Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑
美国19世纪影响最大的浪漫主义小说家、美国文学史上第一个写作短篇小说的作家，也是美国文学浪漫主义文学中的心理分析小说的开创者。爱伦·坡称他的小说“属于艺术的最高层次，一种服从于非常崇高级别的天才的艺术。”美国心理分析小说的开创者,浪
《带七个尖顶的阁楼》The House of the Seven Gables (1851)
《福谷传奇》The Blithedale Romance (1852)
《玉石人像》The Marble Faun (1860)
短篇小说：《小伙子布朗》Young Goodman Brown1835
《教长的黑纱》The Minister’s Black veil
从浪漫主义和心理分析的角度，霍桑成功地运用多重象征手法，从不同的侧面暗示红字主题，烘托人物的内心世界，同时也表现出神秘主义的晦涩让我们更加了解这部小说的意义和作者的主旨所在。
“A”是字母表中的第一个字母，它意味着开始。按照基督教的教义来说，开始即堕落，是无人幸免的原罪，或是世界之初的堕落，或是生命之出的堕落。在这里红字“A”是清教徒惩罚的标志，代表耻辱的通奸罪（Adultery）。红色是猩红的血，海丝特·白兰（Hester Prynne）胸前的红色“A”字，年轻的牧师阿瑟·狄姆斯台尔（Arthur Dimmesdale）胸前的血字“A”，使人们联想到祭祀台上流着鲜血的羔羊。
A”字的三种象征意义（Adultery；Able ；Angel）
英国文学作品与作家 一、Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟1343~1400 (首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。) The father of English poetry. Writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. 作品： ①
莎士比亚同时代戏剧家本·琼森（Ben Johnson）--他不属于一个时代，而是属于。（He was not of an age, but for all time.） 作品： ①Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; He nry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies:
美国文学 part 1 1607-1776 北美殖民时期 Colonial Settlements John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙述》（美国文学第一本书） 美国文学史上第一个作家 Part 2 1776-1783 独立革命时期 Revolution of Independence Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书 Thomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets） Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命） The Age of Reason 理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响） 美国独立之父 the father of American revolution Thomas Jefferson 独立宣言 Declaration of Independence Part 3 浪漫主义时期 Romanticism Washington Irving The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始） The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说 Rip Van Winkle里普?万?温克尔(李伯大梦) 美国文学之父 James Fenimore Cooper The Pilot领航者The Spy间谍 The Pioneer拓荒者 Ralf Waldo Emerson Nature论自然 The American Scholar论美国学者 Self-reliance论自立 超验主义 Henry David Thoreau Walden瓦尔登湖 Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter红字 19世界影响最 大的浪漫主义小 说家 Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass草叶集 Song of Myself 自我之歌 part 4 现实主义时期 Mark Twain The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Henry James Daisy Miller The American The Portrait of a Lady Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie An American Tragedy part 5 现代主义时期 American Modernism Ezra Pound In a station of the Metro在地铁站
Review 1.Literary Glossary Question: What is the definition of each literary term below? Heroic couplet Byronic hero stream-of-consciousness Metaphysical poetry/poet Romance comedy tragedy soliloquy Sentimentalism/Sentimental novel Gothic novel foil Romanticism/Romantic era sonnet blank verse stanza Iambic pentameter Aestheticism 2.Selected reading. (1). The first twelve lines in the General Prologue in Canterbury Tale. (2). Shakespeare: sonnet 18(The main theme of this poem.) Act3 scene3, Hamlet’s monologue (main idea, major themes, meter and rhyme) (3). Milton, Paradise Lost Book 1, excerpt, lines describing Satan’s unyielding spirit (line50--75) (Satan’s character) (4). Jonathan Swift: A Modest Proposal (For whom was this essay written?) Gulliver’s travels (the name of each place Gulliver visits) (5). William Blake: Tyger (central image, main theme) (6). Robert Burns: My heart’s in the highlands (theme, does the speaker love the highlands? How does he show his love in the poem?) (7). William Wordsworth: I wondered lonely as a cloud (the central image, rhyme scheme, main idea of each stanza) (8). Shelley: Ode to the west wind. First stanza. (why is the west wind both destroyer and preserver?) (9). Jane Austen: chapter 1, first and second paragraph: “It is truly universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of life” (Is there any irony? What does this sentence imply?) (10). Jane Eyre: Chapter 5 and chapter 4 (Jane Eyre’s personality and Mr Rochester’s character) (11). Hardy: Tess of the D’Urbervilles (subtitle of the novel, Tess’ character) 3.Key characters. Hamlet, Shylock, Satan, Robinson Crusoe, Jane Eyre… 4.Literary stages What are the main themes and dominating literary genres(文学体裁) in each of the following historical periods? Medieval age, the Renaissance, the Restoration and Revolution, The age of Enlightenment, Romantic era, the Victorian age (the age of realist critical realism, modernism.
八级模拟美国文学常识 1．The first colony was set up in_________ at, ______off the coast of North Carolina; The second colony was more permanent:______, establis hed in________. A.1585 ...Roanoke,...Jamestown (1607) B. Jamestown...1607,...concord, (1609) C. 1492,…New England…1585 …Roanoke D. 1492...New England ...Jamestown (1607) 2. ________ wrote the story recounts how Pocahontas, favorite daughte r of Chief Powhatan, saved Captain Smiths life when he was a prisoner of the chief. Later, when the English persuaded Powhatan to give Poc ahontas to them as a hostage, her gentleness, intelligence, and beaut y impressed the English, and, in 1614, she married John Rolfe, an Eng lish gentleman. The marriage initiated an eight-year peace between th e colonists and the Indians, ensuring the survival of the struggling new colony. A. Cristopher Columbus B. Harioit C. Winthrope D. Captain John Smith 3. The_____ definition of good writing was that which brought home a full awareness of the importance of worshipping God and of the spirit ual dangers that the soul faced on Earth A. Prostestant B. Puritan C. Catholic D. Indian 4. The link between_________ is Both rest on ambition, hard work, an d an intens e striving for success. A. Puritanism and consumerism B. Capitalism and commercialism C. Puritanism and capitalism https://www.doczj.com/doc/0118268382.html,mercialism and capitalism 5 The first Puritan colonists who settled _________exemplified the se riousness of Reformation Christianity. Known as the "_________," they were a small group of believers who had migrated from England to Hol land -- even then known for its religious tolerance -- in 1608, durin g a time of persecutions. A. Roanoke…development B. Roanoke…progress C. New England… adventure D. New England… pilgrims
Alexander Pope An Essay on Man （know then thyself） The poem is written in iambic tetrameter, every two line have the same thyme at the last word. The poem is important in the sense that it embodies the 18th century concepts of the universe and man’s place in it, that is man is made in the shape of God, and occupies a middle position in the Great Chain of Being. As the poet says sometimes we have too much knowledge and feel suspect about everything, but sometimes we have too much weakness and can not be as pride as Stotic, sometimes we seem to have the power to rule all things but sometimes we seem prey to all. We are in the middle place and sometimes we are confused about whether to act or rest. The poet perfectly describes man’s feeling about ourselves and about the world. Although Pope is never profound in thought but he is very adapt in voicing the idea of his contemporaries in a beautiful and clever way. Robert Burns A Red, Red, Rose The metrical pattern of the poem is basically in the ballad form, i.e. each stanza consisting of four lines, with four stressed syllables in the odd-numbered lines and three stressed syllables in the even-numbered lines, and with rhymes occurring on the even-numbered lines. The image of rose evokes traditional associations of beauty, love and romance. Its simple lyrics and straight form and expression of feeling make it a favorite choice for poetry anthologies and a most appreciated poem for readers. Incorporating various elements from folk songs, the poem is supposed to be a song sung by an Irish sailor to his sweet heart before his ship sailed off to sea, the exaggerated declaration of love “till the
美国文学 第一章殖民地时期及独立革命时期的美国文学（1617——1783）Background: 1)The first permanent English settlement in North America at James Town, Virginia in 1617 2)In 1629 the puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 3)Independent War (1776——1783) Personal Literature In Its Various Forms John Smith A True Relation of Virginia《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》William Bradford Of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯种植园史》 He was the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation Early Poetry Anne Bradstreet Contemplations《沉思集》 She was known as the “Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up”in America. Important Writers of American Puritanism Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will《论意志自由》 His endeavors contributed to bringing about the “Great Awakening（大觉醒）”. 他被认为是美国超验主义的先驱。 Benjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理年鉴》 The Autobiography《自传》 Authors who call for democratic government and writes for it Thomas Paine Common Sense《常识》 The American Crisis《美国危机》 The Rights of Man《人的权利》 The Age of Reason《理性的时代》 Philip Freneau The Indian Burying Ground《印第安人殡葬地》 “The Wild Honey Suckle”《野忍冬花》 He is “poet of the American Revolution”and the “father of American Poetry” Others Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》 第二章浪漫主义时期的美国文学（19世纪上半叶） Early American Romanticism Washington Irving The Sketch Book《见闻札记》marked the beginning of American Romanticism. Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷传说》 He has been called the father of the American short story. He is the first American Writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame, so he was regarded as father of American literature. James Fennimore Cooper The Spy《间谍》
英语专业八级考试翻译历年真题汇总 1998年E-C: I agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader. American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. They do over-phrase their own literature, or certainly its minor figures. And Americans do swing from aggressive over phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference. But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals. Moreover, in fields where they are not pre-eminent — e. g. in painting and music —they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the Continent. How many English paintings try to look as though they were done in Paris; how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an “English tradition” after all. To speak of American literature, then, is not to assert(断言、声称)that it is completely unlike that of Europe. Broadly speaking, America and Europe have kept step(同步). At any given moment(在任何时候) the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same styles in dress, the same books on the shelves. Ideas have crossed the Atlantic as freely as men and merchandise, though sometimes more slowly. When I refer to American habit, thoughts, etc., I intend some sort of qualification(限制、限定、资格) to precede(领先、超前) the word, for frequently the difference between America and Europe (especially England) will be one of degree(唯一只是在程度上), sometimes only of a small degree. The amount of divergence(分歧、差异) is a subtle (微妙的)affair, liable(有可能的) to perplex the Englishman when he looks at America. He is looking at a country which in important senses (重要的感觉)grew out of his own, which in several ways still resembles his own — and which is yet a foreign country. There are odd overlappings and abrupt unfamiliarities; kinship(亲缘关系) yields to a sudden alienation(疏远关系), as when we hail(打招呼) a person across the street, only to discover from his blank(没有表情的) response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend. 参考译文(翻译第二段)： 因此，我们在说“美国”文学，并不表明我们认为美国文学与欧洲文学截然不同。一般来说，美国和欧洲一直在同步发展。无论何时，旅游者在两地都能看到同一式的建筑，见到
作家与作品： 海明威：·《非洲的青山》·《太阳照常升起》·《战地钟声》·《永别了，武器》·《第五纵队·西班牙大地》·《曙光示真》·《不固定的圣节》·《过河入林》·《丧钟为谁而鸣》·《危险的夏天》·《老人与海》·《伊甸园》·《丧钟为谁而鸣》·《非洲的青山》·《死在午后》·《岛在湾流中》·《有钱人和没钱》． 菲茨杰拉德：《人间天堂》，《了不起的盖茨比》《夜色温柔》（1934）和《最后一个巨商》。·维吉尼亚?伍尔芙（1882—1941）英国著名小说家、批评家维吉尼亚?伍尔芙也是一位著名的意识流作家和意识流小说的奠基者。。1919年，伍尔芙发表了第一部意识流小说《墙上的斑点》。《达罗卫夫人》(1925)、《到灯塔去》（1927）是伍尔芙意识流小说的代表作。 纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804～1864）美国小说家，是美国19世纪影响最大的浪漫主义小说家和心理小说家。《范肖》(1828)《古宅青苔》(1843)、《雪影》(1851)＜红字＞《带有七个尖角阁的房子》《玉石雕像》． 杰克伦敦：杰克·伦敦是著名的美国小说家，他一生共创作了约50卷作品，其中最为著名的有《荒野的呼唤》、《海狼》、《白牙》、《马丁·伊登》和短篇小说《老头子同盟》、《北方的奥德赛》、《马普希的房子》等． 华兹华斯：早期诗歌《晚步》《素描集》，从《抒情歌谣集》开始一反18世纪的诗风，将一种崭新的风格带到诗歌创作中，开创了英国文学史上浪漫主义诗歌的新时代。《不朽的征兆》由《序曲》《漫游》两部分组成的哲理性长诗《隐者》等。1843年被封为英国“桂冠诗人”．威廉.布雷克To see a world in a grain of sand, 从一粒沙子看到一个世界， And a heaven in a wild flower, 从一朵野花看到一个天堂， Hold infinity in the palm of your hand, 把握在你手心里的就是无限， And eternity in an hour. 永恒也就消融于一个时辰。 ＜老人与海＞：《老人与海》。如海明威自己所说"是这一辈子所能写的最好的一部作品了"。书未及读完，主人公桑提亚哥的形象就镌刻在我的头脑里。这是一部描写人与大自然搏斗的小说。老人在海上拼斗了两天两夜，最后仅仅赢得了一具空空的鱼架。作品的寓意是象征性的，老人虽败犹荣。正如老人所说："人生来不是为了被打败的，人能够被毁灭，但是不能够被打败。"我一直将这句话看做是海明威的自白，看做是海明威硬汉精神的一种标志。多少年来，这似乎成了一句至理名言。 海明威让我知道，人的经历是何等的重要，这是无价的财富。谁都无法轻视自己的经历。人生的意义就在于一种精神，敢于承受痛苦，蔑视死亡。人可以失败，但不可以被击败，外在的肉体可以接受折磨，但是内在的意志却是神圣不可侵犯的，这是《老人与海》一再强调的论点。真正的大师都是用最简单的语言来表达最深刻的道理，真正的好作品都是用生命的历练做题材，《老人与海》所刻画出来的正是海明威的一辈子最好的画像。 我想，一个作家的成名，不在于他写了多少，而是他有什么独特的创造。海明威以其富有传奇色彩的一生，以其塑造的一系列硬汉形象，奠定了他在世界文学中的地位。而且，人们极易在文学大师的群像中辨别出他的声音。 ＜了不起的盖茨比＞：对戴西的爱是盖茨比梦幻的“天堂”，这种堂。吉诃德式的浪漫幻想天真的让人感动，他对理想的执着追求和献身精神也确实是“了不起”的，显示了生存的某中不可贬斥的价值，正如小说叙述者卡罗威对他说的那样“他们是一帮混蛋，他们那一大帮子都放在一堆还比不上你。”但盖茨比也是可悲甚或可笑的，以为财富和金钱就是进入天堂的云梯，不知道其实所谓天堂只是一种幻想，星星是可望而不可及的。当他在月光下彻夜守侯，生怕戴西受到伤害，要为她担当一切的时候，他不知道在室内，戴西已经背弃了他，在一场阴谋策划中接受了丈夫的劝告，听任tom将车祸的责任栽到他头上。这是金钱社会制造的悲剧，富豪们的傲慢和自私彻底摧毁了盖茨比的梦想和信念。用卡罗威的话：“tom
英国文学部分 西方文学发展的两大源头 两大源头:古希腊, 罗马的神话，中世纪的基督教 A General Survey of English Literary History: 1．O ld English literature (The Anglo – Saxon Period) 449 – 1066 2. Medieval Period (The Anglo – Norman Period) 1066 – 1350 3. The Renaissance Period 14th– mid 17th 4. The 17th(The Period of Revolution and Restoration) 5. The 18th(The Age of Enlightenment) 6. The Romantic Period （Age of poetry）1798 – 1832 7. The Victorian Period ( The Age of Critical Realism) 1836 – 1901 8. The 20th(The Modern Period) 一．古英语和中世纪时期： Old and Medieval English Literature: 449 -- 1066 Germanic tribes: Angles, Saxons and Jutes Old English Poetic tradition : a. The pagan poetry (secular group) b. The Christian poetry (religious group) National epic poem –Beowulf Middle English Literature: 1. Christian literature 2. Romance the popular literary forms in medieval period Geoffrey Chaucer: “father of English poetry” “English Homer” The Canterbury Tales For the first time in English literature presented a comprehensive realistic picture。He employed the heroic couplet for the first time in the history of English literature. 3. the English ballads: Robin Hood ballads 二，文艺复兴时期 Purpose of Renaissance: 1.Get rid of old feudalist ideas ,introduce new ideas of the rising bourgeoisie 2.Recover the purity of the church Literature of Renaissance Poetry Essay Elizabethan Drama ( the mainstream) Religious Reformation: Martin Luther: a German Protestant, initiated the Reformation
Wordsworth was a defining member of the English Romantic Movement. 华兹华斯是英国浪漫主义诗歌的代表人物之一。Like other Romantics, Wordsworth’s personality and poetry were deeply influenced by his love of nature, especially by the sights and scenes of the Lake Country, in which he spent most of his mature life. 对自然的热爱以及他大部分人生所度过的地方--湖区--的风光景色都对他的性格和作品有着深远的影响。 A profoundly earnest and sincere thinker, he displayed a high seriousness tempered with tenderness and a love of simplicity. 他是一位真挚深刻的思想者，作品在严谨中充满纯真质朴与敏感。 I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我孤独地漫游，像一朵云 William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud 我孤独地漫游，像一朵云 That floats on high o′er vales and hills, 在山丘和谷地上飘荡， When all at once I saw a crowd, 忽然间我看见一群 A host, of golden daffodils; 金色的水仙花迎春开放， Beside the lake, beneath the trees, 在树荫下，在湖水边， Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. 迎着微风起舞翩翩。 Continuous as the stars that shine 连绵不绝，如繁星灿烂， And twinkle on the milky way, 在银河里闪闪发光，They stretched in never-ending line 它们沿着湖湾的边缘 Along the margin of a bay: 延伸成无穷无尽的一行； Ten thousand saw I at a glance, 我一眼看见了一万朵， Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. 在欢舞之中起伏颠簸。 The waves beside them danced;but they 粼粼波光也在跳着舞， Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: 水仙的欢欣却胜过水波； A poet could not but be gay, 与这样快活的伴侣为伍， In such a jocund company: 诗人怎能不满心欢乐！ I gazed--and gazed--but little thought 我久久凝望，却想象不到 What wealth the show to me had brought: 这奇景赋予我多少财宝，—— For oft, when on my couch I lie 每当我躺在床上不眠， In vacant or in pensive mood, 或心神空茫，或默默沉思， They flash upon that inward eye 它们常在心灵中闪现， Which is the bliss of solitude; 那是孤独之中的福祉； And then my heart with pleasure fills, 于是我的心便涨满幸福， And dances with the daffodils. 和水仙一同翩翩起舞。
历年专八英译汉翻译真题 1995 I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacks of street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I am rated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring values more central to the good life? For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the shared riches of neighbours’ orchards and gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense if self? I don’t want to idealize life in small places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in small places that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot be banished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledged as “part of us.” Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions of one-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are,sadly,more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us. 对我的几个儿子来说，乡村当然有充足的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓来的鱼，邻里菜园和果园里可供分享的丰盛瓜果。乡下有不用付报酬便可请来照看孩子的邻居，作为回报，我儿媳也帮着照看其孩子。乡邻之间互相交换技能和劳动。但比之更重要的是，你如何来衡量那静谧与安详？如何来衡量自我价值呢？ 我无意将小地方的生活理想化。因为有时外面的世界会无情地侵入：比如汽油价格上涨，开发商把眼睛盯住尚未开发的农田；那里充斥着凶残和偏狭，大城市的种种卑劣行径，小地方也一应俱全。不仅如此，当人们无法自欺欺人地硬把那些丑恶现象想象成只是小地方的一小部分或将它们解释为异乡人的为所欲为，而又不得不承认这一切是我们的一部分时，就更难以忽视它们。 1996 It should have been easy. They were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ties to the Republican party, men who understood presidential politics as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation’s economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money for a top-flight staff, travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills. Reagan has succeed more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America – a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government. 这应该不是件难事。这都是些跟着里根多年、久经沙场的老将，他们跟共和党则有更深厚的渊源，是这个国家里最熟悉总统政治的人。竞选的背景也很有利，也很多好消息可供炒作。例如，美国上下一片和平，美国经济这一竞选要素也在经过一段时间的衰退之后开始强劲反弹。此外，这次竞选本身得到了慷慨资助，因此有充裕的资用于组织一流的竞选班子、支付巡回演讲和电视广告的费用。而最重要的一点是，他们的候选人是罗纳德·里根，他可是位极具个人魅力和沟通技巧的总统。自约翰·F·肯尼迪总统以来，里根是最成功地勾勒出美国蓝图的总统：一个军事力量复兴、富有个人进取心、联邦政府得以精简的国家。