罗马 ROME

ROMEINTRODUCTION 引言Imagine seeing men battle wild animals such as lions, tigers, and elephants. Imagine seeing chariot races in an arena that held over 50,000 people. If you were a boy, you wouldn’t wear pants! You would wear long shirts instead. Can you speak Latin? That’s the language you would speak if you lived in ancient Rome.Today, Rome is the capital of Italy. Italy is a country in southern Europe. Modern Rome is a busy, commercial center and a popular city with tourists. It is a city known for its beauty and rich culture. Because of its long history, Rome is often called “The Eternal City.”Let’s explore the Rome of long ago and today.1.imagine v. 想像；设想2.battle v. 和……搏斗3.chairot n. 双轮战车(比赛马车)4.arena n. 角斗场tin n. 拉丁语6.ancient adj. 古代的mercial adj. 商业的；贸易的8.culture n. 文化9.the Eternal City 不朽城(罗马的别称)10.explore v. 探索；探究ROME：THEN AND NOW罗马:历史与今天Rome was the center of a great civilization long ago. Laws and government were very important to its people. Ancient Romans were also great builders, especially of roads and waterways Many of their ideas about government and building are still important to us today.Long ago, the Romans united different lands into an empire. The Roman Empire covered most of Europe. Rome was the most important city in the empire. More than a million people lived there. An emperor ruled this vest empire. Under one ruler, many of the people in the empire led comfortable lives. There were few wars. It was a time of peace.Look at the two maps. How is the Roman Empire different from and the same as modern Italy? Can you tell which modern countries used to be part of the Roman Empire? Along what body of water are most of these countries located?Today, the Roman Empire no longer exists. Rome, once the center of this great empire, is still an important city. It is the largest city in Italy. More than three million people live in the city of Rome and its surrounding suburbs.1.locate v. 坐落于；位于2.exist v. 存在3.surrounding adj. 周围的4.suburb n 市郊；郊区5.base on 基于6.Romance languages 罗曼(诸)语7.Portuguese n. 葡萄牙语8.Pantheon 万神庙9.temple n. 庙宇；寺院10.honor v. 尊敬；纪念FOODIn ancient Rome, what did the people eat? For breakfast, poor people usually had bread and water. The main meal each day was dinner. It began in the late afternoon so it could end by sunset. And porridge, which is like oatmeal.Rich Romans ate many different foods. How do we know? Someancient recipes have survived. Cooks used herbs and spices.Spices helped to hide the fact that many foods were not fresh. People could not refrigerate food.Today, some people living in small towns still take a long lunch. Shops usually close from 1:00 to 4:00 and then reopen until 8:00. Children come from school and parents from work to eat together. Lunch has many courses, such as a salad , rice or pasta, a main course, then dessert. However, in Rome and other big cities, most people take only an hour or so for lunch. Some shops close during lunchtime.1.porridge n. 粥2.oatmeal n. 燕麦片粥3.recipe n. 食谱4.survive v. 幸存；留存5.herb n. 药草；香草6.spice n. 香料；调料7.refrigerate v. 冷冻；冷藏8.course n. 一道菜9.pasta n. 意大利面食(包括通心粉及细面条等)10.d essert n. 甜(尾)食；甜点心11.b anquet n. 宴会12.f east n. 盛宴；筵席13.t una fish 金枪鱼肉14.o strich meat 鸵鸟肉SCHOOLIn ancient Rome，there were no public schools. Some families sent their children to small local schools. These families had to pay a fee. Very few girls went to school. School began to sunrise and ended in the early afternoon. Children had the summers off. Some wealthy families hired tutors to teach their sons at home. The tutors were often Greek slaves. Fathers taught their sons outdoor skills, such as horseback-riding, swimming, and fighting with weapons.Children began school when they were six or seven. They learned reading, writing, and arithmetic. After age 11, students studied famous Greek and Roman writers and poets. They also studies music and astronomy. Most students left school at age 16. If they wanted to be lawyers or politicians, they hired special tutors to continue their studies.Today, public schools in Italy are free. Children must go to school from ages 6 to 14. Children between the ages of 11 and 14 go to middle school. When they finish middle school, students choose the kind of high school they will go to. They might choose a high school that teaches about computers or science. After high school, some students attend a university.1.local adj. 当地的2.fee n. 费3.wealthy adj. 富有的4.hire v. 雇请；雇用5.tutor n. 家庭教师6.slave n. 奴隶7.weapon n. 武器8.arithmetic n. 算术9.poet n. 诗人10.astronomy n. 天文学wyer n. 律师12.politician n. 政治家13.university n. 大学ROMAN SYSTEMS罗马的城市设施与道路交通WATERIn ancient Rome, many people believed that polluted, or dirty water caused disease. To keep people healthy, the Romans built a system of aqueducts. Aqueducts brought millions of liters (gallons) of water from neighboring hills into the city every day.The water was used for drinking and for the baths and fountains. Lead pipes connected to the aqueducts supplied water to the houses in the city. The city also had underground sewers to carry away sewage.In the countryside, aqueducts brought water to places where it was needed. Farmers used the water to irrigate their crops. Some of the ruins of these ancient water systems still stand today.Today, Rome has modern plumbing. Its water-supply system is much like the aqueducts of long ago. Pipes still supply the city with water.1.pollute v. 污染2.disease n. 疾病3.aqueduct n. 沟渠；高架渠4.liter n. 公升5.gallon n. 加仑(英制液体单位)6.lead pipe 铅管7.connect to 连接8.supply v. 供给；提供9.sewer n 下水道10.sewage n. 污水11.irrigate v. 灌溉12.plumbing n. 管道设备ROADSThe ancient Romans built many roads in every part of their empire. I ancient Rome, the system of roads held the empire together. At its peak, the empire had more than 80,465 kilometers (50,000 miles) of roads. All the roads seemed to lead right to Rome. That is why there is the saying, “All roads lead to Rome.”This system of roads allowed the army to move easily around the empire. It also made trading goods and communicating easier than before. As much as possible, roads were straight and smooth. This allowed the Romans to travel fast. However,news and people traveled only as fast as horses could go.In A.D.64, a huge fire destroyed much of Rome. Large parts of the city had to be rebuilt. More open spaces and public squares were added. Special walls were built between buildings to keep fires from spreading. Many old winding alleyways were replaced with wide streets. These streets became part of the Roman system of roads.Today, the roads are much like those in ancient Rome. In fact, some of the ancient highways are still in use! If you visit Rome, you won’t see any cars in the ancient part of city. They’ve been banned to reduce traffic jams and pollution.1.peak n. 顶点；顶峰2. allow v. 容许；允许municate v. 沟通；通信4.smooth adj. 平坦的5.destroy v. 毁坏；摧毁6.spread v. 蔓延7.winding adj. 弯曲的8.alleyway n. 小巷；窄街9.ban v. 禁止10.reduce v. 减少11.traffic jam 交通拥挤；交通阻塞12.Appian Way 阿庇亚大道CONTRIBUTIONS对人类的贡献The Roman Empire ended in A.D. 476. More than 1,500 years later, the city of Rome remains one of the world’s great cities. Millions of tourists visit Rome each year to see its famous buildings, art museums, and ruins from ancient times.Many buildings you see today look like ancient Roman buildings. The U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., with its dome and arches, was modeled after a Roman building. Water systems in some modern cities copy the Roman aqueduct system.The ancient Romans invented and improved other things that we use today. They invented concrete and made the first screws. Objects made of blown glass first became popular during the time of the Roman Empire.One of the greatest contributions of the ancient Romans is their belief in written law. Today, the laws of many countries are based on the Roman system of law.Another important contribution is their language. French, Italian, and other Romance languages that grew out of Latin are spoken throughout the world. Even many of the English words used to write this book were borrowed from the language of the ancient Romans.1.U.S. Capitol 美国国会大厦2.dome n. 圆屋顶3.arch n. 拱门；拱形结构4.model after 模仿5.improve v. 改进6.concrete n. 混凝土7.screw n. 螺丝钉8.object n. 物体；物品9.blown glass 吹制的玻璃I。

意大利罗马历史之罗马的战争与征服Roman History: Wars and Conquests of Rome Rome, the eternal city, has a history rich in wars and conquests. From humble beginnings as a small settlement on the banks of the Tiber River, it rose to become one of the most powerful empires in ancient times. The Romans' military prowess was legendary, and their wars were not only about territorial expansion but also about preserving their culture, values, and way of life. 罗马，这座永恒之城，拥有丰富的战争和征服史。

从最初作为台伯河畔的一个小定居点的卑微起源开始，它逐渐崛起成为古代最强大的帝国之一。

罗马人的军事力量堪称传奇，他们的战争不仅是为了领土扩张，更是为了维护自己的文化、价值观和生活方式。

In its early years, Rome struggled against neighboring tribes for survival. Its army consisted mainly of peasants armed with spears and shields, yet they fought bravely under the guidance of skilled commanders. Gradually, through victories over these rivals, Rome gained territory and influence, laying the foundation for future greatness. 在早期岁月中，罗马为求生存而与邻近部落争斗不休。

意大利罗马历史之罗马的历史文献与研究成果The History of Rome: Historical Documents andResearch FindingsRome, the eternal city that stands tall in the heart of Italy, is a repository of rich history and culture. Its legacy spans thousands of years, leaving behind countless documents and artifacts that have been carefully preserved for generations to decipher. As scholars delve deeper into the annals of Roman history, they continue to unearth fascinating insights about this ancient civilization.意大利的永恒之城——罗马，矗立于意大利的心脏地带。

它承载着丰富的历史和文化，其遗产跨越了数千年，留下了无数被世世代代仔细保存的文档和文物。

学者们深入挖掘罗马历史的篇章时，继续发现这个古老文明的迷人见解。

The study of Roman history is an endless journey through time, filled with intricate details and narratives. One cannot help but marvel at the meticulous records kept by Romans themselves—from inscriptions on stone tablets and coins to elaborate histories penned by chroniclers like Livy and Tacitus. These historical documents provide us with invaluable glimpses into the lives and times of these formidable ancestors.研究罗马历史就像是一场穿越时间的无尽之旅，充满了复杂的细节和叙述。

罗马帝国的城市遗址罗马帝国，曾经是世界上最伟大的帝国之一，霸权遍及欧洲、北非和中东地区。

在其辉煌时期，罗马帝国拥有许多壮丽的城市，这些城市遗址至今仍在我们周围，为我们展示着古代罗马的辉煌与荣耀。

本文将介绍几个著名的罗马帝国城市遗址。

1. 罗马城（Rome）作为罗马帝国的首都，罗马城是古代罗马最重要的城市之一，如今仍然是意大利的首都。

罗马城的遗址包括了许多重要的建筑和历史遗迹，其中最著名的就是罗马斗兽场（Colosseum）。

这个巨大的露天圆形剧场曾是数千观众观看斗兽表演和其他娱乐活动的场所。

此外，罗马城还有斗兽场、卡拉卡拉浴场、庞贝乡村别墅等等。

2. 庞贝古城（Pompeii）庞贝古城是意大利南部庞贝附近的一座古城，由于公元79年的维苏威火山爆发而埋没在熔岩和火山灰下，几乎完整地保存了下来。

现在，庞贝古城成为一座重要的考古遗址，吸引了全世界的游客。

在庞贝古城中，我们可以看到罗马时代的建筑、街道、壁画等等，这些都是当时罗马社会生活的缩影。

庞贝的发现对我们了解古罗马文化和生活方式有着重要的意义。

3. 埃菲索斯古城（Ephesus）埃菲索斯古城是位于现在的土耳其境内，曾是罗马帝国亚细亚省的一个重要城市。

这个城市在罗马时期达到了巅峰状态，是西亚最大的经济、政治和文化中心之一。

埃菲索斯古城留下了许多令人叹为观止的遗迹，如库斯图姆广场、图列夫图神庙、图西库勒修道院等等。

这些建筑展示了古代罗马的建筑风格和技术，让我们可以想象出当时的繁荣景象。

4. 卡帕多西亚地下城（Cappadocia Underground Cities）卡帕多西亚地下城是罗马帝国时期位于现在的土耳其中部卡帕多西亚地区的地下建筑群。

这些地下城是由当地人为了躲避入侵和迫害而挖掘出来的，提供了隐蔽、保护和居住的地方。

卡帕多西亚地下城的结构复杂而精确，有着多层楼、通道、教堂和储藏室等设施。

这些地下城至今仍然可以参观，让人们感受到当时居民的生活环境和恢宏的工程技术。

罗马全面战争城市名{Rome} 罗马{Caledonia} 苏格兰{Dalriada} 爱丁堡{Corsica} 科西嘉岛{Britannia_Inferior} 下不列颠{Tribus_Saxones} 撒克逊{Locus_Gepidae} 格皮德{Hyperboria} 北国{Tribus_Sakae} 塞克{Hibernia} 爱尔兰{Tribus_Alanni} 阿兰尼{Tribus_Silurii} 西卢里{Locus_Gothi} 哥特{Tribus_Sarmatae} 萨尔马提亚{Britannia_Superior} 上不列颠{Germania_Inferior} 下日耳曼{Tribus_Chattii} 卡狄{Pripet} 普利佩特{Regnum_Marcomannii} 马科曼尼{Belgica} 比利时{Maeotis} 梅欧提斯{Agri_Decumates} 阿格里狄古马特{Armorica} 阿莫里卡{Germania_Superior} 上日耳曼{Boihaemum} 波海姆{Scythia} 西徐亚{Tribus_Iazyges} 雅斯基{Central_Gaul} 大高卢{Dacia} 达西亚{Noricum} 诺里库姆{Tribus_Getae} 加泰{Pannonia} 潘诺尼亚{Bosphorus} 博斯普鲁斯{Aquitania} 阿奎塔尼{Lugdinensis} 卢格杜南西斯{Colchis} 科尔基斯{Atropatene} 阿特洛帕特内{Cisalpine_Gaul} 山内高卢{Venetia} 威尼托{Transalpine_Gaul} 山外高卢{Illyria} 伊利里亚{Thrace} 色雷斯{Gallaecia} 加利西亚{Dalmatia} 达尔马提亚{Armenia} 亚美尼亚{Narbonensis} 纳尔榜高卢{Liguria} 雷古利亚{Pontus} 本都{Celtiberia} 坎特伯雷{Paionia} 派奥尼亚{Etruria} 伊特鲁利亚{Taraconenis} 塔拉戈南尼斯{Umbria} 乌布里亚{Media} 米底亚{Lusitania} 卢西塔尼亚{Sardinia} 撒丁岛{Latium} 拉丁{Macedonia} 马其顿{Propontis} 普罗庞提斯{Bithynia} 比提尼亚{Galatia} 加拉太{Cappadocia} 卡帕多西亚{Hispania} 伊比利亚{Epirus} 伊庇鲁斯{Apulia} 阿普里亚{Campania} 坎帕尼亚{Assyria} 亚述{Baetica} 贝提卡{Phrygia} 弗里吉亚{Cilicia} 西里西亚{Thessalia} 色萨利{Baliares} 巴利阿里群岛{Bruttium} 布鲁提恩{Ionia} 爱奥尼亚{Syria} 叙利亚{Babylonia} 巴比伦{Aetolia} 埃托里亚{Attica} 阿提卡{Elymais} 以莱美斯{Peloponnesus} 伯罗奔尼撒{Lycia} 吕西亚{Sicilia_Romanus} 上西西里亚{Sicilia_Poeni} 下西西里亚{Mauretania} 毛里塔尼亚{Regnum_Palmyrae} 帕米拉{Cyprus} 塞浦路斯岛{Phoenicia} 腓尼基{Numidia} 努米底亚{Africa} 阿非利加{Sicilia_Graecus} 大西西里{Laconia} 拉科尼亚{Coele_Syria} 科罗叙利亚{Rhodos} 罗德斯岛{Arabia} 阿拉伯{Byzacium} 拜萨西恩{Crete} 克里特岛{Nabataea} 纳巴泰{Judaea} 犹太{Gaetulia} 加图里亚{Tripolitania} 的黎波里塔尼亚{Cyrenaica} 昔兰尼加{Nile_Delta} 尼罗河三角洲{Sinai} 西奈山{Libya} 利比亚{Middle_Egypt} 中埃及{Sahara} 撒哈拉{Thebais} 底比斯{Eburacum} 约克郡{Bordesholm} 博登肖姆{Domus_Dulcis_Domus} 杜尔西斯{Themiskyra} 塞米斯卡拉{Campus_Sakae} 塞克{Tara} 塔拉{Campus_Alanni} 阿兰尼{Deva} 迪瓦{Vicus_Gothi} 哥特{Campus_Sarmatae} 萨尔马提亚{Londinium} 伦敦{Batavodurum} 巴达维{Damme} 达姆{Vicus_Venedae} 威尼达{Vicus_Marcomannii} 马科曼尼{Samarobriva} 萨马罗布里瓦{Tanais} 塔奈斯{Mogontiacum} 美因茨{Condate_Redonum} 雷恩{Trier} 特里尔{Lovosice} 洛沃西采{Campus_Scythii} 西徐亚{Campus_Iazyges} 雅斯基{Alesia} 阿莱西亚{Porrolissum} 波罗里森{Iuvavum} 萨尔茨堡{Campus_Getae} 加泰{Aquincum} 布达佩斯{Chersonesos} 切索尼斯{Lemonum} 里蒙{Lugdunum} 里昂{Kotais} 库塔伊西{Phraaspa} 弗拉斯帕{Mediolanium} 米兰{Patavium} 帕多瓦{Massilia} 马赛{Segestica} 塞吉斯提卡{Tylis} 泰里斯{Asturica} 阿斯图里加{Salona} 萨罗纳{Artaxarta} 阿尔塔沙特{Narbo_Martius} 纳尔榜玛提厄斯{Segesta} 塞吉斯塔{Sinope} 锡诺普{Numantia} 努曼提亚{Bylazora} 贝拉索拉{Arretium} 亚雷提恩{Osca} 奥斯卡{Ariminum} 亚里米伦{Arsakia} 阿萨基亚{Scallabis} 斯卡拉比斯{Caralis} 卡拉里斯{Roma} 罗马{Thessalonica} 塞萨洛尼卡{Byzantium} 拜占庭{Nicomedia} 尼科米底亚{Ancyra} 安卡拉{Mazaka} 马萨卡{Carthago_Nova} 新迦太基{Apollonia} 阿波罗尼亚{Tarentum} 塔伦图姆{Capua} 卡普亚{Hatra} 哈特拉{Corduba} 科尔多巴{Pergamum} 珀加蒙{Tarsus} 塔尔苏斯{Larissa} 拉里萨{Palma} 帕尔马{Croton} 克罗顿{Sardis} 萨狄斯{Antioch} 安条克{Seleucia} 塞琉西亚{Thermon} 色蒙{Athens} 雅典{Susa} 苏撒{Corinth} 科林斯{Halicarnasus} 哈利卡纳苏斯{Messana} 墨西拿{Lilybaeum} 利利俾{Tingi} 丹吉尔{Palmyra} 帕米拉{Salamis} 萨拉米斯{Sidon} 西顿{Cirta} 瑟塔{Carthage} 迦太基{Syracuse} 叙拉古{Sparta} 斯巴达{Damascus} 大马士革{Rhodes} 罗德斯{Dumatha} 杜马萨{Thapsus} 塔普苏斯{Kydonia} 科多尼亚{Bostra} 波斯卓{Jerusalem} 耶路撒冷{Dimmidi} 狄米迪{Lepcis_Magna} 大列普提斯{Cyrene} 昔兰尼{Alexandria} 亚历山大{Petra} 佩特拉{Siwa} 锡瓦{Memphis} 孟斐斯{Nepte} 涅普特{Thebes} 底比斯。