欧洲文化入门复习资料第八部分

欧洲文化入门复习题《欧洲文化入门》复习题I. Complete each of following sentences with the most likely answer. (考30题，每题1分)1.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.th century C. 146 B. C. D. The 5A. 1200 B. C. B. 700 B. C.2.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?Oedipus the King Iliad Odyssey Antigone D. B. C.A.3.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomanD. Oedipus theKing5.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras6.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”?A. ProtagorasB. PythagorasC. PyrrhonD. Epicurus11.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. VirgilD. Marcus Tullius CiceroOn the Nature of things is 12.The author of the philosophical poem___________.A. VirgilB. Julius CaesarC. HoraceD. Lucretius13.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A. The ColosseumB. The PanthenonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard14.Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”?A. SapphoB. PlatoC. VirgilD. Horace15.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?_______A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism16.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch19.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD. third20.Which of the following emperors made Christianity the officialreligion of the empire and outlawed all other religions? __________ A. Theodosius B. Augustus C. Constantine I D. Nero Caesar21.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313? __________A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. ConstantineI22.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. John Wycliff23.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in_________languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 15424.When printing was invented in the 1500's, the _______ Bible was the first complete work printed.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD. Hebrew25.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear? _______A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 197927.The Middle Ages is also called the _________.A. “Age of Christianity”B. “Age of Literature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Faith”28.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight? _______A. To be loyal to his lordB. To fight for the churchC. To obey without question the orders of the abbotD. To respect women of noble birth29.When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe?_______A. At the age of 14.B. When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for the ladies.C. At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D. When he was pledged to fight for the church.30.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?________A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs31.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian strongholdand won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control? ________D. 1291A. 1270 B. 1254 C. 109637.Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800? ______A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King JamesOpus Maius? ________38.Who is the author of theA. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas Aquinas41.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _______Decameron Canzoniers David D. C. A. B.Moses42.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? ________A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD. Giorgione43.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting? _______A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD.Michelangelo44.Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madona (Virgin Mary)?A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael45.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on a donkey ready to face the hardship ahead? ________ Tempesta Sacred and Profane Love B. A. Flight into Egypt The Return of the D. C. Hunters52.Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, inwhich he praises the greatness of man, expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning? _______ Gargantua and Pantagruel Don Quixote B. A. The Praise of Folly Utopia D. C.53.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne's humanistideas and a style which is easy and familiar? ________Sonnets Decameron Rabelais Of Repentance D. C. A. B.54.Which of the following is NOT French writer poet? _______A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne55.In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament?_________A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD. RabelaisThe Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs is _______? 58.The author ofA. KeplerB. CopernicusC. GalileoD. Newtonth century. His 59.Galileo is the greatest name in the physics of the 17telescope magnified objects _______.A. a thousand timesB. a hundred timesC. ten-thousand timesD. five-hundred times60.Engels said: “The revolutionary act by which natural science declared its independence… was the publication of the immortal work…”, what does the immortal work refer to ?_______A. Sidereus NunciusB. New Eassays Concerning Human UnderstandingC. New system of NatureD. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs65. ________ and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus.A. DescartesB. CopernicusC. LeibnizD. Kepler66.Which of the following works was not written by Francis Bacon? ________A. Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingB. The Novum Organum (New Method)C. The New AtlantisD. The Advancement of Learning67.Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature? _______A. John LockeB. DescartesC. Pierre GassendiD. Thomas Hobbes68.In 1644, John Milton wrote a protest against a parliamentary decree re-imposing complete censorship of the press. This was his best known prose ______.Andromaque Areopagitica B. A.Paradise Lost Paradise RegainedD. C.69.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Bill of Rights which limited the Sovereign's power in certain important directions?________A. Parliament was responsible for all the law making.B. The power of suspending the laws by royal authority was declaredto be illegal.C. The King should levy no money at any time.D. The King should not keep a standing army in time of peace without consent of Parliament.78.Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax? ______A. RubensB. BorrominiC. CaravaggioD. Bernini79.Which of the following artists helped to spread the Baroque style toNorth Europe? ______A. RubensB. VelazquezC. BorrominiD. Berninith century, who won international the 17fame and his style of 80.In painting is basically classical, his figures are frozen and their action stiff? _____A. Christopher WrenB. RembrandtC. PoussinD. RubbensII. Fill in the following blanks. （考10空，每空1分）1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman elementand the Judeo-Christian element.2.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus,Sophocles, and Euripides.3.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to havetold the king: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from 4.In the 4Rome to Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ).5.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.6.Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianityis by far the most influential in the West.7.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament.8.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.9.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, fromwhich the western idea of good manners developed.10.Under feudalism, people of Western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants.11.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys to sacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating 12. from the collective efforts of oral literature.13.Loenardo da Vinci's major works: Last Supper is the most famous ofreligious pictures; Mona Lisa probably is the world's most famousportrait.14.The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole ofEurope was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the RomanCatholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of theBible.15.Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of Englandduring the Renaissance.16.The Puritan Movement was the religious cause of the English Revolution.17.Corneille, Racine, and Moliere are the three major dramatists of the French neoclassicism in the 17th century.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.（考10题，每题1分）1.Diogenes is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “ man is the measureof all things.” F2.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. T3.Venus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920. F4.Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commerciallaw in many Western countries. T5.The Romans greatly admired Greek works and freely borrowed from them. And besides being profound, powerful and beautiful, their own writings showed little originality. F6.After 392 A.D., Christianity had changed from an object of oppressionto a weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.T7.The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopedia: history, literature, philosophy and record of great minds. T8.The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, the New Testamentin a popular form of Latin. F9.During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was feudalism.F10.Some of the hermits were great scholars known as“ Father of the Church”, whose work is generally considered orthodox. T11.Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient times and eventually was crowned “ Emperor of the Romans” by himselfin 800. F12.Where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it was literature and in England it was philosophy and drama. T13. After Reformation, in religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. T14.The Cartesian doubt is summarized in his motto: “ I doubt, thereforeI think: I think , therefore I am.” T15.Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color. F16.The designing and building of St. Paul's Cathedral is the landmark in French architecture. F17.The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozart are known as the Viennese School. F18.The representatives of the Later Romantics in music are Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner, Verdi, Brahms, and Tchaikovsky. T th-century science with his discovery of 19.As Isaac Newton dominated 17the laws governing the bodies of the universe, so Charles Darwinth-centuryscience, for he discovered the laws governing the dominated18evolution of man himself. F20.Black humor is a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughter at tragic things. Man's fate is decided by comprehensible powers. We can't do anything about it, therefore we may as well laugh. FIV. Explain the following terms in English. （考3个名词，每词10分）1.Humanism ---Broadly, this term suggests any attitude, which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine element—or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively—in particular, those dealing with the life, thought, language and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. In literary of classical culture that accompanied the Renaissance.2.Enlightenment ---The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectualth century. the 18in the second half of classes of Europe and North America It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by church or State. Therefore, the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason.。

(前2章)欧洲文化入门课后习题答案欧洲文化入门课后习题答案：Division one: Greek culture and Roman culture希腊、罗马文化Ⅰ.Greek culture 希腊文化1.What are the major elements in European culture?There are two main elements ——the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society?In Greek society, only adult male citizen had real power and the citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. Slaves worked for their masters. The exploitation was a serious social problem. The Greeks loved sports. They often took part in the contests of sports in Olympus Mount, thus Olympic Games came into being.3.What did Homer do? Why is he important in the history of European literature?He depicted the great Greek men who lived in the period 1200-1100B.C. and wars happening at that time. As an author of epics, he employed fine literary language to describe wars and men, even though they were dull. He stood in the peek of Greek literature and exerted a great influence on his followers.4.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays dideach of them write?Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece. Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, AgamemnonSophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, AntigoneEuripides: Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women5.Were there historians then? Who were they? What did each of them write about? Yes, there are. They were Herodotus and Thucydides.Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. Thucydides wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse.6. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed then? Who were the major philosophers?No, I wouldn’t. Because those philosophical ideas were only idealism or simple materialism or metaphysics. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the major philosophers at that time.7. Did Socrates write any book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy?No, he didn’t. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in the famous Dialogues written by Plato. He considered that philosophy rested with the dissect of oneself and virtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions and answers, was known as the dialectical method.8. Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?(1) Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, and goodness. (2) We should not look at the things which are not seen: for the things which arenot seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought” had created the world, people call him an idealist.9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influential today?(1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking. (2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric.10. Who were some of the other philosophers active in that period? Does the word “Epicurean” in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans? What were their views on pleasure?(1) They were Heracleitue, Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno.(2)No, it doesn’t. The ancient Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoyment but that attained by the practice of virtue. But this idea was misled by modern people, in their sense, the word “Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living.11. Say something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was the most famous Greek temple? Is it still there?(1) Along with the formation of Greek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many great achievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and worshiped, the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic period to the classical period which marked its maturity. (2) the most famous temple was the Acropolis at Athens. (3) Yes, it is still there.12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Some examples:(1) A Freudian term “Oedipus Complex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. (2) In the early part of the 19th century , in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture i n works which have themselves become classics: Byron’ s Isle of Greece, Shelley’ s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’ s Ode on a Grecian Urn. (3) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Ⅱ. Roman culture 罗马文化1.What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chiefdifference between them?(1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified —Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t, excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2.Explain Pax Romana.In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.3.What contributions did the Romans make to the rule of law?In Roman’s earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure. When the rules were put into writing in the middle of the third century B.C. it marked a victory for the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperors until it was codified, eventually to become the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries.4.Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome? What does “Ciceronian”mean? Did Cicero write that kind of rhetorical prose all the time?<1>Marcus Tullius Cicero and Julius Caesar were two important prose writers. <2> Ciceronian means Cicero’s eloquent oratorical manner of writing, Which has had an enormous influence on the developmen t of European prose.<3> No, he didn’t. Because Cicero appears as a different man with a different style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate.5.Give the example of the terse style of Julius Caesar’s prose.An example: I came, I saw, I conquered (models of succinct Latin).6.Who was Lucretius? What did he do?(1)Lucretius was a poet of ancient Rome.(2)He wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Thing to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.7.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the countries? In whatways is the book linked with the Greek past?(1)The book was Aeneid. (2)The story was about Aeneas, one of the princes of Troy, who escaped from that burning city when it fell to the Greeks, to carry on the Trojan cause in a new place, Rome. He didn’t go alone, but, carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his little son by the hand, a family group of three generations moved together. Thus in this way the book is linked with the Greek past.8.Why do we say Aeneus is a truly tragic hero?Because Aeneas had to betray the great passion of his life, his love for Dido, queen of Carthage, so that he could fulfill his historic mission.9.What is the chief Roman achievement in architecture? Give some examples.(1)The Romans were great engineers. They covered their world from one end to the other withroads, bridges, aqueducts, theatres and arenas.(2)Some examples:A.The Pantheon: the greatest the best preserved Roman temple built in 27B.C..B.Pont du Gard: it is an exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct that spans a wide valley insouthern France.10.Why are the wall-paintings of the ancient Romans still significant to us today?Roman painting was strongly influenced by the art of Greece. And it also had pecularities of its own. Unfortunately much of the painting no longer exists. There are, however, some wall-paintings from Pompeii and other towns near Naples. These wall-paintings include still lives, landscape paintings and figure paintings. Among them were Lady Musician and Young Girl, the Maiden Gathering Flowers and the Landscape.Division two: the Bible and Christianity基督教及其《圣经》1.What was the Hebrew’s major contribution to world civilization?The history of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament, which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible. Thus the Hebrews made one of the greatest contributions to the world civilization.2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?Judaism and Christianity are closely related: ⑴it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity; ⑵both originated in Palestine—the hub of migration and trade route, which led to exchange ideas over wide areas.3.When did the great exodus take place?Around 1300 B.C., Moses, the famous Hebrew leader, went to see the pharaoh of Egypt, telling him that Yahweh wanted the pharaoh to end Hebrew slavery and let the Hebrew leave Egypt. With this began the Exodus, which lasted forty years.4.Who was Moses? What did he do for the Hebrews?Moses was a famous Hebrew leader. Around 1300 B.C., Moses led the Hebrews to leave Egypt for the Promised Land. This was called the Exodus which lasted forty years. When the wandering Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive form god message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments. He died shortly before the Hebrews arrived at their homeland.5.What are the Ten Commandments about?The Ten Commandment are a set of rules Moses commands all Israel to obey in the name of God: ⑴Yahweh is the only God all Israel should worship;⑵ Do not carve and serve any idol to worship; ⑶Do not take the name of God in vain; ⑷Keep the Sabbath day and labor in the other six days; ⑸Honor and respect one’s parents; ⑹Do not kill; ⑺Do not commit adultery; ⑻Do not steal; ⑼Do not bear false witness against people; ⑽Do not desire one’s neighbor’s wife, nor his house, nor his field, nor his servants, nor his livestock, nor anything else.6.What writings make up the New Testament?The New Testament consists of 14 books. The four accounts, which were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, four of Jesus’ early followers, are the first p art of the New Testament and tell of the birth, teaching, death and Resurrection of Jesus. Then come: the Acts of the Apostles, a history of the early Christian movement: the Epistles, or letters to thechurch groups around the Mediterranean; and lastly the book of Revelation, a visionary account of the final triumph of God’s purpose.7.How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change?The early Christian were subject to persecutions by the Roman government. Jesus Christ was crucified by the Roman government. After Jesus died, his disciplines St. Peter and St. Paul suffered martyrdom under the Roman Emperor Nero about 65 A.D. Nero even burned Christians in his garden in 64 A.D. For 240 years after the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul, persecutions of Christians continued. The chief persecutions were under Nero, Domitian, Trajan, Valerian and Diocletian. Despite these persecutions, Christians continued to spread steadily over the Mediterranean region. It began to draw men and women from all classes and the attitude of the Roman government toward Christianity began to change. By 305 Diocletian gave up his effort to destroy the young religion. When ConstantineⅠ won the throne from his rivals, he believedthat God had helped him, and in 313 he issued the Edict of Milan which granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal. Under Constantine Christianity made great contribution of the empire. The emperors who followed ConstantineⅠ continued pro-Christian policies. In 392 A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions. Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression toa weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.8.How did Christian monks help Western civilization survive?The Christian monks helped western civilization survive in many ways: ⑴The Christian monksspread Christianity to the Mediterranean region and some of them even suffered martyrdom;⑵Some monks translated the Old Testament into Greek and St. Jerome translated the wholeBible into Latin. Later some such as John Wycliffe and William Tyndale translated the Bible into the vernacular; ⑶In the Middle Ages, people in Western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants. Of these three classes, the only literate section was the clergy. The Christian monks did a lot to help preserve and transmit a large part of the traditional heritage of the western culture. They not only translated the Bible into Latin or the Vernacular but also copied or translated the ancient works into the vernacular, such as the monks in these monasteries set up by Charlemagne and Alfred the Great.9.Why do we say the Bible has shaped Western culture more decisively than anythingelse ever written?Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture. The Bible which is virtually related to every phase of human life greatly influences people’s daily life, especially in the Middle Ages when almost everyone was a Christian; The Bible has great impact upon western literature. For a long period of time, the Latin Bible was accepted as the authority and Latin was official language of the Roman Catholic Church, so most Europe literature at that time was in Latin. Besides it is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English. Furthermore, the use of Biblical themes has been a literary tradition. In fact few great English and American writers of the 17th,18th, 19th and 20th century can be read and appreciated with satisfaction without a sufficient knowledge of the Bible; The study of the Christian teaching especially the Bible has become an important branch of knowledge—scholasticism which has been prevalent for centuries; The Bible has also influenced western philosophies and science. Thus the Bible has shaped western culture more decisively than anything else ever written.。

欧洲文化知识总括(总108页) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除《欧洲文化入门》知识总括Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements： Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Unit 11、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor.3、Olympus mount， Revived in 1896（当代奥运会）4、Ancient Greek epics were created by Homer.5、They events of Homer‘s own time. （F）（They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 .）6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon， Hector， Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey（对其作品产生影响）—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses（描述一天的生活）; in the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century .11、三大悲剧大师① Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品 Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》② Sophocles（之首）《Oedipus the King》—→ Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”（恋母情结）—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》（劳伦斯）③ EuripidesA.《Trojan Women》B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”.Perfection----IbsenClimax----Bernard ShawC. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides the human”D. Realism can be traced back to the Ancient Greece.To be specific， Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）Wordsworth）13、History （Historical writing）※“Father of History”—→ Herodotus —→ war（between Greeks and Persians）This war is called Peloponnesian wars.只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

第3章中世纪时代一、选择题1. Socrates was _____.A. the teacher of AristotleB. the student of PlatoC. the teacher of PlatoD. the student of Aristotle【答案】C【解析】苏格拉底是柏拉图的老师。

2. One of the contributions the Romans made to European culture was _____.A. the Roman empireB. the slave systemC. the production of the great epic writerD. the Roman law【答案】D【解析】罗马人对欧洲文化所做的贡献之一是罗马法律。

3. The Book of Daniel describes _____.A. the struggle of the Jews against the Syrian ruleB. the prisoners in BabylonC. the story of Noah’s ArkD. the rule of King Solomon【答案】A【解析】《丹尼尔之书》描述了犹太人为反抗叙利亚人的统治而进行的斗争。

4. The Old Testament was originally written in _____.A. HebrewB. Aramaic dialectC. GreekD. Latin【答案】A【解析】旧约原著于希伯来地区。

5. Which of the following is not included in the Code of Chivalry?A. Loyalty to his lord.B. Fighting for the church.C. Protection of the people.D. Respect for women of noble birth.【答案】C【解析】骑士精神包括：忠于领主，为教会而战，尊重身份高贵的女士。

《欧洲文化入门》复习题I. Complete each of following sentences with the most likely answer. (考30题，每题1分)1.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B. C. C. 146 B. C.D. The 5th century2.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon againstthe city of Troy?A. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone3.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?A. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?A. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomanD. Oedipus theKing5.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras6.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of allthings”?A. ProtagorasB. PythagorasC. PyrrhonD. Epicurus11.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. VirgilD. Marcus TulliusCicero12.The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of things is___________.A. VirgilB. Julius CaesarC. HoraceD. Lucretius13.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?A. The ColosseumB. The PanthenonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard14.Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”?A. SapphoB. PlatoC. VirgilD. Horace15.Which of the following is by far the most influential in theWest?_______A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD.Judaism16.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most importantof which are the first five books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch19.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD.third20.Which of the following emperors made Christianity the officialreligion of the empire and outlawed all other religions? __________A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. NeroCaesar21.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and madeChristianity legal in 313? __________A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. ConstantineI22.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of_________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. JohnWycliff23.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in_________languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 15424.When printing was invented in the 1500’s, the _______ Bibl e was thefirst complete work printed.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD.Hebrew25.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear?_______A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 197927.The Middle Ages is also called the _________.A. “Age of Christianity”B. “Age ofLiterature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Faith”28.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledgedto do for a knight? _______A. To be loyal to his lordB. To fight for thechurchC. To obey without question the orders of the abbotD. To respect women of noble birth29.When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe?_______A. At the age of 14.B. When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners andran errands for the ladies.C. At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D. When he was pledged to fight for the church.30.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of westernEurope?________A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs31.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian strongholdand won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control? ________A. 1270B. 1254C. 1096D. 129137.Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by thePope in 800? ______A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James38.Who is the author of the Opus Maius? ________A. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas Aquinas41.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _______A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD.Moses42.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas? ________A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD.Giorgione43.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of themodern mode of painting? _______A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD.Michelangelo44.Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for hisMadona (Virgin Mary)?A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael45.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Biblewith Maria riding on a donkey ready to face the hardship ahead? ________A. TempestaB. Sacred and Profane LoveC. Flight into EgyptD. The Return of theHunters52.Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which hepraises the greatness of man, expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning? _______A.Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia53.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanistideas and a style which is easy and familiar? ________A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance54.Which of the following is NOT French writer poet? _______A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD.Montaigne55.In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the NewTestament?_________A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD.Rabelais58.The author of The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs is _______?A. KeplerB. CopernicusC. GalileoD. Newton59.Galileo is the greatest name in the physics of the 17th century. Histelescope magnified objects _______.A. a thousand timesB. a hundred timesC. ten-thousand timesD. five-hundred times60.Engels said: “The revolutionary act by which natural science declaredits independence… was the publication of the immortal work…”, what does the immortal work refer to ?_______A. Sidereus NunciusB. New Eassays Concerning Human UnderstandingC. New system of NatureD. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs65. ________ and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus.A. DescartesB. CopernicusC. LeibnizD. Kepler66.Which of the following works was not written by Francis Bacon? ________A. Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingB. The Novum Organum (New Method)C. The New AtlantisD. The Advancement of Learning67.Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish bynature? _______A. John LockeB. DescartesC. Pierre GassendiD. Thomas Hobbes68.In 1644, John Milton wrote a protest against a parliamentary decreere-imposing complete censorship of the press. This was his best known prose ______.A. AndromaqueB. AreopagiticaC. Paradise LostD. Paradise Regained69.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Bill of Rights whichlimited the Sovereign’s power in certain important directions?________A. Parliament was responsible for all the law making.B. The power of suspending the laws by royal authority was declaredto be illegal.C. The King should levy no money at any time.D. The King should not keep a standing army in time of peace withoutconsent of Parliament.78.Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque styleto its climax? ______A. RubensB. BorrominiC. CaravaggioD. Bernini79.Which of the following artists helped to spread the Baroque style toNorth Europe? ______A. RubensB. VelazquezC. BorrominiD. Bernini80.In painting of the 17th century, who won international fame and his styleis basically classical, his figures are frozen and their action stiff?_____A. Christopher WrenB. RembrandtC. PoussinD. Rubbens II. Fill in the following blanks. （考10空，每空1分）1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elementsare considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus,Sophocles, and Euripides.3.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to havetold the king: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”4.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rometo Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ).5.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation ofRoman.6.Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianityis by far the most influential in the West.7.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts:the Old Testament and the New Testament.8.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall ofthe West Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.9.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church,to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.10.Under feudalism, people of Western Europe were mainly divided intothree classes: clergy, lords and peasants.11.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ageswent on journeys to sacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem.12.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originatingfrom the collective efforts of oral literature.13.Loenardo da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous ofreligious pictures; Mona Lisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.14.The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole ofEurope was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible.15.Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of Englandduring the Renaissance.16.The Puritan Movement was the religious cause of the English Revolution.17.Corneille, Racine, and Moliere are the three major dramatists of theFrench neoclassicism in the 17th century.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.（考10题，每题1分）1.Diogenes is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “ man is the measureof all things.” F2.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.T3.Venus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920. F4.Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commerciallaw in many Western countries. T5.The Romans greatly admired Greek works and freely borrowed from them.And besides being profound, powerful and beautiful, their own writings showed little originality. F6.After 392 A.D., Christianity had changed from an object of oppressionto a weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.T7.The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really anencyclopedia: history, literature, philosophy and record of great minds. T8.The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, the New Testamentin a popular form of Latin. F9.During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep theorder. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was feudalism.F10.Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “ Father of theChurch”, whose work is generally considered orthodox. T11.Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancienttimes and eventually was crowned “ Emperor of the Romans” by himself in 800. F12.Where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, inFrance it was literature and in England it was philosophy and drama.T13. After Reformation, in religion, Protestantism brought into beingdifferent forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. T14.The Cartesian doubt is summarized in his motto: “ I doubt, thereforeI th ink: I think , therefore I am.” T15.Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by dramaticintensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color. F16.The designing and building of St. Paul’s Cathedral is the landmarkin French architecture. F17.The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozartare known as the Viennese School. F18.The representatives of the Later Romantics in music are Berlioz, Liszt,Wagner, Verdi, Brahms, and Tchaikovsky. T19.As Isaac Newton dominated 17th-century science with his discovery ofthe laws governing the bodies of the universe, so Charles Darwin dominated 18th-centuryscience, for he discovered the laws governing the evolution of man himself. F20.Black humor is a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughter at tragicthings. Man’s fate is decided by comprehensible powers. We can’t do anything about it, therefore we may as well laugh. FIV. Explain the following terms in English. （考3个名词，每词10分）1.Humanism ---Broadly, this term suggests any attitude, which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine element—or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively—in particular, those dealing with the life, thought, language and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. In literary of classical culture that accompanied the Renaissance.2.Enlightenment ---The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by church or State. Therefore, the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason.3.Neo-classicism ---It was initiated by Dryden, culminated in Pope and continued by Johnson. Neo-classicists modeled themselves on classical, ancient Greek and Latin authors. They wanted to achieve perfect form in literature. They general tended to look at social and political life critically. They emphasize on intellect rather than imagination. They observed fixed laws and rules in literary creation. Poets preferred heroic couplet. In drama, they adhered to three unities, time, place and action. They emphasized on the didactic function of literature.4. Calvinism ---The French theologian put his thoughts in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, which was known as Calvinism. Calvinism rejected the papal authorities and stressed the absolute authority of God' s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved. It also held that any form of sinfulness was a likely sign of damnation whereas ceaseless work could be a sign of salvation. Many historians havesuggested that Calvinism helped to pave the way for Capitalism.5. Reformation ---It was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It was led by Martin Luther and swept over the whole of Europe. This movement was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The Reformers believed in direct communication between the individual and God, engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues, urged the Church to have institutional reforms and were interested in liberating national economy and politics from the interference of the Roman Catholic Church and carrying out wars in the interests of the peasants and revolution in the interests of the bourgeoisie. The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow and shattered Medieval Church's stifling control over man, thus paving the way for capitalism.V. Write on the following topic in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. （20分）It is said that the Bible has shaped Western culture more decisively than anything else ever written. Do you agree with this statement? Please give your own reasons.(1) Yes, I agree with the statement. (2’)(2) Introduction to the Bible. (8’)(3) Bible’s significant place in Western culture. (10’)。

《欧洲文化入门》复习题I. Complete each of following sentences with the most likely answer. (考30题，每题1分)1.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.A. 1200B.C. B. 700 B. C. C. 146 B. C.D. The 5th century2.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of TroyA. Oedipus the KingB. IliadC. OdysseyD. Antigone3.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by AeschylusA. AntigoneB. AgamemnonC. PersiansD. Prometheus Bound4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by SophoclesA. ElectraB. AntigoneC. Trojan WomanD. Oedipus the King5.Who was the founder of scientific mathematicsA. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras6.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”A. ProtagorasB. PythagorasC. PyrrhonD. Epicurus11.Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”A. HoraceB. Julius CaesarC. VirgilD. Marcus Tullius Cicero12.The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of things is ___________.A. VirgilB. Julius CaesarC. HoraceD. Lucretius13.Which of the following is not Roman architectureA. The ColosseumB. The PanthenonC. The ParthenonD. Pont du Gard14.Who wrote, “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”A. SapphoB. PlatoC. VirgilD. Horace15.Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West_______A. BuddismB. IslamismC. ChristianityD. Judaism16.The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the firstfive books, called __________.A. ExodusB. CommandmentsC. AmosD. Pentaeuch19.After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China.A. sixthB. fifthC. secondD. third20.Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire andoutlawed all other religions __________A. TheodosiusB. AugustusC. Constantine ID. Nero Caesar21.Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in313 __________A. AugustusB. ThedosiusC. NeroD. Constantine I22.At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.A. St. PeterB. St. PaulC. John BaptistD. John Wycliff23.By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _________languages.A. 228B. 974C. 1202D. 15424.When printing was invented in the 1500’s, the _______ Bible was the first complete workprinted.A. EnglishB. LatinC. AramaicD. Hebrew25.When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear _______A. 1885B. 1611C. 1901D. 197927.The Middle Ages is also called the _________.A. “Age of Christianity”B. “Age of Literature”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Faith”28.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight_______A. To be loyal to his lordB. To fight for the churchC. To obey without question the orders of the abbotD. To respect women of noble birth29.When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe _______A. At the age of 14.B. When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for theladies.C. At a special ceremony known as dubbing.D. When he was pledged to fight for the church.30.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe________A. clergy, knights and serfsB. Pope, bishop and peasantsC. clergy, lords and peasantsD. knights, nobles and serfs31.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won thecrusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control________A. 1270B. 1254C. 1096D. 129137.Which of the fol lowing was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800 ______A. St. Thomas AquinasB. CharlemagneC. ConstantineD. King James38.Who is the author of the Opus Maius ________A. Roger BaconB. Dante AlighieriC. ChaucerD. St. Thomas Aquinas41.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio _______A. DecameronB. CanzoniersC. DavidD. Moses42.Who is the author of the painting, Betrayal of Judas ________A. GiottoB. BrunelleschiC. DonatelloD. Giorgione43.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting_______A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo44.Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madona (VirginMary)A. TitianB. da VinciC. MichelangeloD. Raphael45.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on adonkey ready to face the hardship ahead ________A. TempestaB. Sacred and Profane LoveC. Flight into EgyptD. The Return of the Hunters52.Which of the following works was written by Rabelais, in which he praises the greatness ofman, expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning_______A.Gargantua and PantagruelB. Don QuixoteC. The Praise of FollyD. Utopia53.Which of the follo wing works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a stylewhich is easy and familiar ________A. SonnetsB. DecameronC. RabelaisD. Of Repentance54.Which of the following is NOT French writer poet _______A. CervantesB. Pierre de RonsardC. RabelaisD. Montaigne55.In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament_________A. BruegelB. ErasmusC. El GrecoD. Rabelais58.The author of The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs is _______A. KeplerB. CopernicusC. GalileoD. Newton59.Galileo is the greatest name in the physics of the 17th century. His telescope magnifiedobjects _______.A. a thousand timesB. a hundred timesC. ten-thousand timesD. five-hundred times60.Engels said: “The revolutionary act by which natural science declared its independence…was the publication of the immortal work…”, what does the immortal work refer to _______A. Sidereus NunciusB. New Eassays Concerning Human UnderstandingC. New system of NatureD. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs65. ________ and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus.A. DescartesB. CopernicusC. LeibnizD. Kepler66.Which of the following works was not written by Francis Bacon ________A. Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingB. The Novum Organum (New Method)C. The New AtlantisD. The Advancement of Learning67.Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature _______A. John LockeB. DescartesC. Pierre GassendiD. Thomas Hobbes68.In 1644, John Milton wrote a protest against a parliamentary decree re-imposing completecensorship of the press. This was his best known prose ______.A. AndromaqueB. AreopagiticaC. Paradise LostD. Paradise Regained69.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Bill of Rights which limited theSovereign’s power in certain important directions ________A. Parliament was responsible for all the law making.B. The power of suspending the laws by royal authority was declared to be illegal.C. The King should levy no money at any time.D. The King should not keep a standing army in time of peace without consent of Parliament.78.Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax ______A. RubensB. BorrominiC. CaravaggioD. Bernini79.Which of the following artists helped to spread the Baroque style to North Europe ______A. RubensB. VelazquezC. BorrominiD. Bernini80.In painting of the 17th century, who won international fame and his style is basically classical,his figures are frozen and their action stiff _____A. Christopher WrenB. RembrandtC. PoussinD. RubbensII. Fill in the following blanks. （考10空，每空1分）1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to bemore enduring and they are the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.3.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me aplace to stand, and I will move the world.”4.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium,renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ).5.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.6.Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the mostinfluential in the West.7.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament andthe New Testament.8.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empirein the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.9.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lordand to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, fromwhich the western idea of good manners developed.10.Under feudalism, people of Western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy,lords and peasants.11.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys tosacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all wasJerusalem.12.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective effortsof oral literature.13.Loenardo da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures;Mona Lisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.14.The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed atopposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with theabsolute authority of the Bible.15.Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of England during the Renaissance.16.The Puritan Movement was the religious cause of the English Revolution.17.Corneille, Racine, and Moliere are the three major dramatists of the French neoclassicism inthe 17th century.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.（考10题，每题1分）1.Diogenes is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “ man is the measure of all things.” F2.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. T3.Venus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920. F4.Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commercial law in manyWestern countries. T5.The Romans greatly admired Greek works and freely borrowed from them. And besidesbeing profound, powerful and beautiful, their own writings showed little originality. F6.After 392 A.D., Christianity had changed from an object of oppression to a weapon in thehands of the ruling class to crush their opponents. T7.The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopedia: history, literature,philosophy and record of great minds. T8.The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, the New Testament in a popular formof Latin. F9.During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The onlyorganization that seemed to unite Europe was feudalism. F10.Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “ Father of the Church”, whose work isgenerally considered orthodox. T11.Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient times andeventually was crowned “ Emperor of the Romans” by himself in 800. F12.Where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it was literature andin England it was philosophy and drama. T13.After Reformation, in religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms ofChristianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church. T14.The Cartesian doubt is summarized in his motto: “ I doubt, therefore I think: I think ,therefore I am.”T15.Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimentalappeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color. F16.The designing and building of St. Paul’s Cathedral is the landmark in French architecture.F17.The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozart are known as theViennese School. F18.The representatives of the Later Romantics in music are Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner, Verdi,Brahms, and Tchaikovsky. T19.As Isaac Newton dominated 17th-century science with his discovery of the laws governingthe bodies of the universe, so Charles Darwin dominated 18th-centuryscience, for hediscovered the laws governing the evolution of man himself. F20.Black humor is a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughte r at tragic things. Man’s fate isdecided by comprehensible powers. We can’t do anything about it, therefore we may as well laugh. FIV. Explain the following terms in English. （考3个名词，每词10分）1.Humanism ---Broadly, this term suggests any attitude, which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine element—or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively—in particular, those dealing with the life, thought, language and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. In literary of classical culture that accompanied the Renaissance.2.Enlightenment ---The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by church or State. Therefore, the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason.3.Neo-classicism ---It was initiated by Dryden, culminated in Pope and continued by Johnson. Neo-classicists modeled themselves on classical, ancient Greek and Latin authors. They wanted to achieve perfect form in literature. They general tended to look at social and political life critically. They emphasize on intellect rather than imagination. They observed fixed laws and rules in literary creation. Poets preferred heroic couplet. In drama, they adhered to three unities, time, place and action. They emphasized on the didactic function of literature.4. Calvinism ---The French theologian put his thoughts in his Institutes of the Christian Religion, which was known as Calvinism. Calvinism rejected the papal authorities and stressed the absolute authority of God' s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved. It also held that any form of sinfulness was a likely sign of damnation whereas ceaseless work could be a sign of salvation. Many historians have suggested that Calvinism helped to pave the way for Capitalism.5. Reformation ---It was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It was led by Martin Luther and swept over the whole of Europe. This movement was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The Reformers believed in direct communication between the individual and God, engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues, urged the Church to have institutional reforms and were interested in liberating national economy and politics from the interference of the Roman Catholic Church and carrying out wars in the interests of the peasants and revolution in the interests of the bourgeoisie. The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow and shattered Medieval Church's stifling control over man, thus paving the way for capitalism.V. Write on the following topic in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. （20分）It is said that the Bible has shaped Western culture more decisively than anything else ever written. Do you agree with this statement Please give your own reasons.(1) Yes, I agree with the statement. (2’)(2) Introduction to the Bible. (8’)(3) Bible’s significant place in Western culture. (10’)。

欧洲文化的形成知识点总结欧洲文化的形成是一个长期演变的历史过程，经历了各种文明的交汇和融合，最终形成了多元化而丰富的文化体系。

在这个过程中，各种宗教、政治、社会和经济因素都扮演了重要角色，塑造了欧洲独特的文化景观。

本文将从不同的角度对欧洲文化的形成进行知识点总结。

1. 古希腊和罗马文明的贡献古希腊和罗马文明对欧洲文化的形成产生了深远的影响。

希腊哲学家们的思想启发了欧洲人的思维方式，他们对人类生活和社会规律进行了深刻的探讨，影响了欧洲后世的哲学、政治制度和文学艺术。

而罗马帝国的法律、政治制度以及建筑艺术也深刻地影响了欧洲大陆上的后世文化。

2. 基督教的传播和影响基督教在欧洲的传播和发展对欧洲文化的形成起到了至关重要的作用。

基督教在罗马帝国时期的传播，不仅改变了当时的宗教面貌，也对欧洲的政治、社会以及文化产生了重大影响。

基督教的价值观念和信仰体系，深刻地影响了欧洲后世的道德伦理、文学和艺术。

3. 文艺复兴运动的影响文艺复兴是欧洲文化发展史上一个重要的时期，它标志着中世纪封建制度的瓦解和资本主义社会起步的时期。

文艺复兴以文学、艺术和科学的再次复兴为标志，是欧洲历史上一次知识和文化的飞跃。

由于文艺复兴运动的影响，欧洲的思想界开始发生重大的变革，其影响深远并且至今仍在持续影响欧洲文化。

4. 宗教改革和宗教战争宗教改革是欧洲历史上一个重大的事件，它也直接影响了欧洲文化的发展。

马丁·路德等宗教改革家的行为，导致了欧洲宗教界的分裂，形成了天主教和新教两大宗教体系。

这一事件对欧洲的宗教、政治和社会产生了重大的影响，也促进了欧洲思想和文化的多元化发展。

5. 欧洲文化交流与多元化欧洲大陆自古以来就是各种文明交流和融合的地区，东西方文化在这里交汇，形成了多元化的文化格局。

欧洲文化的多元化特点，使得欧洲文化拥有丰富的历史遗产和多样化的文化传统。

各种宗教和文化之间的交流和融合，也促进了欧洲文化的繁荣和多元发展。

6. 民族大合唱与现代国家文化在19世纪末的欧洲，各个民族国家开始走向统一和现代化，这一过程对于欧洲文化的发展也产生了深远的影响。

（0174）《欧洲文化入门》复习思考题I. Complete each of following sentences with the most likely answer.1.____ culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C..a. Greekb. Romanc. Egyptiand. Chinese2. Two major elements in European culture are ____.a. the Greek and Romanb. the Judaism and Christianityc. the Greco-Romand. a and b3. ____ deals with the Trojan War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy ).a. The Odysseyb. The Iliadc. Prometheus Boundd. Persians4. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.a. Aeschylusb. Aristophanesc. Euripidesd.Sophocles5. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.a. Euripidesb. Aristophanesc. Sophoclesd. Aeschylus6. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .a. Athens and Spartab. Athens and Syracusec. Athens and Persiansd. Greeks and Persians7. _____ ever said that “ You can not step twice into the river?”a. Homeb. Heracleituec. Democritusd. Socrates8. _____ by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.a. Dialoguesb. The Apologyc. The Republicd. Symposium9. Dante called _____ “ the master of those who know”.a. Aristotleb. Platoc. Socratesd. Archimedes10. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.a. Elementsb. Poeticsc. Ethicsd. Politics11. The theory of ____ is that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.A. the Epicurans b. the Stoics c. the Sceptics d. the Cynics12. ____ has been a big subject for discussion among writers and artists.a, Discus Throwe r b, Venus de Milo c, Laocoon group d, Parthenon13. It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.a. Heracleitusb. Aristotlec. Socratesd. Pythagoras14. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus in ______.a. 146 B.C.b. 27 B.C.c. 27 A. D.d. 30 B.C.15. In _____ the West Roman Empire ended when the last emperor of the West was deposed by the Goths.a. 27 B. C.b. 395c. 476d. 145316. After the 27 B. C. the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years . It is known as _____.a. the Roman Lawb. the Roman roadsc. the Roman Empired. the Pax Romana17. ____by Julius Caesar are models of succinct Latin.a. The Aeneidb. Poeticsc. Commentariesd. Elements18. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.a. Lucretiusb. Virgilc. Julius Caesard. Cicero19. ____ wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.a. Lucretiusb. Crassusc. Julius Caesard. Pompey20. ____ is not Roman architecture.a. The Colosseumb. Pont du Gardc. The Parthenond. The Panthenon21. ____ is a statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Rome.a. The Colosseumb. Spoils from the Temple in Jerusalemc. Constantine the Greatd. She-Wolf22. _____ is by far the most influential in the West.a. Buddismb. Islamismc. Christianityd. Judaism23. _____ was the land promised by God to Abraham.a. Canaanb. the Middle Eastc. Egyptd. the Garden of Eden24. The word “Testament” means _____.a. Jesus Christb. God and Manc. the agreement between God and Mand. God and Christ25. The first five books, called ______, are the oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 booksa. Deuteronomyb. Exodusc. the Pentateuchd. Genesis26. Around 1300 B. C., Moses led the Hebrews to leave Egypt. With this began_____.a. Genesisb. Leviticusc. Numbers d the Exodus27. ____ is a collection of 150 poetic pieces.a. Book of Psalmsb. Proverbc. Book of Jobd. Ecclesiastes28. In ____ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).a. 169 B. C.b. 586 B. C.c. 536 B. C. d, 721 B.C.29. In Babylon the Hebrews formed ____ to practice their religion.a. synagoguesb. lawsc. Paradised. the Law of Torah30. In ____, Emperor ____ made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions.a. 313, Constantineb. 305, Diocletianc. 64 A. D., Nero Caesard. 392, Theodosius31. Towards the end of ____ four accounts ( Gospels ) were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of ____.a. the 4th century, Christianityb. the 1st century, Jesus Christc. the 3rd century, Crucifixiond. 392, Christianity32. Revelation is the last book of ____.a.the Bibleb. Jesusc. the Old Testamentd. the New Testament33. Juses went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the ____ , but was betrayed by Juda and caught at ____.a. Easter, Templeb. Passover, the Last Supperc. Big Day, the Last Supperd. high day, supper34. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1611.a. The Septuagintb. The Vulgatec.Wycliff’s versiond. Authorized version35. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of t he Old Testament.a. The Septuagintb. The Vulgatec. Wycliff’s versiond. Authorized version36. The standard American edition of the Revised Version appeared in ____.a. 1539b. 1885c. 1901d. 197937. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.a. the Bibleb. the English Biblec. the New Testamentd. the Old Testament38. In European history, the period between ancient times and modern times is also called ____.a. The Germanic Agesb. the Age of Faithc. Medievald. Scholasticism39. Under feudalism, ______ were the three classes of people of western Europe.a. clergy, knights and serfsb. Pope, bishop and peasantsc. clergy, lords and peasantsd. knights, nobles and serfs40. A knight was not pledged to ____.a. be loyal to his lordb. fight for the churchc. respect women of noble birthd. collect taxes41. In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.a. Christianityb. the Roman Churchc. the Roman Catholic Churchd. the Western Catholic42. _______, ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.a. St. Thomas Aquinasb. Alfred the Greatc. Charlemagned. Roger Bacon43. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.a. Summa Theologicab. Summa Contra Gentilesc. Opus maiusd. Beowulf44. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.a. Song of Rolandb. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.c. Beowulfd. the Divine Comedy45. Dante Alighieri’s masterpiece , _____, is one of the landmarks of world literature.a. Song of Rolandb. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.c. Beowulfd. the Divine Comedy46. _____ were Ch aucer’s most popular work for their power of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity.a. Beowulfb. The Canterbury Talesc. Song of Rolandd. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.47. The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, and it flourished during ____.a. the 11th and 12th centuriesb. the 12th and 13th centuriesc. the 12th and 14th centuriesd. the mid-12th and the end of 15th centuries48. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.a. the 13th and 15th centuriesb. the 14th and mid-17th centuryc. the 15th and 16th centuriesd. the 14th and 16th centuries49. ____ is the essence of the Renaissance.a.The revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman cultureb.Attempts to get rid of conservatismc.The flowering of paintings, sculpture and architectured.Humanism50. With ____ by Boccaccio the courtly themes of medieval literature began to give way to the voice and mores of early modern society.a. the Decameronb. Canzoniersc. Davidd. Sleeping Venus51. Fracesco Petrarch, the author of ____, is known as Father of Humanism.a. the Decameronb.Canzoniersc. Davidd. Sleeping Venus52. ____ , Father of political science in the West, wrote Prince and Discourses.a. Fracesco Petrarch,b. Dantec. Niccolo Machiavellid. John Calvin53. ____ , one of the creators of modern painting, was a close friend of Dante.a. Petrarchb. Giottoc. Boccacciod. Da Vinci54. Which one of the following is Da Vinci’s painting?a. The Ssistine Madonnab.Betrayal of Judasc. Sleeping Venusst Supper55. Which one is NOT true about Michelangelo?a. A Florentine painterb. A poetc. A towering figure of the Renaissanced. A musician56. Raphael was best known for his _____.a. Virgin Maryb. portrait paintingc. eleganced. short life57. The Reformation happened in the _____ century.a. 14thb. 15thc. 16thd. 17th58. The main idea of ____ was to make open protests against the indulgences.a.Martin Luther’s 95 Theseb.Wycliff’s Version of Whole Biblec. Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religiond. the Hus War59. The head of the Church of England is _____ .a. the Popeb. the king or queenc. the Archbishopd. Juses60. After Reformation, _____ came into being.a. Christianityb. Calvinismc. Lutheranismd. Protestantism61. “ What do I know?” is ____’s world-famous motto.a. Montaigneb. Ronsardc. Descartesd. Francis Bacon62.With the publication of Miguel de Cervantes’s _____ in 1602, the European novel entered a new stage.a. the Praise of Follyb. the Decameronc. Canzoniersd. Don Quxiode63. ____, a great Dutch scholar and humanist, published the first Greek edition of the New Testament.a. El Grecob. Erasmusc. Bruegeld. Durer64. Which was NOT true about Durer?a, The leader of the Renaissance in Germanyb, A master of woodcutc, Never being to Italyd, A follower of Martin Luther65. _____ discovered the Cape of Good Hope.a. Nicolaus Copernicusb. Bartholomen Diasc. Vasco Gamad. Amerigo Vespucci66. Father of modern astronomy is ____.a. Da Vincib. Amerigo Vespuccic. Nicolaus Copernicusd. Marchiavelli67. Andreas Vesalius’s work _____ marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy.a. Fabricab. Lives of the Artist sc. the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbsd. Prince68. Vasari was best known for his entertaining biographies of _____.a. Fabricab. Princec. the Divine Comedyd. Lives of the Artist s69. _____’s laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of _____ .a.Kepler , heliocentric theoryb. Kepler , the laws of gravitationc. Galileo , the colors of the spectrumd. Copernicus, the laws of gravitation70. _____’s theories have given rise to important developments of modern science, ranging from Freudian psychology to Einsteinian physics.a. Galileo Galileib. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnizc. Sir Isaac Newtond. Johannes Kepler71. In the first _____ , Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.a.the Advancement of Learningb.the New Atlantisc. Essay Concerning human Understandingd. Treatise of Civil Government72. Thomas Hobbes’s _____ is one of the most celebrated political treatises in European literature.a.Leviathanb.the Advancement of Learningc. Essay Concerning human Understandingd. Treatise of Civil Government73. The theme of _____ is the fall of men.a.New Methodb.Treatise of Civil Governmentc.Essay Concerning human Understandingd.Paradise Lost74. _____ was the best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.a. Corneilleb. Racinec. Molièred. Descartes75. Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax?a. Rubensb. Berninic. Borrominid. Caravaggio76. Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S. constitution? ______a. John Lockeb. Rousseauc. Voltaired. Montesquieu77. In which of Diderot’s works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles Darwin? ______a. Philosophical Thoughtsb. Rameau’s Nephewc. Elements of Physiologyd. Encyclopedia78. _____ , novelist, is often called the founder of English domestic novel.a. Walter Scottb. Henry Fieldingc. Samuel Johnsond. Samuel Richardson79. Which of the Lessing’s works was a landmark in the 18th-century German drama? _____a. Minna V on Barnhelmb. Laocoonc. Hamburgische Dramaturgied. Nathan the Wise80. In _____ , Goethe draws on a immense variety of cultural material. It is not only his own masterpiece but the greatest work of German literature.a. the Sorrow of Young Wertherb. Faustc. Wilhelm Meister’s Travelsd. Poetry and Truth81. Among Schiller’s works, _____ was a play best known to the Chinese audience.a. The Robbersb. Wallensteinc. Cabal and Loved. Wilhelm Tell82. Kant’s years of his philosophical studies are crystallized in three difficult books; among them ,_____ was the most important single book by any modern philosopher.a.General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavensb.Critique of Practical Reasonc.Critiquue of Judgementd.Critique of Pure Reason83. It has been said that “ the world had waited centuries for _____ and he was only to remain here a moment”.a. Beethovenb. Haydnc. Mozartd. Bach84. Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novel? ______.a. Goetheb. Victor Hugoc. Daniel Defoe d Walter Scott85. Romanticism, which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, started from the ideas of ______ in France and from _____ movement in Germany.a.Rousseau, the Storm and Stressb. V oltaire, Hamburgischec. Diderot, Pantheismd. Montesquieu, Lyric Songs86. In 1798, _______, a volume of poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, made literary history.a. Songs of Experienceb. Lyrical Balladsc. Isles of Greeced. Ode to the West Wind87. Which of the following Romantic writers ever fought for women’s freedom in love and marriage? _____a. George Sandb. Victor Hugoc. Daniel Defoed. Henry Fielding88. ______ stood in the van of the Romantic movement in Russia, ______ is generally recognized as his masterpiece.a. Lermontov, A Hero of Our Timeb. Pushkin, Luslan and Liudmilac. Pushkin, Boris Godunovd. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin89. The publication of Mickiewicz’s _____ is uaually taken as the beginning of Romanticism in Polish literature.a. Sonnets from the Crimeab. Konrad Wallenrodc. Ballads and Ramancesd. Pan Tadeusz90. _____ was among the first ones in European art history to comment in his art on the events of the day.a. Goyab. Davidc. Delacroixd. Gericault91._____ was the foremost painter of the romantic movement in France.a. Goyab. Davidc. Delacroixd. Gericault92. Beethoven’s _____ is a choral symphony, choosing as a text for the finale Shiller’s Ode to Joy.a. Symphony No. 3b. Symphony No. 5c. Symphony No. 6d. Symphony No. 993. _____ sought to revolutionize the opera by making it a combination of the arts: dramatic, musical, and scenic.a. Berliozb. Chopinc. Wagnerd. Verdi94. Based on _____ , Marx and Engels developed their own dialectical materialism.a.the German classical philosophyb.the English classical political economyc.the Utopian Socialismd.the Manifesto of the Communist Party95. After his long and careful study, Marx discovered that _____ was the source of profit, thesource of the wealth of the capitalist class.a. capitalb. surplus valuec. remunerationd. property96. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of _____, so Marx discovered the law of development of _____.a.the survival of the fittest, the communist partyb.the natural selection, the scientific socialismanic nature, human historyd.natural species, historical societies97. _____, a French naturalist, developed the ideas on the evolution of animals 50 years before Darwin.a. Lamarckb. Lyellc. Marxd. Henslow98. In 1858 Darwin received a letter from _____, who, working independently, also came to the conclusion concerning the origin of the species by means of natural selection.a. John Stevens Henslowb. Charles Lyellc. Thomas Huxleyd. Alfred Russel Wallace99. According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, the evolution of species is the result of _____.a. survival of the fittestb. natural selectionc. all animal lifed. super-organic evolution100. In Europe, the realist movement arose in _____ of the 19th century and had its origin in _____.a. the 30s, Britainb. the 40s, Francec. the 50s, Franced. the 60s, Britain101. Zola defined the theory of _____ and illustrated it in his great work entitled _____.a.naturalism, Les Rougen-Macquartsb.naturalism, Madame Bovaryc.realism, the Human Comedyd.realism, the Charterhouse of Parma102. ____ was the first master of fiction in Russia to leave romantic conventions and go to life for his subjects.a. Nikolai Gogolb. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenevc. Fyodor Dostoyevskyd. Count Leo Tolstoy103. ____ was the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West.a. Nikolai Gogolb. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenevc. Fyodor Dostoyevskyd. Count Leo Tolstoy104. ____ by Fyodor Dostoyevsky is another study of criminal psychology.a. The House of Deathb. The Brothers Karamzovc. Crime and Punishmentd. Idiot105. _____ holds an important position in his own country’s cultural history as an ethical philosopher and religious reformer.a. Nikolai Gogolb. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenevc. Fyodor Dostoyevskyd. Count Leo Tolstoy106. Among Ibsen’s masterpieces, _____ is a plea for the emancipation of women.a. Ghostsb. A Doll’s Housec. the Wild Duckd. Hedda Gabler107. August Strindberg’s first significant play was _____ which is considered Sweden’s first great drama.a. the Son of Servantb. A Fool’s Defensec. Master Olafd. the Dance of Death108. Among Ch arles Dickens’s works, _____ has the most intricate, complicated plot.a. Oliver Twistb. Hard Timesc. David Copperfieldd. Bleak House109. _____, George Eliot’s masterpiece, is regarded by some critics as the finest Eng lish novel of the 19th century.a. Middlemarchb. The Mill on the Flossc. Adam Beded. Silas Marner110. _____, Whitman’s best known poem, expresses his grief over the death of Lincoln.a. Song of Myselfb. When Li lacs Last in the Dooeyard Bloom’dc. I sit and Look Ou td. Leaves of Grass111. _____ was noted for his great psychological subtlety and devotion to the art of fiction and was hailed as “ the Master beyond all masters”.a. Walt Whitmanb. Mark Twainc. Henry Jamesd. George Eliot112. Millet’s works, such as _____, generally depict one or two peasant figures quietly engaged in earthly or domestic toil.a. the Sowerb. the Stonebreakersc. the Portrait of a Ladyd. Burial at Ornans113. The term “ impressionism” was taken directly from the title of _____ Impressionism: Sunrise (1872).a. Renoir’sb. Pissarro’sc. Manet’sd. Monet’s114. _____ was particularly good at doing portraits of ballet dancers in opera houses.a. Renoirb. Degasc. Monetd. Pissarro115. ______ reacted against impressionism by using color to suggest his own emotion and temperament.a. Paul Cézanneb. Paul Gauguinc. Vincent van Goghd. Auguste Rodin116. _____ led sculpture into the realm of Art for Art’s Sake , and was the first sculptor of genius since Bernini in Renaissance Italy.a. Paul Cézanneb. Paul Gauguinc. Vincent van Goghd. Auguste Rodin117. _____ has been described as the founder of modern musical impressionism.a.Claude Deussyb. Antonín Dvorákc. Sibeliusd. R. Strauss118. _____ was made up of many facets, such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, etc.a. Realismb. Naturalismc. Modernismd. Impressionism119. _____ discovered X-rays in 1895.a. Becquerelb. Roentgenc. Soddyd. Einstein 120. In Freudian system, _____ is the container of the instinctual urges.a. Idb. Oedipus Complexc. Superegod. Ego 121. T.S. Eliot’s long poem _____ is his major contribution to English poetr y.a.the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrockb. Four Quartetsc. the Waste Landd. imagism122. _____ by James Joyce is considered his most mature work and the single best fiction ever written since the beginning of the 20th century.a. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Manb. Dublinersc. Finnegans Waked. Ulysses123. The major theme of Thomas Mann’s novel _____ is the psychological effect of isolation.a. the Buddenbrooksb. the Magic Mountainc. the Counterfeitersd. Remembrance of Things Past 124. Sholokhov established an international reputation for his monumental novel of Cossack life, _____ , written between 1925 and 1940.a. My Apprenticeshipb. The Strangerc. The Quiet Dond. Remembrance of Things Past 125. The term “ Angry Young Man” came to be widely used only after the publication of _____play Look Back in Anger (1956).a. John Osborne’sb. Kingsley Amis’sc. Allen Ginsberg’sd. Jack Kerouac’s126. _____ poem Howl, written in 1956, was regarded as an important development in American poetry.a. John Osborne’sb. Kingsley Amis’sc. Allen Ginsberg’sd. Jack Kerouac’s127. _____ is kno wn as the first “ cubist” novel: in his novels , one finds a precise, neutral description of things, registered with a camera’s eye.a. Samuel Beckettb. Nathalie Sarrautec. Jean-Paul Sartred. Alain Robbe-Grillet128. _____ masterpiece was a play called Waiting for Godot (1952), which was remembered as one of the most famous Absurd Drama.a. Nathalie Sarraute’sb. Samuel Beckett’sc. Jean-Paul Sartre’sd. Alain Robbe-Grillet’s129. _____ drew mustache upon Mona Liza, a photograph of Mona Liza, as if defacing a attack upon those who had betrayed the humanist idea of the Italian Renaissance.a. Marcel Duchampb. Umberto Boccionic. Salvador Dalid. Jackson Pollock130. _____ by Igor Stravinsky is among the most famous and most important compositions written in the 20th century.a.Symphony No. 7 in C major, Op.60 (Leningrad)b. A Survivor From Warsaw, Op.46 (chorus and orchestra)c.The Rite of Springd.The FirebirdII, Match the names of Column A with the appropriate items of Column B.Part OneColumn A Column B1. Sophocles a. the founder of the inductive method2. Democritus b. Don Giovanni3. Virgil c. one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory4. Thomas Aquinas d. a universal genius5. Da Vinci e. The Execution of the Third of May6. John Calvin f. Eugene Onegin7. Andreas Vesalius g. the Oedipus complex8. Giorgio Vasari h. The Aeneid9. Goya i. Fabrica10. Percy Bysshe Shelley j. Prometheus Unbound11. Alessandro Manzoni k. Critique of Pure Reason12. Aleksander Pushkin l. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs13. Immanuel Kant m. Encyclopédie14. Jean-Jacques Rousseau n. the first to use the term Renaissance15. RenéDescartes o. Institutes of the Christian Religion16. Francis Bacon p. the supreme figure in scholasticism17. Nicolaus Copernicus q. The Betrothed18. Jean Racin r. The Social Contract19. Diderot s. Phaèdra20. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart t. the founder of analytical geometryPart TwoColumn A Column B1. Karl Marx a. Symphony in E Major(“From the New World”)2. Charles Darwin b. The Portrait of A Lady3. Stendhal c. The Charterhouse of Parma4. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov d. The German Ideology5. George Bernard Shaw e. Remembrance of Things Past6. Henry James f. Catch-227. Édouard Manet g. The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems8. Auguste Rodin h. Man and Superman9. Antonín Dvorák i. The Thinker10. Joseph Conrad j. Symphony No.7 in C Major( Leningrad )11. William Butler Yeats k. Portrait of A Man Unknown12. William Faulkner l. Lord Jim13. Marcel Proust m. The Luncheon on the Grass14. Jack Kerouac n. On the Origin of Species15. Nathalie Sarraute o. As I Lay Dying16. Jean-Paul Sartre p. The Man in the Shell17. Joseph Heller r. Being and Nothingness18. Max Beckmann s. On the Road19. Pablo Picasso t. The Dream20. Dmitry Shostakovich q. Three DancersIII. Decide the following statements true or false.1. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.2.Diogenes is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “ man is the measure of all things.”3.Venus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920.4.Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Westerncountries.5.The Romans greatly admired Greek works and freely borrowed from them. And besides beingprofound, powerful and beautiful, their own writings showed little originality.6.After 392 A.D., Christianity had changed from an object of oppression to a weapon in thehands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.7.The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopedia: history, literature,philosophy and record of great minds8.The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, the New Testament in a popular form ofLatin.9.During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The onlyorganization that seemed to unite Europe was feudalism.10.Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “ Father of the Church”, whose work isgenerally considered orthodox.11.Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient times ande ventually was crowned “ Emperor of the Romans” by himself in 800.12.Dante’s the Divine Comedy while itself is the greatest Christian poem with a profound visionof the medieval Christian world, expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.13.The Gothic style started in France, quickly spread through all parts of western Europe andflourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 17th .14.Where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it was literature andin England it was philosophy and drama.15.After Reformation, in religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms ofChristianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.16.Pierre de Ronsard wrote the first literary history criticism in the literary history of France.17.Chritopher Columbus was discoverer of the New World and the American continent wasnamed after him.18.It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Francis Bacon in England andwith RenéDescartes in France.19.The Cartesian doubt is summarized in his motto: “ I doubt, therefore I think: I think , thereforeI am.”20.Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimentalappeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color.21.The designing and building of St. Paul’s Cathedral is the landmark in French architecture.22.The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were two 17th century EnglishmenFrancis Bacon and Isaac Newton.23.The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozart are known as theViennese School.24.The representatives of the Later Romantics in music are Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner, Verdi,Brahms, and Tchaikovsky.25.As Isaac Newton dominated 17th-century science with his discovery of the laws governing thebodies of the universe, so Charles Darwin dominated 18th-centuryscience, for he discovered the laws governing the evolution of man himself.26.Mark Twain is just called “the Lincoln of American literature”. His novel The Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn has been considered the first modern American novel.27.Sigmund Freud was the “father” of Psychoanalysis, a new school of psychology embodyingrevolutionary and controversial views of human dream.28.The “Theatre of the Absurd” is a term referring to the works of some European, particularlyFrench, playwrights of the 1950s and 60s. The word “absurd” originated from the works of Camus, who saw human spirit as “absurd”.29.Black humor is a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughter at tragic things. Man’s fate isdecided by comprehensible powers. We can’t do anythin g about it, therefore we may as well。

注：括号里是相关知识不是答案(Topic I 没找到相关答案，是我写的，仅供参考。

)Topic I: What is culture?What makes culture?1Culture is the values, attitudes, behaviours, beliefs, language, shared by a group of people, isa word for people’s way of life.2(European culture is made up of many elements, which have gone through changes over the centuries. Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are: theGreco-Roman希腊罗马的element, and the Judeo-Christian犹太教与基督教所共有的element.)How is culture unique to different countries?The cultures of all countries are unique, Each country has its different origins, human development, human activities, values, attitudes, behaviours, beliefs and language.Why is history important to culture?Different cultures developed from different history.It is important for us to study history so we will learn about the significant/important people and events in the past. From the history, we can know more about the culture of a nation.TopicII: Greek &RomanWhat was the social and political structure in Greece?1.Athens was a democracy, where only the adult male citizens had the rights not includingwomen, children, foreigners and slaves, and citizenship was a set of rights which a maninherited from his father.2.The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.3.The Greeks loved sports. Once every four years, they had a big festival on Olympus Mountwhich included contests of sports. Thus began the Olympic Games. Revised in 1896, the Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition.What impact did Greek culture have?1.Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and otherEuropean countries.2.Karl Marx, once wrote about the Greeks: “Why shouldn’t the childhood of humansociety----the stage at which it attained its most attractive development----exercise an eternal charm, as an age that will never turn?” Three qualities standout:3.Spirit of Innovation4.The Greeks invented mathematics and science and philosophy; they first wrote history asopposed to mere annals; they speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.5.Supreme Achievement6.The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavor such asscience, philosophy, epic poetry and so on.sting Effect8.The Greeks set an example by the bold effort of they made to understand the world by theuse of human reason.How did the Romans and Greeks interact?In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered Greece which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire. Fromthis time on, Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire, Greek that of the eastern half.What religion did the Greeks and Romans practice?1.Greek: The Greeks believed in many gods: They were polytheistic ( PA –lee-thee-ISS-Tick)as Keith Hopkins has said, “a world full of gods”2.Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified----GreekZeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on----and their myths to be fused.Topic III: Bible and ChristianityHow did Christianity rise?1.The early Christians’ notion of divine creation, their concern for god and salvation allstemmed from Hebrew roots. In fact, it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth toChristianity.2.Since its birth 2000 years ago, Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separateit from all other religions. One is that Jesus Christ is the son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind. The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.How important did Christianity become？Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the west. Every man’s life is touched by this religion, so much so that it has become part and parcel of Western culture.Topic IV: The Middle AgesWhat was “The Manor and the Church”?1.The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were found on the fiefsof the lords.2.Christianity had spread throughout the Roman world and the Church had set up its owngovernment by the time the Western Roman Empire fell. After 1054, the Church was divided into Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.Feudalism was what type of system?Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding----a system of holding land in exchange for military service, was also a system of government--- a form of local and decentralized government.What was the social system at this time?Feudalism. You were born into a class of people and generally stayed in that class for your entire life. Working hard did not change your status. Your clothing, food, marriage, homes, etc., were determined for you.Who were King Arthur and his knights?There is a story, at that time there arose in England a famous king, King Arthur, who had a famous magician helper named Merlin, and whose Knights of the Round Table fought off the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes, and kept England civilized and unified. However, as the Arthur stories say, the effort failed. By the 600s, England had been taken over by the Angles and the Saxons. The name England means the land of the Angles, and English is the language that theAngles spoke.Topic V: Renaissance and ReformationWhat is Humanism?A big part of the Renaissance was a cultural movement called humanism. Humanism was a philosophy that all people should strive to be educated and learned in the classical arts, literature, and science. It looked for realism and human emotion in art.It also said that it was okay for people to pursue comfort, riches, and beauty. They knew they could have a better life then they had in the Middle Ages.What are some examples of a Renaissance Man?Leonardo da Vinci, MichelangeloBuonarroti, Giovanni Boccaccio, Francesco Petrarch, Giotto, Raphael~~~What did the Renaissance believe in?(Man’s interest shifted from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy, from heaven to earth, from the beauty of God and the House of God to the beauty of human body in all its joys and pains, senses and feelings.)They argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life. In religion they demanded the reformation of the church. In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness life, it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of this life for an after life.Who started the Reformation?Martin Luther (1517，95 theses) in GermanyWhat effect did the reformation have in Europe?The movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformers, priests, humanists and others denied that the church authorities and priests were the only authority in the between the individual and God.How did the reformation change England?英国宗教改革运动的导火线是亨利八世的一场离婚案The spit between the king of England and the pope came when Henry VIII decided to ignore the authority of the pope of Roman Catholic Church in matrimonial affairs.During his reign Henry VIII took decisive measures to break away from the Church of Rome. In1534 he passed through Parliament the Act of Supremacy 王权至尊法案which formally break the papal authorities in England. The church Henry VIII founded is the Anglican Church.In England, the question of reform was not fundamentally one of belief or interpretation of the Bible but one of rejection of the supremacy of the Pope.Topic VI: Seventeenth CenturyWhat part did science play in the 17th century?1.The science advanced in logical progression through modern history: first a breakthrough inphysics and mathematics in the 17th century; followed by rapid developments in the field of chemistry in the 18th century and then advanced in biology in the 19th century andpsychology in the 20th century.2.Who were the famous scientists from this time?3.在创立科学方面，有四位杰出的科学家：波兰的哥白尼、德国的开普勒、意大利的伽利略和英国的牛顿哥白尼的《天体运行论》标志着自然科学从神学中分离出来。