the_male_condom

艾滋病的基础知识常用术语艾滋病Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, AIDS艾滋病病毒Human Immunodeficiency Virus,HIV艾滋病病毒感染者People Living with HIV and AIDS,PLWHA艾滋病病人AIDS patient艾滋病传播途径Routes of Infection(Modes of HIV transmission)暗娼Commercial Sex Worker,CSW(UNAIDS建议使用Sex Worker)不安全性行为Unsafe Sex插入性性行为Penetrative Sex产后传播After-birth Transmission窗口期window period毒品drugs多性伴multiple sexual partners非插入式性交non-penetrative sex服务场所service place高危行为high risk population(UNAIDS建议使用key populations at higher risk) 高危性行为high risk behavior共用针具吸毒sharing injection equipment红丝带red ribbon机会性感染opportunistic infections, OI鸡尾酒疗法cocktail therapy性传播sexual transmission血液传播blood-borne transmission免疫系统immune system母婴传播Mother to child transmission,MTCT男妓male prostitute男用安全套male condom女用安全套female condom潜伏期incubation period清洁针具clean needle全科医生general practitioner,GP商业性行为Commercial sex生活技能Life skills生殖健康Reproductive health世界艾滋病日World AIDS Day世界艾滋病行动World AIDS campaign,WAC双性恋Bisexuality双性性行为Bisexuality水制润滑剂K-Y Lubricant,KY体液Body fluid替代喂养replacement feeding同伴教育peer education同性恋Homosexuality同性性行为homosexual behavior无偿献血volunteer blood donation性伴侣sexual partner性产业sex industry性传播感染Sexually transmitted infections,STI性功能障碍Sexual dysfunction性教育sex education性倾向sex orientation性身份认同gender identity性行为sex behavior血浆plasma血液制品blood products血友病hemophilia义务献血compulsory blood donation异性恋heterosexuality异性性行为heterosexual sex易感人群susceptible population疫苗vaccine预防母婴传播prevention on mother to child transmission,PMTCT娱乐场所Entertainment place有偿采供血Paid blood supplement艾滋病流行病学常用术语艾滋病流行病学专题调查specific epidemiological investigation艾滋病疫情估计和预测estimate and project on AIDS epidemics案例分析case study被动检测passive surveillance抽样sampling脆弱人群vulnerable population，VP(UNAIDS建议使用Most Likely to be exposed to HIV) 发病率incidence rate覆盖面coverage感染率prevalence rate高危人群high risk population高危人群规模估计调查population size estimate of high risk groups核心人群core population绘制活动场所分布图mapping of entertainment places监测surveillance流行或大流行epidemic or pandemic桥梁人群bridge population哨点监测sentinel surveillance网络直报系统web-based reporting system危险行为发生率incidence of high risk behavior新发感染率incidence rate行为监测behavior surveillance血清流行病学seroepidemiology注射吸毒injection drug use职业暴露occupational exposure主动监测active/positive surveillance综合监测comprehensive surveillance艾滋病诊断治疗常用术语CD4+T淋巴细胞CD4+T count艾滋病病毒急性感染期acute infection-primary HIV-1 infection stage 艾滋病快速诊断试剂rapid HIV/AIDS Testing Reagent艾滋病临床分期AIDS clinical stages艾滋病慢性感染HIV chronic infection艾滋病相关综合征AIDS related complex ,ARC病毒载量HIV viral load病毒载量测定viral load test单采浆plasmapheresis蛋白酶抑制剂protease inhibitor,PI蛋白印迹法western blot test,WB服药依从性adherence, compliance高效抗逆转录病毒疗法Highly active anti-retroviral therapy,HAART 规范化性病诊疗Standardized diagnosis and treatment of STDS聚合酶链反应PCR抗体检测Antibody detection抗原检测Antigen detection联合用药组合recommended antiretroviral regiments or components 梅毒syphilis梅毒血清学试验serologic test for syphilis酶联免疫法ELISA美沙酮维持治疗methadone maintenance therapy,MMT耐药性drug resistance逆转录酶抑制剂NRT强制性检测mandatory testing求医行为health seeking behavior确认实验室confirmation laboratory确认试验confirmed test筛查实验室screening laboratory筛查试验screening test实验室生物安全Laboratory Biology safety,LBS实验室质量保证quality assurance，QA实验室质量控制quality control，QC实验室质量评价Laboratory Quality Appraisement,EQA试验的敏感性sensitivity试验的特异性specificity随访follow up停药drug stopping脱毒detoxification污染区contaminated section无症状感染期HIV positive stage心瘾mental addiction性病病症处理syndromic approach for the management of sexually transmitted disease 样品sample, specimen药物的不良反应adverse reaction药物滥用drug abuse/drug dependence一线用药方案first-line ARV regimens医源性感染Iatrogenic transmission阴道杀菌剂Vagina antiseptic阴性对照negative control中药治疗traditional medicine therapy治疗失败treatment failure现代结核病控制策略directly observed treatment shortcourse,DOTS艾滋病干预、教育、预防常用术语419 one night standIEC材料information education communication material ,IEC material艾滋病的三级预防three levels of prevention on HIV/AIDS安全套社会营销condom social marketing安全套推广使用condom promotion安全性行为safe sex安全注射safe injection参与式方法participative approach倡导advocacy大众传播mass communication大众传媒mass media大众教育public education德尔菲法Delphi method定量研究quantitative research定性研究qualitative research封闭性问题close question隔离isolation个案调查case survey个人深入访谈individual in-depth interview,IDI健康促进health promotion,HP健康教育health education, HE健康教育处方health education prescription降低危害harm reduction交流技能communication skills角色扮演role play戒断症状withdrawal symptom开放式问题open question目标人群target population目标人群的参与participation of target people普遍性防护原则universal protection principle青春期教育adolescence education人际传播interpersonal communication示范区“面对面”宣传教育“face to face” education campaign on HIV/AIDS 收视率audience rating头脑风暴brainstorming外展服务outreach service问卷调查questionnaire survey校内教育in-school education校外教育out-school education信息、教育和交流information、education、communication,IEC信息网络information network行为改变干预behavior change intervrntion,BCI行为改变交流behavior change communication,BCC行为干预behavior interview,BI以学生为中心的教育活动students-centered education诱导性问题leading question预试验pretest知识、态度和实践/行为KAP/B知晓率awareness rate预防性治疗preventive treatment针具交换syringe exchange专题小组访谈focus group discussions,FGDs艾滋病人关怀、咨询、反歧视常用术语“四免一关怀”政策“four free and one care” policy,FFOCP艾滋病自愿咨询检测voluntary counseling and testing,VCT保密原则confidentiality暴露后评估post-exposure risk evaluation暴露后预防exposure prophylaxis边缘人群marginalized groups草根组织grass-roots organization不评判原则nonjudgmental principle非言语交流nonverbal communication非政府组织non-governmental organization, NGO关怀与支持care and support家庭关怀home-based care检测后咨询post-testing counseling检测前咨询pre-testing counseling流动人口migratory populations流浪儿童street children匿名检测anonymous testing歧视discrimination社会营销social marketing社会支持social support社区动员community mobilization社区关怀community-based care受艾滋病影响的儿童children affected by AIDS/AIDS受益者beneficiaries危险评估risk assessment心理危机psychological crisis性伴通知partner notification性伴咨询partner counseling亚文化subculture阳性告知patient notification预防性咨询preventive treatment支持小组support group转介服务referral service咨询counseling咨询热线counseling hotline艾滋病有关伦理道德、法律法规常用术语公平原则justice doctrine伦理原则ethics污名化stigmatization性别平等gender equity隐私privacy与贸易有关的知识产权协议the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights, TRIP agreement知情同意informed consent艾滋病预防工作项目管理、督导、评价常用术语艾滋病病例报告case reporting成本效益分析cost-benefit analysis成本效用分析cost-utility analysis成本效果分析cost-effectiveness analysis督导评估supervision assessment高危人群干预工作队working team for intervention among high-risk population of HIV/AIDS 国务院防治艾滋病工作委员会the state council AIDS working committee,SCAWC过程评估process evaluation技术援助technical assistance疾病负担disease burden决策者policy maker可及性accessibility快速评估rapid appraisal扩展scaling-up利益相关者stakeholder联合国大会艾滋病特别会议united nations general assembly special session on HIV/AIDS,UNGASS内部评估internal assessment能力建设capacity building评价指标evaluation index千年发展目标millennium development goals,MDG强制许可compulsory licensing全国艾滋病综合防治示范区项目china comprehensive AIDS response program, China CARES全球抗击艾滋病、肺结核和疟疾基金（简称全球基金）The global fund to fight AIDS ,tuberculosis and malaria-GFATM,global fund外部评估external assessment外部质量评估external quality assessment现场督导field monitoring现状评估current situation assessment项目可持续性project sustainability效果评估effect evaluation形式分析situation analysis需求评估need assessment一代监测first generation surveillance应对分析response analysis影响评定impact evaluation中长期规划medium and long plan政策评估policy evaluation战略规划strategic planning支持性环境support environment最佳实践best practices促进艾滋病病人、感染者更大程度的参与greater involvement of people living with or affected by HIV and AIDS ,GIPA艾滋病相关疾病常用术语艾滋病与结核双重感染HIV-TB Co-infection艾滋病恐惧症AIDS phobia非淋菌性尿道（宫颈）炎non-gonococcal urethritis ,NGU尖锐湿疣condyloma acuminatum淋病gonorrhea盆腔炎pelvic inflammatory disease ,PID人类乳头瘤状病毒human papilloma virus .HPV沙眼衣原体感染Chlamydia trachomatis生殖道感染reproductive tract infection ,RTI生殖器溃疡genital ulcer外阴阴道念珠菌病genital herpes ,GH性病sexually transmitted disease venereal disease ,VD性病性淋巴肉芽肿lymphograbuloma venereum ,LGV阴道毛滴虫病vaginal trichomoniasis。

•论 著•烟台市青年学生男男性行为人群首次同性性行为特征分析林荣王洪涛程晓松薛建于相冬孙皓钰姜聚军264000烟台，烟台市疾病预防控制中心艾滋病防治科（林荣，程晓松，薛建，于相冬，孙皓钰，姜聚军）；264000烟台，烟台市市直机关医院（王洪涛）林荣和王洪涛为共同第一作者通信作者：姜聚军，E-mail:ytjkafk@DOI：10.16462/ki.zhjbkz.2020.12.013【摘要】目的分析烟台市青年学生男男性行为（men who have sex with men, MSM)人群首次同性性行为特征，为高校艾滋病防控措施的制定提供参考依据。

方法研究使用横断面调查和深人访谈。

通过问卷调查收集目标人群人口学特征、首次同性性行为相关情况等信息。

通过深人访谈了解目标人群首次同性性行为的发生背景及未使用安全套原因。

结果共收集有效问卷302份，发生首次同性性行为的年龄为（17. 59*1. 78)岁；性行为对象以网友居多（34. 1%);首次同性性行为与近6个月同性性行为保护性存在统计学差异（f = 52. 247，P<0. 001)。

深人访谈结果显示，13人自述通过交友软件等网络联系方式发生首次同性性行为是基于好奇、追求刺激等心理，未全程使用安全套的主要原因是对艾滋病防治知识的匮乏（77. 8%)。

结论青年学生MSM人群首次同性性行为存在年龄小、防护意识差、知晓率低以及主要通过交友软件寻找性伴等特点。

需进一步加强针对该人群的宣传教育，包括提前普及年龄、提高细节认知以及强化行为干预和沟通技巧，同时充分发挥新媒体在艾滋病防治宣传教育中的作用。

【关键词】青年学生；男男性行为者；首次同性性行为；特征【中图分类号】R512.91 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1674-3679(2020)12-1428-05基金项目：山东省医药卫生科技发展计划项目（2017WS391);烟台市科技计划项目(2016WS058)Analysis of the characteristics of the first homosexual behavior among young male students whohave sex with men in Yantai City L/N Rong, WANG Hong-tao, CHENG Xiao-song, XVE Jian, YUXiang-dong, SUN Hao-yu, JIANG Ju-junDepartment of AIDS Control and Prevention, Yantai City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yantai264000, China (Lin R, Cheng X Sy Xue J, Yu XDy Sun HYy Jiang JJ)；Yantai City Municipal Gov­ernment Hospital, Yantai 264000，China (Wang HT)LIN Rong and WANG Hong—tao contributed equally to this articelCorresponding author：JIANG Ju-jun, E-mail：*******************.cn【Abstract】Objective To analyze the characteristics of first-time homosexual behavior amongyoung male students who have sex with men ( MSM ) population, so as to provide reference for the formu­lation of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention and control measures in colleges anduniversities. Methods A combination of cross-sectional study and in-depth interview were used. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect information of participant demographics and sexual debut. Byin-depth interview, we further summarized reasons of sexual debut and condomless sexual intercourse. Re­sults A total of 302 valid questionnaires were surveyed. The age at which the first homosexual behavioroccurred was ( 17. 59 士1.78) years old. Most of participants sought sexual partners from internet(34. 1 % ) . There was statistical difference between the protection of the first homosexual behavior and ho­mosexual behavior in the past 6 months ( %2 = 52. 247, P<0. 001). The results of in-depth interviewsshowed that 13 people acknowledged the first homosexual behavior that occurred through online connec­tions such as dating software due to psychology such as curiosity and pursuit of stimulus. The main reason for not using condoms during the whole process was the lack of knowledge about AIDS prevention and con­trol (77. 8%). Conclusions For the first time, the homosexual behavior of young male students M SM populations were characterized by young age, poor protection awareness, low awareness rate, and finding sexual partners mainly through dating software. It was necessary to further strengthen the publicity and ed­ucation for this group, including popularizing the age in advance, improving details, and strengthening behavioral intervention and communication skills. The active role of new media in AIDS prevention and education should be fully played.【Key words】Young students; Men who have sex with men; The first homosexual behavior; Char- acteristicsFund programs：Shandong Medical Health Technology Development Project (2017WS391) ；Yan­tai Science and Technology Project (2016WS058)(Chin J Dis Control Prev2020,24( 12) ： 1428-1432)近年来，青年学生人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染率呈上升趋势。

艾滋病防治常用术语手册艾滋病的基础知识常用术语艾滋病Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, AIDS艾滋病病毒Human Immunodeficiency Virus,HIV艾滋病病毒感染者People Living with HIV and AIDS,PLWHA艾滋病病人AIDS patient艾滋病传播途径Routes of Infection(Modes of HIV transmission)暗娼Commercial Sex Worker,CSW(UNAIDS 建议使用Sex Worker)不安全性行为Unsafe Sex插入性性行为Penetrative Sex产后传播After-birth Transmission窗口期window period毒品drugs多性伴multiple sexual partners非插入式性交non-penetrative sex服务场所service place高危行为high risk population(UNAIDS建议使用key populations at higher risk)高危性行为high risk behavior共用针具吸毒sharing injection equipment红丝带red ribbon机会性感染opportunistic infections, OI鸡尾酒疗法cocktail therapy性传播sexual transmission血液传播blood-borne transmission免疫系统immune system母婴传播Mother to child transmission,MTCT 男妓male prostitute男用安全套male condom女用安全套female condom潜伏期incubation period清洁针具clean needle全科医生general practitioner,GP商业性行为Commercial sex生活技能Life skills生殖健康Reproductive health世界艾滋病日World AIDS Day世界艾滋病行动World AIDS campaign,WAC 双性恋Bisexuality双性性行为Bisexuality水制润滑剂K-Y Lubricant,KY体液Body fluid替代喂养replacement feeding同伴教育peer education同性恋Homosexuality同性性行为homosexual behavior无偿献血volunteer blood donation性伴侣sexual partner性产业sex industry性传播感染Sexually transmitted infections,STI性功能障碍Sexual dysfunction性教育sex education性倾向sex orientation性身份认同gender identity性行为sex behavior血浆plasma血液制品blood products血友病hemophilia义务献血compulsory blood donation异性恋heterosexuality异性性行为heterosexual sex易感人群susceptible population疫苗vaccine预防母婴传播prevention on mother to child transmission,PMTCT娱乐场所Entertainment place有偿采供血Paid blood supplement艾滋病流行病学常用术语艾滋病流行病学专题调查specific epidemiological investigation艾滋病疫情估计和预测estimate and project on AIDS epidemics案例分析case study被动检测passive surveillance抽样sampling脆弱人群vulnerable population，VP(UNAIDS 建议使用Most Likely to be exposed to HIV)发病率incidence rate覆盖面coverage感染率prevalence rate高危人群high risk population高危人群规模估计调查population size estimate of high risk groups核心人群core population绘制活动场所分布图mapping of entertainment places监测surveillance流行或大流行epidemic or pandemic桥梁人群bridge population哨点监测sentinel surveillance网络直报系统web-based reporting system危险行为发生率incidence of high risk behavior新发感染率incidence rate行为监测behavior surveillance血清流行病学seroepidemiology注射吸毒injection drug use职业暴露occupational exposure主动监测active/positive surveillance综合监测comprehensive surveillance艾滋病诊断治疗常用术语CD4+T淋巴细胞CD4+T count艾滋病病毒急性感染期acute infection-primary HIV-1 infection stage艾滋病快速诊断试剂rapid HIV/AIDS TestingReagent艾滋病临床分期AIDS clinical stages艾滋病慢性感染HIV chronic infection艾滋病相关综合征AIDS related complex ,ARC病毒载量HIV viral load病毒载量测定viral load test单采浆plasmapheresis蛋白酶抑制剂protease inhibitor,PI蛋白印迹法western blot test,WB服药依从性adherence, compliance高效抗逆转录病毒疗法Highly active anti-retroviral therapy,HAART规范化性病诊疗Standardized diagnosis and treatment of STDS聚合酶链反应PCR抗体检测Antibody detection抗原检测Antigen detection联合用药组合recommended antiretroviral regiments or components梅毒syphilis梅毒血清学试验serologic test for syphilis酶联免疫法ELISA美沙酮维持治疗methadone maintenance therapy,MMT耐药性drug resistance逆转录酶抑制剂NRT强制性检测mandatory testing求医行为health seeking behavior确认实验室confirmation laboratory确认试验confirmed test筛查实验室screening laboratory筛查试验screening test实验室生物安全Laboratory Biology safety,LBS实验室质量保证quality assurance，QA实验室质量控制quality control，QC实验室质量评价Laboratory Quality Appraisement,EQA试验的敏感性sensitivity试验的特异性specificity随访follow up停药drug stopping脱毒detoxification污染区contaminated section无症状感染期HIV positive stage心瘾mental addiction性病病症处理syndromic approach for the management of sexually transmitted disease样品sample, specimen药物的不良反应adverse reaction药物滥用drug abuse/drug dependence一线用药方案first-line ARV regimens医源性感染Iatrogenic transmission阴道杀菌剂Vagina antiseptic阴性对照negative control中药治疗traditional medicine therapy治疗失败treatment failure现代结核病控制策略directly observed treatment shortcourse,DOTS艾滋病干预、教育、预防常用术语419 one night standIEC材料information education communication material ,IEC material艾滋病的三级预防three levels of prevention on HIV/AIDS安全套社会营销condom social marketing安全套推广使用condom promotion安全性行为safe sex安全注射safe injection参与式方法participative approach倡导advocacy大众传播mass communication大众传媒mass media大众教育public education德尔菲法Delphi method定量研究quantitative research定性研究qualitative research封闭性问题close question隔离isolation个案调查case survey个人深入访谈individual in-depth interview,IDI健康促进health promotion,HP健康教育health education, HE健康教育处方health education prescription降低危害harm reduction交流技能communication skills角色扮演role play戒断症状withdrawal symptom开放式问题open question目标人群target population目标人群的参与participation of target people 普遍性防护原则universal protection principle 青春期教育adolescence education人际传播interpersonal communication示范区“面对面”宣传教育“face to face” education campaign on HIV/AIDS收视率audience rating头脑风暴brainstorming外展服务outreach service问卷调查questionnaire survey校内教育in-school education校外教育out-school education信息、教育和交流information、education、communication,IEC信息网络information network行为改变干预behavior change intervrntion,BCI行为改变交流behavior changecommunication,BCC行为干预behavior interview,BI以学生为中心的教育活动students-centered education诱导性问题leading question预试验pretest知识、态度和实践/行为KAP/B知晓率awareness rate预防性治疗preventive treatment针具交换syringe exchange专题小组访谈focus group discussions,FGDs 艾滋病人关怀、咨询、反歧视常用术语“四免一关怀”政策“four free and one care”policy,FFOCP艾滋病自愿咨询检测voluntary counseling and testing,VCT保密原则confidentiality暴露后评估post-exposure risk evaluation暴露后预防exposure prophylaxis边缘人群marginalized groups草根组织grass-roots organization不评判原则nonjudgmental principle非言语交流nonverbal communication非政府组织non-governmental organization, NGO关怀与支持care and support家庭关怀home-based care检测后咨询post-testing counseling检测前咨询pre-testing counseling流动人口migratory populations流浪儿童street children匿名检测anonymous testing歧视discrimination社会营销social marketing社会支持social support社区动员community mobilization社区关怀community-based care受艾滋病影响的儿童children affected by AIDS/AIDS受益者beneficiaries危险评估risk assessment心理危机psychological crisis性伴通知partner notification性伴咨询partner counseling亚文化subculture阳性告知patient notification预防性咨询preventive treatment支持小组support group转介服务referral service咨询counseling咨询热线counseling hotline艾滋病有关伦理道德、法律法规常用术语公平原则justice doctrine伦理原则ethics污名化stigmatization性别平等gender equity隐私privacy与贸易有关的知识产权协议the agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights, TRIP agreement知情同意informed consent艾滋病预防工作项目管理、督导、评价常用术语艾滋病病例报告case reporting成本效益分析cost-benefit analysis成本效用分析cost-utility analysis成本效果分析cost-effectiveness analysis督导评估supervision assessment高危人群干预工作队working team for intervention among high-risk population of HIV/AIDS国务院防治艾滋病工作委员会the state council AIDS working committee,SCAWC过程评估process evaluation技术援助technical assistance疾病负担disease burden决策者policy maker可及性accessibility快速评估rapid appraisal扩展scaling-up利益相关者stakeholder联合国大会艾滋病特别会议united nations general assembly special session on HIV/AIDS,UNGASS内部评估internal assessment能力建设capacity building评价指标evaluation index千年发展目标millennium development goals,MDG强制许可compulsory licensing全国艾滋病综合防治示范区项目china comprehensive AIDS response program, China CARES全球抗击艾滋病、肺结核和疟疾基金（简称全球基金）The global fund to fight AIDS ,tuberculosis and malaria-GFATM,global fund外部评估external assessment外部质量评估external quality assessment现场督导field monitoring现状评估current situation assessment项目可持续性project sustainability效果评估effect evaluation形式分析situation analysis需求评估need assessment一代监测first generation surveillance应对分析response analysis影响评定impact evaluation中长期规划medium and long plan政策评估policy evaluation战略规划strategic planning支持性环境support environment最佳实践best practices促进艾滋病病人、感染者更大程度的参与greater involvement of people living with or affected by HIV and AIDS ,GIPA艾滋病相关疾病常用术语艾滋病与结核双重感染HIV-TB Co-infection 艾滋病恐惧症AIDS phobia非淋菌性尿道（宫颈）炎non-gonococcal urethritis ,NGU尖锐湿疣condyloma acuminatum淋病gonorrhea盆腔炎pelvic inflammatory disease ,PID人类乳头瘤状病毒human papilloma virus .HPV沙眼衣原体感染Chlamydia trachomatis生殖道感染reproductive tract infection ,RTI 生殖器溃疡genital ulcer外阴阴道念珠菌病genital herpes ,GH性病sexually transmitted disease venereal disease ,VD性病性淋巴肉芽肿lymphograbulomavenereum ,LGV阴道毛滴虫病vaginal trichomoniasis。

The One With Mrs. BingWritten by: Alexa JungeTranscribed by: guineapig111 宾太太（钱德之母）莫妮卡和菲比对街上一名英俊男子一见钟情，莫妮卡的口哨声使该男子发生车祸并进入昏迷状态；两人均到医院悉心照料他，但相互竞争，都想把他占为己有。

钱德的妈妈（著名情色作家。

钱德每每因其前卫言行而难堪）要上杰·雷诺的脱口秀节目，顺道来看钱德。

保路自罗马归。

宾太太带大伙出去吃饭……后来亲了罗斯。

宾太太还向瑞秋面授机宜，教她写言情小说。

罗斯跟钱德坦白，自己被钱德的妈妈亲了一口，并说服钱德对其母讲明心中感受。

[Scene: A Street: Monica and Phoebe are walking to a newsstand报摊.]Phoebe: Do you think they have yesterday's daily news?Monica: Why?Phoebe:Just wanna check my horoscope(n.占星), see if it was right.horoscope n.根据星象算命Monica: Oh my God. (Grabs Phoebe and turns her away) Phoebe. Don't look now, but behind us is a guy who has the potential to break our hearts and plunge us into a pit of depression.turn her away转过她的脸/plunge v.突然前倾(eg:The car plunged into the river)/plunge into投入,跳入/pit n.深渊Phoebe: Where? (Turns to face him) Ooh, come to Momma我的妈呀！.Monica: He's coming. Be cool, be cool, be cool.(The guy walks past them)Guy: Nice hat.Monica and Phoebe: (in unison) Thanks.unison n.齐唱,齐奏,[喻]一致，调和/in unison=with one voice异口同声地(The guy walks on继续行走)Phoebe: We should do something. Whistle吹口哨.Monica: We are not going to whistle.Phoebe: Come on, do it.Monica: No!Phoebe: Do it!Monica: No!Phoebe: Do it do it do it!Monica: (Shouts to the guy) Woo-woo!(The guy turns round, startled. Monica points to Phoebe. The guy gets hit by a truck)Phoebe: I can't believe you did that!Opening Credits[Scene: Hospital, the guy is in a coma在昏迷中 and Mon and Pheebs are visiting.]Monica: Why did I 'woo-hoo'? I mean, what was I hoping would happen? That-that he'd turn round and say 'I love that sound, I must have you now'?Phoebe: I just wish there was something we could do. (Bends down弯下腰 and talks to him) Hello. Hello, Coma Guy. GET UP, YOU GIRL SCOUT! UP! UP! UP!scout vi.守侯Monica: Phoebe, what are you doing?Phoebe: Maybe nobody's tried this.Monica: I wish we at least knew his name... Look at that face. I mean, even sleeping, he looks smart. I bet he's a lawyer.Phoebe: Yeah, but did you see the dents(n.凹痕) in his knuckles(n.指关节)? That means he's artistic有艺术才能的.Monica: Okay, he's a lawyer, who teaches sculpting on the side. And- he can dance!sculpt v.雕刻, 造型/on the side adv.作为兼职, 另外Phoebe: Oh! And, he's the kinda guy who, when you're talking, he's listening, y'know, and not saying 'Yeah, I understand' but really wondering what you look like naked.Monica: I wish all guys could be like him.Phoebe: I know.[Scene: Monica and Rachel's, Monica and Phoebe are telling everyone about their coma guy.]Chandler:Are there no conscious men有意识or清醒的男人 in the city for you two?Monica: He doesn't have anyone.Phoebe: Yeah, we-we feel kinda responsible.Joey: I can't believe you said woowoo. I don't even say woowoo.Rachel:Oh, she's coming up! She's coming up出现,上镜! (Turns on the TV)Jay Leno: (on TV) Folks, when we come back稍后 we'll be talking about her new book, 'Euphoria Unbound': the always interesting Nora Tyler Bing. You might wanna put the kids to bed for this one.folks n.观众朋友们/euphoria n.异常欣快/unbound adj.未捆绑的(Everyone has settled down to watch, except Chandler)settle down v.定居, 平静下来, 专心于Chandler: Y'know, we don't have to watch this. Weekend At Bernie's is on Showtime, HBO, and Cinemax.Rachel: No way, forget it.Joey: C'mon, she's your mom!Chandler: Exactly. Weekend At Bernie's! Dead guy getting hit in the groin(n.腹股沟) twenty, thirty times! No?Rachel: Chandler, I gotta tell you, I love your mom's books! I love her books! I cannot get on a plane without one! I mean, this is so cool!Chandler:Yeah, well, you wouldn't think it was cool if you're eleven years old and all your friends are passing around page 79 of 'Mistress Bitch.'pass around v.分,分发, 传送Ross: C'mon, Chandler, I love your mom. I think she's a blast.blast n.冲击波to异常性感Chandler: You can say that because she's not your mom.Ross: Oh, please...(Rachel opens the door to Paolo)Paolo: Bona sera.Bona sera <意>= Good eveningRachel: Oh, hi sweetie. (They kiss)Ross: When did Rigatoni get back from Rome?rigatoni[单复同]n.[食]意大利波纹贝壳状通心粉 to指代:PaoloMonica: Last night.Ross: Ah, so then his plane didn't explode in a big ball of fire(在空中爆炸成一个火球)?... Just a dream I had- but, phew(vi.咂舌头).Phoebe: Hey hey hey! She's on!Paolo: Ah! Nora Bing!Jay Leno: (on TV) ...Now what is this about you-you being arrested i-in London? What is that all about?Phoebe: Your mom was arrested?Chandler: Shhh, busy beaming with pride正感到无比的骄傲.beam v.发光,发热Mrs. Bing: (on TV) ...This is kind of embarrassing, but occasionally 不经意地after I've been intimate with与……亲热 a man...Chandler: Now why would she say that's embarrassing?All: Shhh.Mrs. Bing: (on TV) ...I just get this craving for Kung Pow Chicken.carve v.雕刻, 切开/ Kung Pow Chicken: 钱德勒写色情小说的妈妈在接受脱口秀采访时，说自己在和男子亲热后，就爱吃“宫保鸡丁(Kung Pow Chicken)”。

The Sad Young Men中英文版The Sad Young Men is a novel by American author F。

Scott Fitzgerald。

first published in 1926.The novel is set in New York City during the 1920s and follows a group of young men who are XXX to find their place in the world.The main character of the novel is Gordon Sterrett。

a young man who is struggling to find his identity in a world that seems to have lost XXX his desire for success and XXX.One of the most striking aspects of the novel is its portrayal of the lost n of young people who came of age during the First World War。

These young men are ned with the world and struggle to find meaning in their lives。

They are haunted by the memory of the war and the loss of innocence it represented.XXX。

as Gordon falls in love with a XXX.Despite its bleak XXX。

XXX。

and his XXX.The Revolt of the Younger n in the 1920s has been XXX middle-aged individuals and XXX from the young are common when discussing this d。

DOI: 10.13419/ki.aids.2021.03.09•论著•重庆市渝中区男男商业性行为者艾滋病防治知识和安全套使用现状张欢，陈先刚，胡桂林，李向东，张臻(重庆市渝中区疾病预防控制中心.重庆400010)摘要：目的了解重庆市渝中区男男商业性行为者（MSW)的艾滋病防治知识及安全套使用，为该人群的艾滋病 健康教育和行为干预提供依据。

方法采川滚雪球抽样法招募148名MSW并完成调查问卷采用卡方检验、Logistic■回归等分析MSW的人口学特征、性行为特点与艾滋病防治知识知晓情况、安全套使用的关联..结果148名MSW中月收人较高、从事商业性性服务时间较长、有HIV检测史与艾滋病防治知识水平较高有关[比值比（0/?) =3.206,95% 可信区间（C7): 1.228〜8.372;Ofi=3.737.，95%C7: 1.511~9.243;Ofi=6.415,95%a: 2_612~15.758]有HIV检测史、知晓艾滋病防治知识、首个性伴为女性与MSW肛交时安全套每次使用有关（0/f=5.004，95%C/: 2.0丨4~12.429;OK=：i.282,95%a:1.234~8.730;f)fl=2.818.95%C/:1.232-6.448):结论M SW肛交时坚持使用安全套的占比较低,艾滋病防治知识一定程度上能提高安全套的正确使用率，在下一步T作中，需要加强对艾滋病的宣传教育关键词：艾滋病病毒；男男性丁.作者；知识知晓率；安全套中图分类号：R 512.91; R 373.9 文献标志码：A文章编号：1672-5662(2021 )03-0255-04Status of AIDS related knowledge and condom use of male sex workers in a main urban district, ChongqingZ H A N G H u a n, C H E N X ia n g a n g, H U G uilin, L I X ia n g d o n g, Z H A N G Z hen. (Y u zh o n g D istric t C e n te r f o r D ise a seP re ven tio n a n d C ontrol, C h o n g q in g 400010, C h in a)Correspondingauthor:ZHANGZhen,Email:****************Supported by the Scientific Research Project of Yuzhong District Science and Technology Commission, Chongqing (20180168)Abstract: Objective To explore the status of AIDS related knowledge and condom use of male sex workers (MSW) in a main urban district of Chongqing, to provide scientific references for AIDS health education and intervention.Methods 148 MSW were recruited by a snowball sampling method and questionnaires were completed. Chi-square testand Logistic regression analysis were used to know the relationship between the demographic characteristics, sexualbehaviors, knowledge of AIDS and condom use. Results Multivariate analysis showed that higher monthly income,longer time engaged in commercial sex services, the history of HIV testing improved the knowledge of AIDS(O/?=3.206,95%C/: 1.228-8.372;0/?=3.737, 95%C/: 1.511-9.243;0/?=6.415, 95%C/: 2.612-15.758). Multivariate analysis showed thatthe history of HIV testing, higher AIDS related knowledge and the first partner as a female improved condom use eachtime in anal sex(0/?=5.004, 95%C/: 2.014-12.429; 0/?=3.282, 95%C/: 1.234-8.730; 0/?=2.818, 95%C/: 1.232-6.448).Conclusion The rate of condom use each time in anal sex in MSW is relatively low, the knowledge of AIDS can helpimprove the correct use of condoms. It is necessary to further strengthen the publicity of AIDS knowledge.Keywords: HIV; male sex workers; AIDS related knowledge; condom性传播已成为我国艾滋病病毒（HIV)的主要传 播途径1，男男性行为者（M S M)感染H I V的可能性 是普通人群的19倍，M S M社区的H I V感染已成为我 国的一项主要公共卫生问题2。

高中英语选修6词汇表（新课标人教版）Book 6 Unit 1realistic/riə’lɪstɪk/ adj.现实的abstract/'æbstrækt/adj。

抽象的n. 摘要sculpture /'skʌlptʃə/ n。

雕塑sculptor/’skʌlptə/ n。

雕刻家gallery /'ɡælərɪ/ n. 画廊faith /feɪθ/ n. 信任；信心；信念faithfully /'feɪθfəli/ adv. 忠实地consequently /’kɔnsikwəntli/ adv. 所以；因而aim /eɪm/ n. 目标;目的v. 瞄准conventional/kən’venʃənl/ adj.传统的typical /’tɪpɪkl/adj。

典型的evident /’evɪdənt/ adj. 明显的renaissance /riˌneisns/ n.新生；复兴the Renaissance 文艺复兴（时期）adopt /ə’dɒpt/ vt。

采用；收养humanistic /ˌhju:mə’nɪstɪk/ adj.人道主义的possess /pə’zes/ vt. 拥有possession /pə’zeʃn/ n.（尤作复数）所有；财产superb /ˌsu:’pə：b/ adj。

极好的perspective/pə’spektɪv/n.观点technique /tekˌni:k/ n。

技术；方法coincidence /kəʊˌɪnsɪdəns/ n. 巧合by coincidence 巧合地masterpiece /‘mɑ:stəpi：s/ n. 杰作a great deal 大量shadow /’ʃædəʊ/ n。

阴影;影子ridiculous /rɪ'dɪkjʊləs/ adj。

荒谬的controversial /ˌkɒntrə'və:ʃl/adj。

六年级野生动物保护英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>Kangaroos are very unique animals. They have strong hind legs and a long tail. Their fur is usually brown or gray. Kangaroos are known for their ability to jump very far. They can cover long distances with a single jump.Kangaroos live in Australia. They are found in grasslands, forests, and deserts. They are herbivores, which means they eat plants. Kangaroos are mostly active at night. During the day, they rest in the shade.Kangaroos are social animals. They live in groups called mobs. The female kangaroo has a pouch where she carries her baby, called a joey. The joey stays in the pouch for several months until it is strong enough to survive on its own.Kangaroos are an important part of the Australian ecosystem. They help to control the growth of plants by eating them. They also provide food for other animals such as dingoes and eagles.1. Kangaroos are known for their ability to ___.A. run fastB. swim wellC. jump farD. climb trees答案：C。

艾滋病词汇中英互译艾滋病传染主要是通过性行为、体液的交流而传播，母婴传播。

接下来小编为大家整理了艾滋病词汇中英互译，希望对你有帮助哦!艾滋病词汇中英互译一：gonorrhea 淋病growing income disparities 收入差距越來越大has been hit the hardest ~ 的问题最为严重health official 卫生官员heterosexual population 异性恋者hemophilia(c) 血友病 (人)hepatitis 肝炎hepatitis c/co-infection with HIV 艾滋病毒和肝炎病毒重叠感染herpes 疱疹herpes viruses 疱疹病毒heterosexual 异性恋的highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) 高效抗逆转录病毒疗法high-risk populations 高危险群HIV 艾滋病毒HIV carriers 艾滋病毒带原者HIV cases 艾滋病毒案例HIV disease 艾滋病，后天免疫缺乏症候群HIV patients 艾滋病携带者HIV positive HIV阳性HIV strains/ strains of HIV HIV 菌种HIV sufferers 艾滋病患者HIV/AIDS villages 愛滋村HIV-1 人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型艾滋病 AIDS艾滋病毒 HIV艾滋病毒案例 HIV cases艾滋病毒带原者 HIV carriers艾滋病毒和肝炎病毒重叠感染 hepatitis c/co-infection with HIV 艾滋病毒急性感染 primary HIV infection艾滋病服务组织 AIDS service organization (ASO)艾滋病感染者 AIDS-infected patient艾滋病工作者 AIDS Worker艾滋病患者 HIV sufferers艾滋病教育培训中心AIDS education and training centers (AETC)艾滋病快速诊断试剂 quick AIDS tests艾滋病文献资料库 AIDS hotline艾滋病相关癌症 AIDS-related cancers艾滋病相关症群期 AIDS-related complex (ARC)艾滋病携带者 HIV patients艾滋病宣傳員 AIDS activist艾滋病药物数据库 AIDSDRUGS艾滋病药物协助计划 AIDS drug assistance program (ADAP)艾滋病，后天免疫缺乏症候群 HIV disease艾滋村 AIDS village(s)艾滋村 HIV/AIDS villages艾滋消瘦症候群 AIDS wasting syndrome白血球 leukocytes白血球 white blood cells伴随药物 concomitant drugs保守估計 conservative projections爆炸性的水平 explosive level被动免疫 passive immunityB细胞淋巴瘤 B cell lymphoma病毒讀數实验 viral load test病毒学 virology丙种球蛋白 gamma globulin不安全的集血系统 unsafe blood collection system补药，滋补品 tonic(s)参加者不知情的研究 blinded study成人艾滋病临床研究协作组adult AIDS clinical trials group (AACTG)重新复活的性产业 resurgent sex industry丑化与歧视 stigma and discrimination雏妓 underage prostitute传媒 press/media/mass media传染/传播 transmission传染方式/ 流行方式 spread path传染途径 mechanisms for transmission传染途径 routes of infection垂直传播 vertical transmission耸人听闻 sensational/ frightening大相径庭 to stand in stark contrast to大众宣传 public education蛋白分解抑制剂 protease inhibitors蛋白酶 protease盗汗 night sweats~ 的问题最为严重 has been hit the hardest地方病 endemic低估数据 an underestimate地位的象征 status symbol第一阶段人体试验 phase I trials定时炸弹 time bomb对疫情不予重视 downplay the epidemic鹅口疮 thrush遏止其扩散 to stem the spread of (HIV/AIDS)儿科艾滋病临床试验联盟pediatric AIDS clinical trials group (PACTG)发生频率出现的范围、程度或频率 incidence贩毒者 traffickers防治此传染病 to contain the epidemic非何杰金淋巴瘤 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)肺结核 tuberculosis (TB)复苏的 resurgent腹泻 diarrhea辅助疗法 complementary therapy副作用 side effects改革开放 reform and opening感染 contract/infect感染 infection感染HIV病毒 to carry HIV肝炎 hepatitis告诫 to exhort高危险群 high-risk populations高效抗逆转录病毒疗法highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)个体户 self-employed entrepreneurs公共保健 public health care骨髓抑制 bone marrow suppression管不著 beyond the reach of officialdom官场; 官僚作风 officialdom毫升 milliliter (ml)合用针头 sharing of needlesHIV 急性期感染 acute HIV infectionHIV 菌种 HIV strains/ strains of HIVHIV阳性 HIV positive患上/染上 to suffer from/ to be infected with/ to be afflicted with/ contract (the virus/AIDS)黄疸 jaundice黄金時段 in prime time婚前性行为 premarital sex机会性感染 opportunistic infections机能障碍 lesion基因 gene基因组,染色体组 genome结核菌素皮下测试 tuberculin skin test (TST)接种 inoculation接种疫苗 vaccination静脉内的; 静脉注射物 intravenous (IV)静脉注射 intravenous injection静脉注射使用者是中国艾滋病主要人口IV users constitute the largest proportion of HIV cases in China静脉注射药物 intravenous (IV) drug精神病 psychiatric disorders惊险的经济发展 breakneck economic development巨大的危险 titanic peril卡波氏肉瘤 Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)开矿 mine exploration抗生素 antibiotic抗体 antibody抗体媒介免疫 antibody-mediated immunity抗原呈递 antigen presentation可归咎于 be attributable to劳动力流动 labor mobility联合国艾滋病计划 U.N. AIDS program, the联合国艾滋病特别大会United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS淋巴 lymph淋巴结 lymph nodes淋病 gonorrhea临床潜伏期 clinical latency临床实验 clinical trial流动人口 transient population流行病 epidemic流行病学 epidemiology流行病学家 epidemiologist乱交与婚前性关系 casual and premarital sex乱交，性乱行为 promiscuity**时代 Maoist era梅毒 syphilis美国疾病控制预防中心 CDC ( US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)免疫反应 immune response免疫疗法 immunotherapy免疫缺乏 immunodeficiency免疫缺陷 immune deficiency免疫系统 immune system免疫作用 immunization男女婴每年出生自然比率natural ratio of males to females born each year男性继承人 male heirs脑膜炎 meningitis脑炎 encephalitis逆转录酶病毒 retrovirus剖腹产 cesarean疱疹 herpes疱疹病毒 herpes viruses皮条客 pimp皮下注射器 syringe嫖客 john平面广告 billboard普遍的社会问题 pervasive social problem潜伏期 incubation period潜伏期 latency求助于毒品 to turn to drugs艾滋病词汇中英互译二：全国或全世界流行的(疾病) pandemic全球艾滋病感染最严重的国家world"s most heavily HIV- infected nations全球涵盖范围 global coverage全血球计数 complete blood count (CBC)染病的亚洲人 afflicted Asian HIV sufferers染上愛滋病毒 infected with HIV人口多/稠密的 populous人类免疫缺陷病毒II型 HIV-2人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型 HIV-1人乳头状瘤病毒 human papilloma virus (HPV)日趋严重 to be on the rise沙门氏菌 salmonella社会经济转变 socioeconomic transformation社会问题 social ills社区规划 community planning生殖道尖锐湿疣 genital warts使恶化 exacerbate失控 get out of hand世界艾滋病日 World AIDS Day试验性质的，暂时的 tentative受感染的血液 tainted blood收入差距越來越大 growing income disparities收视率 viewing rate/ rating输血 blood transfusions输血 transfusion输血人 blood donors输血中心 blood Collection Center双盲研究 double-blind study水平传播 horizontal transmission死亡率 fatalities随机比对临床试验 randomized trial替代医学 alternative medicineT辅助细胞 T4 cellT淋巴细胞 T cells同性恋性交 homosexual intercourse推广保险套使用 promotion of condom use脱氧核糖核酸 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)晚期 end-stage disease围产期传播 perinatal transmission卫生官员 health official问题已经很严重了 problem is already particularly acute问题只会越来越严重problem will certainly get much worse before its gets any better无效对照剂 placebo无预防措施之性交 unprotected sex吸毒者 drug takers细菌 bacterium风俗习惯 social mores現代化的利弊得失 benefits and the costs of modernity消费者至上主义、物质至上主义 consumerism酵母菌感染 yeast infection新陈代谢 metabolism性传染病 sexually transmitted disease (STD)性工作者 commercial sex work性交 sexual intercourse性能力最活跃的年纪 in their most sexually active stages of life 血浆 plasma血库 pool血清 serum血清测试 serologic test血头 blood heads血小板 platelets血液传染病 blood-borne diseases血液中所含的病毒數量 viral burden血友病 (人) hemophilia(c)亚临床感染 subclinical infection严重 acute/ serious/ enormous药品核准标示外使用 off-label use药物抗性 drug resistance意见论文 position paper疫苗 vaccine以母乳喂哺 to breast-feed异性恋的 heterosexual异性恋者 heterosexual population衣原体 Chlamydia抑制剂 integrase inhibitors抑制剂 integrase inhibitors抑制其蔓延 to contain the epidemic隐瞒真实身份 to mask a person"s identity影响很大 enormous implications有传染性的 infectious有毒瘾者 junkie预防教育 preventive education与先前官方数据完全相反 stands in entire contrast to previous official statistics孕前咨询 preconception counseling灾难的边缘 on the brink of disasters在世界艾滋病日 on World AIDS Day在体内潜伏 hole up in the body再用针头与注射筒 reuse of needles and syringes赞赏 to praise诊断 diagnosis针灸 acupuncture症候群 syndrome知情同意 informed consent中国社会的组成 makeup of Chinese society中国政界 Chinese officials自身免疫作用 autoimmunizationacupuncture 针灸acute HIV infection HIV 急性期感染acute/ serious/ enormous 严重adult AIDS clinical trials group (AACTG) 成人艾滋病临床研究协作组afflicted Asian HIV sufferers 染病的亚洲人AIDS 艾滋病AIDS activist 艾滋病宣傳員AIDS drug assistance program (ADAP) 艾滋病药物协助计划AIDS education and training centers (AETC) 艾滋病教育培训中心AIDS service organization (ASO) 艾滋病服务组织AIDS village(s) 愛滋村AIDS wasting syndrome 艾滋消瘦症候群AIDS Worker 艾滋病工作者AIDSDRUGS 艾滋病药物数据库AIDS-infected patient 艾滋病感染者AIDSLINE 艾滋病文献资料库AIDS-related cancers 艾滋病相关癌症AIDS-related complex (ARC) 艾滋病相关症群期alternative medicine 替代医学an underestimate 低估数据antibiotic 抗生素antibody 抗体antibody-mediated immunity 抗体媒介免疫antigen presentation 抗原呈递autoimmunization 自身免疫作用B cell lymphoma B细胞淋巴瘤bacterium 细菌be attributable to 可归咎于benefits and the costs of modernity 現代化的利弊得失beyond reach of officials 管不著billboard 平面广告blinded study 参加者不知情的研究blood Collection Center 输血中心blood donors 输血人blood transfusions 输血blood-borne diseases 血液传染病blood heads 血头bone marrow suppression 骨髓抑制breakneck economic development 惊险的经济发展casual and premarital sex 乱交与婚前性关系CDC ( US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 美国疾病控制预防中心cesarean 剖腹产Chinese aged between 15 and 49 …岁之间的中国人Chinese officials 中国政界Chlamydia 衣原体clinical latency 临床潜伏期clinical trial 临床实验commercial sex work 性工作者community planning 社区规划complementary therapy 辅助疗法complete blood count (CBC) 全血球计数concomitant drugs 伴随药物conservative projections 保守估計consumerism 消费者至上主义、物质至上主义contract/infect 感染diagnosis 诊断diarrhea 腹泻DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 脱氧核糖核酸double-blind study 双盲研究downplay the epidemic 对疫情不予重视drug resistance 药物抗性drug takers 吸毒者encephalitis 脑炎endemic 地方病end-stage disease 晚期enormous implications 影响很大epidemic 流行病epidemiologist 流行病学家epidemiology 流行病学exacerbate 使恶化explosive level 爆炸性的水平fatalities 死亡率gamma globulin 丙种球蛋白gene 基因genital warts 生殖道尖锐湿疣。

专利名称：Male condom 发明人：Joseph T. Johnson 申请号：US09/123656申请日：19980728公开号：US05954054A公开日：19990921专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：A male condom for preventing unwanted pregnancy and protecting against communicable diseases transmitted by the exchange of bodily fluids includes a flaccid pouch made of a thin disposable film of fluid impervious material and a flaccid pouch harness. The flaccid pouch consists of an elongate, hollow, generally cylindrical body defining a longitudinal axis and having a first end and a second end. The first end is typically open, but the male condom may be provided with a thin breakable-seal entrance shield to temporarily close the first end. The male condom further includes at least one longitudinally extending, thin breakable-seal web formed on the exterior surface of the body and defining a hollow cavity for storing a liquid or gel lubricantand/or spermicide. The flaccid pouch harness includes an annular retaining ring made of a thicker disposable film of fluid impervious material and attached to the flaccid pouch adjacent the first end of the body. Preferably, the flaccid pouch harness further includes at least one radially extending application handle formed in a closed loop and depending generally outwardly from the exterior surface of the retaining ring. Preferably, the flaccid pouch harness also includes at least one longitudinally extending retaining band depending generally rearwardly from the retaining ring.申请人：JOHNSON; JOSEPH T.代理机构：Christopher C. Dremann PC 代理人：Christopher C. Dremann更多信息请下载全文后查看。

男性阴茎套接尿装置的制作及应用的临床研究作者：齐珊吕琦玲黄欢笑来源：《中国现代医生》2014年第19期[摘要] 目的探讨男性阴茎套接尿装置的制作及应用的临床效果。

方法对患者采用改良后的男性阴茎套接尿装置，就是用一次性尿袋剪去底部的一个角，包住剪口的边缘，套在阴茎的根部的方法，并与传统的阴茎套接尿方法对比,对尿路感染发生率进行比较。

结果两组使用10 d、20 d比较，观察组并发症显著低于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。

在此时间内，观察组接尿装置牢靠固定、使用时间明显长过对照组，泌尿系感染发生率也低于对照组，观察组最佳使用时间为10 d。

结论采用男性阴茎套接尿装置，减少了尿路感染及反复插尿管的痛苦，病人自主排尿功能及时恢复，降低了插尿管引起排尿异常的发生率。

[关健词] 男性；接尿装置；制作；临床研究[中图分类号] R6[文献标识码] B[文章编号] 1673-9701（2014）19-0058-02Clinical study of male condom urine receiving device fabrication and applicationQI Shan LU Qiling HUANG HuanxiaoDepartment of General Surgery，Gaobu Hospital of Dongguan City in Guangdong Province，Dongguan 523270，China[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical study of male condom urine receiving device fabrication and Application. Methods Patients with modified male condom urine receiving device, an angle is the use of disposable urinebag cut bottom, wrap the cutting edge, methodin penile root, and urine method compared with the traditional set of penis,the incidence of urinary tract infection test. Results Two groups of 10 days, 20 days, the occurrence of complications in study group was significantly lower than the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P[Key words] Male；The urine receiving device；Manufacture；Clinical research男性阴茎套接尿装置临床上经常用到，临床主要是针对长期以来处于昏迷、卧床、尿失禁、麻醉术后等病人的一种人工接尿的方法，其主要目的是为了排空膀胱、预防因为留置尿管或者是常规的接尿方法引起的并发症（尿路感染、湿床、褥疮等）[1-2]，使病人舒适、经济、安全。

Basic Facts About HIV/AIDS What is HIV?HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. A member of a group of viruses called retroviruses, HIV infects human cells and uses the energy and nutrients provided by those cells to grow and reproduce.What is AIDS?AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a disease in which the body's immune system breaks down and is unable to fight off certain infections, known as "opportunistic infections," and other illnesses that take advantage of a weakened immune system.When a person is infected with HIV, the virus enters the body and lives and multiplies primarily in the white blood cells. These are the immune cells that normally protect us from disease. The hallmark of HIV infection is the progressive loss of a specific type of immune cell called T-helper or CD4 cells. As the virus grows, it damages or kills these and other cells, weakening the immune system and leaving the individual vulnerable to various opportunistic infections and other illnesses, ranging from pneumonia to cancer. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines someone as having a clinical diagnosis of AIDS if they have tested positive for HIV and meet one or both of these conditions:•They have experienced one or more AIDS-related infections or illnesses; •The number of CD4 cells has reached or fallen below 200 per cubic millimeter of blood (a measurement known as T-cell count).In healthy individuals, the CD4 count normally ranges from 450 to 1200.How quickly do people infected with HIV develop AIDS?In some people, the T-cell decline and opportunistic infections that signal AIDS develop soon after infection with HIV. Most people remain asymptomatic for 10 to 12 years, and a few for much longer. As with most diseases, early medical care can help prolong a person's life.How many people are affected by HIV/AIDS?The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimates that there are now over 40 million people living with HIV or AIDS worldwide. Most of them do not know they carry HIV and may be spreading the virus to others. Here in the U.S., nearly one million people have HIV infection or AIDS, or roughly one out of every 250 people. At least 40,000 Americans become newly infected with HIV each year, and it is estimated that half of all people with HIV in the U.S. have not been tested and do not know they are carrying the virus. Since the beginning of the epidemic, AIDS has killed more than 30 million people worldwide, including more than 500,000 Americans. AIDS has replaced malaria and tuberculosis as the world's deadliest infectious disease among adults and is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. Over 13 million children have been orphaned by the epidemic.How is HIV transmitted?A person who is HIV-infected carries the virus in certain body fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. The virus can be transmitted only if such HIV-infected fluids enter the bloodstream of another person. This kind of direct entry can occur (1) through the linings of the vagina, rectum, mouth, and the opening at the tip of the penis; (2) through intravenous injectionwith a syringe; or (3) through a break in the skin, such as a cut or sore. Usually, HIV is transmitted through:•Unprotected sexual intercourse (either vaginal or anal) with someone who is HIV infected.Women are at greater risk of HIV infection through vaginal sex than men, although the virus can also be transmitted from women to men. Anal sex (whether male-male or male-female) poses a high risk mainly to the receptive partner, because the lining of the anus and rectum are extremely thin and filled with small blood vessels that can be easily injured during intercourse. •Unprotected oral sex with someone who is HIV infected.There are far fewer cases of HIV transmission attributed to oral sex than to either vaginal or anal intercourse, but oral-genital contact poses a clear risk of HIV-infection, particularly when ejaculation occurs in the mouth. This risk is increased when either partner has cuts or sores, such as those caused by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), recent tooth-brushing, or canker sores, which can allow the virus to enter the bloodstream.•Sharing needles or syringes with someone who is HIV infected. Laboratory studies show that infectious HIV can survive in used needles for a month or more. That is why people who inject drugs should never reuse or share syringes, water, or drug preparation equipment. This includes needles or syringes used to inject illegal drugs such as heroin, as well as steroids. Other types of needles, such as those used for body piercing and tattoos, can also carry HIV. •Infection during pregnancy, childbirth, or breast-feeding (mother-to-infant transmission).Any woman who is pregnant or considering becoming pregnant and thinks she may have been exposed to HIV even if the exposure occurred years ago should seek testing and counseling. Mother-to-infant transmission has been reduced to just a few cases each year in the U.S., where pregnant women are tested for HIV, and those who test positive are provided with drugs to prevent transmission and counseled not to breast-feed.How is HIV not transmitted?HIV is not an easy virus to pass from one person to another. It is not transmitted through food or air (for instance, by coughing or sneezing). There has never been a case where a person was infected by a household member, relative, co-worker, or friend through casual or everyday contact such as sharing eating utensils and bathroom facilities, or hugging and kissing. (Most scientists agree that while HIV transmission through deep or prolonged "French" kissing may be possible, it would be extremely unlikely).Here in the U.S., screening the blood supply for HIV has virtually eliminated the risk of infection through blood transfusions. (And you cannot get HIV from giving blood at a blood bank or other established blood collection center.) Sweat, tears, vomit, feces, and urine do contain HIV, but have not been reported to transmit the disease (apart from two cases involving transmission from feces via cut skin). Mosquitos, fleas, and other insects do not transmit HIV.How can I reduce my risk of becoming infected with HIV through sexual contact?If you are sexually active, protect yourself from HIV infection by practicing safer sex. Whenever you have sex, use a condom or "dental dam" (a square oflatex recommended for use during oral-genital and oral-anal sex). When used properly and consistently, condoms are extremely effective. But remember: •Use only latex condoms (or dental dams). Lambskin products provide little protection against HIV.•Use only water-based lubricants. Latex condoms are virtually useless when combined with oil- or petroleum-based lubricants such as Vaseline or hand lotion. (People with latex allergies can use polyethylene condoms with oil-based lubricants.)•Use protection each and every time you have sex.•If needed, consult a nurse, doctor, or health educator for guidance on the proper use of latex barriers.How can I avoid acquiring HIV from a contaminated needle?If you are injecting drugs of any type, including steroids, do not share syringes or other injection equipment with anyone else. (Disinfecting previously used needles and syringes with bleach can reduce the risk of HIV transmission). If you are planning to have any part of your body pierced or to get a tattoo, be sure to see a qualified professional who uses sterile equipment. Detailed HIV prevention information for drug users who continue to inject is available from the CDC's National Prevention Information Network at 1-800-458-5231 or online.Is there a link between HIV and other STIs?Having a sexually transmitted infection can increase your risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV. This is true whether you have open sores or breaks in the skin (as with syphilis, herpes, chancroid) or not (as with chlamydia and gonorrhea).Where there are breaks in the skin, HIV can enter and exit the body more easily. Even when there are no breaks in the skin, STIs can cause biological changes that may make HIV transmission more likely. Studies show that HIV-infected individuals who are infected with another STI are three to five times more likely to contract or transmit the virus through sexual contact.Are there other ways to avoid getting HIV through sex?The male condom is the only widely available barrier against sexual transmission of HIV. Female condoms are fairly unpopular in the U.S. and still relatively expensive, but they are gaining acceptance in some developing countries. Efforts are also underway to develop topical creams or gels called "microbicides," which can be applied prior to sexual intercourse to kill HIV and block other STIs that facilitate HIV infection.Are some people at greater risk of HIV infection than others?HIV does not discriminate. It is not who you are, but what you do that determines whether you can become infected with HIV. Worldwide, sexual intercourse is by far the most common mode of HIV transmission, but in the U.S., as many as half of all new HIV infections are now associated either directly or indirectly with injection drug use, i.e., using HIV-contaminated needles to inject drugs or having sexual contact with an HIV-infected drug user. Overall, HIV infection is spreading fastest in this country among young people, women, African Americans, and Hispanics.Are women especially vulnerable to HIV?。