孩子们来说，还有妈妈传媒, 这是一家据称有9万名12岁以下孩子注册的因特网教育公司。由麻省理工学院毕业生创建的妈妈传媒要求家长而不是教师对其内容及链接进行选择。公司对学习主题强调三个X：探索（exploration），表述（expression），交换（exchange）。公司提供与笔友联络的软件；传授诸如素描、绘画和摄影等爪哇工作室技术，提供让青少年谈论他们学习和生活的网页。
14.For kids, there's MaMaMedia, an Internet educational company that claims to have 90,000
registered users under the age of 12. Created by MIT graduates, MaMaMedia seeks parental, rather than teacher, endorsement of its content and linkages. The company's learning themes emphasize the "three X's": exploration, expression, and exchange. This company offers a program to link pen pals; teaches Java Studio skills such as drawing, painting and photography, and provides Web pages where teenagers can chat about their learning and living.
至于成年人，有一所即将问世的知识大学，计划为公司和个人提供高等教育和培训。这家新的企业由大提供商--知识宇宙拥有。对此后面再作详细描绘。
15.For adults, there's the soon-to-be-launched Knowledge University, which plans to offer post-secondary education and training to corporations and individuals. This new venture is owned by mega-supplier Knowledge Universe, to be described in greater detail later.
根据位于康涅狄格州斯坦福的一家信息技术咨询公司加特纳集团的消息，美国别的提供网上教学的大学从1995年的25% 增加到1998年的65%。加特那集团预测这个数字在2001年还会增至80%。
16.As for other universities in the United States, 65% were offering online courses in 1998, up from 25% in 1995, according to Gartner Group, an information technology consulting firm in Stanford, Connecticut. The group projects that figure will rise to 80% by 2001.
辅导
Tutoring
成绩！属于卡普兰教育中心考前准备公司。它为大约两万名学生提供个别辅导。这一体制按照体育模式，强调学习小组，教师起拉拉队长的作用。现实生活和电子良师提供一对一的学术和职业咨询。公司的数据库里拥有有关未来职业的最新信息。洛杉矶刚选择成绩！为25所公共学校提供辅导。
17.Score! is owned by the test prep company Kaplan Educational Centers. It offers personal coaching to some 20,000 students. The system is based on a sports model, which emphasizes study teams; teachers function as cheerleaders. Real life and electronic mentors offer one-on-one academic and career counseling. The company's database contains up-to-date information on future careers. Los Angeles just selected Score! to provide tutoring at 25 public schools.
思尔文学习系统最近与美国微波通信公司合作创建了100多个实验中心，学生课外可以在那里接受高度复杂的技术培训。40多个类似的中心仿照Caliber Learning Network，已为3万多位学生提供了服务。很快思尔文将雄心勃勃地推广其服务：尤其是想吸引空闲中的居家自学者。
18. Sylvan Learning Systems recently partnered with MCI to create over 100 pilot centers where students can receive highly sophisticated technology training after school. Over 40 such centers, dubbed the Caliber Learning Network, have served over 30,000 students. Sylvan will soon aggressively market its services; it will especially try to attract home schoolers during their off hours.
电脑化考试
Computerized Testing
依据个人考试结果来提供教学与建议的电脑化考试方法进一步弱化了教师的角色。最初为美国海军陆战队开发的微型猫，用来评估阅读、语法和数学的技能。教育考试中心和美国空军设计的HyDrive用来测试知识水准和解决问题的能力，并给予更正反馈。教科书出版社艾迪生韦斯利研制的指南针，根据学生的考试结果推荐学习计划。电子阅卷机最终自动按照句法、词汇、结构批改文章。教育考试中心还在对电子阅卷机作改进：目标是让电子评估与人工评
估的一致性达到85%。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef12814877.html,puterized testing methods that can provide instruction or suggestions based on an individual's test result are further diminishing the role of the teacher. Micro-Cat, originally developed for the U.S. Marine Corps, evaluates reading, grammar, and math skill. HyDrive, designed by the Educational Testing Service (ETS) and the U.S. Air Force, tests both knowledge and problem solving ability, it also gives corrective feedback. Compass recommends study plans based on a student's test results; it was created by text book publisher Addison Wesley. Finally, E-Rater automatically score essays for syntax, vocabulary, and organization. It is still being developed by ETS: The goal is for 85% agreement between E-Rater and human evaluations.
书籍，玩具和电视
Books, Toys, and Television
尽管对尖端技术的依赖不是很大，以下的公司、产品和服务同样也在打入教育市场：
英国出版大亨皮尔逊拥有企鹅图书和金融时报。通过一连串的收购，兼并或联营还拥有或管理着西蒙和舒斯特、艾迪生韦斯利、学徒馆和其他出版社的教育分支。这是世界上最大的教育出版社。皮尔逊还利用它的金融基础开发了一系列的金融投资、金融风险管理软件程序，并提供从打字到语言学的培训软件。
聪明小丑是一家适合高消费阶层的教育类的玩具商店，连锁店遍布全美。聪明小丑不时使用或展示他们的教学玩具，为家长和孩子设计特别教育程序。商店里备有电脑，孩子们可以随时上电子网，那是公司为孩子制作的每月时事通讯。另外一家叫跳蛙的玩具公司，用具有视音触摸的掌上玩具进行阅读、拼写和字母教学。以斯坦福教授罗伯特?卡尔斐开发的语音系统为基础，跳蛙玩具直接进入学校进行营销或通过玩具店销售。
通过剧场有线电视公司播出的布卢线索系列，每周有500多万观众，比巴尼和芝麻街的收视率还要高。其观众在标准考试中的成绩要比不看此节目的人要好。布卢线索的观众可以和主持人一起通过寻找线索--一只卡通小狗布卢的爪印--整理分析这些线索来解决问题。
美国儿童发现中心声称大约有两万名学生在中心学习语言技术、逻辑思维及相互配合能力。中心致力于培养全方位的孩子，其方法之一就是给每个孩子充分的活动空间，他们认为这样会启发孩子们的思考能力。
20.Although less reliant on cutting edge technology, the following companies, products and services are also entering the education market:
21.The British publishing giant Pearson owns Penguin Books and the Financial Times. Through a series of acquisitions, mergers and alliances, it also owns or manages the education divisions of Simon & Schuster, Addison Wesley, Prentice Hall and others. It is the biggest educational publisher in the world. Using its financial base, Pearson has developed a series of software programs on investment banking and financial risk management. It also offers training software for subjects from typing to linguistics.
22.Zany Brainy is an educational, upscale toy store with franchises all over the United States. Zany Brainy has designed special educational programs for parents and kids, usually using or demonstrating their teaching toys. The stores are equipped with computers where kids can access e-line, the company's monthly newsletter for kids. Another toy company, LeapFrog, teaches reading, spelling, and the alphabet with hand-held toys that combine touch, sight and sound. Based on a phonics system developed by Stanford professor Robert Calfee, LeapFrog toys are marketed directly to schools and through toy stores.
23.The Blue's Clues series, from cable TV company Nickelodeon, has over five million weekly viewers, which is a higher rating than Barney or Seasame Street. This show's viewers outperform non-viewers on standardized tests. On Blue's Clues, viewers join the host in solving a problem by searching for clues-indicated by pawprints of the cartoon puppy "Blue"-and putting the clues together.
24.Children's Discovery Centers of America claim some 20,000 students who learn language skills, logical thinking and cooperative play. The Centers seek to address the "Whole child." One of their techniques is to give each child plenty of physical space and permission to move around, which they believe liberates a child's thinking.
管理方法
Administrative Approaches
除了通过技术更新，企业家、教师、家长还力图通过管理、组织和教学法的变化来提高教育质量。以下扼要地介绍这方面的努力。
25.Entrepreneurs, teachers and parents are seeking to improve education through administrative, organizational and methodological changes in addition to technological improvements. The following is a summary of these efforts.
爱迪生项目
The Edison Project
这种方法或许是最有争议、最具攻击性的。但事实上爱迪生项目接管和管理了公立学校并产生利润。克里斯?惠特尔是爱迪生项目的主席，又是第一频道的初创者。爱迪生项目有"技术是第二语言"这类课程，需要更多的课时，包括暑期，要定期对教师和学生的表现作出评价。估计爱迪生项目目前管理着48所学校，据推断1998年的利润达到1.25亿。
26.This method is probably the most controversial and invasive: Public schools are actually taken over and run by the Edison Project at a profit. Chris Whittle, president of the Edison Project, was also the creator of Channel One. The Edison Project features courses such as "Technology as a Second Language"; requires more hours of school attendance, including summers, and regularly assesses both teacher and student performance. Edison now manages an estimated 48 schools and projected a profit of $125 million for 1998.
公管民办学校
Charter Schools
另一类学校由教育董事会授权开办并接受公共基金, 他们从同类小学和中学吸引学生,但其规模通常要比这些学校小许多。1998年，美国有800所这类公管民办学校。通常学生家长也积极参与。当一个学生转到一所公管民办学校，这个地区就失去一份资金，因为这个学生的教育金配额被转到了这个公管民办学校。
现在来评判公管民办学校的功效还为时过早。但支持者却相信特别的关注和较小的规模自然会带来变化。多数州限制公管民办学校的数量，但最近加利福尼亚取消这个限制的做法也许会蔓延到其他州。由克莱纳?珀金斯风险投资家John Doerr领导的家长和企业经理同盟成功地去除了对加利福尼亚的公管民办学校的封顶。Doerr进行冒险活动的主要伙伴是科技网，这是一个活跃的硅谷政治活动积极分子组织。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef12814877.html,ually much smaller than the comparable elementary, middle or high school room from which they draw students, these alternative schools are "chartered" by boards of education to operate. The charter authorizes the school to operate and to receive public funds. There were 800 charter schools in the United States in 1998. Normally a group of parents is heavily involved. When a student transfers to a charter school, the district loses funding because the educational allotment for that student is given to the charter school.
28.It is too soon to gauge the effectiveness of charter schools, but proponents believe that the special attention and smaller size will automatically make a difference. Most states limit the number of charter schools, but a recent breakthrough in California may spread to other states: A coalition of parents and business executives, led by John Doerr, the Kleiner Perkins venture capitalist, succeeded in removing California's charter school cap. Doerr's major corporate partner in this venture was Tech-Net, a Silicon Valley political activist group.
居家自学
Home Schooling
尽管居家自学的人数估计在100万上下，但很多人认为实际人数会更高。难以估计这一数字的部分原因在于居家自学人数一直在增加。最初家长是出于宗教原因使他们对一些课程的授课方法有异议，现在由于担心孩子的安全及教学质量使得居家自学流行开来。很多居家自学学生所在的地段没有合适的私人或教会学校可供选择。
居家自学的家长们通过相互沟通，强烈要求地方学校为他们提供实验室、健身房、艺术工作室、剧院和图书馆之便利，他们已扭转了趋势。最终的结果是居家自学者不再像当初那样孤立了。最重要的是科技业已成为最高平衡器，提供给居家自学者的教育产品常常超越一般学校所拥有的产品。最后，居家自学日程安排机动灵活，可把家庭度假包括在上课和学习时间内。居家自学同一般学校教育相比至少是一样成功，要是照标准化考试来衡量，则常常胜过一筹。
29.Although the estimated number of home-schooled students is about one million, many believe the actual number is higher. Part of the difficulty in estimating is that home schooling is growing. Originally impelled by parents whose religious views led them to object to the way certain subjects were taught, home schooling has caught on with parents who are concerned about their children's safety and quality of learning. Many home schoolers are located in areas with no viable private or parochial school alternatives.
30.Home-schooling parents have transformed the movement by affiliating with each other and aggressively petitioning local schools to provide them with access to laboratories, gymnasiums, art studios, theaters and libraries. The net result is that home schooling is not as isolated as it was initially. Above all, technology has been the supreme equalizer by providing home schoolers with educational products that often surpass those available in regular schools. Finally, the home-school
calendar is flexible and can include family vocations as school and study time. Home schooling is at least as successful as regular schooling, and often superior, as measured by standardized tests.
知识宇宙
Knowledge Universe
营业额超过十亿多美元的大品牌公司"知识宇宙"，是一家最为广泛的教育竞争商与供应商，由Oracle 亿万富翁总经理拉里?埃利森和有风险债券名声的迈克尔?米尔肯共同创建，目的是想提供一种终生的教育产品和服务。
知识宇宙已经全部或是部分地拥有上面谈到过的五家公司：美国儿童发现中心，Mind Q's Java Academy, 知识大学，世界技术教育理事会以及跳蛙。估计这些公司价值40亿到60亿美元。知识宇宙还看中了另外31家公司准备加以收购。其中一家便是管理着100家预备学校和三十多家私立学校的诺贝尔动态教育中心。该中心将在1999年接管第一家公管民办学校。
31.With revenues of over $1billion, Knowledge Universe is the most extensive educational competitor and supplier-a mega-brand. The brain-child of Larry Ellison, billionaire CEO of Oracle, and Michael Milken of junk-bond fame, the company aims to provide a lifetime of educational products and services.
32.Knowledge Universe already owns in whole or in part five of the companies discussed above: Children's Discovery Centers of America, MindQ's Java Adademy, Knowledge University, TEC Worldwide, and LeapFrog. These companies are estimated to be worth $4 billion-$6 billion. Knowledge Universe has also identified 31 additional industry segments for acquisition. One such candidate is Nobel Education Dynamics, which operates 100 pre-schools and over 30 private schools; Nobel will take over its first charter school in 1999
教育的未来
The Future of Education
显然，三个R 将会被三个T加以补充：技术，协作和转换。爱迪生项目是对的：技术是一种崭新的语言，应该有它自身的课程。Pensare公司和成绩!公司明智地强调配合与协作的学习--这是集体解决难题的团队精神的教育翻版。这类学习方法同样也培养了社区与社会能力。
33.Clearly, the three R's will be supplemented by the three T's: Technology, Teaming, and Transference. The Edison Project is correct: technology is a new language and deserving of its own curriculum. Pensare and Score! rightly emphasize cooperative and collaborative learning-the educational version of corporate problem-solving teams. This approach to learning also builds community and social skills.
21世纪研究生英语综合教程翻译1
2009-03-08 11:00
BOOK 1 UNIT 1
Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.
Because of the sizable colonial trades with many overseas areas, the gold and silver coins of all the important commercial countries of Europe and their dependencies in the Western Hemisphere
were freely exchanged throughout the eastern seaboard. More important than English coins, which could not be legally exported from Britain to the colonies, were the sliver coins of the Spanish mint. These were struck in Mexico City and Lima and introduced into the Spanish colonies. Spanish dollars were so common in the colonies that the coin was eventually adopted as the monetary unit of the United States.
由于殖民地与许多海外地区的大量贸易，所有欧洲重要商业国以及它们在西半球领地的金银铸币在北美东海岸都可以自由交换。由于法律不允许英国货币从英国流向殖民地，相比之下，西班牙的货币更加重要。这些货币在墨西哥城及利马铸造，再进入西班牙殖民地。西班牙币在殖民地被普遍使用，以至于这种硬币最后成为美国货币单位。
Although Massachusetts first attempted to mint coins of low bullion content as early as 1652, the colonies eventually turned to paper to increase their meager and undependable money supply. The promissory notes of well-known individuals and bills of exchange drawn on English merchants readily exchanged hands for several months. In addition, treasures of the various colonies began to issue promissory notes in advance of tax collection and issue written orders to town officers requiring the payments of obligations from local stores, like other negotiable instruments, these pieces of paper were exchanged on endorsement as money.
虽然早在1652 年马萨诸塞率先铸造低含金量的硬币，但殖民地最后转而印制纸币以补充短缺且不可靠的货币供给。著名人士的期票与签发给英国商人的汇票几个月内就能顺利转手。此外，各个殖民地的财政部门开始在收税前签发期票，同时向城镇官员下达书面命令要当地店铺履行付款义务，如其他可转让的单据一样，这些票据经背书后可作为货币进行交换。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
1、随着我国加入世界贸易组织，国有银行面临的压力越来越大，为了尽快解决资本充足率以及扩大规模，这家大银行打算与其他两家小银行合并。(merge)
With China’s successful entry into the WTO, state-owned banks are faced with more and more pressure. The big bank intends to merge with two small banks so as to quickly solve the problem of capital insufficiency and enlarge its scale.
2、受全球经济衰退和通货膨胀的影响，这个城市的许多小企业已经破产或者被大公司兼并，导致大量工人面临失业的困境。(swallow up)
Because of the recessionary effect on global economy and inflation, many small businesses in this city have gone bankrupt or have been swallowed up by giant corporations. It leads to a large number of workers facing unemployment.
3、他没有娶她。他认为尽管怜悯近于爱，但是不同的。他希望为爱情而结婚，而不是为了怜悯。(akin to)
He didn't marry her, because he felt that although pity was closely akin to love, they were still different. He was eager to marry for love, not pity.
4、网络教育似乎是一种极好的教育方式，它能够触及到一大批潜在的学生，而且可以减少传统学校教育所需要的高额的基础设施及人力费用。（infrastructure；curtail）
Web-based training and learning seems to be a perfect way to reach a huge pool of potential students, as well as curtail the high infrastructure and personnel costs of traditional schooling.
5、随着这个城镇经济的发展，当地政府打算为老年人建立一所一流的养老院。(tailor for/to ) With the growing of this town's economy, local government intends to tailor a first-class nursing home for the needs of the elderly.
6、政府撤销对金融市场的管制有利于经济全球化的发展，但同时也给国内经济造成了一些负面影响。（deregulation）
7、但愿我的弟弟别再整天玩网络游戏了，否则，他将无法完成学业。（desist from）
I wish my little brother would desist from playing network games all day, otherwise he would have to discontinue his studies.
8、一家店铺开始延长营业时间，同一条街上的其他商店也都跟着做。（follow suit）
One shop began to prolong the shop hours, and all other shops along the same street followed suit.
9、随着1997 年许多东亚国家经济中出现的戏剧性的货币贬值，这些国家遭受了急剧而且徘徊不去的经济衰退。这种结果违反了贬值使国内生产的商品更便宜而应当提高产量的观点。（depreciation）
Following the dramatic currency depreciations in many East Asian economies in 1997,these countries suffered sharp and lingering recessions. This outcome runs counter to the notion that depreciations ought to boost output because they make domestically produced goods cheaper. BOOK 1 UNIT 2
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A. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.
(1) Not all regions will experience equal warming. Some areas may become much hotter and drier, while others actually experience colder weather. Other predicted effects of global warming include melting of the polar ice caps, flooding of coastlines, severe storms, changes in precipitation patterns, and widespread changes in the existing ecological balance.Current models predict a rise in global sea levels of 15-95 centimeters over the next century, high enough to put the homes of a third of the world’s po pulation underwater. Infectious diseases may increase due to an expansion of habitat for disease vectors like mosquitoes. Many species may be unable to adapt to such swift changes in the climate, and may become extinct.
并非所有地区的气候都会经历同样的气候变暖的情况，有些地区会变得更干更热，然而另外一些地区则会遭遇较冷的天气。全球气候变暖可能产生的预期结果包括极地冰雪融化，海洋沿线被淹没，剧烈的暴风雨，降雨模式的改变，以及现有生态平衡的广泛变化等等。根据目前的模式，据估计在下一个世纪中全球海平面将上升15-95 厘米。这足以把世界上三分之一人口的家园淹没。由于像蚊子一样传播疾病的昆虫的栖息地的扩大，传染性疾病也将变得越来越多，许多物种或许将不能适应如此剧烈的气候变化而最终灭绝。
(2) At the end of the day, however, the only real, long-term ―solution‖ to the climate crisis has been overlooked by all our leaders. Without adapting our economics, we will simply be greening individual leaves on a dying tree. Our government, in line with its predecessors, is wedded to the belief that increased global trade is automatically a good thing. Thus, it has supported endless subsidies, both direct and indirect, that can benefit only the big corporations producing for long-distance export.
但是，一切都考虑进去了之后，那个长期的真正能够解决环境危机的方法却被所有的领导人忽视了。倘若不去调整我们的经济，我们将只能是绿化垂死的树上的个别叶子。我们的政府，和它的前任们一样，坚持认为持续增长的全球贸易理所当然是一件好事情。因此，政府给予了无数直接或间接的资助。这些资助只能使那些生产远距离出口商品的大公司获益。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
1、在环境危机问题上，与其拿出一个不怎么有效的提案，还不如没有提案，因为提案一旦做出，政治家们就会在其后一段时间内把环境问题放在一边。(be better off; clean slate)As to the climate crisis, we are better off with a clean slate than a weak proposal. Because once the proposal is made, politicians will close the climate chapter for some time.
2、她开始意识到，她的持续的腹痛是由于食用了上周在当地超市贱卖的熏肉而引起的。
(cotton on; on offer)
She’s cottoned on that her constant stomachache was caused by eating the smoked meat on offer last week at the local market.
3、那位超级明星突然造访一座海滨小城，第二天这则消息在当地报纸的头版显著刊登。（descend on; splash across）
That superstar descended on a small coastal town, which was splashed across the front page of the local newspaper.
4、他立足商界的最后一搏失败了，这似乎令人沮丧，但从长远来看，这也未尝不是一件好事，他可以从中学到很多。（last-ditch effort; be for the best）
His last-ditch effort to win a place in the business world collapsed, which seemed frustrating.But it was also for the best. From the failure, he could learn a lot.
5、父母把自己的爱和关怀无私慷慨地给予了孩子。然而，当他们年迈之时，其中一些却只能无奈地独自生活。（lavish on;be condemned to）
Parents lavish their love and care on their children. However, when they become old, some of them arecondemned to live alone.
6、我国现任的政治领导和他们的前任们一样坚信，在反腐问题上没有退缩。（in line with; be wedded to）
The present political leaders of our country, in line with his predecessors, were wedded to the belief that we should not retreat in the action against corruption.
7、多亏了政府的资助和好心人的捐款，那些贫困地区失学的孩子们才得以重返校园。（by courtesy of）
The school dropouts in poverty-stricken areas came back to school by courtesy of the subsidies from government and donations
from the kind people.
8、在当地政府的有效组织之下，洪灾所造成的损失被降到了最低程度。（water down）Under the effective organization of the local government, the damage caused by the flood has been watered down to the minimum.
9、在经济发展上，超级大国走在了前面，把其他国家远远甩在了后面，但这并不是说，他们在一切问题上都说了算。（forge ahead）
Superpowers forge ahead in economic development, leaving other countries far behind. But it doesn’t necessarily follow that they have the final say in everything.
BOOK1 UNIT 3
A. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.
3
According to researchers from the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), monkeys can be protected against the SARS virus using a single dose of a test vaccine sprayed into the nose. Meanwhile, a team of scientists in Holland has successfully protected ferrets from the virus by treating them with human antibodies.
据美国国家过敏和传染病中心（NIAID）的研究人员说，往猴子的鼻内喷一次测试疫苗，猴子就可以免得非典。同时，一些荷兰的科学家已经成功地利用人类抗体保护白鼬不受病毒侵袭。
The NIAID research team, led by Alexander Bukreyev, treated four monkeys with a test vaccine produced by inserting the gene responsible for producing a key SARS protein (known as SARS-S) into a weakened version of a human influenza virus. A further four monkeys received an inactive
placebo vaccine; in all eight monkeys, the treatments were sprayed directly into the monkeys’ nostrils.
由亚历山大.波可乐耶夫领导的NIAID 科研小组把产生主要非典蛋白的基因（叫做SARS-S）插入一种削弱的人类流感病毒，并用这样培养出来的试验疫苗治疗猴子。另外四个猴子给以安慰疫苗。把所有的药直接喷进猴子的鼻腔。
One month after immunizations, both groups were deliberately infected with the SARS virus. The researchers found replicated virus in samples taken from the respiratory tracts of the animals that had received the placebo vaccine, a sign that immunization had failed. In contrast, animals that had received the full vaccine showed no such signs.
免疫接种后一个月，两组猴子都被感染上非典。研究人员发现，从接种安慰剂的猴子的呼吸道的取样中有复制的病毒，这表明免疫接种失败。而在接受正常疫苗的猴子身上却没有这种症状。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
1、尽管他的科研工作不断出现困难，但他都一一克服了，并最终发现了这种新的元素。（crop up）
Though difficulties kept on cropping up in his work, he still succeeded in finding this new element after solving all the problems.
2、火车以飞快的速度行驶，一天的旅行就把他从白雪皑皑的北国带到了赤日炎炎的南方。(at a good clip)
The train was moving at such a good clip that one day’s travel brought him to the south with scorching sun from the northern part of the country covered with white snow.
3、第一次出海航行时，由于发动机出现了故障，这艘船在大海中由风浪任意摆布。(at the mercy of)
During her fir st voyage to the sea, the ship’s engine break down, so she left at the mercy of the rough sea.To our relief ,the vote in this assembly stopped certain countries from containing China.
4、一些公司贪求利润而置农民工的利益于不顾，政府部门最近收到许多拖欠工资的投诉。（bombard）
While seeking after th eir own profit, some companies ignore the farmer workers’ interest. Recently, the government has been bombarded with the complaints about delayed payment.
5、随着亚洲的一些国家发生禽流感，我国加强了对从这些国家进口食品的严格监控。(surveillance)
With the bird flu emerging in some Asian countries, our government has placed the imported food under close surveillance.
6、虽然经济全球化给一些中国人带来了绝对的机遇，但它给其他人所带来的挑战也是很明显的。(unmistakable)
While economic globalization has brought absolute opportunities to some Chinese , the challenges it causes to others are also unmistakable.
7、令我们欣慰的是，这次大会中的投票表决挫败了某些国家遏制中国的企图。(contain)
To our relief ,the vote in this assembly stopped certain countries from containing China.
8、在有些人，谚语“三岁看到老”的说法是真的，但有许多人不是这种经历。(seal)
With some people , the old saying ―One’s character at three years old seals his fate .‖is true, but there are many people with different experiences.
BOOK 1 UNIT 4
A. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.
What is feminism? By general definition, feminism is a philosophy in which women and their contributions are valued. It is
based on social, political and economic equality for women. Feminists can be anyone in the population, men, women, girls or
boys. Feminism can also be described as a movement, a revolution that includes women and men who wish the world to be
equal without boundaries.
何谓女权主义？据一般定义，女权主义是女性及其贡献得到重视的哲学。它建立在女性的社会、政治、经济权利平等基
础之上。任何人，男人、女人、男孩、女孩，都可以成为女权主义者。女权主义也可被描述为一种运动，一场革命，在
这种运动或革命中男人女人们希望世界平等无界。
These boundaries or blockades are better known as discrimination and biases against gender, sexual orientation, age, marital
4
status and economic status. Everyone views the world with his or her own sense of gender and equality. Feminists view the
world as being unequal. They wish to see the gender gap and the idea that men are superior to women decreased or even
abolished.
这种界线或障碍就是广为大家所知的针对性别、性取向、年龄、婚姻状况和经济状况的歧视和偏见。每个人都以他/她自
己的性别观和平等观来看待这个世界。女权主义者认为这个世界不平等。他们希望看到性别差异减小，男人优于女人的
观念减退，并直至消失。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
1、赛珍珠（Pearl Sydenstricker Buck）生于传教士家庭，随父母在中国生活了17 年，深受中国文化的熏陶。（be saturated
with/in）-----Pearl Sydenstricker Buck was born to parents who were missionaries. She, along lived in China for seventeen years,
and was saturated in Chinese culture.
2、你父母那么爱你，你竟这样粗暴地对待他们，你如何能为自己的行为辩解？（justify）How can you justify your rude behavior towards your parents who love you so much?
3、他已经长大了，不再有青春期抽烟喝酒的习惯了。（outgrow）
He has grown up and has outgrown the adolescent bad habits of smoking and drinking.
4、我们认为这是不言自明的：任何国家都不应该干涉他国内政，大国尤其如此。(be true of) We hold this to be self-evident that no state is in the position to interfere with the domestic affairs of other nations . This is
especially true of great powers.
5、家道中落之前，他们无法想象自己会对住小房子、吃干面包、喝白开水的简朴生活也很知足。(content with)
Before they came down in the world ,they couldn’t imagine that they would content themselves with the
simple life : a small room ,dry bread and plain boiled water.
6、虽然歹徒夸口绝不会给活捉，但是被围之后，他毫不反抗就屈服了。(submit to) Though he boasted he would never be taken alive, the outlaw submitted to the police without a struggle when surrounded.
7、为了接受高等教育，她强烈地与父亲认为女人注定一生围着厨房转的观念抗争。（be doomed to )
In order to have her higher education ,she has to contend fiercely with her father who believes that women are doomed to
spending their life at the kitchen sink.
8、这位单身母亲给女儿灌输的都是些女权主义观点。(instill in)It is feminism that the single mother has instilled in her
daughter.
BOOK 1 UNIT 5
A. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.
The fact that our computer network is so advanced will also soon give us the opportunity to share our teaching expertise with
local companies and even other universities; a dedicated center for distance learning is already under discussion. We will
increasingly use internet based computer courses, to enhance our own teaching and also to reach students outside the
University. That doesn’t mean computer terminals will displace people; students are always going to need advice and high
quality tuition on the spot.
我们的计算机网络相当先进，不久就会使我们有机会和地方公司甚至其他大学共享我们的教学专长。一个专门服务于远
程学习的中心已在酝酿之中。我们将越来越多地利用基于因特网的计算机课程，提高我们自己的教学水平，同时也使校
外的学生有机会学习。这并不意味着计算机终端将会取代人，学生永远需要当场建议和高质量的面授。
But it does mean we can refine our teaching courses over time and make them available in the manner of textbooks. Within the
university itself, access is going to remain our key priority. We’re striving to demystify Cambridge and increase the proportion
of state school students we take. We want to ensure that ethnic minority, overseas and disabled applicants are encouraged and
supported.
但这的确意味着我们可以逐步完善我们的教学课程，并使之以课本的形式让大家得到。就我们大学自身来讲，提供更多
的入学机会将仍是我们的头等大事。我们在努力解除剑桥的神秘感，增加录取公立中学毕业生的比率。我们要确保鼓励
和支持少数民族、外国和残疾的申请者。
We want to secure women’s full participation in the university and increase their representation in top academic posts. We want
to encourage alumni to take more interest in Cambridge so we can draw on their expertise and experience.
我们希望确保妇女全面参与大学的事务，增加她们在高级学术职位方面的代表性。我们要鼓励校友们更加关心剑桥，用
他们的专长和经验为母校服务。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
1、按照我朋友的建议，这个房间由一个单人卧室改成了一间书房。（convert from...to /into...）At my friend’s suggestion, the room was converted from a single bedroom to a bathroom.
2、人们一提到西安就会联想到大雁塔和兵马俑。（connect with）
5
People always connect Xi’an with the Big Goose Pagoda and Terracotta Warriors and Horses.
3、大学生要有使用好图书馆的条件，只有这样，他们的知识面才会拓宽。（access to）College students must have access to a good library, through which their knowledge and experience can be broadened.
4、水坝不太坚固，挡不住洪水，结果河水冲破堤岸，淹没了河边的房子。（hold back）The dam was not strong enough to hold back the flood waters, so that the river had burst its banks and flooded the houses by the
river.
5、她的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。同时，她父母的话对她也是极大的鼓舞。（due to）Her success was largely due to her efforts. Also her parents’ words were a great encouragement to her.
6、通过参与制定实习计划的过程，我和我的小组成员不得不为学生确定意向学习目标。（field trip）
Through participating in the process of planning our field trip, my group members and I had to identify our intended learning
goals for the students.
7、在报复心的驱使下，我给办公室的每个人发了一封电子邮件，信的开头如下：“很抱歉地通知你，你已经错过了这次
机会。……”（as follow）I did in the spirit of revenge by sending an e-mail to everyone in the office which began as follow: “we
regret to inform you that you have missed this opportunity,…‖
8、尽管期望这种集成电路作为一种锁存器电路，它也可以当作推荐的标准触发器。（function as）
Even though this IC (integrated circuit) is supposed to work as a latch circuit, it can also be made to function as RS
(recommended standard) flip-flop.
BOOK 1 UNIT 6
A. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.
1. The United States didn’t initiate crude forms of ethnic and racist hatred, which constitute some of terrorism’s roots, but
neither is it completely innocent. In the Middle East, geopolitical and economic considerations supposedly dictate U.S. support
of both Israeli democracy and the ―moderate‖ state of Saudi Arabia.
美国并未激起产生恐怖主义根源的原始的民族和种族仇恨，然而，美国也并不能完全脱离干系。在中东地区，基于地域
和经济上的考虑使得美国不得不既支持以色列的民主形式，又支持沙特阿拉伯的温和立场。
Yet such support does more to sustain and intensify destructive forms of nationalism than to ensure economic and military
security. Israeli domination of the occupied territories fuels Arab militancy. The Saudi regime survives in part by tacitly
encouraging its fundamentalist critics to vent their domestic political anger on the United States and Israel.
然而，这种支持更多地支持和加剧了灾难性的民族主义，而并没有使经济和军事上的安全得到保证。以色列对占领区的
控制使得阿拉伯人越来越多地采取暴力手段。沙特政权之所以能够幸存下来部分上是由于政府总在默默地鼓励基督教原
教旨主义者把他们对国内政治的不满发泄在美国和以色列身上。
2. Patricia Hewitt speaks softly. She constructs her sentences carefully. When she gets passionate, her voice tends to quiver.
“After September 11, we began to make quite a powerful coalition around the world against terrorism.
帕蒂西?赫威特轻声地说着，她措辞相当谨慎。当她激动的时候，她的声音有些颤抖，“在911 事件，我们开始在全球范围
内建立一个强有力的反恐联盟。
But if we are going to have a durable, a really powerful international coalition against terrorism and for greater security, then
we have to have an equally powerful economic coalition—in other words, a coalition for free and fair trade around the world,
because we will never deal with terrorism and other threats to world peace if we don’t deal with the hunger and misery and
frustration acro ss the developing world.‖
但是如果我们要建立一个持久的、真正强有力的国际反恐联盟来确保安全，那么我们就得建立一个同样强有力的经济联
盟。因为倘若我们不去整个发展中国家所面临的饥饿、苦难、挫败等问题，我们就永远解决不了恐怖主义以及其它危及
世界和平的问题。”
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
1、大城市的第三产业越来越多地依赖于外来务工人员，这种情况已经形成。如果没有大批务工人员参加到城市的建设中
来，许多城市的发展将逐渐趋于停滞。(grind to a halt )The increasing reliance of the third industry in big cities on guest workers
is entrenched. Without legions of them to participate in the cities’ construction the development of many cities would grind to a
halt.
2、经济的发展更多地依赖于社会的稳定。因此，当前压倒一切的问题是保持稳定。(hinge on) The development of economy
mainly hinges on social stability. Therefore, the overwhelming issue at present is to maintain stability.
3、一个开放的国际大都市应当是实行文化多元主义。在那里，拥有不同文化背景的人们之间和平相处，共同发展。(cultural
pluralism)An open international metropolis should be one with cultural pluralism, where people with different cultural
backgrounds coexist peacefully and develop together.
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4、由于吸毒，他和周围的人们疏远了。慢慢地，他对吸毒怀有强烈的道德上的厌恶，决心戒毒。(embrace)
Due to drug abuse, he was detached from the people around him. Gradually, he embraced a moral revulsion towards drug abuse
and was determined to give it up.
5、他拥有一辆宽敞的车，一座乡间别墅，以及其它被认为是成功的标志的东西，但他并不真正幸福。(trappings)
He has a big car, a country house, and all the other trappings of success. But he was not in the least happy.
6、有些人对和自己意见相左的人采取仇视的态度。这并不是心胸宽阔的人所应有的。(turn a hostile eye)
Some people turn a hostile eye toward those who dissent from their view, which doesn’t agree with what an open-minded person
should do.
7、和他所期望的相反，这次他并没有得到升职。回家之后他把怒火发泄在妻子头上。(contrary to；vent on)Contrary to what
he expected, he failed to be promoted this time. After returning to his home, he vented his anger on his wife.
8、美国的生活方式以对物质充足的尊崇为典型。(be characterized by) The American way of life is characterized by reverence
for material abundance.
BOOK 1 UNIT 7
A. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.
Discipline does not need to be punitive, coercive, manipulative or negative. Children can learn in a positive, upbeat, firm and
kind environment much better than a negative one. The parents set the tone for the family environment and so parents have
great influence over the nature of that environment.
管理孩子没必要惩罚，强迫，强制或在严厉的气氛中进行。孩子在轻松愉快的、严格但又和蔼的气氛里可以学得更好。
父母决定家庭气氛，所以父母对家庭气氛的好坏大有影响。
Dream big, children are capable of so much more and so much better than we give them the chance to express! While I do not
believe in ―parent bashing‖ with problematic kids, I do believe that we parents have so much more influence in our families
than we realize. We need to take this influence to heart and strive to do and be our very best and to never give up on our kids!
从正面教育入手，孩子的表现会比我们预期的量和质都要好得多！虽然我并不认为孩子有问题就责备家长，但我确信我
们家长对家庭的影响之大远远超出我们的意识。我们必须牢记这种影响，积极施展这种影
响，而永远不要对孩子失望！
The times of parental frustration should be used as times to re-group, re-think, and re-evaluate. Attempting any form of
thoughtful discipline takes time, thought and a relaxed environment. If you’re stressed out, give yourself and your child a
cooling off period. Often the answers will come during the break.
家长应在烦恼的时间重整旗鼓，调整自己的认识，重新评价孩子。遥想实施全面的家庭教育需要时间，很费心，还需要
一个轻松的环境。如果你的情绪不好，要让你和孩子在一段时间内冷静下来。解决问题的方法经常在情绪平静时想出来。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
1、为了照看这个婴儿她已辞职，无论是好是坏，她顾不了太多。(for better or worse)
She has left her job to take care of the baby, and, for better or worse, she ca n’t afford to think of too much.
2、指出一个孩子有学习障碍并不能解释他不能学习的问题。重要的是找出问题在哪里。（account for）
To point out that a child has learning disability does not account for why he is having trouble learning. The point is to find out
exactly where the problem is.
3、对于有些女性，生孩子并不会导致非此即彼的结果——辞职在家带孩子，或继续工作而不带孩子。(black and white)
For some women, bearing children does not have to result in a black-and-white situation—having to quit work to stay home with
the baby or not.
4、在这篇小说中, 瑞谱是这样一个人物：除了偶然为他所惧怕的妻子跑腿以外, 终日带着他的狗在村子里游荡。（run
errands）In this novel, Rip is such a character that, except occasionally running errands for his wife, whom he feared, idled away
with his dog all day long in the village.
5、这个艺术团的演出吸引了这么多的工人，大礼堂及其外围的地方都围满了观众。(spill over)
6、为了加快发展的速度，我国已和许多国家签订了互惠协约。（reciprocal）
In order to achieve a faster development, our country has reached reciprocal agreements with many other countries.
7、他们认为民主的一个重要体现就是人民可以享受言论自由。（voice）
They think that one important manifestations of democracy is all the people can enjoy the freedom of voicing their minds.
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8. 儿时的贫寒和艰难激励着这位总统毫不动摇地走自学成材的道路，以致在这方面成为世人的楷模。(waver)
The poverty and hardships during his childhood encouraged this president never to waver in his determination to be a self-made
man, which has been a model for the world.
BOOK 1 UNIT 8
A. Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese.
There in the mist, enormous, majestic, silent, and terrible, stood the Great Wall of China. Solitarily, with the indifference of
nature herself, it crept up the mountain side and slipped down to the depth of the valley. Menacingly, the grim watchtowers,
stark and foursquare, at due intervals stood at their posts.
迷蒙之中呈现出来的那庞然大物，十分壮观，寂然不动而气度非凡，那就是中国的长城。它孤独地沿着山的一侧蜿蜒而
上，再往下进入山谷深处，像大自然似的，一副与世无涉的冷漠样子。每隔一定的距离就有一座森严的瞭望台，冷峻挺
立，十分威严。
Ruthlessly, for it was built at the cost of a million lives and each one of those great gray stones has been stained with the bloody
tears of the captive and the outcast, it forged its dark way through a sea of rugged mountains.
它是铁面无情，坚忍不拔的，既然付出了千百万生命的代价建造它，每一块灰色大砖石上都染满了那离乡背井犹如囚徒
者的斑斑血泪，它就一定会绝然向前，跨越崇山峻岭奔向人所不知的去处。
Fearlessly, it went on its endless journey, league upon league to the furthermost regions of Asia, in utter solitude, mysterious
like the great empire it guarded. There in the mist, enormous, majestic, silent, and terrible, stood the Great Wall of China.
它具有大无畏的精神，漫漫征途无尽头，走了一程又一程，一直走到亚洲最边远的地方，茕茕孑立，神秘莫测，犹如它
所捍卫的大帝国似的。中国的长城就是那样的庞然大物，在迷蒙中寂然不动，气度非凡，十分壮观。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.
1、清晨新鲜的空气，鸟儿的歌唱，街道两旁的花草树木，夜晚的星辰，所有这一切都会使人干到生活是无限美好的。
(conspire)The fresh morning air, the singing of birds, the trees and flowers on the sides of the street, and the stars at night
conspire to make you feel how beautiful the life is.
2、一些中国品牌以富有竞争力的价位为后盾，已跻身于国际市场，同时他们也未忽略产品的质量，高效的销售以及售后
服务等战略的运用。(ignore) Some Chinese brands have nudged into the inter-national market on the back of competitive
pricing. At the same time they haven’t ignored such strategies as product quality, an efficient distribution and after-sales service.
3、我妹妹玛丽的几个朋友不断地告诉她，她的朋友卡罗尔在她背后说她的坏话。玛丽经过她们的洗脑也就相信了她们的
话。后来她发现事实并非如此时，感到非常抱歉。(brainwash)Several of her friends brainwashed my sister Mary into believing
that her best friend Carol was saying nasty things about her behind her back. Mary was as sorry as she could be when she found
out it wasn’t true.
4、如果政治家想赢得选举胜利必须努力表现自己。(project)
A politician must project himself if he wants to win an election.
5、随着生活节奏的加快，人们感到时间的紧迫，驾车的速度越来越快。马路就像赛场跑道，高速行驶的汽车严重威胁到
行人的安全。(race track; sorely)With the quicken pace of life, people feel time presses and drive their cars faster and faster,
which makes the roadway look like a race track. The automobiles running at a high speed sorely threaten the safety of
pedestrians.
6、现如今人们对汽车的依赖性越来越强，即使时上下班只有1 英里的路程，也要驱车前往。
(a round trip to work; resort
to)Nowadays people become increasingly dependent on automobiles. Despite one mile round trip to work, they will resort to
automobiles.
7、中国制造的商品以其物美价廉赢得了世界各国消费者的青睐。(win one’s heart)
Low in price and good in quality, the commodities made in China have won hearts of the consumers all over the world.
8、中国的汽车工业白手起家，逐渐发展到如今这样的规模。但是，它仍然处于初级阶段，对其设定过高的质量标准是不
切合实际的。(from scratch)Starting from scratch, Chinese automobile industry has gradually developed into what it is. But with it
at the preliminary stage, it is impractical to set an exorbitant quality standard for it.
经典英语美文翻译：优秀的标准
My l4-year-old son, John, and I spotted the coat simultaneously. It was hanging on a rack at a secondhand clothing store in Northampton Mass, crammed in with shoddy trench coats and an assortment of sad, woolen overcoats -- a rose among thorns.
在马萨诸塞州北安普顿市的一家出售二手服装的店里，我和我14岁的儿子约翰同时盯上了那件大衣。它就挂在衣架上，夹在劣质的军用风雨衣和各式各样寒酸的羊毛大衣当中，然而它却像荆棘丛中的一朵玫瑰。
While the other coats drooped, this one looked as if it were holding itself up. The thick, black wool of the double-breasted chesterfield was soft and unworn, as though it had been preserved in mothballs for years in dead old Uncle Henry's steamer trunk. The coat had a black velvet collar, beautiful tailoring, a Fifth Avenue label and an unbelievable price of $28. We looked at each other, saying nothing, but John's eyes gleamed. Dark, woolen topcoats were popular just then with teenage boys, but could cost several hundred dollars new. This coat was even better, bearing that touch of classic elegance from a bygone era.
其他的大衣都显得没精打采，惟独这件衣服趾高气扬。厚厚的黑色羊绒柔软而蓬松，这件双排扣暗钮长大衣显然还没上过身，看样子，就像用樟脑球在老亨利叔叔的扁平旅行箱里保存了多年。其做工精细：领子是黑天鹅绒的，商标是第五大街的，价钱让人难以置信，只卖28美元。我们彼此看着对方，一言不发，可约翰的眼里却闪着欣喜的光。黑色的羊绒轻便大衣那时在小伙子们中很流行，买一件新的要花好几百美元，而这一件质地更好一些，还
钱钟书(1910年11月21日-1998年12月19日) 江苏人 原名仰先，字哲良，字默存，号槐聚 毕业于清华大学，后赴牛津大学就读，曾用笔名中书君，是著名的作家，文学研究家，翻译家。曾为《毛泽东选集》英文版翻译小组成员。晚年就职于中国社会科学院，任副院长。钱钟书在文学，国故，比较文学，文化批评等领域的成就，推崇者甚至冠以“钱学”。 钱钟书对翻译问题的研究虽然失之零散却十分严肃，而且是全方位的。他早在1934年就明确使用过“翻译学”和“艺术化的翻译”钱钟书梳理传统译论中的“信、达、雅”原则，第一次系统论述了三者的辩证统一关系；旗帜鲜明地提出以诗译诗的主张，并以典雅文言的翻译风格独步当代译坛。钱钟书在译学方面的论述，在中国译界引起广泛关注，特别是他所标举的“化境”说，更产生了深远影响。 那“化境”作何理解？ 钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》一文中，写到：“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于‘化境’”。 “化境说”一出，在译界产生了很大的影响。“化境”的真正内涵，在于无痕与存味。无痕，既要有对原文的理解，又不拘泥于原文，即“原作的‘投胎转世’，躯壳换了一个，而精神资质依然故我（《林纾的翻译》）；存味，是将原作毫无穿凿的化在译文的语言框架内，仍保留原作的风味。 因难见巧，臻于化境 《管锥编》中有一段翻译，以极简省的语言说明一位盲人与一位腿脚不利落的跛者相互扶助、取长补短、彼此协作的情况： One man was maimed in his legs, while another has lost his eyesight. The blind man, taking the lame man on his shoulders, kept a straight course by listening to the other’s orders. It was bitter, all-daring necessity which taught them how, by dividing their imperfections between them, to make a perfect whole.一跛一盲，此负彼相，因难见巧，何缺成全〔8:549〕。 译文形式整齐，格律铿锵，琅琅上口，对原文意思的表达基本没有增减，与读原文获得的感受没有什么差异，可谓翻译得非常巧妙。在另一场合，钱钟书又提及蹩、盲二人的两句经典对白，十分富有机趣。两人都对自己的生理缺陷非常敏感，因而对话暗藏机锋：“盲问蹩：‘您行吗？’蹩答盲：‘您瞧呢！’”相信许多人读后会心一笑，称道盲、蹩二人的机敏，同时更折服于中国语言的博大精深。殊不知，这是钱钟书译自18世纪德国文家的谑语。该译例是钱钟书津津乐道并身体力行的翻译“化境”的一个具体体现。 Fie wrangling Queen—/Whom every thing becomes, to chide, to laugh, / To weep; whose every passion fully strives/ To make itself, in thee, fair and admired!
钱钟书经典美文翻译详解(2008-04-25 10:45:09) 标签：钱钟书名篇翻译译注名师教育分类：园丁四季之歌 出场人物：申雨平，北京外国语大学教授。钱钟书先生的这篇散文说的是窗子，但是其用意绝不仅仅是说说窗子而已，而是要以窗子来比喻生活、比喻人生。从语言上看，《窗》延续了一贯的钱派手法，用词平实、普通，没有长句，没有什么复杂结构，非常从容地叙述、说理，却又紧紧地扣住了主题。这样的特点对翻译构成的难度不言而喻，翻译中应当时时充分考虑上述特点，尽量在译文中体现出来。 一逐句分析： 窗 Random Thoughts on the Window （题目中的这个窗字，包含的意思较为丰富，使人有多种联想，因此译成Random Thoughts on the Window。） 又是春天 It is spring again 中文是无主句，英文没有这样的句子结构，因此用It is...句型。原文里“又”用在句首，但是英文如果也把again放在句首，这个词就太突出，分量太重了。所以again一词在译文中放在句末和原文“又”放在句首分量相当。
窗子可以常开了 and the window can be left open as often as one would like 用定冠词the 加单数名词window来代表所有的窗子。英语里表示“全部”可以有几种方法：1）复数名词，2）不定冠词a/an+名词，3）定冠词+名词。这里就是用的第三种，更侧重其一致性。“常开”不能译成can open often或can be opened often。因为原文是从人的角度说的，人们什么时候想开窗都行，所以用了one would like这样的说法。 春天从窗外进来 As spring comes in through the windows 这句把春天拟人化了，英文也用同样的结构就行。窗外：out of the window。但是，如果把“从窗外进来”理解成一个过程，用through表示就比较好。 人在屋子里坐不住，就从门里出去 so people--unable to bear staying inside any longer--go outdoors 破折号之间的形容词短语说明人们在屋里坐不住的原因。bear：忍受，后面既可跟-ing动词，也可跟不定式动词。 不过屋子外的春天太贱了The spring outside, however, is much too cheap 这里的“贱”，是说春天多阳光，以多为贱，中外同理，用cheap也就顺理成章了。 到处是阳光 for the sun shines on everything 这里和上一句是连接在一起的，所以用了连接词for来说明原因。最好不要译成the sunshine is everywhere。因为阳光并不是一种存在，而是说照耀在所有的一切上面，因此说shines。 不像射破屋里阴深的那样明亮 and so does not seem as bright as that which shoots into the darkness of the house 用seem是指屋里屋外阳光是一样的，只是环境的反差使阳光显得不同罢了。as...as是表示屋里屋外阳光的比较。that指the sun。
聂友军中国比较文学2008年3期 钱钟书翻译实践论 钱钟书对翻译问题的研究虽然失之零散却十分严肃，而且是全方位的。他早在1934年就明确使用过“翻译学”和“艺术化的翻译”（translation as an art）［1:111］两个术语；《林纾的翻译》一文比较全面地反映了钱钟书的翻译观；另有大量见地独到的有关翻译的片断论述，散见于《管锥编》、《谈艺录》等著述中。钱钟书对翻译研究中的常规问题和热门问题，从翻译的基本理论、翻译的性质、方法、规则到翻译中的文化问题、社会功用等，都有广泛而深入的论述。 钱钟书梳理传统译论中的“信、达、雅”原则，第一次系统论述了三者的辩证统一关系；旗帜鲜明地提出以诗译诗的主张，并以典雅文言的翻译风格独步当代译坛。钱钟书在译学方面的论述，在中国译界引起广泛关注，特别是他所标举的“化境”说，更产生了深远影响。但长期以来，不少人认为钱钟书的翻译理论特别是“化境”说抽象、玄妙、可操作性不强，对其称引颇多，全面系统的论述和阐发甚少。本文拟对钱钟书翻译实践的不同层面进行梳理，以期为当今全球化语境下跨文化传通和文化转型提供有借鉴价值的思路。 典雅文言的翻译风格 翻检钱钟书的翻译，首先引人注目的是典雅的文言行文。同一种语言也有雅、俗之分，正、奇之判，骈、散之别，文、白之辨。刘勰指出：“斟酌乎质文之间，而隐括乎雅俗之际，可与言通变矣”，就是主张用发展的观点看待文学的正奇、雅俗。钱钟书在《与张君晓峰书》［2：410］中对五四新文化运动以来的文言与白话之争提出了自己的见解，认为文言、白话两者各自具有不可否定的存在价值，可以互相补充。用中国古代语言翻译外国文学作品不是没有先例，晚清和民国初期也曾一度盛行用骚赋体写作来虚饰模仿古典的高雅风格。钱钟书借助典雅文言翻译西方作品，并将二者完美地结合起来。 早在1935年，钱钟书为温源宁一本英语文集作书评，将书名Imperfect Understanding译作《不够知己》，深得“两脚踏中西文化”的林语堂赏识，誉之为“雅切”［3：1］。钱钟书在书评中将《中国评论周报》的一个栏目“Intimate Portraits”译作“亲切写真”，把温源宁描写吴宓的一句话“Like nothing on earth: once seen, never forgotten.”译作：“入得《无双谱》的；见过一次，永远忘不了”［4］，真乃神来之笔。 选用雅言还是俗语、文言抑或白话，除了学科、文体的客观要求外，还取决于作者的偏好，然而“至精之艺，至高之美，不论文体之雅俗，非好学深思者，勿克心领神会”［5：107］。正是基于这一公允的认识，钱钟书在半个多世纪的文学创作与学术著述中，除了用外语写作一些论文外，一直都用典雅纯正的文言与清晰明澈的白话两种语体齐头并进。《谈艺录》、《管锥编》等学术著作的撰写主要运用典雅文言，相应地，涉及西方文献，一律用典雅文言译就，成为一道独特的风景。 许多人对钱钟书《管锥编》的写作与翻译使用文言不明就里，甚至口出怨言。钱钟书在1934年就曾指出：“一切学问都需要语言文字传达，而语言文字往往不能传达得适如其量；因此，不同的学科对于语言文字定下不同的条件，作不同的要求。”［6:331］本文认为：从目的看，学术著述既不同于普及读物，与小说等文学创作也大相径庭；从对象看，“作者选择了什么读者，什么层次的读者，他的语言便随之而变化。”［7:239］从内容看，钱钟书在《管锥编》中探讨的是中国古代典籍，用文言行文，直接深入到古人的语言天地里去，省却古汉语今译的麻烦，况且许
关于翻译家钱钟书先生 目录 摘要 (1) 关键字 (2) 正文 (2) 一、钱老简介 (2) 二、“诱”、“讹”、“化”的翻译思想 (3) 三、翻译例文欣赏 (4) 四、我的观点 (5) 参考文献 (5) 摘要 钱钟书先生不仅是一位著名作家，也是一名翻译家，他对中国的翻译理论做出了自己的贡献。本文主要对钱钟书先生在翻译方面的理论进行了简单的介绍，并通过举例展示了钱钟书老先生在翻译方面独特的手法。同时，在本文中还提到了我对翻译的理解，和我认为的要成为一名好的翻译的必要条件。 Abstract MrQian is not only a famous writer but a translator, who made great contribution to the translation theory of China. I will give a brief introduction to his translation theory in my paper, and analyze the unique methods of his translation.
I also give my own opinion of the requirementswhich is necessary for being a good translator. 关键字 成就翻译观点理论原则 Key words achievement translation views theoretical principles 正文 一、钱老简介 中学时代，在语文课本上第一次接触到了钱钟书老先生。那时候只知道钱老先生是一个作家，只知道他写的文章很好，很受欢迎。后来才知道，原来钱老还是一个著名的翻译家。 在课上，通过高老师的讲解才知道，一个好的翻译，原来需要将两种语言所处的文化背景有一个很好的了解，掌握好两种语言才能将一种语言的意思尽量完整的去转化到另一种语言中去。翻译，不仅仅是将文字的意思转化过去，能否将原文中所包含的意思很好的翻译出来也是极其重要的一方面。所以要想做一个好的翻译，必须两种语言都掌握的很好。这段时间，我对钱钟书老先生的翻译及其对翻译的观点进行了简单的研究，在这里做下简单介绍并谈谈我的看法：钱钟书老先生是一代比较文学尤其是比较文化大家，是当代中国学贯中西的大学者之一。他精熟于英、法、拉丁、德、意、西等国文字与艺术，在很多重要的文化学术领域有着卓越的建树，主要著作有《谈艺录》、《管锥编》、《七缀集》等。同时，对翻译理论也做出了杰出的贡献，虽然他在翻译学上的成就只是其学术研究中的一个“雕栏”，但对译学界产生了深远的影响。
1．If all the sky were parchment and all the sea were ink 按“青天做纸张”之语，西方各国诗人皆有之，常以“碧海化墨水”为对。P.19 2．New forms are simply canonization of inferior genres. 百凡新体，只是向来卑不足道之体忽然列品入流。P.35 3．behind its attributes 须在未具性德以前，推其本质。P.37 4．“Not of the letter, but of the spirit; for the letter killeth, but the spirit giveth life.” 意在言外，得意忘言，不以词害意。P.43 5．To hold, as’t were, the mirror up to nature. 持镜照自然。P.60 6．selective imitation 取舍之工。P.60 7．This is an art / Which does mend nature, change it rather, but/ That art itself is Nature (The Winter’s Tale, IV, iv. Polixenes) 莎士比亚尝曰：“人艺足补天工，然而人艺即天工也。”p.61 8．In shape the perfection of the berry, in light the radiance of the dewdrop. (Lord Tennyson; A Memoir, by his son, Vol. I, P.211) 体完如樱桃，光灿若露珠。P.114 （Alexander Smith: A Life Drama）9．“A poem round and perfect as a star. ” “诗好比星圆。”Ｐ.114 10．“It used to be said of a famous cricketeer that he bowled or batted with his head. ”（S. Alexander: Beauty and Other Forms of Value, p.25） 画以心而不以手。P.211 11．A direct sensuous apprehension of thought. 能以官感领会义理。P.232 12．Be thou thine own home, and in thy selfe dwell;/Inn any where, continuance maketh hell./ And seeing the snaile, which every where doth rome, /Carrying his owne house still, still is at home.(Complete Poetry and Selected Prose, ed. J. Hayward, pp.153-4) 万物皆备于身，方之蜗牛戴壳，随遇自足，著处为家。——约翰唐（John Donne）名篇: （To Sir Henry Wotton）P.232
钱钟书的翻译语妙天下 钱钟书，一座文化昆仑，一代博学鸿儒。他博学多能，兼通数国语言，学贯中西，在文学创作和学术研究、翻译三方面均做出了卓越成绩。 钱钟书的翻译恣肆传神信属鬼工。他译英国诗人拜伦写给情人的一封信，走笔典雅，一不留神，竟超过了原文，成了倾诉离别之苦的绝唱；也完美地实践了他提出的翻译的“化境”（既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味）之说。拜论原文：Everything is the same, but you are not here, and I still am. In separation theone who goes away suffere less than the one who stays behind.钱钟书译文：此间百凡如故,我仍留而君已去耳。行行生别离,去者不如留者神伤之甚。 译文用典浑然天成，丝毫不露翻译之痕；令人玩味再三，拍案叫绝。 从1950年到1956年，钱先生几乎没有文章发表。这六七年时间，一个大学问家怎能无论著问世？一直让学界感到不可思议。
原来在这段时间里，钱钟书先生担任《毛泽东选集》英译委员会主任委员。刘继兴考证，钱钟书先生曾在1955年填写的《中国作家协会会员表》中说：“自1950年7月起至去年（1954）2月皆全部从事《毛泽东选集》英译工作，故无暇顾及其他活动”。 《毛泽东选集》是毛泽东思想的集中体现。把“毛选”四卷准确地译成英文，是极为严肃的政治任务。谁能领衔担此重任，学贯中西的钱钟书先生自然是最合适的人选了。 钱钟书当年从清华考取牛津大学留学生时，其考试成绩名列榜首。他在牛津大学爱克赛特学院潜心攻读英国文学，其时牛津大学出版一套“东方哲学、宗教、艺术丛书 ”，聘请钱钟书担任特约编辑，他是编辑组中惟一的一个中国学生，其英文水平可见一斑。钱钟书的学术代表作《管锥编》中征引西方学者和作家达千余人，征引包括数种语言的著作1780多种。很多引用的外文是钱钟书先生凭他超人的记忆默写出的。由此可见他英文造诣之深。 1950年，中央有关领导几次邀他担任《毛泽东选集》英译
钱钟书，一座文化昆仑，一代博学鸿儒。他博学多能，兼通数国外语，学贯中西，在文学创作和学术研究、翻译三方面均做出了卓越成绩。 钱钟书的翻译恣肆传神信属鬼工。他译英国诗人拜伦写给情人的一封信，走笔典雅，一不留神，竟超过了原文，成了倾诉离别之苦的绝唱；也完美地实践了他提出的翻译的“化境”（既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味）之说。拜论原文：Everything is the same, but you are not here, and I still am. In separation theone who goes away suffere less than the one who stays behind.钱钟书译文：此间百凡如故,我仍留而君已去耳。行行生别离,去者不如留者神伤之甚。 译文用典浑然天成，丝毫不露翻译之痕；令人玩味再三，拍案叫绝。 从1950年到1956年，钱先生几乎没有文章发表。这六七年时间，一个大学问家怎能无论著问世？一直让学界感到不可思议。 原来在这段时间里，钱钟书先生担任《毛泽东选集》英译委员会主任委员。刘继兴考证，钱钟书先生曾在1955年填写的《中国作家协会会员表》中说：“自1950年7月起至去年（1954）2月皆全部从事《毛泽东选集》英译工作，故无暇顾及其他活动”。 《毛泽东选集》是毛泽东思想的集中体现。把“毛选”四卷准确地译成英文，是极为严肃的政治任务。谁能领衔担此重任，学贯中西的钱钟书先生自然是最合适的人选了。 钱钟书当年从清华考取牛津大学留学生时，其考试成绩名列榜首。他在牛津大学爱克赛特学院潜心攻读英国文学，其时牛津大学出版一套“东方哲学、宗教、艺术丛书”，聘请钱钟书担任特约编辑，他是编辑组中惟一的一个中国学生，其英文水平可见一斑。钱钟书的学术代表作《管锥编》中征引西方学者和作家达千余
钱钟书经典美文《窗》翻译详解 钱钟书先生的这篇散文说的是窗子，但是其用意绝不仅仅是说说窗子而已，而是要以窗子来比喻生活、比喻人生。从语言上看，《窗》延续了一贯的钱派手法，用词平实、普通，没有长句，没有什么复杂结构，非常从容地叙述、说理，却又紧紧地扣住了主题。这样的特点对翻译构成的难度不言而喻，翻译中应当时时充分考虑上述特点，尽量在译文中体现出来。下面我们就以《窗》这篇散文的前两段为例，来谈谈汉译英中可能遇到的问题。 汉译英翻译： 窗 Random Thoughts on the Window 又是春天，窗子可以常开了。春天从窗外进来，人在屋子里坐不住，就从门里出去。不过屋子外的春天太贱了！到处是阳光，不像射破屋里阴深的那样明亮；到处是给太阳晒得懒洋洋的风，不像搅动屋里沉闷的那样有生气。就是鸟语，也似乎琐碎而单薄，需要屋里的寂静来做衬托。我们因此明白，春天是该镶嵌在窗子里看的，好比画配了框子。 It is spring again and the window can be left open as often as one would like. As spring comes in through the windows, so people——unable to bear staying inside any longer——go outdoors. The spring outside, however, is much too cheap, for the sun shines on everything, and so does not seem as bright as that which shoots into the darkness of the house. Outside the sun-slothed breeze blows everywhere, but it is not so lively as that which stirs the gloominess inside the house. Even the chirping of the birds sounds so thin and broken that the quietness of the house is needed
出场人物：申雨平，北京外国语大学教授。钱钟书先生的这篇散文说的是窗子，但是其用意绝不仅仅是说说窗子而已，而是要以窗子来比喻生活、比喻人生。从语言上看，《窗》延续了一贯的钱派手法，用词平实、普通，没有长句，没有什么复杂结构，非常从容地叙述、说理，却又紧紧地扣住了主题。这样的特点对翻译构成的难度不言而喻，翻译中应当时时充分考虑上述特点，尽量在译文中体现出来。 一逐句分析： 窗 Random Thoughts on the Window (题目中的这个窗字，包含的意思较为丰富，使人有多种联想，因此译成Random Thoughts o n the Window。) 又是春天It is spring again 中文是无主句，英文没有这样的句子结构，因此用It is...句型。原文里“又”用在句首，但是英文如果也把again放在句首，这个词就太突出，分量太重了。所以again一词在译文中放在句末和原文“又”放在句首分量相当。 窗子可以常开了and the window can be left open as often as one would like 用定冠词the 加单数名词window来代表所有的窗子。英语里表示“全部”可以有几种方法：1)复数名词，2)不定冠词a/an+名词，3)定冠词+名词。这里就是用的第三种，更侧重其一致性。“常开”不能译成can open often或can be opened often。因为原文是从人的角度说的，人们什么时候想开窗都行，所以用了one would like这样的说法。 春天从窗外进来As spring comes in through the windows 这句把春天拟人化了，英文也用同样的结构就行。窗外：out of the window。但是，如果把“从窗外进来”理解成一个过程，用through表示就比较好。 人在屋子里坐不住，就从门里出去so people--unable to bear staying inside any longe r--go outdoors 破折号之间的形容词短语说明人们在屋里坐不住的原因。bear：忍受，后面既可跟-ing动词，也可跟不定式动词。 不过屋子外的春天太贱了The spring outside, however, is much too cheap 这里的“贱”，是说春天多阳光，以多为贱，中外同理，用cheap也就顺理成章了。 到处是阳光for the sun shines on everything 这里和上一句是连接在一起的，所以用了连接词for来说明原因。最好不要译成the sunshine is everywhere。因为阳光并不是一种存在，而是说照耀在所有的一切上面，因此说shines。
钱钟书经典美文翻译详解：窗 出场人物：申雨平，北京外国语大学教授。钱钟书先生的这篇散文说的是窗子，但是其用意绝不仅仅是说说窗子而已，而是要以窗子来比喻生活、比喻人生。从语言上看，《窗》延续了一贯的钱派手法，用词平实、普通，没有长句，没有什么复杂结构，非常从容地叙述、说理，却又紧紧地扣住了主题。这样的特点对翻译构成的难度不言而喻，翻译中应当时时充分考虑上述特点，尽量在译文中体现出来。 一逐句分析： 窗 Random Thoughts on the Window (题目中的这个窗字，包含的意思较为丰富，使人有多种联想，因此译成Random Thoughts on the Window。) 又是春天It is spring again 中文是无主句，英文没有这样的句子结构，因此用It is...句型。原文里“又”用在句首，但是英文如果也把again放在句首，这个词就太突出，分量太重了。所以again一词在译文中放在句末和原文“又”放在句首分量相当。 窗子可以常开了and the window can be left open as often as one would like 用定冠词the 加单数名词window来代表所有的窗子。英语里表示“全部”可以有几种方法：1)复数名词，2)不定冠词a/an+名词，3)定冠词+名词。这里就是用的第三种，更侧重其一致性。“常开”不能译成can open often或can be opened often。因为原文是从人的角度说的，人们什么时候想开窗都行，所以用了one would like这样的说法。 春天从窗外进来As spring comes in through the windows 这句把春天拟人化了，英文也用同样的结构就行。窗外：out of the window。但是，如果把“从窗外进来”理解成一个过程，用through表示就比较好。 人在屋子里坐不住，就从门里出去so people--unable to bear staying inside any longer--go outdoors 破折号之间的形容词短语说明人们在屋里坐不住的原因。bear：忍受，后面既可跟-ing 动词，也可跟不定式动词。 不过屋子外的春天太贱了The spring outside, however, is much too cheap
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef12814877.html, 钱钟书翻译观浅析 作者：董梓杨 来源：《青年文学家》2010年第19期 摘要：钱钟书作为中国20世纪国学大师对东西方古典文化和主流学术思想都有这深刻的见解。本文从钱钟书《林纾的翻译》着手介绍了其“化境”翻译观极其影响。 关键词：钱钟书化境诱讹化 钱钟书作为中国20世纪以睿智和博学著称的国学大师，不仅深谙中国古典文化，而且对西方主流学术思想也有着深刻的见解。从20世纪八九十年代开始，钱钟书的影响从学术界、知识界逐步扩大到大众文化领域，并在国内外形成了“钱学”这一文化现象。本文从钱钟书《林纾的翻译》着手介绍了其“化境”翻译观极其影响。 一、钱钟书小传 钱钟书，字默存，号槐聚，笔名中书君，1910年出生于江苏无锡。十岁在无锡东林小学 就读，十三岁考入美国圣公会办的苏州桃坞中学。他读书过目不忘，幼年时读了许多古代小说，并能流畅无碍的背出其中章节。1929年，十九岁的钱钟书被破格录取考入清华大学外文系——数学仅得15分，但国文和英文成绩突出。1933年，清华大学外文系毕业；1935年至1938年在欧洲留学，获得文学学士学位；1941年出版散文集《写在人生边上》；1946年出版短篇小说集《人?兽?鬼》；1947年出版了长篇小说《围城》；翌年出版《谈艺录》。1949年后，在清华大学及中国社会科学院文学研究所从事文学研究。1998年，钱钟书先生因病在北 京逝世，享年88岁。 二、“化境”翻译观 文学翻译的最高境界可以说是“化”。把作品从一国文字变成另一国文字，既能不因语言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。 《林纾的翻译》——钱钟书 1、“化境” “化境”是钱钟书1964 年在一篇谈论翻译的文章《林纾的翻译》中提出的翻译主张，颠覆了以“信”为基本的传统翻译主张，开创了以追求“美”为标准的现代翻译理论，比较全面地反映了钱先生的翻译思想，也为当代翻译理论研究指明了新的方向。
钱钟书先生的这篇散文说的是窗子，但是其用意绝不仅仅是说说窗子而已，而是要以窗子来比喻生活、比喻人生。从语言上看，《窗》延续了一贯的钱派手法，用词平实、普通，没有长句，没有什么复杂结构，非常从容地叙述、说理，却又紧紧地扣住了主题。这样的特点对构成的难度不言而喻，翻译中应当时时充分考虑上述特点，尽量在译文中体现出来。下面我们就以《窗》这篇散文的前两段为例，来谈谈汉译英中可能遇到的问题。 汉译英翻译： 窗 Random Thoughts on the Window 又是春天，窗子可以常开了。春天从窗外进来，人在屋子里坐不住，就从门里出去。不过屋子外的春天太贱了！到处是阳光，不像射破屋里阴深的那样明亮；到处是给太阳晒得懒洋洋的风，不像搅动屋里沉闷的那样有生气。就是鸟语，也似乎琐碎而单薄，需要屋里的寂静来做衬托。我们因此明白，春天是该镶嵌在窗子里看的，好比画配了框子。 It is spring again and the window can be left open as often as one wo uld like. Asspring comes in through the windows, so people——unable to bear staying inside anylonger——go outdoors. The spring outside, however, is much too cheap, for the sunshines on everything, and so does not seem as bright as that which shoots into thedarkness of the house. Outside the sun-slothed breeze blows everywhere, but it is not so lively as that which stirs the gloominess inside the house. Even the chirping of thebirds sounds so thin and broken that the quietness of t he house is needed to set it off.It seems that spring was always mean t to be put behind a windowpane for show, justlike a picture in a fram e. 同时，我们悟到，门和窗有不同的意义。当然，门是造了让人出进的。但是，窗子有时也可作为进出口用，譬如小偷或小说里私约的情人就喜欢爬窗子。所以窗子和门的根本分别，决不仅是有没有人进来出去。若据赏春一事来看，我们不妨这样说：有了门，我们可以出去；有了窗，我们可以不必出去。窗子打通了大自然和人的隔膜，把风和太阳逗引进来，使屋子里也关着一部分春天，让我们安坐了享受，无需再到外面去找。 At the same time it also becomes clear that the door has a different si gnificance fromthe window. Of course, doors were made for people to pass through; but a windowcan also sometimes serve as an entrance or as an exit, and is used as such by thievesand by lovers in novels. I n fact the fundamental difference between a door and awindow has n othing to do with them being either entrances or exits. When it comes tothe admiration of spring, it could be put this way: a door makes it p ossible for one togo out, whereas a window makes it possible for one not to have to. A window helps topull down the partition between ma n and nature. It leads breezes and sunlight in, andkeeps part of the s pring in the house. It allows one to sit and enjoy the spring inpeace, a nd makes it unnecessary to go looking for it outside.
Business Sees Profits in Education: Challenging Public Schools By Irving H.Buchen 由于私人企业的介入，美国的教育正在经历一系列快速、惊人的变化。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef12814877.html,cation in the United States is undergoing a rapid and dramatic series of changes caused by private enterprise moving into the field. 教育吸引私人企业有三个原因。第一是财务上的回报。估计教育是个有6000亿美元的市场，超出国防部的预算。从幼儿园至12年级是最大的单个市场，1998年的价值达到了3100百亿美元。除此之外，人们对学习的毕生追求，企业与机构进行的培训项目是不断增长的领域。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef12814877.html,cation attracts the private sector for three reasons. First, it can be financially rewarding. Education is estimated to be a $600 billion market, more than the budget for the Department of Defense. The biggest single market is kindergarten through twelfth grade (K-12), valued at $310 billion in 1998. Additionally, lifelong learning and training programs for businesses and organizations are growing areas. 第二，教育受到严重的压力，虽然内部尽全力进行改革，但人们对这个既有的体制信心不足。针对公共教育的种种败笔，居家自学者和公办民管学校有了增加，他们都是教育产品和教育服务的对象。居家自学者的家长们定期参加承办者们推荐其教育产品和教育服务的地区会议。 3.Second, education has received such a bad press that confidence in the established system is low in spite of all the internal efforts at reform. In response to public education's many failures, home schoolers and charter schools have increased, and both are customers for educational products and services. Home-schooling parents regularly attend regional conferences at which exhibitors offer their products and services. 第三，教育就在人们身边，伸手可及。人们普遍认为专业的公共教育家们有充足的时间来彻底改变这一体制。私人企业即便是以营利为动力介入来纠正这种体制，只能怪教育家们自己，尤其是因为这类介入许诺会产生效果。 4.Third, education is there for the taking. The general attitude is that professional, public educators have had sufficient time to turn the system around. They have no one but themselves to blame for corrective intervention from the private sector, even if that intervention is financially motivated, and especially since these actions promise to achieve results. 目前几乎所有在营销的新的教育产品和教育服务都带有技术的特征。这种技术能替代全部教师或减少教师的数量，从而解决一些传统教育中的致命弱点。譬如，替代教师只是降低了大量劳动密集型的教学过程导致的昂贵费用，而学生数量并没有减少。这样就取消了教师终身职位制，而终身制恰恰使那些既没有受过培训又没有水平，不适应变化及新方法的教员始终留在岗位上。这一技术最终犹如最好的教师，永远耐心温和。它适合每个学生的不同学习速度和知识水平，永不疲倦。 5.Almost all of the new educational products and services now being marketed bear the stamp of technology. Such technology replaces teachers altogether or reduces their number, thus solving several critical weaknesses in traditional education. For instance, replacing teachers reduces the high cost of an excessively labor-intensive instructional process while still serving the same number of students. Then, too, it eliminates tenure, which unfortunately locks in instructors who do not have the training or knowledge to keep up with changing fields and new approaches. Finally, technology, like the best of teachers, is infinitely patient and reassuring. It accommodates