国际经济学英文版第9版_ppt- (8)[30页]
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*CHAPTER 8 (Core Chapter)TRADE RESTRICTIONS: TARIFFSOUTLINE8.1 Introduction8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a TariffCase Study 8-1: Average Tariff on Non-Agricultural Products in Major Developed CountriesCase Study 8-2: Average Tariff on Non-Agricultural Products in Some MajorDeveloping Countries8.2a Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff8.2b Effects of a Tariff on Producer and Consumer Surplus8.2c Costs and Benefits of a TariffCase Study 8-3: The Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade in Some U.S. Products Case Study 8-4: The Welfare Effects of Liberalizing Trade in Some EU Products 8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure8.3a The Rate of Effective Protection8.3b Generalization and Evaluation of the Theory of Effective ProtectionCase Study 8-5: Rising Tariff Rates with Degree of Domestic ProcessingCase Study 8-6: Structure of Tariffs on Industrial Products in U.S., EU, Japan, and Canada8.4 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country8.4a General Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Small Country8.4b Illustration of the Effects of a Tariff in a Small Country8.4c The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem8.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country8.5a General Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Large Country8.5b Illustration of the Effects of a Tariff in a Large Country8.6 The Optimum Tariff8.6a The Meaning of the Concept and Retaliation8.6b Illustration of the Optimum Tariff and RetaliationAppendix: A8.1 Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Large NationA8.2 Derivation of the Formula for the Rate of Effective ProtectionA8.3 The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem GraphicallyA8.4 Exception to the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem - The MetzlerParadoxA8.5 Short-run Effect of a Tariff on Factors' IncomeA8.6 Measurement of the Optimum TariffKey TermsTrade or commercial policies Consumer surplusImport tariff Rent or producer surplusExport tariff Protection cost or deadweight loss of a tariff Ad valorem tariff Nominal tariffSpecific tariff Rate of effective protectionCompound tariff Domestic value addedConsumption effect of a tariff Prohibitive tariffProduction effect of a tariff Stolper-Samuelson theoremTrade effect of a tariff Metzler paradoxRevenue effect of a tariff Optimum tariffLecture Guide1.I would cover sections 1 and 2 and assign problems 1-2 in the first lecture. Themost difficult part of section 2 is the meaning and measurement of consumer and producer surplus. Since a clear understanding of the meaning and measurementof consumer and producer surplus is crucial in evaluating the effect of tariffs, Iwould explain t hese concepts very carefully.2.I would then cover section 3 and assign problems 3-6 in the second lecture. Thetheory of tariff structure is also very difficult and important, and so I would alsoexplain this concept very carefully. I found that the best way to explain it is byusing the simple example used in the text of the suit with and without importedinputs.3.The rest of the chapter can be skipped without loss of continuity by thoseInstructors who do not wish to cover the general equilibrium effects of tariffs. 4.For those Instructors who wish to cover the rest of the chapter, I would take upanother two lectures to do so. I would also assign and grade problems 8-14 tomake sure that students understand the material.5.In covering section 8.4, I would pay special attention to the explanation of Figure8-5 and to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem.6.In covering Section 8.6, please note that the optimum tariff can only be discussedintuitively without trade indifference curves (examined in Appendix A8.6). Answer to Problems1.a) Consumption is 70Y, production is 10Y and imports are 60Y (see Figure 1 onthe next page).b) Consumption is 60Y, production is 20Y and imports are 40Y (see Figure 1).c) The consumption effect is -10Y, the production effect is +10Y, the trade effectis -20Y and the revenue effect is $40 (see Figure 1).2. a) The consumer surplus is $245 without and $l80 with the tariff (see Figure 1).b)Of the increase in the revenue of producers with the tariff (as compared withtheir revenues under free trade), $l5 represents the increase in production costsand another $15 represents the increase in rent or producer surplus (see Figure1).c) The dollar value or the protection cost of the tariff is $l0 (see Figure 1).3. This will increase the rate of effective protection in the nation.4. a) g = 0.4 - (0.5)(0.4) = 0.4 - 0.2 = 0.2 = 40%1.0 - 0.5 0.5 0.55. a) g=60%b) g=80%c) g=0d) g=20%6. a) g=70%b) See the first paragraph of section 8.3b.7. See Figure 2.8.When Nation 1 (assumed to be a small nation) imposes an import tariff oncommodity Y, the real income of labor falls and that of capital rises.9.Py/Px rises for domestic producers and consumers. As production of Y (the K-intensive commodity) rises and that of X falls, the demand and income of K rises and that of L falls. Therefore, r rises and w falls.10.If Nation 1 were instead a large nation, then Nation 1's terms of trade rise and thereal income of L may also rise.India is more likely to restrict imports of K-intensive commodities in which India has a comparative disadvantage and this is likely to increase the return to capitaland reduce the return to labor according to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem.12. See Figure 3 on the previous page.13. See Figure 4.14. a) The volume of trade may shrink to zero (the origin of offer curves).App. 1. The more elastic S H and S F are, the lower is the free trade priceof the commodity and the lower is the increase in the domesticprice of the commodity as a result of the tariff.App. 2a. The supply curve of the nation for the commodity shifts upand to the left (as with the imposition of any tax); this does not affectthe consumption of the commodity with free trade, but it reducesdomestic production and increases imports of the commodity; italso increases the revenue effect and reduces producers' surplus.b)The imposition of a tariff on imported inputs going into the domestic productionof the commodity will have no effect on the size of the protection cost ordeadweight loss.App. 3. See Figure 5 (on the next page).App. 4. See Figure 6.App. 5. Real w will fall in terms of Y and rise in terms of X. On theother hand, r eal r will rise in terms of Y and fall in terms of X. Thiscan be seen by drawing a figure similar to Figure 8-10, but with theVMPLy curve shifting upward.App. 6a. See Figure 7.c) After Nation 1 has imposed an optimum tariff and Nation 2 has retaliatedwith an optimum tariff of its own, the approximate terms of trade for Nation1 is 0.8, while the approximate terms of trade of Nation2 is 1.25.d) Nation 1's welfare declines from the reduction in the volume and in the termsof trade. Although nation 2's terms of trade are higher than under free trade,the volume of trade has shrunk so much that nation 2's welfare is also likelyto be lower than under free trade.Multiple-choice Questions1. Which of the following statements is incorrect?a. An ad valorem tariff is expressed as a percentage of the value of the traded commodityb. a specific tariff is expressed as a fixed sum of the value of the traded commodity.c. export tariffs are prohibited by the U.S. Constitution*d. The U.S. uses exclusively the specific tariff2. A small nation is one:a. which does not affect world price by its tradingb. which faces an infinitely elastic world supply curve for its import commodityc. whose consumers will pay a price that exceeds the world price by the amount of the tariff*d. all of the above3. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity, its:a. consumption of the commodity increasesb. production of the commodity decreasesc. imports of the commodity increase*d. none of the above4.The increase in producer surplus when a small nation imposes a tariff is measured bythe area:*a. to the left of the supply curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffb. under the supply curve between the quantity produced with and without the tariffc. under the demand curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffd. none of the above.5. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity:*a. the rent of domestic producers of the commodity increasesb. the protection cost of the tariff decreasesc. the deadweight loss decreasesd. all of the above6.Which of the following statements is incorrect with respect to the rate of effectiveprotection?a. for given values of ai and ti, g is larger the greater is tb. for a given value of t and ti, g is larger the greater is a ic. g exceeds, is equal to or is smaller than t, as t i is smaller than, is equal to or is larger than t*d. when a i t i exceeds t, the rate of effective protection is positive7. With a i=50%, t i=0, and t=20%, g is:*a. 40%b. 20%c. 80%d. 08. The imposition of an import tariff by a small nation:*a. increases the relative price of the import commodity for domestic producers and consumersb. reduces the relative price of the import commodity for domestic producers and consumersc. increases the relative price of the import commodity for the nation as a wholed. any of the above is possible9. The imposition of an import tariff by a small nation:a. increases the nation's welfare*b. reduces the nation's welfarec. leaves the nation's welfare unchangedd. any of the above is possible10. According to the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, the imposition of a tariff by a nation:a. increases the real return of the nation's abundant factor*b. increases the real return of the nation's scarce factorc. reduces the real return of the nation's scarce factord. any of the above is possible11. The imposition of an import tariff by a nation results in:a. an increase in relative price of the nation's import commodityb. an increase in the nation's production of its importable commodityc. reduces the real return of the nation's abundant factor*d. all of the above12. The imposition of an import tariff by a nation can be represented by a rotation of the: *a. nation's offer curve away from the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantageb. the nation's offer curve toward the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantagec. the other nation's offer curve toward the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantaged. the other nation's offer curve away from the axis measuring the commodity of its comparative advantage13. The imposition of an import tariff by a large nation:a. increases the nation's terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. may increase or reduce the nation's welfare*d. all of the above14. The imposition of an optimum tariff by a large nation:a. improves its terms of tradeb. reduces the volume of tradec. increases the nation's welfare*d. all of the above15. The optimum tariff for a small nation is:a. 100%b. 50%*c. 0d. depends on elasticities。