Removal of lead by an emulsion liquid membrane1

The complex nature of wellstreams is responsible for the complex processing of the produced fluids (gas, oil ，water,and solids).The hydrocarbon portion must be separated into products that can be stored and/or transported.The nonhydrocarbon contaminants must be removed as much as feasible to meet storage, transport, reinjection, and disposal specifications. Ultimate disposal of the various waste streams depends on factors such as the location of the field and the applicable environmental regulations. The overriding criterion for product selection, construction, and operation decisions is economics.油气井井流的复杂性质，决定了所产流体(气、油、水和固体)的加工十分复杂。

必须分出井流中的烃类，使之成为能储存和/或能输送的各种产品;必须尽可能地脱除井流中的非烃杂质，以满足储存、输送、回注和排放的规范。

各类废弃物的最终处置取决于各种因素，如油气田所处地域和所采用的环保规定等。

经济性是决定油气田产品设计、建筑和操作决策的最重要准则。

Fig. 1-1 is a comprehensive picture of the individual unit operations carried out in field processing. All the various modules shown will not all be present in every system. Furthermore, the modules used in a given application may not be arranged in the exact sequence shown, although the sequence is ，in general, correct. The selection and sequencing of modules is determined during the design phase of field development.图1-1表示在矿场进行的各种单元操作的综合图。

第38卷第3期2008年6月 日用化学工业China Surfactant Detergent &Cos metics Vol 138No 13June 2008收稿日期:2007-10-23;修回日期:2008-02-29基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(50774065)作者简介:苏俊霖(1980-),男,四川遂宁人,博士研究生,电话:(028)88117918。

乳状液膜分离技术及其在废水处理中的应用苏俊霖,蒲晓林(西南石油大学油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室,四川　成都　610500)摘要:介绍了乳状液膜的发展、基本概念、分类及其制备方法,对乳状液膜的传质机理和溶胀稳定性进行了分析。

对乳状液膜分离技术在废水处理中的应用进行了具体介绍,并对乳状液膜分离技术的发展进行了分析和展望。

关键词:表面活性剂;乳状液膜;分离;废水处理中图分类号:T Q423;T Q423192 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1001-1803(2008)03-0182-03E mulsi on li qui d me mbrane separati on technology and its appli cati oni n wastewater treat mentS U Jun -lin,PU Xiao -lin(State Key Laborat ory of O il and Gas Reservoir Geol ogy and Exp l oitati on,South west Petr oleu m University,Chengdu 610500,China )Abstract:The basic concep ti on,classificati on,hist orical devel opment and p reparati on method of e mulsi on liquid me mbrane were intr oduced .The s welling stability of the e mulsi on liquid me mbrane as well as the masstransfer mechanis m of e mulsi on liquid me mbrane separati on were discussed .App licati on of e mulsi on liquid me mbrane separati on technol ogy in waste water treat m ent was p resented in detail with its future devel opment p r os pected .Key words:surfactant;e mulsi on liquid me mbrane;separati on;waste water treat m ent 乳状液膜分离技术是膜技术的重要分支之一,它综合了固体膜分离法和溶剂萃取法的特点,具有高效、快速、选择性高和节能的特性。

Technical Data SheetFASTRACK™ 5408A Emulsion forWaterborne Traffic Marking Paints∙GlobalRegional ProductAvailabilityDescription FASTRACK™ 5408A Emulsion is a new generation of all-acrylic emulsion for fast-drywaterborne traffic marking paints with improved durability. Traffic marking paints based onFASTRACK™ 5408A Emulsion feature fast dry over a broad range of application conditionsand excellent durability in terms of retention of glass beads for night visibility and wearproperties over asphalt, concrete, and old markings.Advantages Features and Benefits of Traffic Paints Based on FASTRACK™ 5408A Emulsion∙Improved Durability–Exceptional wear properties over various bituminous andconcrete road surfaces∙Fast Dry–Fast dry-to-no-pickup and resistance to early rain showers under a wide rangeof climatic conditions∙Enhanced Retention of Glass Beads–Excellent long-term night visibility∙Environmentally Friendly– formulated V.O.C.s from 50-100 grams/liter∙User Friendly–Non-flammable, water clean-up, can reduce disposal costs, canincrease worker safety∙Technology that extends the striping window to include paint applicationtemperatures down to 35°F (and rising)PropertiesTypical PropertiesPerformance Advantages Conventional waterborne films that exhibit enough surface dry to help prevent the paint from being “picked-up” and tracked onto the road by traffic, may not be dry under the surface film. Waterborne traffic paints need to reach a surface dry and "dry-through" stage before they begin to withstand an early rain shower.Drying PerformanceFASTRACK™ 5408A Emulsion, like other FASTRACK TM Emulsions, will dry faster to "no pick-up" and "dry-through" than conventional waterborne polymers. The faster dry is particularly evident when the drying conditions are poor (high humidity, low air flow and temperatures). Furthermore, fast "dry-through" characteristics of waterborne traffic markings based on FASTRACK™5408A can make them much more resistant to damage from an early rain shower than those based on conventional waterborne polymers.Durability The service life of traffic markings also depends on the marking having good wearproperties. In road tests using transverse test lines to accelerate wear, waterborne markingsbased on FASTRACK™5408A Emulsion have shown excellent durability over both asphaltand concrete road surfaces in a variety of climates. FASTRACK™5408A has improved wearcharacteristics compared to FASTRACK™ 3427 and FASTRACK™ 2706.Glass Bead Retention Applications, Conditions and HandlingThe visibility of traffic markings at night requires retention of the glass beads applied to that marking. Night visibility can be monitored with a retroreflectometer that measures the low angle reflectance of light off the beaded marking.The following data (based on Fast Dry White Traffic Paint Formulation TP-08A-1) compare the loss of retroreflectivity of white waterborne traffic markings based on FASTRACK™5408A Emulsion with FASTRACK™ 3427. Note that the waterborne fast-dry markings based on FASTRACK™5408A retain their retroreflectance (hold onto reflective glass beads) considerably longer than the leading maintenance binder FASTRACK™ 3427.Pennsylvania Concrete Test Deck RetentionTransverse Line Accelerated Wear after 1 year – 12,000 ADT* in lane*average daily traffic (number of vehicles)FASTRACK™ 5408A Emulsion can be applied with airless, air-assisted, or conventional air-spray equipment to asphalt, concrete, or existing road markings that are adhering well to the pavement surface. Air and surface temperature should be above 35°F and at least 5°F above the dew point during application. Paints will require longer drying times when the relative humidity exceeds 80% with minimal air flow.Clean-up is accomplished with clean or soapy water to remove wet paint from equipment. Stainless steel equipment should be used, and typical paint solvents can assist if removal of dried paint from tools and equipment is necessary. All solvents and solventborne paint should be removed from tanks and spray equipment prior to handling waterborne paints to avoid contamination, and equipment should be cleaned after each use. An ammonia solution can be floated on the surface of stored paint to prevent skinning.Safe Handling Information Dow Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) contain pertinent information that you may need to protect your employees and customers against any known health or safety hazards associated with our products.Under the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, workers must have access to and understand MSDS on all hazardous substances to which they are exposed. Thus, it is important that you provide appropriate training and information to your employees and make sure they have available to them MSDS on any hazardous products in their workplace. The Dow Chemical Company (Dow) sends MSDS for all its products, whether or notthey are considered OSHA-hazards, to the “bill to” and/or “ship to” locations of all its customers upon initial shipment (including samples). If you do not have access to oneof these MSDS, please contact your local Dow representative for an additional copy. Updated MSDS are sent upon revision to all customers of record. In addition, MSDSare sent annually to all customers receiving products deemed hazardous under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act.Dow is a member of the American Chemistry Council (ACC) and is committed to ACC's Responsible Care® Program.Notice: No freedom from infringement of any patent owned by Dow or others is to be inferred. Because use conditions and applicable laws may differ from one location to another and may change with time, Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are appropriate for Customer's use and for ensuring that Customer's workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable laws and other government enactments. The product shown in this literature may not be available for sale and/or available in all geographies where Dow is represented. The claims made may not have been approved for use in all countries. Dow assumes no obligation or liability for the information in this document. References to “Dow” or the “Company” mean the Dow legal entity selling the products to Customer unless otherwise expressly noted. NO WARRANTIES ARE GIVEN; ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED.Contact:North America: 1-800-447-4369 Latin America: (+55)-11-5188-9000 Europe: (+800)-3-694-6367 Asia-Pacific: (+800)-7776-7776 These suggestions and data are based on information we believe to be reliable. They are offered in good faith, but without guarantee, as conditions and methods of use of our products are beyond our control. We recommend that the prospective user determine the suitability of our materials and suggestions before adopting them on a commercial scale. Manufacturer may need to check against local regulations to ensure VOC compliance.Suggestions for uses of our products or the inclusion of descriptive material from patents and the citation of specific patents in this publication should not be understood as recommending the use of our products in violation of any patent or as permissionor license to use any patents of the Dow Company.。

captain船长chief officer大副second officer二副chief engineer轮机长1st engineer大管轮2nd engineer二管轮steer man 舵手motor man电机员medic队医cook 厨师steward服务员crew船员onboard personnel在船上的船员shipwright船体装配工bosun水手长able-bodied seaman一级水手ordinary seaman二级水手party chief 队经理assistant party chief队副经理geophysicist地球物理师field processor现场处理员chief navigator导航组组长shift leader navigator导航组主操navigator 导航员navigator processor 导航处理observer仪器操作员chief source mechanic气爆组长gun mechanic气爆工pilot领航员cadet见习生trainee受训者foreman领班coxswain舵手pirate 海盗shipyard船厂dock船坞ferry渡运、渡口、渡船channel水道、航道international waterway国际水道high sea公海shore岸sun dial日晷date line日界线customs海关forward, bow船头stern, aft船尾abeam正舷方port左舷starboard右舷freeboard干舷inboard在舷内bridge驾驶台，桥gangway舷梯ladder梯子step 台阶hull 船体、船壳mast桅杆deck甲板tween deck二等甲板deck crane 甲板吊车deck line甲板线tourist cabin二等舱hold货舱tank水槽、油箱hatch舱门booth舱室clear hold空仓foam applicator泡沫仓compartment隔仓cabin船员房间galley厨房mess room 餐厅pantry配餐室serving table配膳桌locker储物柜，冷冻室provision store食品储藏室laundry洗衣店hide rock暗礁bitt系缆柱boottopping水线带parking apron停机坪offshore platform海上平台upwind 迎风处downwind下风处port of destination目的港up river ports上游港vessel to windward上风船upstream ship逆流船north latitude北纬east longitude东经marine海上的transitional zone过渡带proximity接近、邻近coastal zone近海航行区atlantic大西洋indian印度的pacific太平洋life jacket救生衣life ring救生圈life buoy救生圈immersion suit救生服life raft 救生筏life boat救生艇life belt安全带jack lamp安全灯safe port 安全港口safe fairway安全航道security check安全检查safety switch安全开关safety signal安全信号safe berth安全泊位safe operation安全操作safe for entry可安全进入emergency warning紧急警报audible alarm signal紧急声号escape route紧急通道air sea rescue空中海上救助safe working load安全工作负荷量personal flotation device个人救生器材enclosed lifeboat封闭式救生艇streamer拖揽cable电缆headline头缆breastline横缆mooring winch绞缆机shackle锚链节hinge铰链chain锚链chock导缆孔、垫块runner滑车动索eye绳端眼环boom吊杆beacon，lighthouse灯塔cushion软垫jack ladder软梯winch绞车crowbar起货钩.撬survey boat测量船refueling oiler加油船oil storage tank贮油罐oil separator分油机fresh water generator造水机containers集装箱ballast压舱物fuel ballast tank燃油压载仓gear齿轮thunder arrest避雷针dual sensor 水陆双检检波器steering gear 操舵装置gyro陀螺仪compass罗盘、指南针、圆规echo sounder回声探测仪radar display雷达显示器gas detector气体探测器ship's whistle船笛tail lamp船尾灯long blast超长汽笛sea anchor海锚thruster推进器impeller转子、叶轮paddle桨，划浆plug插头、塞子cylinder圆柱、气缸toggle 拴柱stuff材料Spanner、wrench扳手screwdriver起子clamp夹钳brush刷barrel大桶broom扫著bolt 螺钉、插销buffer缓冲器、老朽、减轻rug地毯、毯子mouse老鼠、鼠标、胆小的人tape磁带、卷尺、录音warehouse warrant仓单cargo货物door handle门把手grease oil / lubricant oil润滑油crude oil原油pipe wrench debris残骸、岩屑filesspike 钉状物、钉鞋、用尖物刺穿wisepaint漆wise grip undercoat内层漆silde caliper antiseptic杀菌剂、防腐剂，冷静的emulsion乳状的，乳剂panel盖板canvas帆布、画布、帐幕布mat席子、小垫子quick link快速扣node节、瘤、结、茎结、交点flag旗帜、鸟羽、大石板table桌子、表格、搁置asterisk星号、星状物filter过滤器，虑色镜wildcard*星号aperture孔、隙缝、口、穴，光圈latch门锁credential证书certificate class船机证书silicone硅胶electrical parts cleaner电子清洁剂plier钳子diagonal plier偏口钳子snipe nose plier尖口钳子nail钉子thread螺丝扣screw nut螺丝帽screw螺丝钉march火柴touch手电筒lighter打火机stapler订书机staples订书针voyage航次dog watch更换班change shift换班work in shift倒班maintenance 维修keep dry保持干燥keep cool保持冷藏handling搬运moor系缆unmoor解缆running moor前进抛锚cast off解缆back spring倒缆bow spring前倒缆automatic自动manual手动go ahead 前进slow ahead前进一half ahead前进二rest on seabed潜坐海底no dumping勿倾斜no hook 勿用钩no dropping勿坠落draft forward吃水shipment 加载door to door门到门embark上船running against the sea逆流航行adverse current逆流offshore anchor开锚cast an anchor抛锚heave up anchor起锚dragging anchor走锚slip anchor 弃锚off course偏航access存取、接近、进入、增加man overboard人员落水thunder stroke雷击heavy rain暴风雨smooth sea二级浪rain spell雨期rain erosion雨蚀tropical storm热带风暴torrent of rain倾盆大雨sweep打扫indigestion消化不良flu流行性感冒seasick 晕船水下直升机逃生sea trial海上测试offshore navigation近海航行delegate代表、授权anticipate预期escort护送、护航capsize倾覆inflate膨胀、灌入气体hoist举起maneuver调遣、操纵foul污浊的、缠绕stagger摇晃、犹豫collapse倒塌，崩溃combustible易燃的compensate抵消、补偿chart海图navigation information导航信息meteorological report气象预告meteorological echo气象回波marine seismic海洋地震ocean bottom cable海底电缆seismic crew海上勘探队seismic operation地震生产air wave 空气波shear wave剪波、横波seismic wave地震波converted wave转换波chart datum海图基准面weather tide气象潮tidal fall落潮差lower high water低高潮mean tide level平均潮面deck logbook航海日志day's run周日航程principal route主要航线track keeping system航迹保持系统course 航向off-course alarm偏离航线警报flicker signal闪光信号hard over angle最大舵角removal permit货物搬运许可证maximum capacity最大仓容sea mile 海里ocean current海流subsurface flow潜流current rose流花land and sea breeze 海陆风wind athwart the beam前测风strong breeze强风steam mist海上气雾marine accident海损事故rush water急流dead wind逆风ship wind航行风slide wind横向风shred cloud碎片状云unventilated不通风的slight sea轻浪short sea碎浪seaquake海啸ground swell海涌weak swell弱涌bilge船腹、船底之污水forecast (predict) 预报climate 气候atmosphere 大气层troposphere 对流层current （气）流vapor 蒸汽evaporate 蒸发damp (wet; moist; humid) 潮湿的humidity 湿度moisture 潮湿；水分saturate 饱和dew 露frost霜fog (mist)雾smog 烟雾droplet 小水珠condense 浓缩crystal 水晶体downpour (torrential rain) 大雨tempest (storm) 暴风雨drizzle细雨shower阵雨hail 冰雹blizzard (snowstorm) 暴风雪avalanche (snowslide) 雪崩precipitation 水（雨、露、雪等）降breeze 微风gale 大风whirlwind 旋风typhoon 台风hurricane 飓风tornado (twister, cyclone) 龙卷风funnel 漏斗，漏斗云disaster (calamity, catastrophe) 灾难devastation破坏submerge 淹没drought 旱灾terminology术语technical学术的、工业的、专业的reference参考、附注、介绍信manual手制的、手册trainer教练、教练机workspace工作区log in 登陆database数据库import输入、占一席之地export输出、出口report报告、通知，采访analyse分解、分析preprocess预处理netadjust网校准property所有物、财产、舞台道具utility效用、公用事业、licence特许、许可、执照、放纵default预设、拖欠、缺席module模组、单位、基准click敲、滴答声menu菜单create创造、任命introduce介绍、输入continue继续、延期、持久store储存、仓库、商店、供给comment评语、注解stage舞台、时期、层、筹划perform做、实事、履行、完成control控制、支配、假释、管理button按钮、钮扣、徽章quality质量、性质、地位increment增加、盈余、增量threshold开端、入口、门槛parent祖先、根源、保护人root根、核心、基础、支援directory目录、理事会、人名地址簿format版式、格式化review审查、回顾、复查configuration构造、结构、配置generate产生、造成、养育、形成problem问题、难题explain解释、说明interpret说明、结实、板眼、口译investigate调查、研究、考察select选择、挑选、选拔、精选的obvious明显的、当路的check检查、击退、、将军（棋）figure图形、数字、形状provide预备、供应、规定、赡养tool工具、器具、开车improve改善、提高、改进、利用interactive相互作用的graph图解、图表、图像、曲线图edit编辑、编撰、剪接、修改group组、群、集团、类update使更新observation观察、注意、评论original最初的，新的、原文similar相似的item项目、条、账目、细节range范围、排、山脉、射击场bearing关系、方面、方位、轴承prompt迅速的、激励、提醒sensitive敏捷的，过敏的depth深、深远dynamic力学、动力学、活动的echo回音、摹仿、附和scale比例、尺度、天平、攀登demonstrate示范、郑明、表露verify真理、真实性median中央的、中县、米底亚的absolute绝对的、完全的、确实的delta三角形物，希腊弟4个字母polynomial多项式batch一批、一组、计量、整批的reject拒绝、否定、抛弃、排斥result结果、效果、成绩、产生particular特指的、独特的、讲究的、详情calibrate校准刻度bias偏见、斜线、偏差，对角的contribute投稿、贡献、资助、促成fix固定、安装、困境、串通reduce减少、使还原、提炼、冶炼、约分adjust调解、对准、解决、赔偿、适应define下定义、限定complete完成、借书、完整的、雌雄同花的drag 拉、拖、落后、耙耕、阻碍物variance不同、变动、标准差的平方、变数factor因素、代理人、原动力、遗传因子timeseries时序residual剩余的，残留的、追加费statistic统计值、统计量rotation旋转、轮流、循环、坐标系的转换animation活波、动画片peak山峰、顶点，最大值focus焦点、焦距、使集中interrogate讯问、审问interpolate插入、窜改、以插入法求值consistent相合的sample样品、取样feature特色、容貌、专栏section部分、节、部门、断面document文件、公文、证件、为、引证couple一对、夫妻、连接物、交配mention提起、叙述、记载option选择权、自由选择screen银幕、帐、庇护、放映、隔开project工程、计划、设计，事业、想出detail细节、条款、特派perimeter周昌、周界、周边、视野计coverage包含之范围、报道范围、优势度plot平面图、情节、阴谋offset分支、补偿、抵消、平板印刷attribute品质、性质、属性、归因于flex弯曲、花线parameter参数、变数、通径、半晶轴origin 起源、开端、血统、兴起extent 广博、程度、范围、估价dimension 尺寸、度、次、大小miscellanea杂集、杂录axis轴、轴线、茎轴、联盟opposite相对的、对生的、在-对面positive正的、肯定地、实际的negative负的、否定的、阴性的、底片的increase增加、增长、繁殖、传布decrease减少、缩短、变小、减低量minimum最小的、最低的、最小值maximun最大量、最大值component成分、部分、电路元件、分力decimate毁掉大部分anomaly不规则、异常、畸形物distribution分配、分发、销售、拆版calculate计算、估计、预测、想要formula公式、分子式、处方、信条fold折叠、拥抱、交臂、折痕duplicate加倍、副本、完全相同的taper逐渐减少combination结合、联合、合并、配合、暗码percentage百分率、比率、利益contiguous接触的、邻近的，没有中断的spatial空间的、太空的、间隙的variable易变的，常变的，不定的、变量的ignore忽略、不理divide分、分裂、分界、分歧、除opportunity集会、良机、有利环境planner设计者、计划者dummy哑巴、安静、冒充货、制作样本fudge胡说、捏造、犹豫、虚拟practical实践的，应用的，日常事务的icon符号、画像、肖像、图像bin仓、箱grid格子、线圈、字模板pythagoras毕达哥拉斯的学说theorem定理、法则trigonometry三教学、三角法orientation方位、东方、适应、思潮、清香diagram图表、图样、电路图、曲线图scenario剧情说明书edge边缘、刀刃、端、侧进vertical垂直的、纵的、直立的、顶点的cater备办酒席、迎合、特殊照顾pseudo假的、伪德、冒充的random随意的，胡乱的，随机的noise声音、噪音、干扰，抱怨，谣传space vehicle空间传媒、卫星编号binary二元素的、二进制的、双体gut 肠、内脏、摘取要点、迫切的convey 传送、表达、让与template 样板、模板、型板temple寺庙、太阳穴datum基准、材料、资料、已知数spheroid椭球projection投影、发射、突出、推算、射影semi半、次于major较大的，重要的，年长的、主修minor次要的，较少的，小调，副修inverse逆的，相反的，逆元素的flatten使平、击倒boundary界线、分界，边界empty空的、无意义的，饿得，干涸subsequent后来的、附随的、次的integrity正直、诚实，完整，清廉singular单一的，奇异的，私人的merit价值、功勋、优点、才能，值得generic类的、属的、一般的serial连载的，连续的baud波特port接口、港口、姿势decode解码、译成extension延长、伸展、分机digi board数字板string数字串、细绳、一串、排成一列data bit数据位parity同等、类似、平价、奇偶性stop bit停止位azimuth方位、东方、适应、思潮、定位appendix附录、盲肠elevation高度、海拔、擢升accelerate使加速、促进、跳级tilt倾斜、辩论、帆布篷protocol草约、外交礼节、议定书dongle软件狗corporation公司、企业、社团、法人wizard向导、男巫、奇才、极好的calculation计算、预测，计划mask面具、掩体，掩饰solution溶解、解决方法、偿付，分裂back up 支援，援助，倒退backup后援、积留，滞销货，候补的revert回复、回返、重提suite一组，组曲，套间、随员augment增大、增加、扩大capture逮捕、吸引、占领、赢得permutation改变、更变、交换，排列browse浏览、嫩叶，放牧与coincident相合的，同时发生的distinguish辨认、区别，使扬名constellation星座、星群fluctuation升降，波动、徘徊accuracy准确、精确、精密precise精确的，准确的demodulator解调器seam缝，接缝，层fall back后退、退却interrupt终端、打扰、插嘴、遮断archive存档，档案文件almanac日历、历书，年鉴persistence坚持不懈、执意，固执ephemeris星历表、历书、短命的东西query疑问、质问，问号ionospheric电离层carrier phase载波pseudo range伪距doppler多普勒abbreviation缩写、缩短，省略号frequency频率、频繁band波段、带状物，一伙、联合derive获得，起源，推论，衍生antenna天线、触须，直觉deviation离题、偏差prone易于---的，俯卧的、倾斜的eccentricity离心率、奇特之处epoch纪元、时代perigee近地点ascend登高、上升，追朔inclination爱好、倾向，斜面amplitude广阔，振幅，射程harmonic和睦的，调和的。

应用化学专业英语1单元翻译第一篇：应用化学专业英语1单元翻译1.Chemistry can be broadly defines as the science of molecules and their transformations.化学可以广泛地定义为科学的分子和他们的转换。

化学可以广泛地定义为科学的分子和他们的转换。

与数学不同，化学比人类更久远。

生命的出现和人类生活在我们地球上都最可能是特殊化学过程的结果。

化学过程存从古至今存在人们的生活中。

•最初，这些过程不受我们的控制，例如，果汁的发酵，肉和鱼的腐烂，木材的燃烧。

后来，我们学着控制化学过程，用它们来准备一系列不同的产品例如食物。

在化学的发展中，四个阶段是突出的:史前化学，希腊化学，炼金术和科学化学。

The early beginnings of chemistry were clearly motivated by practical needs of people.早期的化学显然是出于实际的需要。

火的发现为远古人提供了第一个机会去实现控制化学反应过程。

他们学会制备铜制物品，铜和其它材料是现成的。

.由于化学过程的使用早于人们的书写，因而没有书面记录有关它们的化学技巧。

可以判断他们的化学能力只有从考古的发现的各个手工艺品。

正如早期的数学发展，清楚的预示着实际需求影响着化学的发展。

但化学和数学在这个阶段可能没有互相影响。

如果它们影响了，但是没有记录证明这个。

Greek chemistry was based mainly on speculation rather than on experiment.希腊化学主要基于猜测而不是实验。

这是所有古代希腊化学的一个共同特征。

古代希腊化学家实际是希腊哲学家。

所以不足为奇的是希腊人思考比实验更有兴趣。

实际上他们很少进行实验以外的思维实验。

对于数学来说这是一个好方法，但没有一个人把它推荐在物理、化学或生物科学上。

第 7 卷 第 1 期2021 年 2 月生物化工Biological Chemical EngineeringVol.7 No.1Feb. 2021高纯电解钴的制备方法崔佳，刘冬青，刘丹（有研亿金新材料有限公司，北京 102200；北京高纯金属溅射靶材工程研究中心，北京 102200）摘要：制备高纯电解钴的冶金工艺过程主要包括萃取法、离子交换法、电解精炼法等，这些方法在提纯方面发挥着不同的作用。

萃取法对大多数金属离子有较好的效果，但对微量的Ni、Cu金属离子的分离效果较差；离子交换法对性质相近的元素有较好的分离效果；多次电解精炼可以进一步降低杂质含量；熔盐电解对设备的要求较高。

在总结上述提纯工艺的基础上，提出联合采用萃取法或离子交换法除去钴溶液中的大部分杂质，再采用电解进一步提纯，制备得到高纯度的电解钴产品。

关键词：高纯电解钴；萃取法；离子交换；电解精炼中图分类号：TF816 文献标识码：APreparation of High Purity Electrolytic CobaltCUI Jia，LIU Dongqing, LIU Dan(Grikin Advanced Materials Co., Ltd., Beijing 102200; The High Purity Metal Sputtering Target Engineering TechnologyResearch Center in Beijing, Beijing 102200)Abstract: The various metallurgical process of preparing high purity electrolytic cobalt, mainly including extraction, ion exchange, electrolysis refining, these methods play different roles in the removal of impurities. Extraction can remove most of the metal ions, but with a poor effect for trace Ni and Cu ; Ion exchange is effective for separating the elements with similar properties; Electrolytic refining repeatedly can further reduce the impurity; Molten-salt electrolysis require higher equipment. On the basis of summarizing the above purification methods, it is proposed that the most impurities can be removed by combined extraction or ion exchange in the cobalt solution, and then further purified by electrolysis refining, so the high purity electrolytic cobalt products can be prepared.Keywords: high-purity electrolytic cobalt; extraction; ion-exchange method; electrolysis refining钴是重要的高纯金属材料之一，是制备磁记录、磁记录磁头、光电器件、磁传感器和集成电路等元器件的重要材料。

离子交换法英文Ion Exchange MethodIon exchange is a versatile and widely used technique in various industries, including water treatment, chemical processing, and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The ion exchange method involves the selective removal or exchange of ions from a solution by using a solid ion exchange material, typically a resin. This process is based on the principle of reversible chemical reactions, where ions are exchanged between the solution and the ion exchange material.The ion exchange process is particularly effective in the removal of undesirable ions, such as heavy metals, hardness ions, and certain anions, from aqueous solutions. The ion exchange material, which can be either a cation exchange resin or an anion exchange resin, selectively adsorbs the target ions from the solution and releases an equivalent amount of other ions in exchange.Cation exchange resins are typically made of a polymeric matrix, such as styrene-divinylbenzene, with sulfonic acid groups attached to the matrix. These resins are capable of exchanging positively charged ions, such as sodium, calcium, and heavy metals, with hydrogen ions(H+) or other cations present in the solution. Anion exchange resins, on the other hand, are made of a similar polymeric matrix with quaternary ammonium groups attached, which can exchange negatively charged ions, such as chloride, sulfate, and nitrate, with hydroxide ions (OH-) or other anions.The ion exchange process can be divided into several steps, including loading, regeneration, and rinsing. During the loading step, the ion exchange material is contacted with the feed solution, and the target ions are adsorbed onto the resin. Once the resin's capacity is exhausted, it undergoes a regeneration step, where a concentrated solution of a regenerant, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide, is passed through the resin to displace the adsorbed ions and restore the resin's capacity.The regeneration step is followed by a rinsing step, where the resin is washed with water to remove any residual regenerant solution and prepare it for the next cycle of operation.The ion exchange method has several advantages over other separation techniques, such as:1. High selectivity: Ion exchange resins can be designed to selectively remove specific ions from complex mixtures, making it an efficient and targeted purification method.2. Reversibility: The ion exchange process is reversible, allowing the resin to be regenerated and reused multiple times, reducing the overall operating costs.3. Continuous operation: Ion exchange systems can be designed for continuous operation, enabling a steady stream of treated water or other solutions.4. Scalability: Ion exchange technology can be easily scaled up or down to accommodate different production volumes or flow rates, making it suitable for a wide range of applications.5. Versatility: Ion exchange can be used to remove a wide range of ionic species, including heavy metals, radionuclides, and organic ions, making it a versatile separation technique.Despite its advantages, the ion exchange method also has some limitations, such as the potential for fouling or scaling of the resin due to the presence of certain contaminants in the feed solution. Additionally, the regeneration process can generate waste streams that require proper treatment and disposal.In conclusion, the ion exchange method is a powerful and widely used separation technique that plays a crucial role in variousindustries. Its ability to selectively remove and exchange ions, coupled with its reversibility and scalability, make it an indispensable tool for purification, water treatment, and other industrial processes.。

《物理化学》的中英文翻译第一篇：《物理化学》的中英文翻译复习《物理化学》过程中，顺便整理了专业名词的翻译，大家凑合着，依我看，简单的会考汉译英，复杂的会考英译汉。

不管怎么样，中文英文背过最好。

如果有错误，赶紧的，说。

1多相系统 heterogeneous system2自由度degree of freedom3相律 phase rule4独立组分数 number of independent component5凝聚系统 condensed system6三相点 triple point7超临界流体 supercritical fluid8超临界流体萃取supercritical fluid extraction9超临界流体色谱supercritical fluid chromatography10泡点 bubbling point11露点dew point12杠杆规则 level rule13连结线 tie line14部分蒸馏（分馏）fractional distillation15缔合分子 associated molecule16最低恒沸点 minimum azeotropic point17最低恒沸混合物low-boiling azeotrope18无水乙醇(绝对乙醇)absolute ethyl alcohol19最高恒沸点maximum azeotropic point20会溶点 consolute point21共轭层 conjugate layer22烟碱 nicotine23蒸汽蒸馏 steam distillation24步冷曲线 cooling curve25热分析法 thermal analysis26低共熔点 eutectic point27低共熔混合物eutectic mixture28异成分熔点 incongruent melting point29转熔温度 peritectic tempreture30固溶体 solid solution31退火 annealing32淬火 quenching33区域熔炼 zone melting34分凝系数 fractional coagulation coefficient35褶点 plait point36等温会溶点 isothermal consolute point37双节点溶解度曲线 binodal solubility cueve38一（二）级相变first(second)order phase transition39超流体 super fluid40顺磁体 paramagnetic substance41铁磁体 ferromagnetic substance第二篇：中英文翻译蓄电池 battery 充电 converter 转换器 charger开关电器Switch electric 按钮开关Button to switch 电源电器Power electric 插头插座 Plug sockets第三篇：中英文翻译Fundamentals This chapter describes the fundamentals of today’s wireless communications.First a detailed description of the radio channel and its modeling are presented, followed by the introduction of the principle of OFDM multi-carrier transmission.In addition, a general overview of the spread spectrum technique, especially DS-CDMA, is given and examples of potential applications for OFDM and DS-CDMA areanalyzed.This introduction is essential for a better understanding of the idea behind the combination of OFDM with the spread spectrum technique, which is briefly introduced in the last part of this chapter.1.1 Radio Channel Characteristics Understanding the characteristics of the communications medium is crucial for the appropriate selection of transmission system architecture, dimensioning of its components, and optimizing system parameters, especially since mobile radio channels are considered to be the most difficult channels, since they suffer from many imperfections like multipath fading, interference, Doppler shift, and shadowing.The choice of system components is totally different if, for instance, multipath propagation with long echoes dominates the radio propagation.Therefore, an accurate channel model describing the behavior of radio wave propagation in different environments such as mobile/fixed and indoor/outdoor is needed.This may allow one, through simulations, to estimate and validate the performance of a given transmission scheme in its several design phases.1.1.1 Understanding Radio Channels In mobile radio channels(see Figure 1-1), the transmitted signal suffers from different effects, which are characterized as follows: Multipath propagation occurs as a consequence of reflections, scattering, and diffraction of the transmitted electromagnetic wave at natural and man-made objects.Thus, at the receiver antenna, a multitude of waves arrives from many different directions with different delays, attenuations, and phases.The superposition of these waves results in amplitude and phase variations of the composite received signal.Doppler spread is caused by moving objects in the mobile radio channel.Changes in the phases and amplitudes of the arriving waves occur which lead to time-variant multipathpropagation.Even small movements on the order of the wavelength may result in a totally different wave superposition.The varying signal strength due to time-variant multipath propagation is referred to as fast fading.Shadowing is caused by obstruction of the transmitted waves by, e.g., hills, buildings, walls, and trees, which results in more or less strong attenuation of the signal pared to fast fading, longer distances have to be covered to significantly change the shadowing constellation.The varying signal strength due to shadowing is called slow fading and can be described by a log-normal distribution [36].Path loss indicates how the mean signal power decays with distance between transmitter and receiver.In free space, the mean signal power decreases with the square of the distance between base station(BS)and terminal station(TS).In a mobile radio channel, where often no line of sight(LOS)path exists, signal power decreases with a power higher than two and is typically in the order of three to five.Variations of the received power due to shadowing and path loss can be efficiently counteracted by power control.In the following, the mobile radio channel is described with respect to its fast fading characteristic.1.1.2 Channel Modeling The mobile radio channel can be characterized by the time-variant channel impulse response h(τ , t)or by the time-variant channel transfer function H(f, t), which is the Fourier transform of h(τ, t).The channel impulse response represents the response of the channel at time t due to an impulse applied at time t −τ.The mobile radio channel is assumed to be a wide-sense stationary random process, i.e., the channel has a fading statistic that remains constant over short periods of time or small spatial distances.In environments with multipath propagation, the channel impulseresponse is composed of a large number of scattered impulses received over Np different paths，Whereand ap, fD,p, ϕp, and τp are the amplitude, the Doppler frequency, the phase, and the propagation delay, respectively, associated with path p, p = 0,..., Np −1.The assigned channel transfer function isThe delays are measured relative to the first detectable path at the receiver.The Doppler Frequencydepends on the velocity v of the terminal station, the speed of light c, the carrier frequency fc, and the angle of incidence αp of a wave assigned to path p.A channel impulse response with corresponding channel transfer function is illustrated in Figure 1-2.The delay power density spectrum ρ(τ)that characterizes the frequency selectivity of the mobile radio channel gives the average power of the channel output as a function of the delay τ.The mean delay τ , the root mean square(RMS)de lay spread τRMS and the maximum delay τmax are characteristic parameters of the delay power density spectrum.The mean delay isWhereFigure 1-2 Time-variant channel impulse response and channel transfer function with frequency-selective fading is the power of path p.The RMS delay spread is defined as Similarly, the Doppler power density spectrum S(fD)can be defined that characterizes the time variance of the mobile radio channel and gives the average power of the channel output as a function of the Doppler frequency fD.The frequency dispersive properties of multipath channels are most commonly quantified by the maximum occurring Doppler frequency fDmax and the Doppler spread fDspread.The Doppler spread is the bandwidth of theDoppler power density spectrum and can take on values up to two times |fDmax|, i.e.，1.1.3Channel Fade Statistics The statistics of the fading process characterize the channel and are of importance for channel model parameter specifications.A simple and often used approach is obtained from the assumption that there is a large number of scatterers in the channel that contribute to the signal at the receiver side.The application of the central limit theorem leads to a complex-valued Gaussian process for the channel impulse response.In the absence of line of sight(LOS)or a dominant component, the process is zero-mean.The magnitude of the corresponding channel transfer functionis a random variable, for brevity denoted by a, with a Rayleigh distribution given byWhereis the average power.The phase is uniformly distributed in the interval [0, 2π].In the case that the multipath channel contains a LOS or dominant component in addition to the randomly moving scatterers, the channel impulse response can no longer be modeled as zero-mean.Under the assumption of a complex-valued Gaussian process for the channel impulse response, the magnitude a of the channel transfer function has a Rice distribution given byThe Rice factor KRice is determined by the ratio of the power of the dominant path to thepower of the scattered paths.I0 is the zero-order modified Bessel function of first kind.The phase is uniformly distributed in the interval [0, 2π].1.1.4Inter-Symbol(ISI)and Inter-Channel Interference(ICI)The delay spread can cause inter-symbol interference(ISI)when adjacent data symbols overlap and interfere with each other due to differentdelays on different propagation paths.The number of interfering symbols in a single-carrier modulated system is given by For high data rate applications with very short symbol duration Td < τmax, the effect of ISI and, with that, the receiver complexity can increase significantly.The effect of ISI can be counteracted by different measures such as time or frequency domain equalization.In spread spectrum systems, rake receivers with several arms are used to reduce the effect of ISI by exploiting the multipath diversity such that individual arms are adapted to different propagation paths.If the duration of the transmitted symbol is significantly larger than the maximum delay Td τmax, the channel produces a negligible amount of ISI.This effect is exploited with multi-carrier transmission where the duration per transmitted symbol increases with the number of sub-carriers Nc and, hence, the amount of ISI decreases.The number of interfering symbols in a multi-carrier modulated system is given byResidual ISI can be eliminated by the use of a guard interval(see Section 1.2).The maximum Doppler spread in mobile radio applications using single-carrier modulation is typically much less than the distance between adjacent channels, such that the effect of interference on adjacent channels due to Doppler spread is not a problem for single-carrier modulated systems.For multi-carrier modulated systems, the sub-channel spacing Fs can become quite small, such that Doppler effects can cause significant ICI.As long as all sub-carriers are affected by a common Doppler shift fD, this Doppler shift can be compensated for in the receiver and ICI can be avoided.However, if Doppler spread in the order of several percent of the sub-carrier spacing occurs, ICI may degrade the system performance significantly.T oavoid performance degradations due to ICI or more complex receivers with ICI equalization, the sub-carrier spacing Fs should be chosen assuch that the effects due to Doppler spread can be neglected(see Chapter 4).This approach corresponds with the philosophy of OFDM described in Section 1.2 and is followed in current OFDM-based wireless standards.Nevertheless, if a multi-carrier system design is chosen such that the Doppler spread is in the order of the sub-carrier spacing or higher, a rake receiver in the frequency domain can be used [22].With the frequency domain rake receiver each branch of the rake resolves a different Doppler frequency.1.1.5Examples of Discrete Multipath Channel Models Various discrete multipath channel models for indoor and outdoor cellular systems with different cell sizes have been specified.These channel models define the statistics of the 5 discrete propagation paths.An overview of widely used discrete multipath channel models is given in the following.COST 207 [8]: The COST 207 channel models specify four outdoor macro cell propagation scenarios by continuous, exponentially decreasing delay power density spectra.Implementations of these power density spectra by discrete taps are given by using up to 12 taps.Examples for settings with 6 taps are listed in Table 1-1.In this table for several propagation environments the corresponding path delay and power profiles are given.Hilly terrain causes the longest echoes.The classical Doppler spectrum with uniformly distributed angles of arrival of the paths can be used for all taps for simplicity.Optionally, different Doppler spectra are defined for the individual taps in [8].The COST 207 channel models are based on channel measurements with a bandwidth of 8–10 MHz in the 900-MHz band used for 2Gsystems such as GSM.COST 231 [9] and COST 259 [10]: These COST actions which are the continuation of COST 207 extend the channel characterization to DCS 1800, DECT, HIPERLAN and UMTS channels, taking into account macro, micro, and pico cell scenarios.Channel models with spatial resolution have been defined in COST 259.The spatial component is introduced by the definition of several clusters with local scatterers, which are located in a circle around the base station.Three types of channel models are defined.The macro cell type has cell sizes from 500 m up to 5000 m and a carrier frequency of 900 MHz or 1.8 GHz.The micro cell type is defined for cell sizes of about 300 m and a carrier frequency of 1.2 GHz or 5 GHz.The pico cell type represents an indoor channel model with cell sizes smaller than 100 m in industrial buildings and in the order of 10 m in an office.The carrier frequency is 2.5 GHz or 24 GHz.COST 273: The COST 273 action additionally takes multi-antenna channel models into account, which are not covered by the previous COST actions.CODIT [7]: These channel models define typical outdoor and indoor propagation scenarios for macro, micro, and pico cells.The fading characteristics of the various propagation environments are specified by the parameters of the Nakagami-m distribution.Every environment is defined in terms of a number of scatterers which can take on values up to 20.Some channel models consider also the angular distribution of the scatterers.They have been developed for the investigation of 3G system proposals.Macro cell channel type models have been developed for carrier frequencies around 900 MHz with 7 MHz bandwidth.The micro and pico cell channel type models have been developed for carrier frequencies between 1.8 GHz and 2 GHz.The bandwidths of the measurements are in the range of 10–100 MHz for macro cells and around 100 MHz for pico cells.JTC [28]: The JTC channel models define indoor and outdoor scenarios by specifying 3 to 10 discrete taps per scenario.The channel models are designed to be applicable for wideband digital mobile radio systems anticipated as candidates for the PCS(Personal Communications Systems)common air interface at carrier frequencies of about 2 GHz.UMTS/UTRA [18][44]: Test propagation scenarios have been defined for UMTS and UTRA system proposals which are developed for frequencies around 2 GHz.The modeling of the multipath propagation corresponds to that used by the COST 207 channel models.HIPERLAN/2 [33]: Five typical indoor propagation scenarios for wireless LANs in the 5 GHz frequency band have been defined.Each scenario is described by 18discrete taps of the delay power density spectrum.The time variance of the channel(Doppler spread)is modeled by a classical Jake’s spectrum with a maximum terminal speed of 3 m/h.Further channel models exist which are, for instance, given in [16].1.1.6Multi-Carrier Channel Modeling Multi-carrier systems can either be simulated in the time domain or, more computationally efficient, in the frequency domain.Preconditions for the frequency domain implementation are the absence of ISI and ICI, the frequency nonselective fading per sub-carrier, and the time-invariance during one OFDM symbol.A proper system design approximately fulfills these preconditions.The discrete channel transfer function adapted to multi-carrier signals results inwhere the continuous channel transfer function H(f, t)is sampled in time at OFDM symbol rate s and in frequency at sub-carrier spacing Fs.The durations is the total OFDM symbol duration including the guardinterval.Finally, a symbol transmitted onsub-channel n of the OFDM symbol i is multiplied by the resulting fading amplitude an,i and rotated by a random phase ϕn,i.The advantage of the frequency domain channel model is that the IFFT and FFT operation for OFDM and inverse OFDM can be avoided and the fading operation results in one complex-valued multiplication per sub-carrier.The discrete multipath channel models introduced in Section 1.1.5 can directly be applied to(1.16).A further simplification of the channel modeling for multi-carrier systems is given by using the so-called uncorrelated fading channel models.1.1.6.1Uncorrelated Fading Channel Models for Multi-Carrier Systems These channel models are based on the assumption that the fading on adjacent data symbols after inverse OFDM and de-interleaving can be considered as uncorrelated [29].This assumption holds when, e.g., a frequency and time interleaver with sufficient interleaving depth is applied.The fading amplitude an,i is chosen from a distribution p(a)according to the considered cell type and the random phase ϕn,I is uniformly distributed in the interval [0,2π].The resulting complex-valued channel fading coefficient is thus generated independently for each sub-carrier and OFDM symbol.For a propagation scenario in a macro cell without LOS, the fading amplitude an,i is generated by a Rayleigh distribution and the channel model is referred to as an uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel.For smaller cells where often a dominant propagation component occurs, the fading amplitude is chosen from a Rice distribution.The advantages of the uncorrelated fading channel models for multi-carrier systems are their simple implementation in the frequency domain and the simple reproducibility of the simulation results.1.1.7Diversity The coherence bandwidth of amobile radio channel is the bandwidth over which the signal propagation characteristics are correlated and it can be approximated byThe channel is frequency-selective if the signal bandwidth B is larger than the coherence bandwidth.On the other hand, if B is smaller than , the channel is frequency nonselective or flat.The coherence bandwidth of the channel is of importance for evaluating the performance of spreading and frequency interleaving techniques that try to exploit the inherent frequency diversity Df of the mobile radio channel.In the case of multi-carrier transmission, frequency diversity is exploited if the separation of sub-carriers transmitting the same information exceeds the coherence bandwidth.The maximum achievable frequency diversity Df is given by the ratio between the signal bandwidth B and the coherence bandwidth，The coherence time of the channel is the duration over which the channel characteristics can be considered as time-invariant and can be approximated byIf the duration of the transmitted symbol is larger than the coherence time, the channel is time-selective.On the other hand, if the symbol duration is smaller than , the channel is time nonselective during one symbol duration.The coherence time of the channel is of importance for evaluating the performance of coding and interleaving techniques that try to exploit the inherent time diversity DO of the mobile radio channel.Time diversity can be exploited if the separation between time slots carrying the same information exceeds the coherence time.A number of Ns successive time slots create a time frame of duration Tfr.The maximum time diversity Dt achievable in one time frame is given by the ratio between the duration of a timeframe and the coherence time, A system exploiting frequency and time diversity can achieve the overall diversityThe system design should allow one to optimally exploit the available diversity DO.For instance, in systems with multi-carrier transmission the same information should be transmitted on different sub-carriers and in different time slots, achieving uncorrelated faded replicas of the information in both dimensions.Uncoded multi-carrier systems with flat fading per sub-channel and time-invariance during one symbol cannot exploit diversity and have a poor performance in time and frequency selective fading channels.Additional methods have to be applied to exploit diversity.One approach is the use of data spreading where each data symbol is spread by a spreading code of length L.This, in combination with interleaving, can achieve performance results which are given forby the closed-form solution for the BER for diversity reception in Rayleigh fading channels according to [40] Whererepresents the combinatory function，and σ2 is the variance of the noise.As soon as the interleaving is not perfect or the diversity offered by the channel is smaller than the spreading code length L, or MCCDMA with multiple access interference is applied,(1.22)is a lower bound.For L = 1, the performance of an OFDM system without forward error correction(FEC)is obtained, 9which cannot exploit any diversity.The BER according to(1.22)of an OFDM(OFDMA, MC-TDMA)system and a multi-carrier spread spectrum(MC-SS)system with different spreading code lengths L is shown in Figure 1-3.No other diversity techniques are applied.QPSK modulation is used for symbol mapping.The mobile radio channel is modeled as uncorrelatedRayleigh fading channel(see Section 1.1.6).As these curves show, for large values of L, the performance of MC-SS systems approaches that of an AWGN channel.Another form of achieving diversity in OFDM systems is channel coding by FEC, where the information of each data bit is spread over several code bits.Additional to the diversity gain in fading channels, a coding gain can be obtained due to the selection of appropriate coding and decoding algorithms.中文翻译 1基本原理这章描述今日的基本面的无线通信。

增溶的措施1. 引言在化学和生物科学研究中，往往需要溶解难溶性物质以便进行后续实验或分析。

然而，某些物质存在着较低的溶解度，这使得它们在溶液中不能完全溶解。

为了克服这一难题，科学家们经过长期研究发展了各种增溶的措施。

本文将介绍一些常见的增溶技术，并对每种技术的原理和适应范围进行详细讨论。

2. 离子强度的调整离子强度是用来描述溶液中离子浓度的指标。

增加溶液的离子强度可以促进难溶物质的溶解。

以下是几种调整离子强度的常见方法：•加盐法：在溶液中添加适量的盐类，如氯化铵、氯化钠等。

这些盐类会在溶液中离解成离子，增加溶液中的离子数量，从而提高溶液的离子强度，促进难溶物质的溶解。

•酸碱调节：根据物质的酸碱性质，可以通过调节溶液的pH值来改变离子强度。

一般来说，酸性条件下，酸性物质更容易溶解，而碱性条件下，碱性物质更容易溶解。

•温度调节：温度的升高可以增加溶解物质和溶剂之间的分子热运动，从而有利于难溶物质的溶解。

根据溶解热的温度依赖性，适量升高温度可使溶解热增大，增加溶解度。

3. 溶剂的选择选择合适的溶剂也是增溶的重要考虑因素。

以下是一些常见的溶剂选择策略：•极性溶剂：对于许多无机物质来说，极性溶剂是增溶的首选。

极性溶剂指的是具有较强极性的溶剂，如水、醇类等。

这些溶剂具有较高的溶解能力，可以与难溶物质中的离子作用，促进其溶解。

•非极性溶剂：对于某些有机物质来说，非极性溶剂可能更适合作为增溶的溶剂。

非极性溶剂指的是没有或极少极性的溶剂，如石油醚、甲烷等。

这些溶剂可以与有机物质分子间相互作用，提供足够的解离能力，从而促进其溶解。

•混合溶剂：有时候，将两种或多种溶剂混合使用可以使增溶效果更好。

比如，将极性溶剂和非极性溶剂以一定的比例混合使用，可以同时提供溶解能力和溶解热，从而增加溶解度。

4. 超声波辅助溶解超声波辅助溶解是一种常用的增溶技术，它通过超声波的机械作用提高溶质在溶剂中的溶解度。

具体原理如下：超声波产生的机械振动会在溶液中引起局部的压力变化和液体的剪切力，从而破坏溶质的固体结构。

复乳化溶剂挥发法英文英文回答：Solvent Evaporation Method of Emulsion Reformation.The solvent evaporation method is a technique used to create emulsions, which are mixtures of two or more immiscible liquids. In this method, a solvent is used to dissolve one of the liquids, creating a homogeneous solution. The other liquid is then added to the solution, and the solvent is gradually evaporated, causing the dissolved liquid to precipitate out and form an emulsion.The solvent evaporation method is a versatile technique that can be used to create emulsions with a wide range of properties. The type of solvent used, the ratio of the two liquids, and the evaporation rate all affect the final properties of the emulsion.Advantages of the Solvent Evaporation Method.Versatile: Emulsions with a wide range of properties can be created using this method.Simple: The process is relatively simple and straightforward.Scalable: The method can be scaled up to produce large volumes of emulsion.Disadvantages of the Solvent Evaporation Method.Solvent removal: The solvent used in the process must be removed from the final emulsion.Time-consuming: The evaporation process can be time-consuming, especially for large volumes.Applications of the Solvent Evaporation Method.The solvent evaporation method is used in a variety of applications, including:Food: Emulsions are used in food products such as mayonnaise, salad dressings, and ice cream.Cosmetics: Emulsions are used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and sunscreens.Pharmaceuticals: Emulsions are used in pharmaceuticals such as ointments, creams, and injectables.中文回答：复乳化溶剂挥发法。

真空乳化反应日化英文回答：Vacuum emulsification reaction is a process widely used in the chemical industry, especially in the production of personal care and cosmetic products. This reaction involves the formation of an emulsion, where two immiscible liquids are dispersed in each other to form a stable mixture. The use of vacuum in this process helps to remove air and other gases from the system, allowing for better emulsionstability and quality.There are several advantages of using vacuum in emulsification reactions. Firstly, it helps to reduce the boiling point of the liquid phase, which allows for the use of lower temperatures during the reaction. This is particularly beneficial for heat-sensitive materials that may degrade or lose their properties at higher temperatures. Secondly, the removal of air and gases from the systemhelps to prevent oxidation and microbial growth, ensuringthe stability and safety of the final product. Vacuum also aids in the removal of volatile components, such as solvents or by-products, from the emulsion.In vacuum emulsification reactions, a vacuum pump is used to create a negative pressure environment. This causes the liquid to boil at a lower temperature, leading to the formation of vapor bubbles. These bubbles disrupt the interface between the two immiscible liquids, promoting the formation of smaller droplets and a more uniform emulsion. The use of a high shear mixer or homogenizer further enhances the emulsification process by breaking down larger droplets into smaller ones.The choice of emulsifier is crucial in vacuum emulsification reactions. An emulsifier is a surface-active agent that helps to stabilize the emulsion by reducing the interfacial tension between the two immiscible liquids. It forms a protective layer around the droplets, preventing their coalescence and maintaining the stability of the emulsion. Commonly used emulsifiers include surfactants, polymers, and lipids.In summary, vacuum emulsification reactions play avital role in the production of various personal care and cosmetic products. The use of vacuum helps to improve emulsion stability, reduce reaction temperatures, remove volatile components, and ensure product safety. Proper selection of emulsifiers and the use of high shear mixing techniques contribute to the successful formation of stable and high-quality emulsions.中文回答：真空乳化反应是化学工业中广泛应用的一种过程，尤其在个人护理和化妆品产品的生产中。

生产中对液态树脂的存储要求英文回答：Storing liquid resin in the production process iscrucial to maintain its quality and ensure its usability. There are several requirements for storing liquid resin effectively.Firstly, it is important to store liquid resin in a controlled environment to protect it from external factors such as temperature, humidity, and light. Resin issensitive to temperature changes, so it should be stored in a cool and dry place to prevent it from deteriorating or solidifying. Exposure to direct sunlight or high temperatures can cause resin to degrade or cure prematurely, rendering it unusable. Therefore, it is advisable to store liquid resin in a temperature-controlled room or cabinet.Secondly, proper ventilation is necessary when storing liquid resin. Some resins may release volatile organiccompounds (VOCs) during storage, which can be harmful if inhaled. Ventilation systems should be installed to ensure the air quality in the storage area is safe for workers. Additionally, storing resin in a well-ventilated area helps prevent the accumulation of fumes, which can lead to a potential fire hazard.Thirdly, it is crucial to store liquid resin away from any potential sources of contamination. Resin is susceptible to contamination from dust, dirt, moisture, and other foreign particles. Therefore, resin should be stored in sealed containers or tanks to prevent any unwanted substances from entering and compromising its quality. Itis also important to keep the storage area clean and free from any debris that could contaminate the resin.Furthermore, proper labeling and organization of stored resin is essential for easy identification and inventory management. Each container or tank should be clearly labeled with the type of resin, batch number, andexpiration date. This helps avoid confusion and ensuresthat the oldest resin is used first to prevent wastage.Additionally, organizing the storage area by resin type and batch number makes it easier to locate and retrieve the required resin when needed.In summary, the storage requirements for liquid resin in production include maintaining a controlled environment, ensuring proper ventilation, preventing contamination, and implementing effective labeling and organization. By following these requirements, the quality and usability of the resin can be preserved, minimizing waste and ensuring smooth production processes.中文回答：液态树脂在生产过程中的储存对于保持其质量和确保可用性至关重要。

电流变液的英语Electric current fluid is a term used in the field of electrical engineering to describe a type of fluid that has the ability to conduct electricity. It is often referred to as conducting fluid or conductive liquid as well. In this article, we will explore the concept of electric current fluid in more detail, including its properties, applications, and significance in various industries.Electric current fluid, as the name suggests, is a fluid that allows the flow of electric current. It is typically composed of a conductive material, such as a metal or an electrolyte solution, that enables the movement of electric charges. The fluid must have a sufficient concentration of charged particles, such as ions or free electrons, to facilitate the flow of current.One of the key properties of electric current fluid is its conductivity. Conductivity refers to the ability of a material to conduct electric current. In the case of electric current fluid, the conductivity is determined by the concentration of charged particles and their mobility within the fluid. Higher concentration and higher mobility result in higher conductivity, allowing for more efficient flow of electric current.There are various applications of electric current fluid in different industries. One of the most common applications is in the field of electronics. Electric current fluid is used in electronic circuits to transmit and control electric signals. It is commonly found in components such as capacitors, transistors, and integrated circuits. The fluid enables the flow of current, allowing the circuit to perform its intended function.Another important application of electric current fluid is in electroplating. Electroplating is a process that involves depositing a thin layer of metal onto a surface. Electric current fluid is used as the conducting medium in this process. The fluid allows the electric current to flow between the metal source and the object to be plated, enabling the deposition of the metal layer.Electric current fluid is also utilized in the field of energy storage. Batteries, for example, rely on the flow of electric current within the fluid electrolyte to store and release electrical energy. The fluid facilitates the movement of charged particles between the battery electrodes, allowing for the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy.The significance of electric current fluid lies in its ability to facilitate the transmission and control of electric current. Without a conducting medium, such as the fluid, the flow of electric current would be greatly hindered or even impossible. The properties of the fluid, such as conductivity, are essential for the efficient functioning of electrical systems.In conclusion, electric current fluid is a conducting medium that allows the flow of electric current. It is composed of a conductive material, such as a metal or an electrolyte solution, and possesses properties like conductivity. Electric current fluid finds applications in electronics, electroplating, energy storage, and other industries where the transmission and control of electric current are required. Its significance lies in its ability to enable the efficient flow of electric current, making it an essential component in various electrical systems.。

Lateral scan with oblique angle 斜平行扫查Latitude (of an emulsion) 胶片宽容度Lead screen 铅屏Leak 泄漏孔Leak artifact 泄漏器Leak detector 检漏仪Leak testtion 泄漏检测Leakage field 泄漏磁场Leakage rate 泄漏率Leechs 磁吸盘Lift-off effect 提离效应Light intensity 光强度Limiting resolution 极限分辨率Line scanner 线扫描器Line focus 线焦点Line pair pattern 线对检测图Line pairs per millimetre 每毫米线对数Linear (electron) accelerator(LINAC) 电子直线加速器Linear attenuation coefficient 线衰减系数Linear scan 线扫查Linearity （time or distance）线性（时间或距离）Linearity， anplitude 幅度线性Lines of force 磁力线Lipophilic emulsifier 亲油性乳化剂Lipophilic remover 亲油性洗净剂Liquid penetrant examination 液体渗透检验Liquid film developer 液膜显像剂Local magnetization 局部磁化Local magnetization method 局部磁化法Local scan 局部扫查Localizing cone 定域喇叭筒Location 定位Location accuracy 定位精度Location computed 定位，计算Location marker 定位标记Location upon delta-T 时差定位Location， clusfer 定位，群集Location，continuous AE signal 定位，连续AE信号Longitudinal field 纵向磁场Longitudinal magnetization method 纵向磁化法Longitudinal resolution 纵向分辨率Longitudinal wave 纵波Longitudinal wave probe 纵波探头Longitudinal wave technique 纵波法Loss of back reflection 背面反射损失Loss of back reflection 底面反射损失Love wave 乐甫波Low energy gamma radiation 低能γ辐射Low－enerugy photon radiation 低能光子辐射Luminance 亮度Luminosity 流明Lusec 流西克Maga or million electron volts MeV兆电子伏特Magnetic history 磁化史Magnetic hysteresis 磁性滞后Magnetic particle field indication 磁粉磁场指示器Magnetic particle inspection flaw indications 磁粉检验的伤显示Magnetic circuit 磁路Magnetic domain 磁畴Magnetic field distribution 磁场分布Magnetic field indicator 磁场指示器Magnetic field meter 磁场计Magnetic field strength 磁场强度(H)Magnetic field/field，magnetic 磁场Magnetic flux 磁通Magnetic flux density 磁通密度Magnetic force 磁化力Magnetic leakage field 漏磁场Magnetic leakage flux 漏磁通Magnetic moment 磁矩Magnetic particle 磁粉Magnetic particle indication 磁痕Magnetic particle testing/magnetic particle examination 磁粉检测Magnetic permeability 磁导率Magnetic permeability 磁导率Magnetic pole 磁极Magnetic saturataion 磁饱和Magnetic saturation 磁饱和Magnetic slorage meclium 磁储介质Magnetic writing 磁写Magnetizing 磁化Magnetizing current 磁化电流Magnetizing coil 磁化线圈Magnetostrictive effect 磁致伸缩效应Magnetostrictive transducer 磁致伸缩换能器Main beam 主声束Manual testing 手动检测Markers 时标MA-scope; MA-scan MA型显示Masking 遮蔽Mass attcnuation coefficient 质量吸收系数Mass number 质量数Mass spectrometer （M.S.）质谱仪Mass spectrometer leak detector 质谱检漏仪Mass spectrum 质谱Master/slave discrimination 主从鉴别MDTD 最小可测温度差Mean free path 平均自由程Medium vacuum 中真空Mega or million volt MV兆伏特Micro focus X - ray tube 微焦点X 光管Microfocus radiography 微焦点射线透照术Micrometre 微米Micron of mercury 微米汞柱Microtron 电子回旋加速器Milliampere 毫安（mA）Millimetre of mercury 毫米汞柱Minifocus x- ray tube 小焦点调射线管Minimum detectable leakage rate 最小可探泄漏率Minimum resolvable temperature difference （MRTD）最小可分辨温度差（MRDT）Mode 波型Mode conversion 波型转换Mode transformation 波型转换Moderator 慢化器Modulation transfer function （MTF）调制转换功能（MTF）Modulation analysis 调制分析Molecular flow 分子流Molecular leak 分子泄漏Monitor 监控器Monochromatic 单色波Movement unsharpness 移动不清晰度Moving beam radiography 可动射束射线透照术Multiaspect magnetization method 多向磁化法Multidirectional magnetization 多向磁化Multifrequency eddy current testiog 多频涡流检测Multiple back reflections 多次背面反射Multiple reflections 多次反射Multiple back reflections 多次底面反射Multiple echo method 多次反射法Multiple probe technique 多探头法Multiple triangular array 多三角形阵列Narrow beam condition 窄射束NC NCNear field 近场Near field length 近场长度Near surface defect 近表面缺陷Net density 净黑度Net density 净(光学)密度Neutron 中子Neutron radiograhy 中子射线透照Neutron radiography 中子射线透照术Newton （N）牛顿Nier mass spectrometer 尼尔质谱仪Noise 噪声Noise 噪声Noise equivalent temperature difference （NETD）噪声当量温度差（NETD）Nominal angle 标称角度Nominal frequency 标称频率Non-aqueous liquid developer 非水性液体显像剂Noncondensable gas 非冷凝气体Nondcstructivc Examination（NDE）无损试验Nondestructive Evaluation（NDE）无损评价Nondestructive Inspection（NDI）无损检验Nondestructive Testing（NDT）无损检测Nonerasble optical data 可固定光学数据Nonferromugnetic material 非铁磁性材料Nonrelevant indication 非相关指示Non-screen-type film 非增感型胶片Normal incidence 垂直入射（亦见直射声束）Normal permeability 标准磁导率Normal beam method; straight beam method 垂直法Normal probe 直探头Normalized reactance 归一化电抗Normalized resistance 归一化电阻Nuclear activity 核活性Nuclide 核素Object plane resolution 物体平面分辨率Object scattered neutrons 物体散射中子Object beam 物体光束Object beam angle 物体光束角Object-film distance 被检体-胶片距离Object一film distance 物体- 胶片距离Over development 显影过度Over emulsfication 过乳化Overall magnetization 整体磁化Overload recovery time 过载恢复时间Overwashing 过洗Oxidation fog 氧化灰雾P PPair production 偶生成Pair production 电子对产生Pair production 电子偶的产生Palladium barrier leak detector 钯屏检漏仪Panoramic exposure 全景曝光Parallel scan 平行扫查Paramagnetic material 顺磁性材料Parasitic echo 干扰回波Partial pressure 分压Particle content 磁悬液浓度Particle velocity 质点(振动)速度Pascal （Pa）帕斯卡（帕）Pascal cubic metres per second 帕立方米每秒（Pa•m3/s ）Path length 光程长Path length difference 光程长度差Pattern 探伤图形Peak current 峰值电流Penetrameter 透度计Penetrameter sensitivity 透度计灵敏度Penetrant 渗透剂Penetrant comparator 渗透对比试块Penetrant flaw detection 渗透探伤Penetrant removal 渗透剂去除Penetrant station 渗透工位Penetrant， water- washable 水洗型渗透剂Penetration 穿透深度Penetration time 渗透时间Permanent magnet 永久磁铁Permeability coefficient 透气系数Permeability，a-c 交流磁导率Permeability，d－c 直流磁导率Phantom echo 幻象回波Phase analysis 相位分析Phase angle 相位角Phase controlled circuit breaker 断电相位控制器Phase detection 相位检测Phase hologram 相位全息Phase sensitive detector 相敏检波器Phase shift 相位移Phase velocity 相速度Phase-sensitive system 相敏系统Phillips ionization gage 菲利浦电离计Phosphor 荧光物质Photo fluorography 荧光照相术Photoelectric absorption 光电吸收Photographic emulsion 照相乳剂Photographic fog 照相灰雾Photostimulable luminescence 光敏发光Piezoelectric effect 压电效应Piezoelectric material 压电材料Piezoelectric stiffness constant 压电劲度常数Piezoelectric stress constant 压电应力常数Piezoelectric transducer 压电换能器Piezoelectric voltage constant 压电电压常数Pirani gage 皮拉尼计Pirani gage 皮拉尼计Pitch and catch technique 一发一收法Pixel 象素Pixel size 象素尺寸Pixel，disply size 象素显示尺寸Planar array 平面阵(列)Plane wave 平面波Plate wave 板波Plate wave technique 板波法Point source 点源Post emulsification 后乳化Post emulsifiable penetrant 后乳化渗透剂Post-cleaning 后清除Post-cleaning 后清洗Powder 粉未Powder blower 喷粉器Powder blower 磁粉喷枪Pre-cleaning 预清理Pressure difference 压力差Pressure dye test 压力着色检测Pressure probe 压力探头Pressure testing 压力检测Pressure- evacuation test 压力抽空检测Pressure mark 压痕Pressure,design 设计压力Pre-test 初探Primary coil 一次线圈Primary radiation 初级辐射Probe gas 探头气体Probe test 探头检测Probe backing 探头背衬Probe coil 点式线圈Probe coil 探头式线圈Probe coil clearance 探头线圈间隙Probe index 探头入射点Probe to weld distance 探头-焊缝距离Probe/ search unit 探头Process control radiograph 工艺过程控制的射线照相Processing capacity 处理能力Processing speed 处理速度Prods 触头Projective radiography 投影射线透照术Proportioning probe 比例探头Protective material 防护材料Proton radiography 质子射线透照Pulse 脉冲波Pulse 脉冲Pulse echo method 脉冲回波法Pulse repetition rate 脉冲重复率Pulse amplitude 脉冲幅度Pulse echo method 脉冲反射法Pulse energy 脉冲能量Pulse envelope 脉冲包络Pulse length 脉冲长度Pulse repetition frequency 脉冲重复频率Pulse tuning 脉冲调谐Pump- out tubulation 抽气管道Pump-down time 抽气时间Q factor Q值Quadruple traverse technique 四次波法Quality (of a beam of radiation) 射线束的质Quality factor 品质因数Quenching 阻塞Quenching of fluorescence 荧光的猝灭Quick break 快速断间Rad(rad) 拉德Radiance，L 面辐射率，LRadiant existence， M 幅射照度MRadiant flux；radiant power，ψe 辐射通量、辐射功率、ψe Radiation 辐射Radiation does 辐射剂量Radio frequency （r- f） display 射频显示Radio- frequency mass spectrometer 射频质谱仪Radio frequency(r-f) display 射频显示Radiograph 射线底片Radiographic contrast 射线照片对比度Radiographic equivalence factor 射线照相等效系数Radiographic exposure 射线照相曝光量Radiographic inspection 射线检测Radiographic inspection 射线照相检验Radiographic quality 射线照相质量Radiographic sensitivity 射线照相灵敏度Radiographic contrast 射线底片对比度Radiographic equivalence factor 射线透照等效因子Radiographic inspection 射线透照检查Radiographic quality 射线透照质量Radiographic sensitivity 射线透照灵敏度Radiography 射线照相术Radiological examination 射线检验Radiology 射线学Radiometer 辐射计Radiometry 辐射测量术Radioscopy 射线检查法Range 量程Rayleigh wave 瑞利波Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射Real image 实时图像Real-time radioscopy 实时射线检查法Rearm delay time 重新准备延时时间Rearm delay time 重新进入工作状态延迟时间Reciprocity failure 倒易律失效Reciprocity law 倒易律Recording medium 记录介质Recovery time 恢复时间Rectified alternating current 脉动直流电Reference block 参考试块Reference beam 参考光束Reference block 对比试块Reference block method 对比试块法Reference coil 参考线圈Reference line method 基准线法Reference standard 参考标准Reflection 反射Reflection coefficient 反射系数Reflection density 反射密度Reflector 反射体Refraction 折射Refractive index 折射率Refrence beam angle 参考光束角Reicnlbation 网纹Reject; suppression 抑制Rejection level 拒收水平Relative permeability 相对磁导率Relevant indication 相关指示Reluctance 磁阻Rem(rem) 雷姆Remote controlled testing 机械化检测Replenisers 补充剂Representative quality indicator 代表性质量指示器Residual magnetic field/field，residual magnetic 剩磁场Residual technique 剩磁技术Residual magnetic method 剩磁法Residual magnetism 剩磁Resistance （to flow）气阻Resolution 分辨力Resonance method 共振法Response factor 响应系数Response time 响应时间Resultant field 复合磁场Resultant magnetic field 合成磁场Resultant magnetization method 组合磁化法Retentivity 顽磁性Reversal 反转现象Ring-down count 振铃计数Ring-down count rate 振铃计数率Rinse 清洗Rise time 上升时间Rise-time discrimination 上升时间鉴别Rod-anode tube 棒阳极管Roentgen(R) 伦琴Roof angle 屋顶角Rotational magnetic field 旋转磁场Rotational magnetic field method 旋转磁场法Rotational scan 转动扫查Roughing 低真空Roughing line 低真空管道Roughing pump 低真空泵S SSafelight 安全灯Sampling probe 取样探头Saturation 饱和Saturation，magnetic 磁饱和Saturation level 饱和电平Scan on grid lines 格子线扫查Scan pitch 扫查间距Scanning 扫查Scanning index 扫查标记Scanning directly on the weld 焊缝上扫查Scanning path 扫查轨迹Scanning sensitivity 扫查灵敏度Scanning speed 扫查速度Scanning zone 扫查区域Scattared energy 散射能量Scatter unsharpness 散射不清晰度Scattered neutrons 散射中子Scattered radiation 散射辐射Scattering 散射Schlieren system 施利伦系统Scintillation counter 闪烁计数器Scintillator and scintillating crystals 闪烁器和闪烁晶体Screen 屏Screen unsharpness 荧光增感屏不清晰度Screen-type film 荧光增感型胶片SE probe SE探头Search-gas 探测气体Second critical angle 第二临界角Secondary radiation 二次射线Secondary coil 二次线圈Secondary radiation 次级辐射Selectivity 选择性Semi-conductor detector 半导体探测器Sensitirity va1ue 灵敏度值Sensitivity 灵敏度Sensitivity of leak test 泄漏检测灵敏度Sensitivity control 灵敏度控制Shear wave 切变波Shear wave probe 横波探头Shear wave technique 横波法Shim 薄垫片Shot 冲击通电Side lobe 副瓣Side wall 侧面Sievert(Sv) 希(沃特)Signal 信号Signal gradient 信号梯度Signal over load point 信号过载点。

WATER, PURIFIED纯化水H2O M r 18.12 DEFINITIONWater for the preparation of medicines other than those that are required to be both sterile and apyrogenic, unless otherwise justified and authorized.定义制药用水不同于其它用水，要求它是无菌的、无热源的，除非另有调整或授权。

Purified water in bulk散装纯化水PRODUCTIONPurified water in bulk is prepared by distillation, by ion exchange, by reverse osmosis or by any other suitable method from water that complies with the regulations on water intended for human consumption laid down by the competent authority. Purified water in bulk is stored and distributed in conditions designed to prevent growth of micro-organisms and to avoid any other contamination.生产：散装纯化水是经合格的当局规定的适宜人类使用的水经蒸馏、离子交换、反渗透膜或其他任何适合的方法制备。

散装纯化水存储和分配于可防止微生物生长和可避免其他任何污染的条件下。

Microbiological monitoring During production and subsequent storage, appropriate measures are taken to ensure that the microbial count is adequately controlled and monitored. Appropriate alert and action levels are set so as to detect adverse trends. Under normal conditions, an appropriate action level is a microbial count of 100 CFU/mL, determined by filtration through a membrane with a nominal pore size not greater than 0.45 μm, using R2A agar and incubating at 30-35 °C for not less than 5 days. The size of the sample is to be chosen in relation to the expected result.微生物监测在生产和其后的存储过程中，采取适当的方式以确保水的微生物数受到足够的控制和监测。