Propositional satisfiability and constraint programming A comparative survey

satisfiability modulo theory摘要：一、引言1.1 介绍satisfiability modulo theory1.2 研究背景和意义1.3 文章结构二、satisfiability modulo theory的基本概念2.1 模理论的基本概念2.2 模型满足性问题的定义三、satisfiability modulo theory的方法3.1 基于回溯搜索的方法3.2 基于约束规划的方法3.3 基于逻辑编程的方法四、satisfiability modulo theory的应用4.1 自动证明4.2 程序验证4.3 数据库查询五、satisfiability modulo theory的发展趋势与展望5.1 模理论与其他领域的结合5.2 模理论在实际问题中的应用5.3 模理论的未来研究方向正文：一、引言在计算机科学和人工智能领域，satisfiability modulo theory（模理论下的满足性）是一个重要的研究课题。

它主要研究在一定的理论背景下，判断一串符号是否可以被满足的问题。

模理论为自动证明、程序验证和数据库查询等问题提供了一种有效的解决方案。

本文将介绍satisfiability modulo theory的基本概念、方法及其在实际应用中的价值，并展望模理论的未来发展趋势。

二、satisfiability modulo theory的基本概念2.1 模理论的基本概念模理论是数理逻辑的一个分支，研究如何在一个特定的理论背景下理解符号串的意义。

它将一个理论表示为一个逻辑公式，并定义了这些公式的满足性。

2.2 模型满足性问题的定义给定一个理论T和一个公式φ，模型满足性问题是询问是否存在一个模型M，使得M满足T并且满足φ。

三、satisfiability modulo theory的方法3.1 基于回溯搜索的方法该方法通过深度优先搜索来尝试找到所有可能的模型，然后检查它们是否满足给定的公式。

积极的心态作文英语A positive mindset is an essential ingredient for success in life. It is the inner strength that propels us forward even in the face of adversity. Here is an essay on the importance of maintaining a positive attitudeTitle The Power of a Positive MindsetIntroductionIn a world filled with challenges and obstacles it is easy to get bogged down by negativity. However adopting a positive mindset can make all the difference in how we approach lifes hurdles. This essay will explore the benefits of a positive attitude and how it can lead to a more fulfilling and successful life.Body1. Overcoming AdversityA positive mindset helps us to face difficulties with resilience and determination.It allows us to view challenges as opportunities for growth and learning.By maintaining a positive outlook we are better equipped to find solutions and bounce back from setbacks.2. Enhancing RelationshipsPositivity is contagious and it can improve our interactions with others.A positive attitude fosters a supportive and uplifting environment which strengthens relationships.By being open and optimistic we can encourage others to adopt a similar mindset creating a cycle of positivity.3. Boosting ProductivityA positive mindset can increase motivation and drive leading to higher levels of productivity.When we believe in our abilities we are more likely to take on tasks with enthusiasm and commitment.A positive outlook also helps to reduce stress and anxiety allowing us to focus on our goals more effectively.4. Improving Mental HealthResearch has shown that a positive attitude is linked to better mental health and wellbeing.By focusing on the bright side of life we can reduce the impact of stress and negative emotions.A positive mindset can also help to prevent the onset of depression and anxiety disorders.5. Attracting OpportunitiesA positive attitude can open doors to new opportunities and experiences.People are drawn to those who exude positivity and confidence making it easier to build a network of supportive connections.By maintaining a positive outlook we are more likely to attract success and abundance in various aspects of life.ConclusionIn conclusion a positive mindset is a powerful tool that can transform our lives in numerous ways. It enables us to overcome adversity enhance relationships boost productivity improve mental health and attract opportunities. By cultivating a positive attitude we can unlock our full potential and lead a more fulfilling and successful life. Let us embrace the power of positivity and watch as it shapes our world for the better.。

Taking responsibility is a crucial aspect of personal growth and societal development.It is the act of being accountable for ones actions and decisions,and it is a quality that is highly valued in both personal and professional settings.Firstly,taking responsibility demonstrates maturity and selfawareness.When an individual acknowledges their mistakes and takes steps to correct them,it shows that they have the ability to reflect on their actions and learn from their experiences.This selfawareness is an essential part of personal growth,as it allows individuals to improve themselves and become better versions of themselves.Secondly,taking responsibility fosters trust and respect in relationships.When people know that they can rely on someone to be accountable for their actions,it builds a strong foundation of trust.This trust is essential in all types of relationships,whether they are personal,professional,or communal.Respect is also earned when individuals take responsibility for their actions,as it shows that they value the wellbeing of others and are committed to making things right.Thirdly,taking responsibility promotes a sense of fairness and justice in society.When individuals are held accountable for their actions,it ensures that everyone is treated fairly and that no one is exempt from the consequences of their actions.This sense of justice is crucial for maintaining social order and ensuring that everyone has an equal opportunity to thrive.Moreover,taking responsibility encourages personal development and learning.When individuals take responsibility for their actions,they are more likely to seek out ways to improve themselves and their circumstances.This drive for selfimprovement can lead to personal growth,as individuals learn from their mistakes and strive to become better versions of themselves.Furthermore,taking responsibility can lead to increased productivity and success in the workplace.When employees take responsibility for their tasks and projects,it shows that they are committed to their work and are dedicated to achieving success.This level of commitment can lead to increased productivity,as employees are more likely to take initiative and go above and beyond to ensure that their work is completed to the best of their abilities.In conclusion,taking responsibility is a vital aspect of personal growth and societal development.It demonstrates maturity,fosters trust and respect,promotes fairness and justice,encourages personal development,and leads to increased productivity andsuccess.By embracing the act of taking responsibility,individuals can contribute to a more harmonious and successful society.。

辩论专业用语以下是辩论专业用语的中文翻译：1. Affirmative Side：肯定方/支持方3. Rebuttal：反驳/辩驳4. Cross-examination：交叉询问/质询5. Burden of proof：举证责任6. Constructive speech：建设性发言8. Closing argument：结尾陈述/总结陈述9. Evidence：证据/证明10. Precedent：先例/判例/惯例11. Argumentation：论证/辩论12. Persuasion：说服/劝说13. Logic：逻辑14. Fallacy：谬误/逻辑错误15. Relevance：相关性16. Credibility：可信度17. Consistency：一致性18. Proposition：命题19. Motion：动议/议案/提案20. Resolution：决议/决定/解决方案21. Ad hominem：人身攻击/偏离主题22. Red herring：诱导偏移/离题23. Strawman：扣帽子/挑起de话题24. Slippery slope：滑坡/引发连锁反应25. Hasty generalization：过早概括/草率地归纳26. False dilemmas：伪二选一/虚构两难27. Appeal to emotion：情感上诉/情感剥削28. Appeal to authority：权威论证/权威说法29. Ad populum：民意攻击/哗众取宠30. Ad ignorantiam：无知攻击/至为主观31. Non-sequitur：漏洞/非逻辑34. Inductive reasoning：归纳论证/归纳推理40. Syllogism：三段论/概念推理。

Ambition is a driving force that propels individuals to strive for excellence and achieve their goals.It is a fundamental aspect of human nature that can lead to great accomplishments,but it can also be a source of conflict and dissatisfaction if not managed properly.The Importance of AmbitionAmbition is crucial for personal growth and development.It motivates individuals to set goals,plan their actions,and work diligently to achieve them.Without ambition,people may lack the necessary drive to push beyond their comfort zones and explore new opportunities.Positive Aspects of Ambition1.Goal Achievement:Ambitious individuals are more likely to set clear objectives and work towards them with determination.This can lead to a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction when goals are met.2.Innovation and Creativity:Ambition can inspire creativity and innovation.When people are driven to excel,they often think outside the box and come up with unique solutions to problems.3.Leadership:Ambitious individuals often possess leadership qualities.They are willing to take charge and guide others towards a common goal,which can be invaluable in both professional and personal settings.4.Personal Development:Ambition can lead to continuous learning and selfimprovement. Ambitious people are often eager to acquire new skills and knowledge to stay ahead and achieve their aspirations.Negative Aspects of Ambition1.Pressure and Stress:Excessive ambition can lead to immense pressure and stress.The constant need to achieve more can result in a poor worklife balance and potential burnout.2.Ego and Arrogance:Ambition can sometimes be associated with an inflated ego.When people become overly focused on their success,they may develop a sense of arrogance, which can alienate others and hinder collaboration.3.Ethical Concerns:In some cases,ambition can lead to unethical behavior.The desire tosucceed at any cost may tempt individuals to cut corners or engage in dishonest practices.4.Dissatisfaction:Ambitious individuals may constantly feel unsatisfied with their achievements,always looking for the next big thing,which can lead to a lack of contentment.Balancing AmbitionTo harness the positive aspects of ambition while mitigating its negative effects,it is essential to maintain a balance.This can be achieved by:1.Setting Realistic Goals:While its important to aim high,setting unrealistic goals can lead to disappointment and frustration.2.Prioritizing Wellbeing:Ensuring that personal wellbeing is not compromised in the pursuit of ambition is crucial.This includes maintaining a healthy lifestyle and nurturing relationships.3.Practicing Humility:Recognizing the value of others contributions and being humble in success can prevent arrogance and foster better relationships.4.Ethical Considerations:Upholding ethical standards in all endeavors is key to ensuring that ambition does not lead to negative consequences.5.Celebrating Achievements:Taking the time to acknowledge and celebrate achievements,no matter how small,can provide a sense of satisfaction and prevent a constant state of dissatisfaction.In conclusion,ambition is a powerful force that can lead to great achievements but must be managed with care to avoid negative outcomes.By setting realistic goals,maintaining a balanced life,practicing humility,and adhering to ethical standards,individuals can harness the positive power of ambition to enrich their lives and contribute to society.。

Open Problems ListArising from MathsCSP Workshop,Oxford,March2006Version0.3,April25,20061Complexity and Tractability of CSPQuestion1.0(The Dichotomy Conjecture)Let B be a relational structure.The problem of deciding whether a given relational structure has a homomorphism to B is denoted CSP(B).For which(finite)structures is CSP(B)decidable in polynomial time?Is it true that for anyfinite structure B the problem CSP(B)is either decidable in polynomial time or NP-complete?Communicated by:Tomas Feder&Moshe Vardi(1993) Question1.1A relational structure B is called hereditarily tractable if CSP(B )is tractable for all substructures B of B.Which structures B are hereditarily tractable?Communicated by:Pavol Hell Question1.2A weak near-unanimity term is defined to be one that satisfies the following identities:f(x,...,x)=x and f(x,y,....y)=f(y,x,y,....y)=...=f(y,...,y,x).Is CSP(B)tractable for any(finite)structure B which is preserved by a weak near-unanimity term?Communicated by:Benoit Larose,Matt Valeriote Question1.3A constraint language1S is called globally tractable for a problem P,if P(S)is tractable,and it is called(locally)tractable if for everyfinite L⊆S,P(L)is tractable.These two notions of tractability do not coincide in the Abduction problem(see talk by Nadia Creignou).•For which computational problems related to the CSP do these two notions of tractability coincide?•In particular,do they coincide for the standard CSP decision problem?Communicated by:Nadia Creignou 1That is,a(possibly infinite)set of relations over somefixed set.1Question1.4(see also Question3.5)It has been shown that when a structure B has bounded pathwidth duality the corresponding problem CSP(B)is in the complexity class NL (see talk by Victor Dalmau).Is the converse also true(modulo some natural complexity-theoretic assumptions)?Communicated by:Victor Dalmau Question1.5Is there a good(numerical)parameterization for constraint satisfaction problems that makes themfixed-parameter tractable?Question1.6Further develop techniques based on delta-matroids to complete the com-plexity classification of the Boolean CSP(with constants)with at most two occurrences per variable(see talk by Tomas Feder).Communicated by:Tomas Feder Question1.7Classify the complexity of uniform Boolean CSPs(where both structure and constraint relations are specified in the input).Communicated by:Heribert Vollmer Question1.8The microstructure graph of a binary CSP has vertices for each variable/value pair,and edges that join all pairs of vertices that are compatible with the constraints.What properties of this graph are sufficient to ensure tractability?Are there properties that do not rely on the constraint language or the constraint graph individually?2Approximability and Soft ConstraintsQuestion2.1Is it true that Max CSP(L)is APX-complete whenever Max CSP(L)is NP-hard?Communicated by:Peter Jonsson Question2.2Prove or disprove that Max CSP(L)is in PO if the core of L is super-modular on some lattice,and otherwise this problem is APX-complete.The above has been proved for languages with domain size3,and for languages contain-ing all constants by a computer-assisted case analysis(see talk by Peter Jonsson).Develop techniques that allow one to prove such results without computer-assisted analysis.Communicated by:Peter Jonsson Question2.3For some constraint languages L,the problem Max CSP(L)is hard to approximate better than the random mindless algorithm on satisfiable or almost satisfiable instances.Such problems are called approximation resistant(see talk by Johan Hastad).Is a single random predicate over Boolean variables with large arity approximation resistant?What properties of predicates make a CSP approximation resistant?What transformations of predicates preserve approximation resistance?Communicated by:Johan Hastad2Question2.4Many optimisation problems involving constraints(such as Max-Sat,Max CSP,Min-Ones SAT)can be represented using soft constraints where each constraint is specified by a cost function assigning some measure of cost to each tuple of values in its scope.Are all tractable classes of soft constraints characterized by their multimorphisms?(see talk by Peter Jeavons)Communicated by:Peter Jeavons 3AlgebraQuestion3.1The Galois connection between sets of relations and sets of operations that preserve them has been used to analyse several different computational problems such as the satisfiability of the CSP,and counting the number of solutions.How can we characterise the computational goals for which we can use this Galois connection?Communicated by:Nadia Creignou Question3.2For any relational structure B=(B,R1,...,R k),let co-CSP(B)denote the class of structures which do not have a homomorphism to B.It has been shown that the question of whether co-CSP(B)is definable in Datalog is determined by P ol(B),the polymorphisms of the relations of B(see talk by Andrei Bulatov).Let B be a core,F the set of all idempotent polymorphisms of B and V the variety generated by the algebra(B,F).Is it true that co-CSP(B)is definable in Datalog if and only if V omits types1and2(that is,the local structure of anyfinite algebra in V does not contain a G-set or an affine algebra)?Communicated by:Andrei Bulatov Question3.3Does every tractable clone of polynomials over a group contain a Mal’tsev operation?Communicated by:Pascal Tesson Question3.4Classify(w.r.t.tractability of corresponding CSPs)clones of polynomials of semigroups.Communicated by:Pascal Tesson Question3.5Is it true that for any structure B which is invariant under a near-unanimity operation the problem CSP(B)is in the complexity class NL?Does every such structure have bounded pathwidth duality?(see also Question1.4)Both results are known to hold for a2-element domain(Dalmau)and for majority operations(Dalmau,Krokhin).Communicated by:Victor Dalmau,Benoit Larose3Question3.6Is it decidable whether a given structure is invariant under a near-unanimity function(of some arity)?Communicated by:Benoit Larose Question3.7Let L be afixedfinite lattice.Given an integer-valued supermodular func-tion f on L n,is there an algorithm that maximizes f in polynomial time in n if the function f is given by an oracle?The answer is yes if L is a distributive lattice(see“Supermodular Functions and the Complexity of Max-CSP”,Cohen,Cooper,Jeavons,Krokhin,Discrete Applied Mathemat-ics,2005).More generally,the answer is yes if L is obtained fromfinite distributive lattices via Mal’tsev products(Krokhin,Larose–see talk by Peter Jonsson).The smallest lattice for which the answer is not known is the3-diamond.Communicated by:Andrei Krokhin Question3.8Find the exact relationship between width and relational width.(It is known that one is bounded if and and only if the other is bounded.)Also,what types of width are preserved under natural algebraic constructions?Communicated by:Victor Dalmau 4LogicQuestion4.1The(basic)Propositional Circumscription problem is defined as fol-lows:Input:a propositional formulaφwith atomic relations from a set S,and a clause c.Question:is c satisfied in every minimal model ofφ?It is conjectured(Kirousis,Kolaitis)that there is a trichotomy for this problem,that it iseither in P,coNP-complete or inΠP2,depending on the choice of S.Does this conjecturehold?Communicated by:Nadia Creignou Question4.2The Inverse Satisfiability problem is defined as follows: Input:afinite set of relations S and a relation R.Question:is R expressible by a CNF(S)-formula without existential variables?A dichotomy theorem was obtained by Kavvadias and Sideri for the complexity of this problem with constants.Does a dichotomy hold without the constants?Are the Schaefer cases still tractable?Communicated by:Nadia Creignou4Question4.3Let LFP denote classes of structures definable infirst-order logic with a least-fixed-point operator,let HOM denote classes of structures which are closed under homomorphisms,and let co-CSP denote classes of structures defined by not having a homomorphism to somefixed target structure.•Is LFP∩HOM⊆Datalog?•Is LFP∩co-CSP⊆Datalog?(forfinite target structures)•Is LFP∩co-CSP⊆Datalog?(forω-categorical target structures)Communicated by:Albert Atserias,Manuel BodirskyQuestion4.4(see also Question3.2)Definability of co-CSP(B)in k-Datalog is a sufficient condition for tractability of CSP(B),which is sometimes referred to as having width k. There is a game-theoretic characterisation of definability in k-Datalog in terms of(∃,k)-pebble games(see talk by Phokion Kolaitis).•Is there an algorithm to decide for a given structure B whether co-CSP(B)is definable in k-Datalog(for afixed k)?•Is the width hierarchy strict?The same question when B isω-categorical,but not necessarilyfinite?Communicated by:Phokion Kolaitis,Manuel BodirskyQuestion4.5Find a good logic to capture CSP with“nice”(e.g.,ω-categorical)infinite templates.Communicated by:Iain Stewart 5Graph TheoryQuestion5.1The list homomorphism problem for a(directed)graph H is equivalent to the problem CSP(H∗)where H∗equals H together with all unary relations.•It is conjectured that the list homomorphism problem for a reflexive digraph is tractable if H has the X-underbar property(which is the same as having the bi-nary polymorphism min w.r.t.some total ordering on the set of vertices),and NP-complete otherwise.•It is conjectured that the list homomorphism problem for an irreflexive digraph is tractable if H is preserved by a majority operation,and NP-complete otherwise. Do these conjectures hold?Communicated by:Tomas Feder&Pavol Hell5Question5.2“An island of tractability?”Let A m be the class of all relational structures of the form(A,E1,...,E m)where each E i is an irreflexive symmetric binary relation and the relations E i together satisfy the following‘fullness’condition:any two distinct elements x,y are related in exactly one of the relations E i.Let B m be the single relational structure({1,...,m},E1,...,E m)where each E i is the symmetric binary relation containing all pairs xy except the pair ii.(Note that the relations E i are not irreflexive.)The problem CSP(A m,B m)is defined as:Given A∈A m,is there a homomorphism from A to B m?When m=2,this problem is solvable in polynomial time-it is the recognition problem for split graphs(see“Algorithmic Graph Theory and Perfect Graphs”,M.C.Golumbic, Academic Press,New York,1980)When m>3,this problem is NP-complete(see“Full constraint satisfaction problems”,T.Feder and P.Hell,to appear in SIAM Journal on Computing).What happens when m=3?Is this an“island of tractability”?Quasi-polynomial algorithms are known for this problem(see“Full constraint satisfaction problems”,T. Feder and P.Hell,,to appear in SIAM Journal on Computing,and“Two algorithms for list matrix partitions”,T.Feder,P.Hell,D.Kral,and J.Sgall,SODA2005).Note that a similar problem for m=3was investigated in“The list partition problem for graphs”, K.Cameron,E.E.Eschen,C.T.Hoang and R.Sritharan,SODA2004.Communicated by:Tomas Feder&Pavol Hell Question5.3Finding the generalized hypertree-width,w(H)of a hypergraph H is known to be NP-complete.However it is possible to compute a hypertree-decomposition of H in polynomial time,and the hypertree-width of H is at most3w(H)+1(see talk by Georg Gottlob).Are there other decompositions giving better approximations of the generalized hypertree-width that can be found in polynomial time?Communicated by:Georg Gottlob Question5.4It is known that a CSP whose constraint hypergraph has bounded fractional hypertree width is tractable(see talk by Daniel Marx).Is there a hypergraph property more general than bounded fractional hypertree width that makes the associated CSP polynomial-time solvable?Are there classes of CSP that are tractable due to structural restrictions and have unbounded fractional hypertree width?Communicated by:Georg Gottlob,Daniel Marx Question5.5Prove that there exist two functions f1(w),f2(w)such that,for every w, there is an algorithm that constructs in time n f1(w)a fractional hypertree decomposition of width at most f2(w)for any hypergraph of fractional hypertree width at most w(See talk by Daniel Marx).Communicated by:Daniel Marx6Question5.6Turn the connection between the Robber and Army game and fractional hypertree width into an algorithm for approximating fractional hypertree width.Communicated by:Daniel Marx Question5.7Close the complexity gap between(H,C,K)-colouring and (H,C,K)-colouring (see talk by Dimitrios Thilikos)Find a tight characterization for thefixed-parameter tractable(H,C,K)-colouring problems.•For the(H,C,K)-colouring problems,find nice properties for the non-parameterisedpart(H−C)that guaranteefixed-parameter tractability.•Clarify the role of loops in the parameterised part C forfixed-parameter hardnessresults.Communicated by:Dimitrios Thilikos6Constraint Programming and ModellingQuestion6.1In a constraint programming system there is usually a search procedure that assigns values to particular variables in some order,interspersed with a constraint propagation process which modifies the constraints in the light of these assignments.Is it possible to choose an ordering for the variables and values assigned which changes each problem instance as soon as possible into a new instance which is in a tractable class? Can this be done efficiently?Are there useful heuristics?Question6.2The time taken by a constraint programming system tofind a solution toa given instance can be dramatically altered by modelling the problem differently.Can the efficiency of different constraint models be objectively compared,or does it depend entirely on the solution algorithm?Question6.3For practical constraint solving it is important to eliminate symmetry,in order to avoid wasted search effort.Under what conditions is it tractable to detect the symmetry in a given problem in-stance?7Notes•Representations of constraints-implicit representation-effect on complexity•Unique games conjecture-structural restrictions that make it false-connectionsbetween definability and approximation•MMSNP-characterise tractable problems apart from CSP7•Migrate theoretical results to tools•What restrictions do practical problems actually satisfy?•Practical parallel algorithms-does this align with tractable classes?•Practically relevant constraint languages(”global constraints”)•For what kinds of problems do constraint algorithms/heuristics give good results?8。

The Pros and Cons of Globalization Globalization is a complex and controversial phenomenon that has had aprofound impact on the world. It has both its pros and cons, and its effects are felt in various aspects of life, including economics, culture, and politics. Inthis essay, I will explore the different perspectives on globalization, examining its benefits and drawbacks, and ultimately, provide a balanced view of this global trend. One of the most significant advantages of globalization is its role in promoting economic growth and development. By opening up markets and facilitating the flow of goods, services, and capital across borders, globalization has led to increased trade and investment, which has contributed to the overall prosperity of many countries. This has resulted in higher standards of living and improved access to goods and services for people around the world. Additionally, globalization has allowed for the transfer of technology and knowledge, which has helped to drive innovation and progress in various industries. Furthermore, globalization has also facilitated cultural exchange and understanding amongpeople from different parts of the world. Through the spread of information, ideas, and values, globalization has led to greater interconnectedness and a more diverse and inclusive global community. This has resulted in the enrichment of culturesand the promotion of tolerance and appreciation for diversity. Moreover, globalization has also created opportunities for people to experience and engage with different cultures, leading to the enrichment of their own lives and perspectives. On the other hand, globalization has also been criticized for its negative impact on local economies and communities. The increased competition from foreign companies and the outsourcing of jobs to lower-cost regions has led to job loss and economic insecurity for many workers. This has resulted in widening income inequality and social unrest in some regions. Additionally, the homogenization of cultures and the dominance of Western values in the global marketplace have led to the erosion of local traditions and identities, raising concerns about the loss of cultural diversity and heritage. Moreover,globalization has also been associated with environmental degradation and the exploitation of natural resources. The increased production and consumption driven by globalization have led to greater pollution and the depletion of naturalresources, contributing to climate change and ecological destruction. Furthermore, the global supply chains and the demand for cheap labor in developing countries have led to poor working conditions and human rights abuses, raising ethical concerns about the social impact of globalization. In conclusion, globalization is a multifaceted phenomenon that has both positive and negative consequences. While it has contributed to economic growth, cultural exchange, and technological advancement, it has also led to economic inequality, cultural homogenization, and environmental degradation. It is important to recognize and address the challenges associated with globalization while harnessing its benefits for the collective good of humanity. Ultimately, a balanced and inclusive approach to globalization is essential to ensure that its impact is sustainable and beneficial for all.。

SAT 问题研究小结预备知识：1.基于模型诊断的基本概念介绍：首先我们介绍基于模型诊断的主要思想和框架结构：基本定义：（1）诊断系统：一个诊断系统符号化定义即为一个三元组(SD,COMPS,OBS),其中SD 为系统描述，是一阶谓词公式集合；COMPS 是系统的组成部件集合，是一个有限常量集合，而OBS 是一个观测集合，是一阶谓词公式的有限集合。

简而言之就是把一个相关的系统抽象成符号化的几个部分，然后把系统模型化，根据逻辑关系和相关的硬件结构抽象成模型，根据模型推理出系统正常的输出，而往往在实际系统中得到的观测和预期的结果不符，此时便需要诊断出哪些元件可能出现故障，出现故障的原因，并找到故障元件并解决，其中最主要的是故障元件集合的找出即：诊断集合。

（2）我们把一个元件不正常工作符号化表示即为：AB(c):”abnormal ”,AB(c)为真当且仅当c 反常，其中c ∈COMPS 。

（3）基于一致性诊断：设组件集合COMPS ∈∆，称∆为关于(SD,COMPS,OBS)的一个基于一致性诊断，如果})({S D ∆-∈⌝COMPS c c AB OBS 是可满足的。

（4）极小诊断集：称一个关于(SD,COMPS,OBS)的一个基于一致性诊断∆是极小的(MCBD),if 不存在∆的任何真子集也是关于(SD,COMPS,OBS)的一个基于一致性诊断。

（5）由此我们可以知道：要想判断一个诊断集合是否是基于一致性诊断，只需要判断在这个诊断集合中的组件都是反常的(是故障的)，然后剩下的组件工作正常工作和系统的相关描述以及系统在这种情况下系统的观测是否逻辑上可以解释的。

（6）命题可满足性问题(propositional Satisfiability Problem,SAT)是人工智能里的一个分支，它是完全NP 问题，并且人工智能中很多的NP 问题都可以转化成SAT 问题，然后求解，相应的基于模型诊断问题(MBD)问题也可转化为SAT 问题，然后求解。

学术报告摘要与讲者简介报告题目：可满足性模理论的解计数方法报告摘要：可满足性模理论（Satisfiability Modulo Theories，简称SMT）研究理论谓词的逻辑组合的可满足性，是对命题逻辑公式可满足性问题（SAT）的扩展，具有强大的表达能力。

SMT公式的解个数或解空间体积大小是一个基础的科学问题，在程序分析、概率程序验证、近似推理等领域有重要应用。

本报告将首先介绍SMT的基础知识，然后探讨不同理论上SMT公式的解计数的精确和近似方法。

简历：马菲菲，中国科学院软件研究所副研究员，研究方向为自动推理和约束求解。

曾主持国家自然科学青年基金项目“可满足性问题的扩展研究”、“十二五”国家密码发展基金项目“面向密码理论的自动推理算法研究”，并参与了国家973计划项目“安全攸关软件系统的构造与质量保障方法研究”。

作为项目负责人，与广电总局无线电台管理局合作完成了“短波广播资源优化调度算法”项目，并获2017年度王选新闻科学技术一等奖。

在IJCAR/CADE, CP, SAT, TCS等国际重要会议和期刊上发表论文十余篇。

报告题目：SAT solving and some recent progress of its incomplete methods报告摘要：Propositional Satisfiability problem (SAT) is the first NP complete problem and finds applications in many fields. SAT solvers are critical in many important applications, from CPU design, software and hardware verification to theorem proving. In this talk, I will introduce the problem and related events, and review the essential ideas in modern solvers for SAT. Then, I will present some of my recent works in the incomplete methods, which lead to state of the art performance.简历：蔡少伟，中科院软件所计算机科学国家重点实验室研究员。

Leadership is a multifaceted concept that encompasses a variety of skills and attributes.It is the process of influencing,motivating,and guiding individuals or a group of people towards achieving a common goal.Here are some key elements that can be discussed in an essay on leadership:1.Definition of Leadership:Begin by defining what leadership means.It can be described as the ability to direct and coordinate the efforts of others towards accomplishing a shared objective.2.Traits of a Good Leader:Discuss the characteristics that are commonly associated with effective leaders.These may include qualities such as integrity,vision,decisiveness, empathy,and the ability to inspire and motivate others.3.Leadership Styles:There are various leadership styles,such as autocratic,democratic, transformational,and transactional leadership.Each style has its own strengths and weaknesses and is suited to different situations.4.Importance of Communication:Effective communication is crucial for a leader.It involves not only expressing ideas clearly but also listening to the needs and concerns of team members.5.Decision Making:A leader must be adept at making decisions,often under pressure and with incomplete information.The ability to weigh options,consider risks,and make informed choices is a hallmark of strong leadership.6.Adaptability and Flexibility:In a constantly changing environment,leaders must be able to adapt to new situations and be flexible in their approach to problemsolving.7.Empowerment:Great leaders empower their team members by giving them the authority and responsibility to make decisions and contribute to the teams success.8.Ethical Considerations:Leadership involves ethical considerations,such as fairness, honesty,and accountability.Leaders must set an example and maintain high ethical standards.9.Cultural Intelligence:In a globalized world,leaders need to understand and respect cultural differences,which can impact how they lead diverse teams.10.Challenges of Leadership:Discuss the challenges that leaders face,such as managing conflict,dealing with resistance to change,and balancing the needs of the organizationwith the needs of individuals.11.Development of Leadership Skills:Explore how leadership skills can be developed through experience,education,and selfreflection.12.Case Studies:Use examples of leaders from history or current events to illustrate different aspects of leadership.Analyze their actions and the outcomes to provide realworld context to your discussion.13.The Future of Leadership:Consider how the concept of leadership might evolve with technological advancements,changes in the workplace,and shifts in societal values.14.Conclusion:Summarize the key points made in the essay and reflect on the importance of leadership in various contexts,from business to politics to social movements.When writing an essay on leadership,its important to provide specific examples and to analyze them critically.This will help to demonstrate a deep understanding of the topic and to engage the reader in the discussion.。

Taking on responsibilities is a crucial part of personal growth and societal development.It is the cornerstone of maturity and the key to being a reliable member of any community.Heres an essay on the importance of taking responsibility:In the journey of life,each of us is faced with numerous responsibilities,be it at home, school,or work.The ability to take on and fulfill these responsibilities is a mark of a wellrounded individual.Understanding the Concept of ResponsibilityResponsibility is the state of being accountable for ones actions and decisions.It is the moral obligation to do what is right,fair,and just.It is not merely about fulfilling duties but also about being proactive in identifying areas where one can contribute positively. Importance of Taking Responsibility1.Personal Growth:Taking responsibility for ones actions is the first step towards selfimprovement.It helps in building character and instilling a sense of selfdiscipline.2.Trust and Reliability:Individuals who take responsibility are often seen as trustworthy and reliable.This trait is highly valued in both personal and professional relationships.3.Problem Solving:When we take responsibility,we are more inclined to find solutions to problems rather than shifting blame or avoiding the issue.4.Leadership Development:Leaders are those who take responsibility for the success and failures of their team.It is this quality that earns them respect and authority.5.Societal Contribution:On a larger scale,taking responsibility means contributing to the betterment of society.It involves being aware of societal issues and taking steps to address them.Cultivating a Sense of Responsibility1.SelfAwareness:Understanding ones strengths and weaknesses is the first step towards taking responsibility.It helps in setting realistic goals and expectations.2.Accountability:Holding oneself accountable for actions and decisions is essential.This means acknowledging mistakes and learning from them.3.Proactivity:Instead of waiting for things to happen,taking the initiative to make things happen is a sign of responsibility.mitment:Once a commitment is made,seeing it through to the end,regardless of the challenges faced,is a demonstration of responsibility.5.Ethical Decision Making:Making decisions that are not only beneficial to oneself but also consider the impact on others and the environment.Overcoming Challenges in Taking ResponsibilityTaking responsibility can be challenging,especially when it involves making tough decisions or facing the consequences of ones actions.However,with determination and a clear understanding of the benefits,these challenges can be overcome.1.Fear of Failure:It is natural to fear failure,but it is important to remember that failure is a part of learning and growth.2.Pressure from Others:Sometimes,the expectations of others can be overwhelming.In such cases,it is crucial to stay true to ones values and make decisions based on personal principles.3.Time Management:Balancing multiple responsibilities can be difficult.Effective time management skills can help in handling these responsibilities efficiently.ConclusionIn conclusion,taking responsibility is not just about fulfilling obligations but also about personal and societal development.It is a continuous process that requires selfawareness, accountability,and commitment.By embracing responsibility,we not only improve ourselves but also contribute positively to the world around us.It is a journey that starts with small steps but can lead to significant achievements and a fulfilling life.。

The English essay titled Passion Blooms to Illuminate the Future could delve into the significance of passion in shaping ones future.Heres a detailed outline of what such an essay might include:Introduction:The essay could start by defining passion as a driving force that propels individuals towards their goals.It might introduce the idea that passion is not just a fleeting emotion but a sustainable energy source that fuels ambition and creativity.The Role of Passion in Personal Growth:Discuss how passion can lead to selfimprovement by motivating individuals to learn and grow in their chosen fields.Provide examples of people who have achieved success due to their passion,such as artists,scientists,or entrepreneurs.Passion and Career Success:Explore the correlation between passion and career success,suggesting that those who are passionate about their work are more likely to excel and innovate.Discuss the importance of finding a career that aligns with ones passions to achieve fulfillment and satisfaction.Overcoming Obstacles with Passion:Describe how passion can help individuals overcome challenges and setbacks,providing the resilience needed to persevere.Use anecdotes or case studies to illustrate how passion has helped people bounce back from failures or hardships.The Impact of Passion on Society:Reflect on how collective passion for a cause can lead to societal change and progress. Discuss movements and initiatives driven by passionate individuals that have made a significant impact on the world.Cultivating Passion:Offer advice on how to discover and nurture ones passions,suggesting activities such as selfreflection,trying new experiences,and seeking mentorship.The Future of Passion:Contemplate the role of passion in shaping the future,speculating on how technological advancements and societal changes may influence the way we pursue our passions.Consider the potential for passion to drive innovation and creativity in new and unexpected ways.Conclusion:Summarize the key points made in the essay,reinforcing the message that passion is a powerful tool for personal and societal advancement.End with a call to action,encouraging readers to embrace their passions and use them to illuminate their own futures.This essay would aim to inspire readers to recognize the importance of passion in their lives and to consider how they can harness this force to achieve their dreams and contribute positively to the world.。

完整性与功利主义伦理学关于《完整性与功利主义伦理学》，是我们特意为大家整理的，希望对大家有所帮助。

摘要：伯纳德威廉斯强调哲学必须直面人类生活的复杂性和困难性，他批判以往哲学回避现实，特别是功利主义和康德主义，以恶劣的方式将生活简单化，忽视了个人情感、规划和运气对伦理生活的影响。

他通过对功利主义后果论结构的分析，指出其中所包含的消极责任特征，批判功利主义忽视了个人分离性的重要性以及对个人完整性的破坏。

威廉斯强调个人是情感需要、功利偏好和理性能力的综合体，主张应该从人的主体自身出发去思考道德问题，认为重要问题是人如何过有意义的生活，而不是我应该遵守什么样的规则。

威廉斯的批判是强有力的，对功利主义的发展具有重要启发。

下载论文网关键词：伯纳德威廉斯；个人完整性；后果论；消极责任；不偏不倚；功利主义中图分类号：B561.6 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-3104(2014)03?A50?A8一、关于后果论的理论架构及其缺陷经过古典功利主义与现代功利主义的发展演进，功利主义的理论形态发生了很大的变化，但是在核心原则上仍然保持一致。

阿玛蒂亚森将功利主义的核心要素归结为三个：“后果主义”“福利主义”“总量排序”，并指出所谓“后果主义”“指的是以下主张：一切选择(无论是对于行动、规则、机构等等所做的)都必须根据其后果(即它们所产生的结果)来评值”[1]。

根据后果论，行为的道德属性取决于其后果的价值，其根本目的在于提高事态的内在价值，而对达到这一目的的手段置之不理。

伯纳德威廉斯指出：“我认为，后果论的中心思想是，只有那种具有内在价值的事物是事态(state of affairs)；任何其他事物具有价值，这是因为它导致了某些具有内在价值的事态。

”[2](8081)也就是说，具有内在价值的事物是事态而非产生价值的行为，行为与行为者只是达成事态的手段。

“功利主义者所感兴趣的，只是幸福的总量。

他们完全不在意幸福是如何产生的，也不在乎是谁的幸福岌岌可危”[3]，这种后果论的理论架构使得功利主义饱受批评。