2015英美文学选读考纲

《英美文学选读》复习指导资料《英美文学选读》复习指导资料一． 课程介绍：课程介绍：本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分组成。

主要内容包括英美文学发展史及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。

及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。

文学史部分从英美两国历史、文学史部分从英美两国历史、文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、语言、语言、文化发文化发展的角度，简要介绍英美两国文学各个历史时代的主要历史背景、文学文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等。

选读部分主要接选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。

戏剧、小说、散文等。

二． 《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。

三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：识记：识记： 有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住领会：领会： 在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别和区别应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。

Part 1 English Literature An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature 一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容1．古代英国文学和中世纪英国文学的起始阶段2．英国文学史上的第一部民族史诗----Beowulf 3．中世纪文学的主要文学形式-----Romance 4．Geoffrey Chaucer 的文学贡献的文学贡献二．练习：二．练习：1. Choose the best answer for each blank. 1). The period of ______ English literature begins from about 450 to 1066, the year of ______.  A . Old----Renaissance A. Old----Renaissance B. Middle---- the Norman Conquest of England C . Middle ---- Renaissance C. Middle ---- Renaissance D. Old---- the Norman Conquest of England 2).. 2).. The The The Medieval Medieval Medieval period period period in in in English English English literature literature literature extends extends extends from from from 1066 1066 1066 up up up to to to the the ______ century.  A . mid-13th A. mid-13th B. mid-14th C. mid-15th D. mid-16th 3). Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national ______ of the Anglo-Saxons.  A . sonnet A. sonnet B. essay C. epic D. novel 4). 4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us us a comprehensive realistic a comprehensive realistic picture picture of of of the the the English English English society society society of of of his his his time time time and and and created created created a a a whole whole whole gallery gallery gallery of of of vivid vivid characters from all walks of life.  A. A. Geoffrey Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer B. B. William Shakespeare Shakespeare C. C. Francis Bacon D. William Langland 5). 5). For For For the the the Renaissance, Renaissance, Renaissance, ______ ______ ______ was was was regarded regarded regarded as as as the the the English English English Homer. Homer. His reputation reputation has has has been been been securely securely securely established established established as as as one one one of of of the the the best best best English English English poets poets poets for for for his his wisdom, humor and ______.  A . Geoffrey Chaucer----wits A. Geoffrey Chaucer----wits B. William Shakespeare----wits C . Geoffrey Chaucer----humanity C. Geoffrey Chaucer----humanity D. William Shakespeare----humanity 6). After the conquest of 1066, three languages co-existed in England. They are ______, ______ and ______.  A . Old English, Greek, Latin A. Old English, Greek, Latin B. Old English, French, Latin  C . Old English, Greek, French C. Old English, Greek, French D. English, Greek, French 7). 7). Geoffrey Geoffrey Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer Chaucer is is is the the the greatest greatest greatest writer writer writer of of of the the the Medieval Medieval Medieval period period period in in in English English literature. In “The Legend of Good Women”, he used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the ______.  A . couplet A. couplet B. blank verse C. heroic couplet D. epic 8). 8). Thematically Thematically Thematically the the the poem poem poem “Beowulf” “Beowulf” “Beowulf” presents presents presents a a a vivid vivid vivid picture picture picture of of of how how how the the primitive people wage heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the ______ world under a wise and mighty ______.  A. A. spiritual----hero B . B. natural----leader C. spiritual----god D. natural----monster 9). It can be said that though essentially still a medieval writer, Geoffrey Chaucer bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new ______ to come.  A . man A. man B. theory C. doctrine D. era 10). 10). Geoffrey Geoffrey Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer Chaucer introduced introduced introduced from from from France France France the the the rhymed rhymed rhymed stanzas stanzas stanzas of of of various various types to English poetry to replace the Old English ______ verse.  A . rhymed A. rhymed B. alliterative C. social D. visionary 2. Explain the following literal terms. 1). Romance 2). Heroic Couplet 3). Epic 3. Answer the following questions. 1). How many groups do the Old English poetry poetry divided into? What divided into? What are they? Which group does Beowulf belong to? Why? 2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature? Chapter1. The The Renaissance Period一．重点一．重点前言部分前言部分1． 文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征2． 人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响3． 文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征练习：练习：Renaissance Period 1. Choose the best answer for each blank. 1). 1). The The The Renaissance, Renaissance, Renaissance, in in in essence, essence, essence, is is is a a a historical historical historical period period period in in in which which which the the the European European ______ thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval medieval Europe, Europe, Europe, to to to introduce introduce introduce new new new ideas ideas ideas that that that expressed expressed expressed the the the interests interests interests of of of the the the rising rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.  A . Greek and Roman A. Greek and Roman B. humanist C. religious D. loyal 2). 2). Generally, Generally, Generally, the the the ______ ______ ______ refers refers refers to to to the the the period period period between between between the the the 14th 14th 14th and and and mid-17th mid-17th centuries. centuries. It It It first first first started started started in in in Italy, Italy, with with the the the flowering flowering flowering of of of painting, painting, painting, sculpture sculpture sculpture and and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe.  A. Medieval Period B . B. Renaissance C. Old English Period D . D. Romantic Period 3). ______ is is the the the essence essence of of the the the Renaissance. Renaissance. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and _______ are the best representatives of the English humanists.  A. Humanity---- William Shakespeare B. Humanism-----Francis Bacon  C. Humanity---- Geoffrey Chaucer D. Humanism----William Shakespeare 4). The Elizabethan ______ is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The The most most most famous famous famous dramatists dramatists dramatists in in in the the the Renaissance Renaissance Renaissance England England England are are are Christopher Christopher Christopher Marlowe, Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and ______.  A . novel--- Geoffrey Chaucer A. novel--- Geoffrey Chaucer B. poetry----Francis Bacon C . drama----Ben Jonson C. drama----Ben Jonson D. drama----Geoffrey Chaucer 5). Humanism sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique antique authors authors authors and and and is is is frequently frequently frequently taken taken taken as as as the the the beginning beginning beginning of of of the the the Renaissance Renaissance Renaissance on on on its its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and ______ civilization was based on such a conception that ______ is the measure of all things.  A . Roman ---- moral A. Roman ---- moral B. French---- reason C. Roman---- man D. French---- God 6).One of the major result of the Reformation in England was the fact that the Bible in English was placed in every church and services were held in English instead of ______ so that people could understand.  A. Latin B. French C. Greek D. Anglo-Saxon 7). 7). Wyatt, Wyatt, Wyatt, in in in the the the Renaissance Renaissance Renaissance period, period, period, introduced introduced introduced the the the Petrarchan Petrarchan Petrarchan ______ ______ ______ into into England, while Surrey brought in ______ verse.  A. drama----free B . B. sonnet----blank C . C. terzarima----blank D. couplet----free 8). 8). In In In the the the early early early stage stage stage of of of the the the English English English Renaissance, Renaissance, Renaissance, poetry poetry poetry and and and ______ ______ ______ were were were the the most outstanding forms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.  A. fiction B. dramatic fiction C. poetic drama D. novel 9). 9). By By By emphasizing emphasizing emphasizing the the the dignity dignity dignity of of of human human human beings beings beings and and and the the the importance importance importance of of of the the present life, ______ voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.  A. humanists B. Protestants C. Catholics D. playwrights 10). ______ was the first important English essayist. He was also the founder of modern science in England.  A . A. A. Edmund Edmund Edmund Spenser Spenser B. B. Christopher Christopher Christopher Marlowe Marlowe C. C. Francis Francis Francis Bacon Bacon D. Ben Jonson 2. Explain the following literal terms.  1). the Renaissance Period  2). blank verse  3). Humanism 3. Answer the following questions.  1). 1). Make Make Make a a a comment comment comment on on on the the the influence influence influence of of of Italian Italian Italian literary literary literary works works works upon upon upon the the literature in the Renaissance England.  2). Make a comment on humanism  3). 3). What are the typical characteristics of literary works produced in Renaissance England? 文艺复兴时期的主要作家。

《英美文学》复习纲要I. Define the following terms1. Lake poets:2. Pre-romanticism:3. Romanticism:4. Byronic heroes5.: Critical Realism:6. Dramatic monologue7. Neo-romanticism8. Naturalism9. Aestheticism10 Stream of consciousness11. .Imagism12. American PuritanismII. Reading comprehension：Passage1O my luve is like a red, red rose,That’s newly sprung in June;O my luve is like the melodieThat’s sweetly played in tune.2As fair thou art , my bonie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still, my dear,Till a’ the seas gang dry.3Till a’ the seas gang dry, my dear ,And the rocks melt wi’ the sun;And I will luve thee still , my dear,While the sands o’life shall r un.4And fare thee weel,my only luve,And fare thee weel awhile;And I will come again, my luve,Tho’it were ten thousand mile!Questions:1.The poem is entitled____________, written by ______________.2.The theme of the poem is about ________.3.The poem is written in _________dialect.4.The rhythm used in the odd-numbered lines is ______ while that used in the even-numbered lines is __________.5.The rhyme scheme employed in the first two stanzas of the poem is ____ and that employed in the last two stanzas is ___6.List two rhetorical devices used in the poem with one example each.Passage 2For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude,And then my heart with pleasure fillsAnd dances with the _______.…”Questions:1. Identify the poet and the title of the poem. (2 points)2. What is the last word at the end of the line? (1 points)3. What is the metrical pattern and rhyme scheme of the above excerpt? (4 points)4. Please paraphrase this stanza. (3 points)Passage 3She lived unknown, and few could knowWhen Lucy ceased to be;But she is in her grave, and oh,The difference to me!1) Who was the writer?2) What is the name/ title of the poem?3) What does “and oh, /The difference to me!” imply?4) Why the writer use “unknown” and “know” in the same line?Passage 4I heard the merry grasshopper then sing,The black-clad cricket bear a second part;They kept one tune and played on the same string.Seeming to glory in their little art.Small creatures abject thus their voices raise,And in their kind resound their Maker' s praise,Whilst I, as mute, can warble forth no higher lays?Questions:1.This is the ninth of the "Contemplations" written by an early American womanwriter. What is her name?2.Make a brief comment on this short poem.Passage 5HuswiferyMake me, O Lord, thy spinning wheel complete.Thy holy word my distaff make for me.Make mine affections thy swift flyers neat,And make my soul thy holy spool to be.My conversation make to be thy reel,And reel the yam thereon spun of thy wheel. Questions:1. Identify the poet of this poem.2. Make a brief comment on this poemPassage 6Sunset and evening star,And one clear call for me!And may there be no moaning of the bar,When I put out to sea,But such a tide as moving seems asleep,Too full for sound and foam,When that which drew from out the boundless deepTurns again home.Twilight and evening bell,And after that the dark!And may there be no sadness of farewell,When I embark;For though from out our bourne of Time and PlaceThe flood may bear me far,I hope to see my Pilot face to faceWhen I have crossed the bar.Questions:1.Who is the author and what is the title of the poem?2. What are the images of the end of life in the poem?3. What is the theme of the poem?Passage 7•"Standing on the bare ground—my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted in to infinite space—all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparenteye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal being circulatethrough me; I am part or particle of God. "1. Which work is this selection taken from?2. How do you understand the philosophical ideas in these words?Passage 8The apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.Questions:1.Who is the writer of this poem? _______________2.What is the title of this poem? _______________3.What images in this poem suggest Haiku poetry and what images are “modern”?4.What is the effect of the parallel between lines one and two of the poem? And whatfeeling and meaning does the poem express to you?III. Questions and Answers.1. What is the significance of Preface to Lyrical Ballads?(In the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth set forth his principles of poetry. He based his own poetical theory on the premise that good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. He appealed directly to individual sensation as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry. Ordinary peasants and children may be used as subjects in the poetic creation. As to the language used in poetry, Wordsworth endeavored to bring language near to the real language of men.)2. What does “She” (referring to Lucy) in“She Dwelt Among the Untroden Ways” imply?3. What is the theme of “She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”?4. “I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!/ A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed/ One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.” The a bove quotation is taken from Shelley’s poem ‘Ode to the West wind”. What does the underlined part mean?5. Why did Shelley wish to be “a dead leaf”, “a swift cloud” and asked the West wind to “lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud”?6. What is the image of “nightingale” in Keats’“Ode to a Nightingale”?7. What are Austen’s writing features Jane Austen?(She is one of the realistic novelists. She drew vivid and realistic pictures of everyday life of the country society in her novels. Austen’s work has a very narrow literary field. She confines herself to small country parishes, whose simple country people became the characters of her novels, but within her own field, she is unrivaled. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire. Her pots are straight-forward; there is little action. Her characters are like real living creatures, with faults and virtues mixed as they are in real life. Her prose flows easily and naturally. Her dialogue is admirably true to life.)8. Why does William Makepeace Thackeray give one of his novels the title Vanity Fair and the subtitle “Novel without a Hero”?9. What is the character Rebecca Sharp?What is your opinion on the character Rebecca Sharp?10. What are the major contributions made by the 19th century critical realists?(The major contribution is their perfection of the novel. Like the realists of the 18th century, the 19th century critical realist made use of the form of novel of full and detailed representations of social and political events, and of the fate of individuals and of whole social classes. However, the realistic novels of the 19th century went a step further than those of the 18th century in that they not only pictured the conflicts between individuals who stood for definite social strata, but also showed the broad social conflicts over and above the fate of mere individuals. Their artistic representation of vital social movements such as Chartism, and their vivid description of the dramatic conflicts of the time make the 19th century realistic nov el “the epic of the bourgeois society”.)11. What is the significance of American Puritanism in American literature?12. Please make a brief statements of English critical realism.13. Please summarize the main principles of Mathew Arnold’s literary criticism .14.Pease make a brief summary of the principles of Imagist movement .15.What are the main features of New England Transcendentalism.IV. Topic Discussione examples from Oliver Twist to illustrate the major themes of the novel.2.Please retell the story of The Tale of Two Cities written by Charles Dickens , andthen make comments on it on the terms of its theme and characterization.3.Please retell the story of Vanity Fair written by W. M. Thackeray , and then makecomments on it on the terms of its theme and characterization.4.Please retell the story of Jane Eyre, and then make comments on it on the termsof its theme and characterization.5.Please retell the story of Wuthering Height, and then make comments on it on theterms of its theme and characterization.6.Please retell the story of Scarlet Letter, and then make comments on it on theterms of its theme and characterization.[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。

一莎士比亚In 1593 and 1594, he published two narrative poems(叙事诗), Venus and Adonis(维纳斯和安东尼斯) and The Rape of Lucrece(鲁克丽斯受辱记).Four period:First: The first period of Shakespeare's dramatic career was one of apprenticeship(学徒期). He wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III(亨利六世上，中，下),Richard III(理查三世), and Titus Andronicus(泰托斯.安东尼); and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors(错误的喜剧), The Two Gentlemen of Verona(维洛那二绅士), The Taming of the Shrew(训悍记), and Love's Labour's Lost(爱的徒劳).Second: In the second period, Shakespeare's style and approach became highly individualized. By constructing a complex pattern between different characters and between appearance and reality, Shakespeare made subtle comments on a variety of human foibles. In this period he wrote five histories: Richard II(理查二世), King John(约翰王), Henry IV, Parts I and II(亨利四世上部和下部), and Henry V(亨利五世); six comedies: A Midsummer Night's Dream(仲夏夜之梦), The Merchant of Venice(威尼斯商人),Much Ado About Nothing(无事生非), As You Like It(皆大欢喜), Twelfth Night(第十二夜), and The Merry Wives of Windsor(温莎的风流娘们儿); and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet(罗密欧与朱丽叶) and Julis Caesar(裘里斯.凯撒).Third: Shakespeare's third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet(哈姆雷特), Othello(奥赛罗), King Lear(李尔王), Macbeth(麦克白), Angony and Cleopatra(安东尼与克利奥佩特拉), Troilus and Cressida(克利奥拉纳斯), and Coriolanus(). The two comedies are All's Well That Ends Wells(终成眷属)and Measure for Measure(一报还一报).Last: The last period of Shakespeare's work includes his principal romantic tragicomedies(浪漫悲喜剧): Pericles(伯利克里), Cymbeline(辛白林), The Winter's Tale(冬天的故事) and The Tempest(暴风雨); and his two final plays: Henry VIII(亨利八世) and The Two Noble Kinsmen(两位贵族亲戚).Shakespeare's authentic non-dramatic poetry consist of two long narrative poems: Venus and Adonis(维纳斯和安东尼斯) and The Rape of Lucrece(鲁克丽斯受辱记), and his sequence of 154 sonnets. Shakespeare's sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet's own feelings.With three exceptions (99,126,154) Shakespeare writes his sonnets in the popular English form, first fully developed by Surrey, of three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一节偶句).Shakespeare's history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity(在一个强大英明的君主统治下的国家，统一是非常必要的).The three history plays on the reign of Henry VI are the beginning of Shakespeare's epic treatment.The first and second parts of Henry IV are undoubtedly the most widely read among his history plays. It reveals a troubled reign in the 15th century. Shakespeare presents the patriotic spirit when mourning over the loss of English territories in France. He also dramatizes the class struggle between the oppressors and the oppressored during Jack Cade's rising of 1450. Furthermore, he condemns the War of the Roses waged by the feudal barons in which innocent people were killed. Here Shakespeare has liberated himself from any imitations of the contempory example .In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play.(在他的浪漫喜剧中，莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春，并将流浪色彩渲染到极致。

《英美文学》考试大纲学院（盖章）：负责人（签字）：专业代码： 050201 专业名称：英语语言文学专业考试科目代码：考试科目名称：英美文学根据教育部和国家各专业学位教育指导委员会相关文件精神，我校文法学院英语语言文学专业的研究生，除应具有坚实的英语基础外，还应掌握英美文学基本概念、理论、知识，具有一定的应用分析能力。

为便于考生考试前的学习及考前准备，保证硕士学位研究生的培养质量，特制定本《英美文学》入学考试大纲。

一、考试目的《英美文学》考试旨在全面考察考生是否具有硕士阶段学习所要求的英语水平，是否具有扎实的英语基础，是否掌握英美文学的基本概念、理论、知识，是否具有一定的应用分析能力及写作能力，以保证所招收硕士学位研究生的培养质量。

二、考试性质与范围测试考生掌握英美文学知识的水平考试。

1、1、考试的总体要求? 英语水平：通过英语专业四级考试。

②词汇：要求掌握语言学及英美文学相关专业词汇3500以上，积极词汇6000以上，能够使用以上词汇对英美文学的术语做出解释说明。

③专业知识：能读懂有关英美文学的问题，并能根据要求运用所学相关知识分析和回答问题。

④综合能力：要求考生掌握英美文学的基本概念、理论、知识，具有较好的英语写作能力，具有一定的应用分析能力，能够就相关专业问题表达自己的理解、观点或看法。

2、2、考试形式3、①笔试、闭卷4、②使用英语答题。

③总分为150，考试时间为180分钟。

三、题型与内容1、试题题型①填空题? 判断正误题? 术语解释题④问答题⑤论述题2、考试内容①填空题：考查英美文学的基础知识。

（10道题，计20分。

）。

英美文学选读自学考试大纲一、考试简介英美文学选读自学考试旨在测试考生对于英美文学的基本概念、发展历程、重要作家及其作品的掌握程度，以及对于英美文学的基本理论和分析方法的了解和运用能力。

考试形式为闭卷笔试，考试时间为180分钟，满分为100分。

二、考试内容1、英美文学基本概念及发展历程（20%）测试考生对于英美文学的基本概念、发展历程和重要时期的了解和掌握程度。

2、英美文学重要作家及其作品（30%）测试考生对于英美文学的重要作家及其代表作品的了解和掌握程度，包括但不限于莎士比亚、简·奥斯汀、托尔斯泰、海明威等。

3、英美文学的基本理论和分析方法（30%）测试考生对于英美文学的基本理论和分析方法的了解和掌握程度，包括但不限于新批评、结构主义、后现代主义等。

4、阅读理解与写作能力（20%）测试考生的阅读理解能力和写作能力，包括对于所给文本的理解、分析、评价和论述能力。

三、考试形式及题型1、单项选择题（20分）要求考生从四个选项中选择一个最符合题意的答案。

2、多项选择题（20分）要求考生从五个选项中选择两个或以上的答案。

21、简答题（20分）要求考生用简短的语言回答问题，考查考生的理解和概括能力。

211、分析题（30分）要求考生对所给的文学作品进行分析、评价和论述，考查考生的分析能力和语言表达能力。

2111、写作题（10分）要求考生根据给定的题目和要求进行写作，考查考生的写作能力和语言表达能力。

四、自学建议系统学习英美文学基本知识：了解英美文学的发展历程、重要时期和流派，掌握基本概念和理论。

阅读重要作家作品：选择一些经典作家及其代表作品进行阅读和研究，深入了解作家的创作风格和思想内涵。

培养阅读和分析能力：通过阅读和分析文学作品，提高自己的阅读能力和分析能力，掌握基本的文学分析方法。

加强写作训练：通过写作练习，提高自己的写作能力和语言表达能力，为考试做好准备。

英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：代表人物：莎士比亚、培根、哈姆雷特等。

一.What is the theme of Beowulf?这首诗主题介绍了如何原始人工资在聪明和强大的领导之下的自然世界的敌对势力的英勇斗争的生动写照。

这首诗是自然界神话与英雄传说混合在一起的一个例子。

Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.二.莎士比亚（1）四个悲剧。

（二）四大悲剧的共同之处？3请简要总结每个英雄人性的弱点。

1.莎士比亚的四个最大的悲剧是：哈姆雷特、奥赛罗、李尔王、麦克白。

2.每个描绘了一些高尚的英雄，谁面临着人类生活的不公，陷入了一个困难的局面和他们的命运与整个国家的命运息息相关。

3.每一位英雄有他的弱点的性质；老国王李尔不愿意完全放弃他的权力；麦克白的权欲挑起他的抱负和他会导致无休止的罪行1.Shakespeare’s four greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.2.Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.3. Each hero has his weakness of nature; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes三.试论莎士比亚的艺术的创作。

Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period (1660-1798)一、背景知识（Background knowledge）1、历史背景（Historical background）新古典主义时期的英国社会矛盾交织。

王室与议会、不同的教派之间、统治阶级与贫苦的劳动大众之间冲突不断，托利党与辉格党也为对议会和政府的控制而争斗不已。

概言之，那是一个充满了多种矛盾和多种价值观的时代。

18世纪的英国发展迅速，到世纪中叶，英国已成为世界上的头号资本主义强国。

随着经济的迅速发展，中产阶级也随之壮大了起来.2、文化背景（Cultural background）A 随着资本主义的发展，中产阶级的社会价值观和道德观占据了主宰地位。

中产阶级崇尚自制、自立和勤劳。

对他们而言，生活的意义就在于工作、节俭和积累财富。

B 这一时期，启蒙运动在英国全面展开。

该运动的目的是用现代哲学和艺术观启迪社会。

启蒙主义者们宣扬理性、平等与科学，宣称理性是人类的一切思想和行动唯一的、终极的目标。

C 启蒙者们相信当理性作为衡量一切人类行为和关系的标尺之时，一切迷信、压迫和不公正将让位于“终极真理”、“终极正义”和“终极平等”。

D 启蒙者们鼓吹全民教育。

他们认为，大众受到教育才更有可能建成民主社会。

3、新古典主义文学的特征（Features of the Neo-classic literature）A 新古义文学奉古希腊、罗马的经典作品和当代法国作品。

B新古典主义作家自觉地追求均衡、统一与和谐表达的优雅，从而形成了雍容、雅致、诙谐、睿智的文风。

C这一时期的文学说教意味浓厚，成为流行一时的大众教育的手段。

各种文学体裁均遵循某些固定的条律和规则。

D包括当时流行的模拟史诗、传奇、讽刺诗、讽刺短诗在内的各体诗歌结构工整，遣词雅致、语气庄严、注重说教。

小说则不同于传统的贵族传奇文学，以现实的笔触摹写普通人民的生活。

二Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福（1660～1731），英国小说家，英国启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人，被誉为“欧洲小说之父”。

《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and others II Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of English poetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created awhole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________.(0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B【解析】(P4.para.2)本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。

《英美文学选读》复习指导资料《英美文学选读》复习指导资料一．课程介绍：本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分组成。

主要内容包括英美文学发展史及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。

文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，简要介绍英美两国文学各个历史时代的主要历史背景、文学文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等。

选读部分主要接选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。

二．《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。

三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：识记：有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住领会：在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。

Part 1 English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容1．古代英国文学和中世纪英国文学的起始阶段2．英国文学史上的第一部民族史诗----Beowulf3．中世纪文学的主要文学形式-----Romance4．Geoffrey Chaucer 的文学贡献二．练习：1. Choose the best answer for each blank.1). The period of ______ English literature begins from about 450 to 1066, theyear of ______.A. Old----RenaissanceB. Middle---- the Norman Conquest of EnglandC. Middle ---- RenaissanceD. Old---- the Norman Conquest of England2).. The Medieval period in English literature extends from 1066 up to the______ century.A. mid-13thB. mid-14thC. mid-15thD.mid-16th3). Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as thenational ______ of the Anglo-Saxons.A. sonnetB. essayC. epicD. novel4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. William ShakespeareC. Francis BaconD. William Langland5). For the Renaissance, ______ was regarded as the English Homer. His reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and ______.A. Geoffrey Chaucer----witsB. William Shakespeare----witsC. Geoffrey Chaucer----humanityD. WilliamShakespeare----humanity6). After the conquest of 1066, three languages co-existed in England. They are ______, ______ and ______.A. Old English, Greek, LatinB. Old English, French, LatinC. Old English, Greek, FrenchD. English, Greek, French7). Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of the Medieval period in English literature. In “The Legend of Good Women”, he used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the ______.A. coupletB. blank verseC. heroic coupletD. epic8). Thematically the poem “Beowulf” presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the ______ world under a wise and mighty ______.A. spiritual----heroB. natural----leaderC. spiritual----godD. natural----monster9). It can be said that though essentially still a medieval writer, Geoffrey Chaucer bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new ______ to come.A. manB. theoryC. doctrineD. era10). Geoffrey Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English ______ verse.A. rhymedB. alliterativeC. socialD. visionary2. Explain the following literal terms.1). Romance2). Heroic Couplet3). Epic3. Answer the following questions.1). How many groups do the Old English poetry divided into? What are they? Which group does Beowulf belong to? Why?2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature?Chapter1. The Renaissance Period一．重点前言部分1．文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征2．人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响3．文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征练习：Renaissance Period1. Choose the best answer for each blank.1). The Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European______ thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.A. Greek and RomanB. humanistC. religiousD. loyal2). Generally, the ______ refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe.A. Medieval PeriodB. RenaissanceC. Old English PeriodD. Romantic Period3). ______ is the essence of the Renaissance. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and _______ are the best representatives of the English humanists.A. Humanity---- William ShakespeareB. Humanism-----Francis BaconC. Humanity---- Geoffrey ChaucerD. Humanism----William Shakespeare4). The Elizabethan ______ is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and ______.A. novel--- Geoffrey ChaucerB. poetry----Francis BaconC. drama----Ben JonsonD. drama----Geoffrey Chaucer5). Humanism sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and ______ civilization was based on such a conception that ______ is the measure of all things.A. Roman ---- moralB. French---- reasonC. Roman---- manD. French---- God6).One of the major result of the Reformation in England was the fact that the Bible in English was placed in every church and services were held in English instead of ______ so that people could understand.A. LatinB. FrenchC. GreekD. Anglo-Saxon7). Wyatt, in the Renaissance period, introduced the Petrarchan ______ into England, while Surrey brought in ______ verse.A. drama----freeB. sonnet----blankC. terzarima----blankD. couplet----free8). In the early stage of the English Renaissance, poetry and ______ were the most outstanding forms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.A. fictionB. dramatic fictionC. poetic dramaD. novel9). By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, ______ voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.A. humanistsB. ProtestantsC. CatholicsD. playwrights10). ______ was the first important English essayist. He was also the founder of modern science inEngland.A. Edmund SpenserB. Christopher MarloweC. Francis BaconD. Ben Jonson2. Explain the following literal terms.1). the Renaissance Period2). blank verse3). Humanism3. Answer the following questions.1). Make a comment on the influence of Italian literary works upon the literature in the Renaissance England.2). Make a comment on humanism3). What are the typical characteristics of literary works produced in Renaissance England?文艺复兴时期的主要作家。

英美文学复习一、连线（重点）1.Benjamin Franklin（The Autobiography）2.Ralph Waldo Emerson（Nature；Self-Reliance）3.Henry David Thoreau（Walden）4.Edgar Allan Poe（The Raven）5.Nathaniel Hawthorne（the Minister’s Black Veil；The Scarlet Letter）6.Herman Melville（Moby Dick）7. Emily Dickinson (Wild Nights-Wild Nights!; A Bird Came down to the Wall; I Died for Beauty—But Was Scarce; Because I could Not Stop for Death)8.William Faulkner（A Rose for Emily）9. Arthur Miller (Death of a Salesman)1. Jonathan Edwards——Sinner in the Hands of Angry God/ freedom of will/the doctrine of original defended/the nature of true virture2. Benjamin Franklin——The Autobiography3. Ralph Waldo Emerson-Nature/ Self-Reliance/ the conduct of life/ representing men4. Henry David Thoreau-Walden/ civil disobedience/5. Edgar Allan Poe-The Raven/ annabel lee/ ulalume6.Nathaniel Hawthorne-the Minister’s Black V eil/ The Scarlet Letter/mosses from an old mansion/ the house of the seven gables/ twice-told tales/the marble faun7. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow--A psalm of life/ Evangeline/ the courtship of miles standish8. Herman Melville-Moby Dick/redburn/ Typee/Mardi/Billy Budd/9. Emily Dickinson-Wild Nights-Wild Nights! /Because I could Not Stop for Death/ a bird came down the walk/ I died for beauty-But was scarce10.Walt Whitman-When I heard the learn'd astronomer11. Stephen Crane- The Red Badge of Courage/ cavalry crossing a Ford12.Jack London-The Law of Life/the peope of the abyss/ war of the classes/the iron heel/revolution/the sea wolf/ the call of the wild13.Ezra Pound-In a station of the Metro/personae/ hugh selwyn/ the cantos/14. Robert Frost-The Road Not T aken\ Fire and Ice\ Mending Wall\Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening15. Thomas Stearns Eliot--the love song of J. Alfred Prufrock16. Sherwood Anderson--Sophistication, concering Helen White17.Ernest Hemingway-A Clean, W ell-lighted Place18. William Faulkner-death of a Salesma/ A rose for Emily二、填空独立前：1、早期英国殖民文学时期(1620-1820)Early colonial American literatureLiterature of Puritan New EnglandThe literature of hte age of reason and Enlightenment (1721-1826)美国独立战争之后：2、美国浪漫主义和超验主义时期（1820-1865）重点美国浪漫主义背景：主要战争///西进运动////工业化进程American Romanticism:American transcendentalism:（哲学化的浪漫主义）3、美国现实主义和自然主义(1865--1914)背景：美国内战(civil war)、达尔文进化论(Darwin's theory of evolution)、镀金时代（the gilded age）经济发展、移民(immigration)American realism :and American naturalism4、美国现代主义（1914-1945）背景：一战、城市化、移民、科技进步、现代科学的增长、弗洛伊德、德国卡尔马克思的影响1910s:Imagism意象主义1920s: Lost generationHarlem Renaissance 哈莱姆复兴运动（体现黑人意识觉醒）1930s: The Depression 大萧条The New Deal 罗斯福新政The Leftists 左派5、战后美国文学（1945-）背景：1960s counterculture movement反正统文化运动1970s Stagflation 经济滞涨The Me Decade1980s 科技进步，互联网技术Late 20th century the Beats :"beat generation" 垮了的一代Postmodernism 后现代主义三、名词解释(书上没有确切的概念，老师说尽量多答点，每个至少要答5-6句话) Transcendentalism: T is an idealistic philosophical and social movement which developed in New England around 1836in Platonism, ad Kantian philosophy, it taught that divinity pervades all nature views or feminism and communal living. Ralph Wwaldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were central figures.Naturalism：under the influences of Charles Darwin's evolution theory and Herbert Spencer's application of Darwin's theory in social relations, naturalists are especially concerned with how human being strives to find meaning in their experiences, how people fight against environment and other external forces, and what elements make people who and what they are.PuritansIndividualismLost generation: this is a term "applied to the disillusioned intellectuals and aesthetes of the yearsfollowing the WWI, who rebelled against former ideals and values, but could replace them only by despair or a cynical hedonism ".American Realism: R reacts against romanticism and sentimentalism. It express the concern for the commonplace, and for the familiar and the low. Features: versimilitude of detail derived from observation; a reliance on the representative in plot, setting and character; an objective rather than an idealizedview of human nature and experienceThe Gilded Age:In American history, the Gilded Age refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century. The name refers to the process of gilding an object with a superficial layer of gold and is meant to make fun of ostentatious display while playing on the term "golden age." American Enlightenment:it was a time when people gradually turned cool toward organized religion and became critical of governments. They palced their faith in the achievement of a new science. Its percepts can be found in the philosophy of Descartes and the wiritng of V olaire. American Romanticism四、问答5选21、Self-Reliance 表达的思想：Emerson believes in goodness and divinity in man who has access to God, the Universal Self. Since man is particle of God, he is able to rely on himself that is transcendental, noble and independent of external influence.2、浪漫主义的特点Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.1. Romanticism is characterized by a rejection on formal classical approaches to literature. It emphasizes sentiment over reason and views art as essentially an expression of the artist's thought and feeling.2. Romanticism has a tendency to exalt the individual and an increasing interest in the value. It views the individual at the very center of all life and all experience and tends to place him at the center of art.It regards literature as an expression of his thought ad feelings, and values it accuracy in portraying his experience.3. Romanticism emphasizes the individual's natural genius and his power of imagination,seeing art as a formulation of initiative imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact and logic.4. Romanticism sees nature as the relation of God to the individual.3、超验主义的特点P51The ultimate characteristic of transcedentalism is "the belief that man can intuitively transcend the limits of the scenes and those of logic, and the mundane methods of knowing". T has been defined philosophically as the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.4、富兰克林的The AutobiographyTemperance节制eat not to dullness. Drink not to ElevationSilence沉默speak not but what benefit others or yourself. Avoid trifling conversationOrder生活秩序let all your things have their places. Let each of your business have its timeResolution决心resolve to perform what you ought. Perform without fail waht you resolve.Frugality俭朴make no expense but to do good to others or yourself: i.e, wasted nothingIndustry勤勉lose no time. Be always employed in something useful. Cut off al unnecessary actions.Sincerity诚恳use no hurtful deceit. Think innocently and justly; and, if you speak, speak accordinglyJustice公正wrong none, by doing injuries or omitting the benefits that are your duty Moderation中庸适度avoid extremes. Forbear resenting. Injuries so much as you think they deserve.Cleanliness清洁tolerate no uncleanliness in body, cloths or habitationsTranquility镇静be not disturbed at trifles, or accidents common or unavoidable. Chastity贞节rarely use venery but for health or offspring. Never to dullness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation.Humility谦虚imitate Jesus and Socrates.5、nature 人与自然的关系：还没找到诶。

英美文学选读考试大纲一、考试目的与要求本考试旨在评估学生对英美文学经典作品的理解和鉴赏能力，以及对文学理论、历史背景和文化语境的掌握程度。

考生应具备以下能力：1. 阅读并分析英美文学作品的能力。

2. 理解和评价文学作品中的主题、风格和技巧。

3. 对英美文学发展史有一个基本的了解。

4. 能够将文学作品与社会、历史背景联系起来进行综合分析。

二、考试内容1. 英国文学- 古代至文艺复兴时期：包括但不限于乔叟、莎士比亚的作品。

- 17世纪至18世纪：如约翰·弥尔顿、亚历山大·蒲柏、简·奥斯汀的作品。

- 19世纪：浪漫主义、维多利亚时期的作家，如华兹华斯、拜伦、狄更斯等。

- 20世纪至今：现代主义和后现代主义作家，如弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、乔治·奥威尔、多丽丝·莱辛等。

2. 美国文学- 殖民时期至独立战争：包括但不限于爱德华·泰勒、本杰明·富兰克林的作品。

- 19世纪：浪漫主义和现实主义作家，如爱默生、霍桑、梅尔维尔、马克·吐温等。

- 20世纪：现代主义和后现代主义作家，如菲茨杰拉德、海明威、福克纳、塞林格等。

- 当代文学：包括多种族、多文化背景下的作家，如托尼·莫里森、唐·德里罗等。

三、考试形式与题型1. 选择题：考察学生对文学作品的基本事实、作者、历史背景等的了解。

2. 简答题：要求学生对文学作品的主题、人物、情节等进行简要分析。

3. 论述题：要求学生综合运用文学理论知识，对文学作品进行深入分析和评价。

4. 作文题：根据给定的文学作品或文学现象，撰写一篇有观点、有分析、有论证的论文。

四、考试范围与重点1. 英国文学的重点包括但不限于：- 莎士比亚的戏剧和诗歌。

- 18世纪启蒙时期的文学作品。

- 19世纪的浪漫主义和现实主义作品。

- 20世纪现代主义和后现代主义文学。

2. 美国文学的重点包括但不限于：- 早期美国文学与美国独立精神的关系。

《英美文学选读》考试大纲全国考办在组织全国考委外语类专业委员会研究论证后，决定对高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业“英美文学选读”（课程代码：0604）自学考试大纲的部分内容进行调整:具体调整如下：《英美文学选读自学考试大纲》的考核知识点与考核要求（一）关于考核知识点的调整考核知识点中的各章概述内容仍为考核内容；对知识点中的作家只保留对如下主要作家的考核。

英国文学：Chapter 1III. William ShakespeareVI. John MiltonChapter 2III. Daniel DefoeIV. Jonathan SwiftV. Henry FieldingChapter 3I. William BlakeII. William WordsworthV. Percy Bysshe ShelleyVII. Jane AustenChapter 4I. Charles DickensII. Charlotte BronteVI. Thomas HardyChapter 5I. George Bernard ShawIV.T. S. EliotV.D. H. Lawrence美国文学：Chapter 1III. Nathaniel HawthorneIV. Walt WhitmanV. Herman MelvilleChapter 2I. Mark TwainII. Henry JamesIII. Emily DickinsonIV. Theodore DreiserChapter 3II. Robert Lee FrostIV.F. Scott FitzgeraldV. Ernest HemingwayVI. William Faulkner二、关于考核要求的调整考核要求中每章概述内容不作调整：“该时期的重要作家”只包含对考核知识点中保留的重要作家的相关内容的考核原大纲如下：上篇英国文学第一章文艺复兴时期一、学习目的和要求通过本章的学习，了解文艺复兴运动和人文主义思潮产生的历史、文化背景，认识该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张，及其对同时代及其对同时代及后世英国文学乃至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、评议风格、思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。

英美文学选读大纲整理英国文学第一章文艺复兴时期考核知识点（一）文艺复兴时期概述及人文主义思潮对文学创作的影响（二）文艺复兴时期主要作家的文学创作思想及其代表作品的主题结构、人物塑造、语言风格、艺术手法、社会意义等。

1.威廉莎士比亚2.约翰弥尔顿考核要求（一）文艺复兴时期概述1.识记：（1）文艺复兴时期的界定（2）历史文化背景2.领会：（1）文艺复兴运动的意义与影响（2）文艺复兴时期的文学特点（3）人文主义的主张及文学的影响3.应用：文艺复兴、人文主义及玄学诗等名词的解释（二）该时期的重要作家1.一般识记：重要作家的文学生涯2.识记：重要作品及主要内容3.领会：重要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物塑造、语言风格、艺术手法、社会意义等4.应用：（1）莎士比亚诗歌的主题、意象（2）喜剧《威尼斯商人》的主题和主要人物的性格分析（3）哈姆雷特的性格分析（4）史诗《失乐园》的结构、人物性格、语言特点等的分析第二章新古典主义时期考核知识点（一）新古典主义时期概述1.新古典主义时期英国社会的政治、经济、文化背景2.启蒙运动3.新古典主义时期英国文学的各种派别及其特点4.新古典主义文学基本主张与特色（二）新古典主义时期主要作家的文学创作思想及其代表作的主题结构、人物塑造、语言风格、艺术手法、社会意义等1.丹尼尔笛福2.乔纳森斯威夫特3.亨利菲尔丁考核要求（1）新古典主义时期概述1.识记：（1）新古典主义时期的界定（2）政治、经济背景2.领会：（1）启蒙运动的主张与文学的艺术特色（2）新古典主义时期文学的艺术特色3.应用：启蒙运动、新古典主义、英雄双行诗、英国现实主义小说等名词的解释（二）该时期的重要作家1.一般识记：重要作家的创作生涯2.识记：重要作品及主要内容3.领会：重要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、艺术特色、社会意义等4.应用（1）《格列佛游记》的社会讽刺（2）菲尔丁的"散文体史诗"第三章浪漫主义时期考核知识点（一）浪漫主义时期概述1.浪漫主义时期英国社会的政治、经济、文化背景2.浪漫主义文学分行的基本主张3.英国浪漫主义文学的特点4.浪漫主义对同时代及后世英国文学的影响（二）浪漫主义时期主要作家的文学创作思想及其代表作品的主题结构、人物塑造、语言风格、艺术手法及社会意义等1.威廉布莱克2.威廉华兹华斯3.珀比雪莱4.简奥斯汀考核要求（一）浪漫主义时期概述1.识记：（1）浪漫主义时期的界定（2）历史文化背景2.领会：（1）浪漫主义思潮的意义与影响（2）浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张及对后世文学的影响3.应用：（1）名词解释：浪漫主义（2）浪漫主义时期文学特点的分析（二）该时期的重要作家1.识记：浪漫主义时期的重要作家、他们的代表作品及其主要内容2.领会：重要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及代表作品的主题结构、人物塑造、语言风格、社会意义等。

Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。

2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlighte nment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。

3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。

4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the fin al cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。

他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。

5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizi ng, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。

6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great wr iters like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defo e, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。

《英美文学选读》自学资料-(全)————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期：ﻩAmerican LiteratureChapter one : The romantic periodI. Emerson’s transcendentalism and his attitude toward nature:1.Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.2. Emerson’s transcendentalism:The over-soul—it is an all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.3.His toward nature:Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with God’s presence. It exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult.II. Hawthorne’s Puritanism and his black vision of man:1. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puristans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the church of England.2. his black vision of man—by the Calvinistic concept of original sin, he believed that human being are evil natured and sinful, and this sin is ever present in human heart and will pass one generation to another.3. Young Goodman Brown—it shows that everyone has some evil secrets. The innocent and naïve Brown is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and then he becomes distrustful and doubtful. Brown stands for everyone ,who is born pure and has no contact with the real world ,and the prominent people of the village and church. They cover their secrets during daily lives, and under some circumstances such as the witch’s Sabbath, they become what they are. Even his closed wife, Faith, is no exception. So Brown is aged in that night.III. The symbolism of Melville’s Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.IV. Whitman and his Leaves of Grass :1. Theme: sing of the “en-mass” and the self / pursuit of love, happiness, and ***ual love / sometimes about politics (Drum taps)2. Whitman’s originality first in his use of the poetic form free verse (i.e. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme),by means of which he becomes conversational and casual.3.He uses the first person pronoun “I” to st ress individualism, and oral language to acquire sympathy from the common reader.Chapter two : The realistic periodI. The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn in Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark TwainHuck is a typical American b oy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in essence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. At first, he stands by slavery, for he clings to the idea that if he lets go the slave, he will be damned to go to hell. And when the “King” sells Jim for money, Huck decides to inform Jim’s master. After he thinks of the past good time when Jim and he are on the raft where Jim shows great care and deep affection for him, he decide to rescue Jim. And Huck still thinks he is wrong while he is doing the right thing.Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization.II. Daisy Miller by Henry James1. Theme: The novel is a story about American innocence defeated by the stiff, traditional values of Europe. James condemns the American failure to adopt expressive manners intelligently and point out the false believing that a good heart is readily visible to all. The death of Daisy results from the misunderstanding between people with different cultural backgrounds.2. The character analysis of Daisy: She represents typical American girl, who is uninformed and without the mature guidance. Ignorance and parental indulgence combine to foster he assertive self-confidence and fierce willfulness. She behaves in the same daring naive way in Europe as she does at home. When someone is against her, she becomes more contrary. She knows that she means no harm and is amazed that anyone should think she does. She does not compromise to the European manners.3. The character analysis of Winterbourne: He is a Europeanized American, who has live too long in foreign parts. He is very experience and has a problem understanding Daisy. He endeavors to put her in sort of formula, i.e. to classify her.III. Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser:1. Theme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittest can survive in a competitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism.2. The character analysis of Carrie: She follows the right direction to a pursuit of the American dream, and the circumstances and her desire for a better life direct to the successful goal. But she is not contented, because with wealth and fame, she still finds herself lonely. She is a product of the society, a realization of the theory of the survival of the fittest.3. The character analysis of Hurstwood: He is a negative evidence of the theory of the survival of the fittest. Because he is still conventional and can not throw away the social morals, he is not fitted to live in New York.Chapter three : The Modern PeriodI. Ezra Pound and his theory of Imagism1. The principles: a. direct treatment of the thing; b. to use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation; c. to compose in the sequence of the musical; d. to use the language of common speech and the exact word; e. to create new rhythms; f. absolutely freedom in the choice of subject.2. Imagism is to present an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. An imagistic poem must present the object exactly the way the thing is seen. And the reader can form the image of the object through the process of reading the abstract and concrete words.II. Frost and his poetry on nature:Frost is deeply interested in nature and in men’s relationship to nature. Nature appears as an explicator and a mediator for man and serve as the center of reference of his behavior. Peace and order can be found in Frost’s poetical natural world. With surface simplicity of his poems, the thematic concerns are always presented in rich symbols. Therefore his work resists easy interpretation.III. F. Scott Fitzgerald and his The Great Gatsby1. Theme: Gatsby is American Everyman. His extraordinary energy and wealth make him pursue the dream. His death in the end points at the truth about the withering of the American Dream. The spiritual and moral sterility that has resulted from the withered American Dream is fully revealed in the article. However, although he is defeated, the dream has gave Gatsby a dignity and a set of qualities. His hope and belief in the promise of future makes him the embodiment of the values of the incorruptible American Dream .2. The character analysis of Gatsby: Gatsby is great, because he is dignified and ennobled by his dream and his mythic vision of life. He has the desire to repeat the past, the desire for money, and the desire for incarnation of unutterable vision on this material earth. For Gatsby, Daisy is the soul of his dreams. He believe he can regain Daisy and romantically rebels of time. Although he has the wealth that can match with the leisured class, he does not have their manners. His tragedy lies in his possession of a naive sense andchivalry.IV. Ernest Hemingway’s artistic features:1. The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure:They have seen the cold world ,and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever is the result is, the are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevail because of their indestructible spirit and courage.2.The iceberg technique:Hemingway believe that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth the is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.V. The character analysis of Emily in A Rose for Emily:Emily is a symbol of old values, standing for tradition, duty and past glory. But she is also a victim to all those she cares and embrace. The source of Emily’s strangeness is from her born pride and self-esteem, the domineering behavior of her father and the betrayal of her lover. Barricaded in her house, she has frozen the past to protect her dreams. Her life is tragic because the defiance of the community, her refusal to accept the change and her extreme pride have pushed her to abnormality and insanity.【自考版重要资料汇总】自烤成柴ﻫenｇBus清洁工ﻫﻫ会员等级: 超级版主ﻫ发帖数量:1，２４3精华数量: 0 ﻫ所持现金：3128英币ﻫ银行状态：正常ﻫ用户积分: 10来自:EngＢｕs．ｃoｍ注册日期: 2０0６-02-06# 22006-02-1614:0４English LiteratureChapter One The Renaissance PeriodI. Shakespeare’s sonnets1. With a few exceptions, Shakespeare writes his sonnets in the popular English form of three quatrains and a couplet. The couplet usually ties the sonnet to one of the general themes, leaving the quatrains free to develop the poetic intensity.2. The sonnet’s most common themes concern the destructive effects of time, the quickness of physical decay, and the loss of beauty, vigor, and love. Although the poems celebrate life, they are always with a keen awareness of death.3. His sonnet 18 expresses that beautiful things can rely on the force of literature to reach eternity. Literature is created by man, thus it declares man’s eternity. The poem shows the mighty self-confidence of the newly class. The vivid, variable and rich images reflect the lively and adventurous spirits of those who were opening new world.[/font]II. Shakespeare’s A Merchant of Venice1. Theme(1) Justice vs. mercy: Shakespeare suggests that all men should be merciful. There is a further aspect of justice—the injustice revealed in the Christians’ treatment of the Jews.(2) Appearance vs. reality: e.g. superficial or external beauty vs. moral or spiritual beauty or truth (in the case of three caskets); the letters of law vs. the spirit of the law.(3) Commercial or material values vs. love: True love is much more worthwhile than money and material values. Antonio epitomizes true love in his friendship for Bassanio.2. The character analysis of ShylockShylock is a Jewish usurer, and he is a tragic-comic character.He is comic because he finally becomes the one punished by his own evil deed. He is avaricious. He accumulates as much wealth as he can and he even equates his lost daughter with his lost money. He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.He is tragic, because he is the victim of the society. As a Jew, he is not treated equally by the society. The law is harsh to him. He has tomake as much money as he can in order to protect him. He is abused by Antonio, so he wants to get revenge.III. The character analysis of HamletHamlet is a scholar and a warrior. His father has been killed by his uncle, Claudius, who then take the throne and marries his mother. Hamlet is informed by the ghost of his father to take revenge, but the weakness of indecisiveness or indetermination in his character always delay his action, and finally leads to his tragic fall of death. Hamlet is not a man of action, but a man of thinking at first. He hesitates at some crucial moments. At last when he is forced to take some actions, he does kill Claudius gloriously, but he also sacrifices his own life.IV. Donne and his “The Sun Rising”1. Metaphysical poet: He wrote poems by using unconventional and surprising conceits and full of wit and humor, but sometimes the logic argument and conceits become pervasive. The language is colloquial but powerful, creating unorthodox images on the reader’s mind.2. H is “The Sun Rising”: In this poem, the love’s wedding room has been intruded by sun and the man takes offence at the intrusion. He attack the sun as an unruly servant, and finally he allow the sun to enter their chamber and warm them. The poem’s true subje ct is the lady—his true emotional love. Every insult to the sun is a compliment to the lady.[font=Times New Roman]V. Milton’s Paradise Lost :1.Structure: The story is taken from the Old Testament. It extends chronologically from the exaltation of Christ before the creature of universe to the second coming of Christ. Geographically, it ranges over the entire world.2. The character analysis of Satan:He has the strength, the courage and the capacity for leadership, but he devoted all those qualities to evil. His defiance of God shows his egoistic pride, his false conception of freedom, and his alienation from all good. His own evil and damnation give him potentially tragic dimensions. Therefore, Satan is enveloped in dramatic irony because he fight in ignorance of the unshakable power of God and goodness.3.Features: Parallel and contrastThe central conflict and contrast between good and evil are intensified by the contrast between heaven and hell, light and darkness, love and hate, reason and passion, etc.自烤成柴eｎｇBｕs清洁工ﻫﻫ会员等级:超级版主发帖数量：1,2４3ﻫ精华数量: 0所持现金:3１28英币银行状态:正常用户积分：1０来自: EngBus．cｏm注册日期:200６-0２－06＃3 2００6-02-16 １4：04English LiteratureChapter One The Renaissance PeriodI. Shakespeare’s sonnets1. With a few exceptions, Shakespeare writes his sonnets in the popular English form of three quatrains and a couplet. The couplet usually ties the sonnet to one of the general themes, leaving the quatrains free to develop the poetic intensity.2. The sonnet’s most common themes concern the destructive ef fects of time, the quickness of physical decay, and the loss of beauty, vigor, and love. Although the poems celebrate life, they are always with a keen awareness of death.3. His sonnet 18 expresses that beautiful things can rely on the force of literature to reach eternity. Literature is created by man, thus it declares man’s eternity. The poem shows the mighty self-confidence of the newly class. The vivid, variable and rich images reflect the lively and adventurous spirits of those who were opening new world.II. Shakespeare’s A Merchant of Venice1. Theme(1) Justice vs. mercy: Shakespeare suggests that all men should be merciful. There is a further aspect of justice—the injustice revealed in the Christians’ treatment of the Jews.(2) Appearance vs. reality: e.g. superficial or external beauty vs. moral or spiritual beauty or truth (in the case of three caskets); the letters of law vs. the spirit of the law.(3) Commercial or material values vs. love: True love is much more worthwhile than money and material values. Antonio epitomizes true love in his friendship for Bassanio.2. The character analysis of ShylockShylock is a Jewish usurer, and he is a tragic-comic character.He is comic because he finally becomes the one punished by his own evil deed. He is avaricious. He accumulates as much wealth as he can and he even equates his lost daughter with his lost money. He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.He is tragic, because he is the victim of the society. As a Jew, he is not treated equally by the society. The law is harsh to him. He has to make as much money as he can in order to protect him. He is abused by Antonio, so he wants to get revenge.III. The character analysis of HamletHamlet is a scholar and a warrior. His father has been killed by his uncle, Claudius, who then take the throne and marries his mother. Hamlet is informed by the ghost of his father to take revenge, but the weakness of indecisiveness or indetermination in his character always delay his action, and finally leads to his tragic fall of death. Hamlet is not a man of action, but a man of thinking at first. He hesitates at some crucial moments. At last when he is forced to take some actions, he does kill Claudius gloriously, but he also sacrifices his own life.IV. Donne and his “The Sun Rising”1. Metaphysical poet: He wrote poems by using unconventional and surprising conceits and full of wit and humor, but sometimes the logic argument and conceits become pervasive. The language is colloquial but powerful, creating unorthodox images on the reader’s mind.2. His “The Sun Rising”: In this poem, the love’s wedding room has been intruded by sun and the man takes offence at the intrusion. He attack the sun as an unruly servant, and finally he allow the sun to enter their chamber and warm them. The poem’s true subject is the lady—his true emotional love. Every insult to the sun is a compliment to the lady.V. Milton’s Paradise Lost :1.Structure: The story is taken from the Old Testament. It extends chronologically from the exaltation of Christ before the creature of universe to the second coming of Christ. Geographically, it ranges over the entire world.2. The character analysis of Satan:He has the strength, the courage and the capacity for leadership, but he devotedall those qualities to evil. His defiance of God shows his egoistic pride, his falseconception of freedom, and his alienation from all good. His own evil anddamnation give him potentially tragic dimensions. Therefore, Satan is envelopedin dramatic irony because he fight in ignorance of the unshakable power of Godand goodness.3.Features: Parallel and contrastThe central conflict and contrast between good and evil are intensified by thecontrast between heaven and hell, light and darkness, love and hate, reason andpassion, etc.自烤成柴ﻫｅngBus清洁工ﻫﻫ会员等级: 超级版主ﻫ发帖数量:１，243精华数量：０所持现金: 3128英币ﻫ银行状态:正常用户积分: １0ﻫ来自: EnｇBｕｓ．cｏｍﻫ注册日# 420０6－02－16 １4:０4Chapter Two The Neo-classical PeriodI. The a llegorical meaning of “The Vanity Fair” in John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’sProgressThe Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become sodegenerated that all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. Itallegorically represent s vanity both in the society and in people’s heart, so peopleare spiritually lost. However, the pilgrims refuse to buy any of the things in theVanity Fair. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seeksalvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and social evils.Christians’ refusal shows that they are one step nearer the Celestial City.II. Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism and the characteristics of his ownpoetry期：２0０６-0２－06 1. Pope’s point of view on poetry critic ism is best shown in his An Essays onCriticism. He emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rulesof order, reason, logic, restrained emotion and good taste. He calls on people toturn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance. He advises the critics notto stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language,but to pay special attention to true wit which is best set in a plain style.2. Pope’s poem strictly follows his idea of neoclassicism. He deve loped a satiric,concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style, and finally brought to its lastperfection of the heroic couplet.III. The social satire of Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s TravelsThe account of Lilliputian life, especially the games for people at court, alludes tothe similar ridiculous practices or tricks in the English government. Thedescription of the competition in the games before the royal members leads to thefact that the success of those government officials such as the Prime Minister liesnot in their being any wiser or better but in their being more dexterous in thegame. This alludes to the practices in England. And the pompous words singingof the Lilliputian emperor ridicule the aristocratic arrogance and vanity.IV. Henry Fielding and his Tom JonesIt is a good example of “comic epic in prose”. Fielding describes the fightbetween Molly and the villagers and her fistfight with Goody Brown in the grandstyle of the Homeric epic. He first of all calls on the Muses to assist him inrecounting the fight as if it were of great historical importance. Like Homer whowould list names of gods involved in the battle, he lists the names of the villagers.He treats Molly as a great hero at battle, an “Amazonian heroine”. Besides, heuses a mock-epic tone and seems very solemn about what he is describing. Heuses formal words and refined language. Finally, he makes use of differentfigures of speech, particularly, irony and hyperbole.V. Thomas Gray and his “Elegy Written in a County Church”In the poem, Gray presents a picture of the quiet and solitary county at duskthrough the sounding of the curfew, the home-coming plowman, the tinkling ofbells under the necks of the cattle, the moping owl, the narrow cell (grave), etc..He bemoans the fate of those common laborers who are now buried in the graves,tries to imagine how they had lived as loving parents and hardworking people,and praise their homely joys. He then express his contempt for those noblemenwho once lived a pompous life, and despised the poor, but have ended up in away no better than the ordinary folk. We can see Gray’s sympathy for the poorand contempt for the rich.Chapter Three The Romantic Period I. Wordsworth and his “I wandered lonely as a cloud”The poem is crystal clear and lucid. Below the immediate surface, we find that all the realistic details of the flowers, the trees, the waves, the wind, and all the realistic details of the active joy, are absorbed into an over-all concrete metaphor, the recurrent image of the dance. The flowers, the stars, the waves are units in this dancing pattern of order in diversity, of linked eternal harmony and vitality. Through the revelation and recognition of his kinship with nature, the poet himself becomes as it were a part of the whole cosmic dance.II. Shelley and his “Ode to the West Wind”In the poem, Shelley eulogizes the west wind as a powerful phenomenon of nature that is both destroyer and preserver. The wind enjoys boundless freedom and has the power to spread messages far and wide. The keynote in the poem is Shelley’s ever-present wish for himself and his fellow men to share the freedom of the west wind, remembering meanwhile his own and common human miseries. And the dominant mood is that of hope rather than despair, as the poet is hoping for the realization of the freedom and joy. The optimism expressed in the last two lines show the poet’s critical attitude toward the ugly social reality and his faith in a bright future for humanity.III. John Keats and his “Ode on a Grecian Urn”In the poem Keats shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion. The poet has absorbed himself into the timeless beautiful scenery on the Grecian urn: the lovers, musicians and worshippers carved on the urn, and their everlasting joys. They are unaffected by time, stilled in expectation. This is the glory and the limitation of the world conjured up by and object of art. The urn celebrates but simplifies intuitions of joy by defying our pain and suffering. But at last, the urn presents his ambivalence about time and the nature of beauty.IV. The character analysis of Elizabeth in Jane Austen’s Pride and PrejudiceElizabeth is a beautiful young lady in the Bennets. She is intelligent, contrasting her empty-minded, snobbish and vulgar mother. She is a women of distinct character. She is not passive, but pursue her true love bravely. She turns down Mr. Collin’s marriage proposal and seeking her happiness with Darcy, the one shepossesses true affectio n for her. She is also courageous. When Darcy’s aunt ladycomes to force her into a promise of never consenting to marry Darcy, she boldlychallenges her authority, contempt and arrogance. On the whole, Elizabeth is atypical image of the good, attractive lady in the 19th century.自烤成柴ﻫenｇBｕs清洁工ﻫ会员等级: 超级版主发帖数量: 1,243ﻫ精华数量: 0ﻫ所持现金：3１２8英币银行状态:正常ﻫ用户积分: １0来自: ＥngBus.cｏmﻫ注册日期: ２006－02-06# 52006－02-1６1４:０4Chapter Two The Neo-classical PeriodI. The allegorical meaning of “The Vanity Fair” in John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’sProgressThe Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become so degeneratedthat all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. It allegoricallyrepresents vanity both in the society and in people’s heart, so people are spirituallylost. However, the pilgrims refuse to buy any of the things in the Vanity Fair. Itspurpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation throughconstant struggle with their own weakness and social evils. Christians’ refusalshows that they are one step nearer the Celestial City.II. Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism and the characteristics of his ownpoetry1. Pope’s point of view on poetry criticism is best shown in his An Essays onCriticism. He emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules oforder, reason, logic, restrained emotion and good taste. He calls on people to turn tothe old Greek and Roman writers for guidance. He advises the critics not to stresstoo much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language, but to payspecial attention to true wit which is best set in a plain style.2. Pope’s poem strictly follows his idea of neoclassicism. He developed a satiric,concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style, and finally brought to its lastperfection of the heroic couplet.III. The social satire of Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s TravelsThe account of Lilliputian life, especially the games for people at court, alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks in the English government. The description of the competition in the games before the royal members leads to the fact that the success of those government officials such as the Prime Minister lies not in their being any wiser or better but in their being more dexterous in the game. This alludes to the practices in England. And the pompous words singing of the Lilliputian emperor ridicule the aristocratic arrogance and vanity.IV. Henry Fielding and his Tom JonesIt is a good example of “comic epic in prose”. Fielding descri bes the fight between Molly and the villagers and her fistfight with Goody Brown in the grand style of the Homeric epic. He first of all calls on the Muses to assist him in recounting the fight as if it were of great historical importance. Like Homer who would list names of gods involved in the battle, he lists the names of the villagers. He treats Molly as a great hero at battle, an “Amazonian heroine”. Besides, he uses a mock-epic tone and seems very solemn about what he is describing. He uses formal words and refined language. Finally, he makes use of different figures of speech, particularly, irony and hyperbole.V. Thomas Gray and his “Elegy Written in a County Church”In the poem, Gray presents a picture of the quiet and solitary county at dusk through the sounding of the curfew, the home-coming plowman, the tinkling of bells under the necks of the cattle, the moping owl, the narrow cell (grave), etc.. He bemoans the fate of those common laborers who are now buried in the graves, tries to imagine how they had lived as loving parents and hardworking people, and praise their homely joys. He then express his contempt for those noblemen who once lived a pompous life, and despised the poor, but have ended up in a way no better than the ordinary folk. We can see Gray’s sympathy for the poor and contempt for the rich.Chapter Three The Romantic Period I. Wordsworth and his “I wandered lonely as a cloud”The poem is crystal clear and lucid. Below the immediate surface, we find that all the realistic details of the flowers, the trees, the waves, the wind, and all the realistic details of the active joy, are absorbed into an over-all concrete metaphor,。

英美文学选读---权威讲义English LiteratureIntroduction :The old and Medieval English literature.*****A. The old English literature1.The time period :The period of Old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066.2.The classification of the old English poetry :The old English poetry can be divided into two groups : the religious group and the secular one .a.)The religious group is mainly on biblical themes.b.)The secular group concludes;The national epic poem , Beowulf ,and lyrical poems of shorter length .3.The representative of this period : Beowulf .a.)The natureBeowulf is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.b.)The settingThe story took place in Scandinavia.c.)The theme:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage under a wise heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader .d.)The significance :The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends. The battle between Beowulf and the Dragon Symblically represent that phrase of Winter and Summer myth in which the Summer God,here embodied by Beowulf .******B. The medieval English literature1.The time period : From 1066 up to the mid-14th century.2.The classification of the medieval English Literature: Middle English literature deals with a wider range of subjects.a.)popular folk literature also occupies an important place in this period .b.)Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the Medieval period .3. The representative of this period : Chaucer and the Canterbury tales.a.)The influence of Renaissance :The influence of Renaissance was already felt in the field of English literature when Chaucer was learning from the great Italian writers like Petrarch and Boccaccio.1)Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas to replace the old English alliterative verse.2)In the Romaunt the Rose , he fixst introduced into English the octosyllabic couplet.3)In The Legend of Good Women , he used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter.And in The Canterbury Tales , Chaucer employed the heroic couplet with true ease.4)Chaucer also developed the art of literature itself . In Troilus and Criseyde, he gave the world what is virtually the first modern novel .5)In The Canterbury Tales , he developed his art of poetry still further towards drama and the art of novel. John Dryden, called Chaucer the father of English peotry . For the Renaissance , he was the English Homer.======================================================================Chapter 1The Renaissance Period (文艺复兴时期)本章概述一. 文艺复兴运动和人文主义思想产生的历史, 文化背景;二. 文艺复兴时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张;三. 文艺复兴时期的哲学与文艺理论对同时代及后世英国文学与文化的影响.四. 主要作家与作品.文学史分析******* A. The time periodThe Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern word . It refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries .****** B. The definition of Renaissance :a. The birthplace : In Italyb. The meaning : The Renaissance means rebirth or revival .c. The nature : The Renaissance ,in essence , is a historical period.****** c. The theoretical basis of the Renaissance :1. The essence of the Renaissance :a.) The sourceHumanism is the essence of the Renaissance , It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors .b.) The basis of the Humanism .it was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things .2.The representative :a. The symbol :Humanism began to take hold in England when the Dutch scholar Desiderius Erasmus came to teach the classical learningb. The major representatives :Thomas More , Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists .********* D. The cultural Background of the Renaissance :1. The national feeling :Strong national feeling in the time of the Tudors gave a great incentive to the cultural development in England . English schools and universities were established in place of the old monasteries .2. The introduction of printing :William Caxton Introduced printing into England . In this lifetime ,Caxton printed about one hundred books in English .3. The emergence of an age of translationWith the introduction of printing , an age of thranslation came into being .4. The significance :The introduction of printing led to a commercial market for literature , making everything ready for the appearance of the great Elizabethan writers.********* E. The literature forms during the Renaissance :1. The poetrya. The feature :The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation .1.) petrarch was regarded as the fountain head of literature by the English writers .2.) Wyatt introduced the petrarchan sonnet into England .3.) Surrey brought in blank verse.4.) Sidney followed with the sestina and terza rima5.) Marlowe gave new vigor to the blank verse with his "mighty lines. "b. The representatives :1.) Spenser's The Shepheardes Calender showed the pastoral convention .2.) In " The Passionate Shepherd to His Love . " Marlowe spoke that it would be very difficult for us to connect it with the voice in his tragedies .3.) Poetry and Poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms and carried on by Shakespeare and Ben Johnson .2. The dramaA.) The feature :The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance . English material was put into the regular form of the Latin comedies of Plautus and Terence . Tragedies were in the style of Seneca .B.) The representative dramatists :The most famous aramatists are christopher Marlowe , William Shakespeare , and Ben Johnson.3.The essays :A.) The representatives essayist :B.) The influence :Bacon was also the founder of modern science in England , His writings pave the way for the use of scientific method .主要作家作品埃德蒙*斯宾塞一. The masterpiece : The Faerie Queene .1. The intention and the structureA.) The intentionThe principal intention is to present through a "historical poem " the example of perfect gentleman .B) The structure:There are 12 virtues of the perfect gentleman ,and plans 12 books , each one with a different hero distinguished for one of the private virtues .2. The unifying element :A.) The recurring appearances of Arthur serve as a unifying element for the poem as whole .B.) Another character contributing to the unity of the work is Gloriana.3. The allegory :The Redcross knight in Book I stands for st. George , he also represents Holiness.4. The themeThe theme is not "Arms and the man ," but something more romantic ----"Fierce Wares and faithful loves . "二. The poetic features :1. The five main qualities :The five main qualities of Spenser's are : 1.) a perfect melody ;2.) a rare sense of beauty;3.) a splendid imagination ;4.) a lofy moral purity and seriousness5.) a dedicated idealism2. In addition :Spenser uses strange forms of speech and obsolete words , His exquisite melody that make him known as " the poet's poet . "克里斯托夫*马洛一. The works :1. The play : ( 6 plays )2. The non-dramatic poetry.3. The verse translation .1. Tamburlaine :A. The outline :Tamburlaine is a play about an ambitious and pitiless Tartar conqueror in the fourteenth century who roes from a shepherd to an overpowering king .B. The intention :By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal force , Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority .2. Dr. Faustus :A. The outline :Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil .B. The intention :It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness ; it also reveals man's frustration .三. The artistic achievements1. The stylistic features :A. Marlowe perfected the blank verse and brought vitality and grandeur into the blank verse with his "Mighty lines . "B. Marlowe employed hyperbole as his major figure of speech .2. The characters and the humanistic ideal :A. Marlowe ' s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama . Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition.B. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ideal of human dignity and capacity . with the endless aspiration for power, knowledge , and glory , the hero interprets the true Renaissance Spirit .威廉*莎士比亚一. The dramatic career : (4 periods )1. Apprenticeship period2. High individualized period3. Greatest stragedies and dark comedies period .4. Romantic tragicomedies period .二. The themes of Shakespeare's works1. The history plays :A. The themeShakespeare's history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity .Henry VI (I,II, III ) are the beginning of Shakespeare's epic treatment of English history . Henry IV (I,II,III) are undoubtedly the most widely read among his history plays .2. The romantic comedies :A . The theme :On his romantic comedies , Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth , and the romantic elements are brought into full play .The example :The important play among the comedies is the Merchant of Venice .a. The traditional theme :The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty , wit and loyalty , and to expose the insatiable greedand brutality of the Jew .b. The modern theme :Many people today tend to regard the play as a satire of the Christian's hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love , their cunning ways of pursuing worldiness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews .3. The tragedies :A . The theme :The play , though a tragedy , is permeated with opitimistic spirit .B. The example :The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness .三. The greatest tragedies :1. The common features :Shakespeare 's greatest tragedies are : Hamlet , Othello , King Lear , and Macbeth . They have some characteristics in common . Each portrays some noble hero , who faces the injustic of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation .2. The realistic spiritsAlong with the portrayal of the weakness or bias of the hero , we see the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society , which shows that Shakespeare is a great realist in the true sense .3. The analysisA. Hamlet :a. Hamlet , the first of the great tragedies , is generally regarded as shakespeare's most popular play on the stage .b. Hamlet has none of the single-minded blood lust of the earlier revengers . It is not because he is incapable of action , but because the cast of his mind is so speculative , so questioning , and so contemplative that action .c. His life is one of constant role-playing , examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility .d. By revealing the power-seeking , the jostling for place , shakespeare condemns the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption at the royal court .B. The Tempest :a. The Tempest , an elaborate and fantastic story , is known as the best of his final romances .四. The artistic achievements :1. The characters :A. Shakespeare's major characters are neither merely individual ones or type ones .B. By applying a psyche-analytical approach , Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the characters' inner mind .C. Shakespeare also portrays his characters in pairs . Contrasts are frequently used to bring vividness to his characters .2. Construction :A. Shakespeare's plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction . He borrows them from some old plays or storybooks , or from ancient Greek and Roman sources .B. He would shorten the time and intensify the story . There are usually several threads running through the play .3. Language and style :A. Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation . Disguise is also an important device to create dramatic irony , usually with woman disguised as man .B. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom . His influence on later writers is immeasurable . Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view , in literary form or in language .弗朗西斯*培根一. The worksHis works can be divided into three groups .1. The philosophic groups .2. The literary groups .3. The law groups .二. The masterpieces :1. The Advancement of Learning :A. The theme :The Advencement of Learning is a great tract on education .B. The contents :In Book I , Bacon highly praises knowledge . He divided knowledge into two kinds . One is from the Divine Revelation , the other i sfrom the workings of human mind . The second book is a survey of learning , According to Bacon , man's understanding consists of three parts : history to man's memory , poetry to man's imagination and creation and philosophy to man's reason .2. Novum Organum :A. The theme :Novum Organum is a successful treatise written in Latin on methodology .B. The contents :is the most impressive display of Bacon 's intellect . The argument is for the use of the inductive method of reasoning in scientific study , In the scond book , Bacon suggest the industive reasoning .A. The sources :Montaigne is the predecessor of Bacon . The term "essay "was borrowed from Montaigne's Essais .B. The comparison with Montaigne's :They are totally unlike in temperament . outlook and writing style . Montaigne's essays show a strong personal touch . Bacon , as a practical and prudential man , intends to write for the ambitious Elizabethan and Jacobean youth of his class and tell them how to be efficient and make their way in public life . Of the fifty-eight essays in its final edition , more than half are about public life or public duty .C. Bacon's styles :Bacon's essays are famous for their brevity , compactness and powerfulness . The essay are well-arranged and enriched by Biblical allusions , Metaphors and Cadence .约翰*邓恩一. The metaphysical poetry :The tern "Metaphysical peotry " is commonly used to name the work of the 17th -century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne .1. The themeThe metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry .2. The language :The diction is simple , and echoes the words and cadences of common speech .3. The imagery :It is drawn from the actual life .4. The form :It is frequently the form of an argument with the poet'sbeloved , with God , or with himself .二. The characteristic of Donne's works :1. The inherently theatrical impression :John Donne is the leading figure of the "metaphysical school . " His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression .2. The poetic mode :The mode is dynamic rather than static ,with ingenuity of speech , vividness of imagery and vitality of rhythms.3. The stylistic features :The most striking feature of Donne's poetry is precisely its tang of reality , in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world .三. The masterpieces1. The songs and sonnets :A. The themeThe songs and Sonnets , contains most of his early lyrics , Love is the basic theme .B. The understanding of love :Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body . This though is quite contrary to the medieval love idea . What is love , idealism and cynicism about love coexist in Donne's love poetry . he sometimes expresses the fufility and instability of love in his poems .C. The stylistic method :When eulogizing a woman ,Donne tells us very little about her physical beauty . Instead , Donne's interest lies in dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love .2. The Holy sonnets :A. The theme:Donne's chief power as a religious poet is shown in the HolySonnets .B. Contents :In A Hymn to God the Father do we find a an assured faith .The best of the Holy Sonnets express these strugles with unparalleled force .四. The Artistic features1. The conceits :In his poetry , Donne frequently applies conceits , his conceits may be divided into two kinds ; easy ones and difficult ones . By combining the easy conceits with the difficult ones , Donne achieves surprising good effects in his poetry .2. the argument :Donne's poetry involves a certain kind of argument , sometimes in rigid syllogistic form . with the brief . Simple Language , the argument is continuous throughout the poem .3. The imagination :Donne's great prose works are sermons , which are both rich and imaginative . some of Donne's sermons are carefully contrived with a dramatic . And it is the obsession with death that characterizes Donne's nature religious works .约翰*弥尔顿Milton 's literary achievements can be divided into three groups .1. The early works :Milton appears as the inheritor of all that was best in Elizabethan literature . Lycidas is a typical example .2. The middle works :His powerful pamphlets written during this period make him the greatest prose writer of his age .3. The last great poems :Milton wrote his three major poetical works : Paradise Lost , Paradise regained and Samson Agonistes .二. The masterpieces :1. paradise Lost :A. The theme and structure :Paradise Lost is a long epic divided into 12 books .The theme is the "Fall of Man ".B. The humanistic spiritsa. Working through the tradition of a Christian humanism , Milton wrote Paradise Lost intending to expose the way of Satan and to "justify the ways of God to man . "b. At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies Milton's fundamental concern with freedom and choice .c. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton's creed .2. Paradise Regained :A. The content :Paradise Regained shows how mankind , in the person of Christ , withstands the tempter and is established once more in the divine favor .B. Theme :Christ's temptation in the wilderness is the theme .3. Samson Agonistes :A. The source :In samson Agonistes , Milton again borrows his story from the Bible . But this time he turns to a more vital and personal theme .B. The purpose :The poet's aim was to present on English a pure tragedy , with all the passion and restraint .The neoclassical period(新古典主义时期)本章概述一. 启蒙运动与新古典主义文学流派产生的历史背景.二.新古典主义文学的主要特征与基本主张.三. 对同时代与后世英国文学的影响.四. 主要作家与作品The Neoclassical Period文学史分析一. The time period :The neoclassical period is between the return of the students in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 .二. The Age of Elightenment :1. The outline :A. The definition :The eighteenth -century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason . The Elightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement .B. The source :It flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time .C. The nature :The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries .D. The purpose :Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of mordern philosophical and artistic ideas .2. The rational principle :A. principles :The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality , equality and science . They held that rationality or reason should be the only , the final cause of any human thought and activities .B. The significance :It provided theory for the French Revolution of 1789 and the American War of Independence in 1776 .C. The humanistic ideas :The enlighteners advocated universal education . They believed that human beings were limited , dualistic , imperfect , and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education.3. The literature featrues :literature at the time , heavily didactic and moralizing , became a very popular means of public education .三. The literature forms :The sentimental Literature :A. The background :In the last few decades of the 18th century . however , the neoclassical emphasis upon reason, intellect , wit and form was rebelled against or challenged by the sentimentalists , an was gradually by Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English Middle class .4. The Gothic novels :A. The background :From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an apparent shift of interest in literature creation .B. The fetures :Gothic novels ---mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age Castles ---were turned out profusely by both male and female writers .5. Others :Eulogizing or lamenting lyrics ; The romantic poems ; the theatrical world ; the witty and satiric prose .主要作家作品A. 约翰*班扬B.亚力山大*蒲伯C. 丹尼尔*笛福D. 乔纳森*斯威夫特E. 亨利*费尔丁F. 塞缪尔*约翰逊G. 理查*比*谢立丹H. 托马斯*格雷约翰*班扬一. Literature styles :2. He used concreted and living language and vivid details .3. He made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel .二. The worksGrace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners ,The Life and Death of Mr.Badman , The Holy War and The pilgrim's progress , (Part I , II )三. Selected Reading : The Vanity Fair .1. The imagery :A. The pilgrim's Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language . Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines with their own weakness and all kinds of social evils .B. Its predominant metaphor --life as a journey --is simple and familiar .2. The features :A. The strange is combined with the familiar and the trivialjoined to the divine.B. A rich imagination and a natural talent for storytelling also contribute to the success of the work .亚力山大*蒲伯一. The thoughts :1. The view of realism :A. He upheld the existing social system as an ideal one , but he was not entirely blind to the rapid moral , political and cultural deterioration .B. He assumed the role of champion of traditional civilization , but for him the supreme value was order .2. The view of Criticism :A. He published The Rape of the Lock and use the mock epic form to retell the cutting of the lock , to ridicule the trivial incident and to satirize the foolish , meaningless life of the lords and ladies in the aristocratic bourgeois society of the eighteenth century England .B.The Dunciad , generally considered Pope's best satiric work , is directed at Dullness in general . Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government ,social morals , education and even religion , is expertly exposed and satirized .二. The Artistic feature :1. He strongly advocated neoclassicism .2. He worked painstakingly on his poems , developed a satiric concise , smooth , graceful and well-balanced style .3. He finally brought to its last perfection the heroic couplet .1. The chief works : An Essay on Griticism , The Rape of the Lock , The Dunciad , An Essay on Man .2. The translations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey .3. The edition of shakespeare 's plays .丹尼尔*笛福一. The works1. The first novel : Robinson Crusoe2. four other novels :Captain Singleton , Moll Flanders , Colonel Jack and Roxana .3. The pseuda-factual account of Great plague : A Journal the Plague Year .二. The masterpieces :1. Robinson Crusoe:Robinson Crusoe , an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time , is universally considered his masterpiece .2. The rest four nevels :His rest four novels deal withthe personal history of some hero or heroine . The group of four novels clearly manifests Defoe's deep concern for the poor and the unfortunate in his society . They are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class peoplel三. The Artistic features :1.The realistic novels :A. Defoe spoke for and to the members of his dass and his novels enjoyed great populatity amony the less cultivated .B. In most of his works , he gave his praise to the hard - working , study middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden , unfortunate poor.2. The language feature :A. He had a gift for organizing minute details .B. His sentences are sometimes short , crisp and plain , and sometimes long and rambling .c. His language is smooth ,easy , colloquial and mostly vernacular .四. Selected Reading : Robinson crusoe1.The outline :The novel consists actually of three parts though only the first part is most well-known and widely read . In this part the hero of the story , Robinson Crusoe , narrates in the first person his stories .2. The hero:A. In Robinson Crusoe , Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a nave and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man .B. Robinson is here a real hero : a typical eighteenth-century English middle-classman .C. He is the very prototype of the empire builder . the pioneer colonist . In describing Robison 's life on the island , Defoe glorifies human labor and the Puritan fortitude .乔纳森*斯威夫特一. The works :1. The works to establish his name :A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books established his name as a satirist .2. The letters of Drapier :He published ,under the pseudonym of Drapier , a series of letters . Eventoday Swift still respected as a national hero in Ireland .3. The greatest satiric work:He wrote and published his greatest statiric work , Gulliver's Travels .二. The aritistic features :1. The master satirist :A. Swift is a master satirist . His satire is usually masked by an outward gravity and an apparent earnestness .B. His "A Modest Proposal " is generally taken as a perfect model .2. the master of English prose :A. Swift is one of the great masters of English prose , His writing is simple , direct , precise prose . He defined a good style as "proper words in proper places . "B. Clear , simple , concrete diction , uncomplicted sentence structure , economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings .三. Selected Reading : Gulliver's Travels1. Gulliver's Travels , Jonathan's best fictional work . The book contains four parts :His experience in Lilliput , Alone in Brobbingnay , visit to the Flying Island and Account of his discoveries in the Houyhnhnm land . In structure , the four parts make an organic whole .2. Gulliver give an account of some aspects of Lillipution life and obviously alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks of the English government .亨利*费尔丁一. The works :1. The playsFielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of plays :witty comedies of manners , farces or ballad operas , and burlesques or satires .B.The best known plays :The best known are The Coffee-House Politiciam , The tragedy of trgedies , pasquin , and The Historical Register for the Year 1736 .2. The novels :A.The first novel :。

《美国文学作品选读》课程考核大纲【考核目的】了解学生对基本文学概念、文学流派及代表作家、文学表现手法、文学人物、文学现象和各种文学术语的掌握。

考核学生对文学作品的理解分析能力和鉴赏能力，帮助学生认识到本课程的学习重点和难点，为以后的深入学习提供可依靠的途径和方法。

【课程学习的基础】《美国文学史及作品选读》课是英语专业的必修课，学生在此前应完成了精读、泛读、写作等基本技能训练，掌握了一定的专业知识和技能，具备一定的语言表达能力和分析论述能力。

先修课程不在考核范围之内。

【考核的内容范围】本课程的考核主要包括基本文学概念、文学流派及代表作家、文学表现手法、文学人物、文学现象和各种文学术语。

【考核的具体内容】第一部分文学基础知识介绍知识点：1．什么是文学2．文学的基本概念和要素3．学习文学的方法4．美国文学历史简介考核目标：1．识记：文学的基本分类2．理解：文学的基本概念和要素3．运用：学习文学的有效方法和途径第二部分殖民时期的文学知识点：1．美国殖民时期文学概述2．北美拓殖的开始3．美国清教主义思想4．美国清教主义思想对早期美国文学的影响5．殖民时期的代表作家及作品考核目标：1．识记：（1）安妮•布雷兹特里特（Anne Bradstreet）（2）爱德华•泰勒（Edward Taylor）（3）迈克尔•维哥斯沃斯(Michael Wigglesworth) 及代表作品2．理解：早期北美殖民地时期文学状况3．运用：殖民地时期文学的主要特征第三部分独立革命时期的文学知识点：1．独立时期文学的主要特征2．启蒙运动及主要思想3．启蒙运动的代表：本杰明•富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）考核目标：1．识记：（1）托马斯•杰弗逊（2）托马斯•潘恩(Thomas Paine) （3）本杰明•富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）2．理解：启蒙运动3．运用：（1）启蒙运动的主要思想（2）本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin）的思想意识及精神风貌第四部分浪漫主义时期的文学1．英格兰超验主义2．欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响3．美国浪漫主义文学的特4．美国本土文学的崛起及其特征5．浪漫主义时期代表作家及作品考核目标：1．识记：（1）华盛顿•欧文（Washington Irving）（2）詹姆斯•弗尼莫•库柏（James Fenimore Cooper）（3）威廉姆•卡兰•布赖恩特（William Cullen Bryant）（4）埃德加•爱伦•坡（Edgar Allan Poe）（5）纳撒尼尔•霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne）（6）拉多夫•瓦尔多•爱默生(Ralph Waldo Emerson) （7）亨利•大卫•梭罗（Henry David Thoreau）（8）赫曼•麦尔维尔（HermanMelville）（9）沃尔特•惠特曼（Walt Whitman）（10）艾米莉•狄金森（Emily Dickinson）及其作品。