Research on the Contradictory Behaviors of Dual-Characterized Father in The Kite Runner

新编研究生英语系列教程博士研究生英语综合教程（第二版/教师用书）北京市研究生英语教学研究会主编陈大明徐汝舟副主编刘宁王焱华许建平编者赵宏凌邹映辉杨凤珍来鲁宁张剑柳君丽曹莉郑辉中国人民大学出版社KEY TO THE EXERCISESUnit One ScienceText 1 Can We Really Understand Matter?I. Vocabulary1. A2. B3. A4. C5. D6. B7. B8. CII. Definition1. A priority2. Momentum3. An implication4. Polarization5. the distance that light travels in a year, about 5.88 trillion miles or 9.46 trillion km.6. a contradictory or absurd statement that expresses a possible truth7. a device that speeds up charged elementary particles or ions to high energiesIII. Mosaic1. The stress: (Omitted)Pronunciation rule: An English word ended with–tion or –sion has its stress on the last syllable but one.2. molecule3. A4. B5. C6. B7. A8. AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.In September 1995, anti-hydrogen atom—an anti-matter atom—was successfullydeveloped in European Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland. After the startling news spread out, scientists in the West who were indulged in the research of anti-matter were greatly excited. While they were attempting to produce and store anti-matter as the energy for spacecraft, they raised a new question: Many of the mysterious nuclear explosions in the recent one hundred years are connected with anti-matter. That is to say, these hard-to-explain explosions are tricks played by anti-mat ter. They are the “destruction”phenomenon caused by the impact between matter and anti-matter.V. GroupingA.Uncertainty:what if, illusory, indescribable, puzzle, speculation, seemingly, in some mysterious wayB.Contrast:more daunting, the hardest of hard sciences, do little to discourage, from afar, close scrutiny, work amazingly wellC. Applications of Quantum mechanics:the momentum of a charging elephant, building improved gyroscopes1. probabilities2. illusory3. discourage4. scrutinyVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING•STRATEGY•DEFINITIONI. Complete the following definitions with the help of dictionaries.1. To bribe means to influence the behavior or judgment of others (usually in positions ofpower) unfairly or illegally by offering them favors or gifts.2. Gravity is defined as the natural force by which objects are attracted to each other,especially that by which a large mass pulls a smaller one to it.3. The millennium bug refers to the computer glitch that arises from an inability of thesoftware to deal correctly with dates of January 2000 or later.4. Globalization is understood as the development so as to make possible internationalinfluence or operation.II. Write a one-paragraph definition of the following words.1. hypothesisA hypothesis is an idea which is suggested as a possible way of explaining facts,proving an argument, etc. Through experiments, the hypothesis is either accepted as true (possibly with improvements) or cast off.2. scienceScience is defined as the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.3. superstitionSuperstition refers to a belief which is not based on reason or fact but on old ideas about luck, magic, etc. For example, it is a common superstition that black cats are unlucky.4. pessimismPessimism is a tendency to give more attention to the bad side of a situation or to expect the worst possible result. A person with pessimism is a pessimist who thinks that whatever happens is bad.5. individualismIndividualism is the idea that the rights and freedom of the individual are the most important rights in a society. It has a bad sense in that little attention is paid to the rights of the collective or a good one in that independence is emphasized rather than dependence on others.Text 2 Physics Awaits New Options as Standard Model IdlesI. Vocabulary1. C2. A3. B4. A5. C6. D7. D8. BII. Definition1. A refrain2. A spark3. A jingle4. Symmetry5. develops or studies theories or ideas about a particular subject.6. studies the origin and nature of the universe.7. studies the stars and planets using scientific equipment including telescopes.III. Mosaic1. gravity2. anti-/opposite3. D4. B5. A6. A7. B8.AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.The Standard Model of particle physics is an unfinished poem. Most of the pieces are there,and even unfinished, it is arguably the most brilliant opus in the literature of physics. With great precision, it describes all known matter – all the subatomic particles such as quarks and leptons –as well as the forces by which those particles interact with one another.These forces are electromagnetism, which describes how charged objects feel each other’s influence: the weak force, which explains how particles can change their identities, and the strong force, which describes how quarks stick together to form protons and other composite particles. But as lovely as the Standard Model’s description is, it is in pieces, and some of those pieces – those that describe gravity – are missing. It is a few shards of beauty that hint at something greater, like a few lines of Sappho on a fragment of papyrus. V. GroupingA.Particle physics:supersymmetry, equation, superpartners, stringB.Strangeness:bizarre, beyond the ken ofC.Antonyms:gravity–antigravity1. novelty2. revelatory3. Symmetry4. gravityVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY• EXEMPLIFICATION AN D ILLUSTRATION(Omitted)Text 3 Supporting ScienceI. Vocabulary1. D2. C3. A4. C5. C6. A7. B8. A9. C 10. D 11. B 12. AII. Definition1. A portfolio2. A vista3. Cryptography4. Paleontology5. a business or an undertaking that has recently begun operation6. a group of people having common interests7. a person with senior managerial responsibility in a business organizationIII. Rhetoric1. pouring money into2. column3. unbridled4. twilight5. blossomed intoIV. Mosaic1. phenomenon criterion datum medium(because these words originated from Latin and retain their Latin plural form)2. A3. A4. B5. B6. B7. C8. BV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. The five scientists who won the 1996 Nobel Prize point out that the present prosperityand development are based on the fruits of basic scientific research and the negligence of basic scientific research will threaten human development of the 21st century.EU countries noticed that one of their weaknesses is “insufficient investment in research and development.” Korea and Singapore do not hesitate to pour money into research and development. The developed countries in the West have used most of the scientific and technological development resources for the research and development of new and high technology. This has become an obvious trend at present. It is evident from the experiences of various countries that new and high technology can create and form new industries, open up and set up new markets. The innovation of traditional industries with new and high technology is a key method to strengthen the competitive competency of an enterprise.VI. Grouping:A.Negligence of basic research:corporate breakups, cut back on research, ignore it, subject to a protracted dissection and review, second-guessing, dropped dramatically, subjected to a scrutiny, skirling our supportB.Significant examples of basic research:computing, biotechnology, the Internet, number theory, complex analysis, coding theory, cryptography, dinosaur paleontology, genetics research)C.Ways to intensify arguments:moved support for science from a “want to have” squarely into the “need to have”column1. resounding2. second-guessing3. downsized4. subjectedVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • COMPARISON, CONTRAST, AND ANALOGY (Omitted)Text 4 Why Must Scientists Become More Ethically Sensitive Than They Used to Be?I. Vocabulary1. B2. B3. A4. C5. B6. D7. D8. A9. D 10. B 11. B 12. DII. Definition1. A constraint2. Algorithm3. A prerequisite4. Ethics5. an important topic or problem for debate or discussion6. a person’s principles or standards of behaviour; one’s judgement of what is important inlife.7. a formal plan put forward for consideration to carry out a projectIII. Rhetoric1. brushed under the carpet2. smell3. hands and brains4. battle front5. module . . . moduleIV. Mosaic1. /z/ /s/ /s/ /z/ /s//s/ /iz/ /z/ /s/ /z//iz/ /z/ /s/ /z/ /z//z/ /s/ /s/ /z/ /z//s/ after voiceless consonants/z/ after voiced consonants/iz/ after a word ended with –es2. B3. D4. A5. D6. A7. CV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. Scientists and medical ethicists advocate the prohibition of human cloning as a way toproduce life. They all agree that human cloning exerts severe threats on human dignity.Social critics point out that cloned children will lack personality and noumenon. G. Annas, professor of health laws in Boston university, points out that “human cloning should be banned because it may fundamentally alter the definition of ourselves.”VI. Grouping:A.The change of attitudes towards ethical consideration:occupy media slots and Sunday supplements, latest battle front, can no longer be swept aside, more sensitiveB.Academic science:a worldwide institutional web, peer review, respect for priority of discovery,comprehensive citation of the literature, meritocratic preferment, smuggle ethical considerations from private life, from politics, from religion, from sheer humanitariansympathyC.Industrial science:intimately involved in the business of daily lifeD.Post-academic science:a succession of “projects”, compound moral risks with financial risks, largely the work ofteams of scientists1. individualistic2. energized3. comprehensive4. heterogeneousVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • CAUSE AND EFFECT(Omitted)Text 5 Beauty, Charm, and Strangeness: Science as MetaphorI. Vocabulary1. B2. A3. C4. B5. C6. B7. A8. B9. A 10. CII. Rhetoric1. pitch2. landscape3. unblinking4. yawn5. wringsIII. Mosaic1.physical poetic political scientific optical atomic2. (Omitted)3. B4. B5. A6. C7. DIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. There are only two forms of human spiritual creation: science and poetry. The formergives us convenience; and the latter gives us comfort. In more common words, the former enables us to have food to eat when we are hungry; and the latter makes us aware that eating is something more than eating, and it is very interesting as well. To have science without poetry, atomic bomb will be detonated; to have poetry without science, poets will starve to death.Scientists should not despise poets; and poets should not remain isolated from scientists.If the two fields conflict each other, human beings would be on the way to doom. In fact, the greatest scientists like Newton, Einstein and Mrs. Currie were all endowed with poetic spirit.I assert that in observing the apple falling to the ground, Newton not only discovered thegravity of the earth, he also wrote a beautiful poem.V. GroupingA.Human reason:guilty of hubris, cramped imagination, commonsense logic, an ignorant manB.Differences between art and science:different in their methods and in their ends, a scientific hypothesis can be proven, new combinations of old materials, transform the ordinary into extraordinary, a practical extension into technology, the sense of an endingC.Similarities between art and science:in their origin, quest to reveal the world1. indistinguishable2. transform3. poetic4. extension5. subdueVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATIONI. Organize the following words into groups.People: physician; driver; boxer; mother; teacherSchools: school; college; institute; kindergarten; universityColors: brown; purple; violet; black; yellowPrepositions: along; toward; upon; without; intoVerbs:listen; read; write; hear; lookII. Complete the following lists.1. College students can be classified according to:A.academic achievementB.attitude toward politics, friendship, etc.C.sexD.heightE.place of originF.value of lifeG.major2. Transportation means can be classified according to:A.speedB.sizeeD.fuelfortF.historyG.water, land, or airIII. Write a paragraph of classification on the books which you like to read.(Omitted)Text 6 Is Science Evil?I. Vocabulary1. C2. A3. D4. B5. B6.A7. C8. C9. D 10. AII. Definition1. Canon2. Validity3. A premise4. Disillusionment5. the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or correctness of something6. a mode of thinking based on guessing rather than on knowledgeIII. Mosaic1. 1) / / illusion dis-=not -ment=noun ending2) / / science pseudo-=false3) / / conscious -ness=noun ending4) / / question -able=adjective ending5) / / extenuate -ation=noun ending6) / / indict -ment=noun ending7) / / rebut -al=noun ending8) / / perpetrate -ion=noun ending9) / / problem -ic=adjective ending10) / / dissolute -ion=noun ending2. Para. 13: Only when scientific criticism is crippled by making particulars absolute can aclosed view of the world pretend to scientific validity –and then it is a falsevalidity.Para.14: Out of dissatisfaction with all the separate bits of knowledge is born the desire to unite all knowledge.Para. 15: Only superficially do the modern and the ancient atomic theories seem to fit into the same theoretical mold.1) Para. 13: Only + adverbial clause of time + inverted orderPara. 14: Prepositional phrase + inverted orderPara. 15: Only + adverb + inverted order2) Inverted order is used to emphasize.3. C4. B5. A6. CIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. At present there exist two conflicting tendencies towards the development of science andtechnology. The opponents of science hold that the development of modern science has not brought blessings to human beings, instead it has brought human beings to the very edge of disaster and peril. On the other hand, the proponents of scientific and technological progress maintains that the crises facing human beings today—such as environmental pollution, ecological unbalance, natural resource exhaustion—are the natural consequences of the development of science, and the solution to which lies in the further development of science. Both of the above tendencies are reasonable in a sense with their respective one-sided view. If we view the development of modern science and technology from the point of view of our times and with dialectic viewpoints, we can find out that the problem facing modern science and technology is not how to understand the progress of modern science and technology, but how to find out the theoretical basis for the further development of science and technology in order to meet the needs of the times.V. GroupingA.Attitudes toward science:expect to be helped by science and only by science, the superstition of science, the hatred of science, the one great landmark on the road to truthB.Characteristics of science:powerful authority, solve all problems, thoroughly universalC.Scientific knowledge:a concrete totality, cannot supply us with the aims of life, cannot lead usD.Contrast between ancient and modern science:progress into the infinite, making particulars absolute, not as an end in itself but as a tool of inquiry1. corruption2. totality3. inquiry4. superstition5. landmarkVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • STRATEGY • GENERALIZATION AND SPECIFICATIONWRITING • STRATEGY • COMBINATION OF WRITING STRATEGIES (Omitted)Unit Two EngineeringText 7 Engineers’ Dream of Practical Star FlightI. Vocabulary1. D2. C3. B4. D5. A6. C7.CII. Definition1. Annihilation2. A skeptic3. A cosmic ray4. Anti-matter5. A workshop6. the curved path in space that is followed by an object going around another larger object7. any one of the systems of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, heldtogether by gravitational attractionIII. Mosaic1. 闭音节, 字母u 发/ / 的音，如A, C and D.2. (Omitted)3. (Omitted)4. C5. C6. B7. A8. BIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. Human beings have long been attempting sending unmanned devices, called interstellarprobes, into the outer space to understand the changes of climates, geological structures and the living beings on the stars and planets out there. A probe is usually sent into the orbit of the earth by “riding” a spacecraft or carrier rockets. After its orbital adjustments are made, the rocket engine is ignited and the probe continues its journey to the orbit of the other star or planet. With the rocket engine broken off, the probe immediately spreads its solar-cell sails and antenna, controlling its posture with sensors. When convinced that it is in the orbit of the targeted star, the probe starts its propeller and flies to the preset destination.V. GroupingA.Astronomical phenomena:interstellar medium, a wind of particles, galaxy, reserves of comets, the Kuiper Belt,orbit, Pluto, the Oort Cloud, the bombardment photonB.Space equipment:interstellar probe, gravitational lens, chemical rocket, thruster, reflective sailC.To explore the universe:scoop, bend, sampleD.Challenges and solutions in interstellar flights:carry its own supply of propellant, matter-antimatter, nuclear power1. gravitational2. propulsion3. probed4. interstellarVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING • RHETORIC • SIMILE AND METAPHORI. Complete the following similes with the words given, using one word once only.1. as drunk as a ___ bear 11. as cool as ___ cucumber______2. as faithful as a ___ dog_____ 12. as white as ____ snow ________3. as greedy as ____Jew_____ 13. as cunning as a ____ fox__________4. as rich as _____ king_____ 14. to fight like a ____ _lion_________5. as naked as a ___ frog_____ 15. to act like a stupid __ ass_________6. as red as a _ _lobster_ 16. to spend money like __ water_______7. as beautiful as a _ butterfly__ 17. to eat like a _ wolf________8. as busy as a ____ bee______ 18. to sleep like a _____ log ______9. as firm as a ____ rock _____ 19. to swim like a ____ fish________10. as rigid as a ___stone____ 20. to tremble like a _____ _ leaf_________II. Explain the following metaphors.1. Creaking doors hang the longest.creaking door: anything or anybody in a bad condition2. I could hardly put up with his acid comment.acid comment: bitter remark.3. Her eyes were blazing as she stormed at me.blazing: filled with angerstormed: shouted; screamed4. She burnt with love, as straw with fire flames.burnt with love: extremely excited with love5. The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters.a red flag: a danger signal (that might stop the support of many voters)6. The charcoal fire glowed and dimmed rhythmically to the strokes of bellows.glowed and dimmed: became bright and gloomy7. The city is a jungle where nobody is safe after the dark.a jungle: a disorderly place8. To me he is power—he is the primitive, the wild wolf, the striking rattlesnake, thestinging centipede.the primitive, the wild wolf, the striking rattlesnake, and the stinging centipede: the most terrifying creatureText 8 Blinded By The LightI. Vocabulary1. A2. C3. A4. C5. D6. A7. BII. Rhetoric1. riveted2. pack3. pours4. creepsIII. Mosaic1. 开音节发字母读音, 如A, B and C.2. (Omitted)3. (Omitted)4. C5. D6. D7. C8. AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. The energy released from nuclear fusion is much more than that from nuclear fission, andthe radioactivity given out from fusion is only one hundredth of that from fission. The major fuel used for nuclear fusion is hydrogen and its isotopes, deuterium and tritium, among which deuterium could be directly extracted from sea water. The energy of deuterium contained in one liter of sea water is equal to 300 liters of petroleum. In the ocean there are about 35,000 billion tons of deuterium, which could be used for more than one billion years. Compared to the fission energy, the fusion energy on the earth is nearly limitless.V. GroupingA. Nuclear-fusion:the doughnut-shaped hollow, reactor, the Tokamak Fusion reactor, fusion, generate, consumeB. Verbs related to nuclear-fusion reaction:ignite, release, stickC. Excitement and cool-down:not a few tears, The experiment is an important milestone, but fusion power is still along way . . . , But no one knows for sure whether…, Even then it will take decades of engineering before…1. nuclear fusion2. repel3. blastVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)W RITING • R HETORIC • METONYMY AND SYNECDOCHEI. Study the uses of metonymy in the following sentences and then put them into Chinese.1.The election benched him in the district court.他在这次竞选中当上了地区法官。

!"#$%&'!"!#(&)*+,-./012314第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题：每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1.What is Lynda?A.A person.B.A website.C.A course.2.Where are the speakers?A.At a restaurant.B.At home.C.At a hotel.3.What does the woman think of making grape wine?A.Difficult.B.Enjoyable.C.Time-wasting.4.What is the probable relationship between the speakers?A.Classmates.B.Colleagues.C.Teacher and student.5.What are the speakers mainly talking about?A.An article.B.A professor.C.A research.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。

6.When will the phone calls be cheaper?A.In the morning.B.In the afternoon.C.In the evening.7.How does the man sound at last?A.Interested.B.Unhappy.C.Excited.听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。

我喜欢动物书英文作文英文回答：I have always been fascinated by animals, their behavior, and their unique characteristics. As a child, I spent countless hours reading animal books, learning about different species, their habitats, and their interactions with each other. I was particularly drawn to books that featured beautiful photographs and illustrations, which brought the animals to life before my eyes.My favorite animal books were those that told stories about animals' lives, their struggles, and their triumphs.I was especially captivated by books about endangered species, and I was inspired to learn about the conservation efforts being made to protect these animals and their habitats.As I grew older, my interest in animal books only grew stronger. I began to explore more scientific and technicalbooks, which provided me with a deeper understanding of animal anatomy, physiology, and ecology. I also discovered books that examined the relationship between humans and animals, and I was intrigued by the complex and often contradictory ways in which we interact with the animal kingdom.Today, I still enjoy reading animal books, although my tastes have become more eclectic. I am just as likely to pick up a book about the latest scientific discoveries in animal behavior as I am to read a heartwarming story about a pet's life. I believe that animal books have the power to educate, inspire, and bring us closer to the natural world.中文回答：我一直对动物、它们的习性以及独有的特性着迷。

人皆有不忍人之心文言知识整理Humans all have a heart that cannot bear to see others suffer, which is a universal truth that has been recognized throughout history.人皆有不忍人之心，这是一个历来被认可的普遍真理。

这种心理现象源于人类对同情和怜悯的内在渴望，表明了人们固有的善良本性。

从文言时代的哲学家到现代的心理学家，都对这种现象进行了探讨，并认为这种同情心和善良是人类社会得以维系和进步的基石。

This concept of ‘人皆有不忍人之心’ can be seen in various forms in traditional Chinese culture, such as in the teachings of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. In Confucianism, the concept of ren, or benevolence, emphasizes the importance of empathy and compassion towards others, while Taoism promotes naturalness and non-action, which can also be interpreted as not causing harm to others. As for Buddhism, the teaching of compassion and the alleviation of suffering is central to its philosophy. Traditional Chinese literature and art are also filled with examples of this principle, with countless stories and artworks depicting acts of kindness and empathy towards others.“人皆有不忍人之心”这一理念在传统中国文化中存在多种形式，例如在儒家、道家和佛教的教诲中都可以找到对这一理念的阐述。

硕士研究生入学考试M B A联考英语二文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-MG129]【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】2015年硕士研究生入学考试 MBA联考英语二Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Millions of Americans and foreigners see G.I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who 1 in World War II and the people they liberated, the G.I. was the 2 man grown into hero, the pool farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who 3all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the 4 of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, 5 an average guy, up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7 Government Issue, and it was on all of the article 8 to soldiers. And JoeA common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has 10 had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.G.I. joe had a 11 career fighting German ,Japanese, and Korean troops. He appers as a character, or a 12 of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G.I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle 13 portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for coveringthe 14 side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow -and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were 15 or what towns were capturedor liberated, His reports 16 the “willie” cartoons of famedStars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiersshared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19 Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier, 20 the most important personintheir lives.1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled[D]betrayed2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities[D]propertoes5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing[D]claiming8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back[D]passed down9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either[D]neither11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed[D]distinguished12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed[D]questioned14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political[D]human15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated[D]contradicte17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized[D]admired18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments[D]advancea19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset[D]at that pointSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text 1This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10%of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well onstate tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework Itis quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should moveto reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count foralmost nothing. Conversely,if homework matters,it should account for asignificant portion of the grade.Meanwhile,this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful oraooropriate to theirage and the subject.or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into thematter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23. According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______.[A] it should be eliminated[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about Homework[D]A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText 2Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination aboutgirls’ lives and interests.Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded atall until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, bothboys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping, stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences - or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception of children'spsychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers' terms30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems tobe____.[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In 2010, a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that MyriadGenetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms andpatients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. ”Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the publicdomain .firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy, companies are eager to win patentsfor “connecting the dots,” explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would like .[A] their executives to be active[B] judges to rule out gene patenting[C] genes to be patentable[D] the BIO to issue a warning32.Those who are against gene patents believe that .[A] genetic tests are not reliable[B] only man-made products are patentable[C] patents on genes depend much on innovation[D] courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patentsfor .[A] establishing disease correlations[B] discovering gene interactions[C] drawing pictures of genes[D] identifying human DNA34. By saying “each meeting was packed”(Line4,Para.6) the author means that .[A] the supreme court was authoritative[B] the BIO was a powerful organization[C] gene patenting was a great concern[D] lawyers were keen to attend conventions35. Generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is .[A] critical[B] supportive[C] scornful[D] objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change thelife course and character of a generation of young adults. Andultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very last, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an ear of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.In come inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them-especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at ColumbiaUniversity suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed; those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36. By saying “to find silver linings” (Line 1, Para. 2) the author suggests that the jobless try to.[A] seek subsidies from the government[B] explore reasons for the unemployment[C] make profits from the troubled economy[D] look on the bright side of the recession37. according to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people .[A] realize the national dream[B] struggle against each other[C] challenge their prudence[D] reconsider their lifestyle38. Benjamin Friedman believes that economic recession may .[A] impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B] bring out more evils of human nature[C] promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D] ease conflicts between races and classes39.The research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in the recession graduates from elite universities tend to .[A] lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B] catch up quickly with experienced employees[C] see their life chances as dimmed as the others[D] recover more quickly than the others40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on societyis .[A] certain[B] positive[C] trivial[D] destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished inthis world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who haveworked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, notany more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and moreinterested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus - On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes.Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which NiccoloMachiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning,ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successfulleaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day,stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"His biographies of James Walt,Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures representedwho could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factoriesto make.Section IV WritingPart A47．Directions:Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the otherday ,Write an email to the customer service center to1) make a complaint and2) demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100 words on ANSERE SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, Use "zhang wei "instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48．Directions:Write an essay based on the following table. In your writing, you should1) describe the table ,and2) give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words(15points)。

双面性英语作文I understand the requirement. Here is the response in English first.The concept of duality or double-sidedness is a common theme in literature, philosophy, and psychology. It refers to the idea that things or people can have two contrasting or contradictory aspects. This duality can be seen in various forms, such as good and evil, love and hate, or truth and lies.In literature, the theme of duality is often used to create complexity and depth in characters and plots. For example, characters may have both virtues and vices, making them more relatable and human. This duality can also be seen in the structure of a story, where the plot may have unexpected twists and turns, revealing the dual nature of the characters and their actions.In philosophy, the concept of duality is often explored in the context of mind and body, or spirit and matter. This duality reflects the idea that there are different aspects of reality that are interconnected and yet distinct. Forexample, the mind and body are seen as two separateentities, but they also influence each other in complex ways.In psychology, duality is often discussed in terms ofthe conscious and unconscious mind. This duality reflects the idea that there are hidden or repressed aspects of the psyche that can influence behavior and emotions. Byexploring this duality, psychologists can gain a deeper understanding of human nature and behavior.Now, here is the response in Chinese.双面性或两面性是文学、哲学和心理学中常见的主题。

摘要摘要西奥多·德莱塞是20世纪美国文学史上一位杰出的自然主义作家，他的第一部小说作品《嘉莉妹妹》自1900年出版后就受到很多争议。

德莱塞生活在美国从生产主导型社会向消费主导型社会转型的时期。

在这个过程中，以生产为主的意识形态让位于消费意识形态，人们的行为和心理越来越受到消费的影响和控制，从而生活方式和价值观念也发生了变化。

德莱塞亲身感受到变革带来的深刻影响。

在他犀利的笔下，一种在消费浪潮中沉浮的新型人物形象——―消费英雄‖得以形成，消费主义笼罩下的社会特征和人际关系也得以呈现。

虽然德莱塞塑造的人物大多都违背了传统的伦理道德标准，但在他看来，他们都是当时消费主义文化的产物。

本文分五部分。

第一章介绍作者和小说概况，前人的研究评论并阐述了本研究的意义，介绍了消费文化理论。

第二章主要从消费文化角度分析小说中的几位主角。

第三章论述了小说中的人物——―消费英雄‖的主要特征。

第四章讲述了德莱塞的人物塑造，他对―消费英雄‖这一新型人物的态度以及该类人物在文学史上的影响。

最后为论文的结论部分。

本文立足于德莱塞的成名作《嘉莉妹妹》，从19世纪末20世纪初美国新兴的―消费文化‖这一特定社会历史背景出发，分析这部作品中出现的新型的人物形象——―消费英雄‖，努力挖掘这类新型人物形象在文学史中的地位和影响。

关键字：西奥多·德莱塞；《嘉莉妹妹》；消费文化；消费英雄AbstractAbstractTheodore Dreiser is an outstanding naturalism writer in the 20th century American literary history. Since his first novel Sister Carrie was published, it had been involved in much controversy. Dreiser lived in an age transforming from production to consumption leading society. During this process, the production predominated ideology had been replaced by the consumption one. Besides, people’s behavior s and mentality were getting more and more influenced by consumption, so were their life styles and concepts of value. Dreiser himself realized the profound effects of the change. Therefore, in his meticulous writing, a kind of new character type ―Consumer Hero‖formed in the consumption wave. New social characteristics and people’s relationships also appeared. Although Dreiser’s characters are mostly contrary to the traditional ethical standards, in his view, they are all products of consumer culture at that time. This paper is divided into five parts. The 1st part will introduce the writer’s life, his works, and previous studies on it and illustrate the significance of this study and the theory of consumer culture. The 2nd part will mainly analyze the characters from the perspective of consumer culture. The 3rd part will clarify main characteristics of characters. The 4th part will describe Dreiser’s characterization, his attitude to ―Consumer Hero‖ and its influence. At last, it will give a conclusion. The paper focuses on a particular historical background, and tries to analyze the new emerging character type ―Consumer Hero‖ in Dreiser’s masterpiece Sister Carrie, and aims to explore the influences of such a character type on the literary history.Key words: Theodore Dreiser; Sister Carrie; consumer culture; consumer heroContentsChapter 1 Introduction (1)1.1 A Brief Introduction to Dreiser and Sister Carrie (1)1.2 Previous Studies and Comments on Sister Carrie (2)1.3 The Significance of This Research (3)1.4 Theory of Consumer Culture (4)Chapter 2 Analysis of Characters from the Perspective of Consumer Culture (7)2.1 Sister Carrie—A “New Woman” Image (7)2.2 Drouet—A Messenger of Material (8)2.3 Hurstwood—A Tragic Character in the Materialized World (10)Chapter 3 Main Characteristics of Characters—“Consumer Heroes” (13)3.1 Greed—Everlasting Desire (13)3.1.1 Miss Desire—Sister Carrie (13)3.1.2 Mr. Desire—Drouet and Hurstwood (15)3.2 Vanity—Attempting to Construct Self-Identity with MaterialConsumption (16)3.3 Pursuit—Self-Realization in the System of Object (18)Chapter 4 Dreiser’s Characterization, His Attitude to Consumer Heroes and Its Influence (19)Chapter 5 Conclusion (23)References (25)Acknowledgements (25)The Consumer Heroes in Dreiser’s Sister CarrieChapter 1 Introduction1.1 A Brief Introduction to Dreiser and Sister CarrieTheodore Dreiser was an American naturalism writer in the 20th century, and he took an important role in the world literary history. Dreiser was born in Terre Haute, Indiana in 1871. His father was a German textile worker, who became an American immigrant in order to avoid serving in the army, while, his mother was a peasant’s daughter. Dreiser was born in a large but poor family, so he lived a hard life and did not receive a good education. At the age of 15, he went out to earn his living. When he was 18, a female high school teacher sponsored him to go to the university for one year. In 1892, he worked as a journalist in Chicago Global Newspaper. In 1894, he moved to New York. His first novel Sister Carrie came out in 1900. In 1911, he finished Jennie Gerhardt. Since then, his creation came into a strong period, and he began to write the famous work Trilogy of Desire, The Genius and American Tragedy, and so on. At the year of 1941, he was elected to be the chairman of American Writer Association. He then joined Communist Party USA at 1945 and passed away at the same year. Lawson, the American progressive writer praised him as ―Our own Gorky, and Romain Rolland of American version.‖[1]Dreiser is quite different from any other American novelists. He has his own particular writing style. Indeed, his writing style is simple and easy. He can describe different characters with the use of plain language. He always uses stron g contrast to set off characters’ life and fate. Besides, he is good at creating huge social life scene. The stories he creates are not quite complicated, but they can deeply reveal social problems. He always pays attention to the whole structure to make the story complete. His stories often involve a seeker or quester – sometimes driven by desire, sometimes by other motives –who finds at the end of the novel that he has returned to where he started. It is possible to visualize Dreiser’s novels as a graphic irony – the characters believe they are pushing forward but they are really moving in a circle. [2] So, in this way, his works can give readers some unexpected effectivenesses.In a word, Dreiser is a great naturalist writer—the one who dares to fight against American tradition, while, Sister Carrie becomes a morning star in his writing career.Sister Carrie – a famous work knocking at the door of the 20th century in 1900 is a realism masterpiece. The story mainly focused on three characters –Carrie, Hurstwood, and Drouet. Carrie was born in a country of West America. Though she lived in a poor family, she still had a strong vanity, and always looked forward to rich city life. Then she decided to go to Chicago forher dream. In Chicago, she lived in her s ister Minnie’s home. The life was not as good as she ever thought, so Carrie had to look for a job to make a living. But she was often left out in the cold when living in such an inanimate family. What’s worse, once Carrie lost her job, she was forced to go back to the country. However, she didn’t want to do so, and went to Drouet for help—a salesman whom she came across in the train. Then, she became Drouet’s mistress, and lived with him together. After Drouet introduced Hurstwood –a hotel manager to Carrie, Hurstwood soon fell in love with Carrie and tried to seduce her with all kinds of methods. They finally eloped to New York together. However, experiencing a series of failure, Hurstwood used up money and collapsed finally. At last, he committed suicide when getting on the beach. As a result of chance, Carrie became a famous star and got the upper reaches of society. But she still felt empty and couldn’t find the true meaning of life. With loneliness and desolation, the only thing Carrie could do was just sitting in the rocking chair, dreaming happiness that she would never have.1.2 Previous Studies and Comments on Sister CarrieDreiser was the 1st outstanding writer in American literature of the 20th century, and he was the pioneer of modern American fiction. Many critics thought that Dreiser dared to make innovations and had broken those traditional thoughts in American literary. Elliot, the chief editor of Columbia Literary History of the United States, thought that Dreiser had created a new style. His works were for ―another readers, another group focusing on the consumer culture, rather than aristocratic culture.‖[3]Actually, Dreiser advocated a new ideology. Sister Carrie obviously showed the influences of consumerism on Dreiser himself, and it just indicated his dissatisfaction with the Puritan moral ethics that had suppressed people’s desire, which precisely the new consumer ideology advocated. From this point of view, Dreiser was in favor of those consumers’ behavior with the effects of consumer ideology. He could not completely break with the old ideology which represented the relations of production. Therefore, he also gave criticism and suppression on the unethical behavior of those kinds of characters like Carrie. So, we can find that Dreiser held a complex and contradictory attitude to the new ideology. [4] Dreiser’s fictions like mirrors reflected the evils and conflicts of the social life at that age. However, it seemed that no other writers like Dreiser revealed the darkness of bourgeois society, but also shaped some characters that always swam with stream and did things with strong desire, just as characters in Sister Carrie. Just because Dreiser could expose the hypocritical veil of the upper class and criticized the weakness of capitalism through the description of the working class, much dispute aroused among some critics. The early evaluation of Dreiser could be divided into two categories. A critic who was most in recognition of Dreiser was H. L. Mencken,The Consumer Heroes in Dreiser’s Sister Carriepointing out that Dreiser was not the follower of Norris or Zola, and he could ―take profound sense of wonder into literature.‖[5]The other group was represented by Stewart Sherman. He accused Dreiser of not describing the real American society and people, but viewing them as animals. Some early critics mostly belonged to the biographical criticism of the traditional history. Later, some new ways of comments on it turned up, such as Freud’s psychoanalysis, the criticism of feminism and post-structuralism. In recent years, many scholars have tried to analyze Sister Carrie from more different perspectives. Professor Zhang Fangde and Zhang Xiangting both made comments on the transition from goods consumption to symbolic consumption. Professor Yu Guofei, Zhang Ailing, Tianjing and Chen Zhenhua have done some studies and comments from the perspective of consumer culture. Besides, there has been a new critical perspective in Professor Wang Rong’s study—focusing on the aspect of ―New Woman‖. The domestic and foreign research situation not only lies in its achievement increasing rapidly, but the expansion of its depth and width. So, we can better understand the profound significance of this work.During these years, many researchers viewed Dreiser as a master of naturalism or realism. In their opinions, Dreiser was the revelator of the darkness of American capitalism. However, they overlooked the interdependent relationship between Dreiser and the mainstream society at that time. In addition, researchers viewed Dreiser’s works in the same way, which was not quite accurate. Because society, politics and culture were changing all the time, Dreiser’s writing ideas were basically in a dynamic state. Novels in the early time mainly showed his hedonism, while, in his middle age, especially in his later years, his pursuit transformed from material to spirit. Therefore, Dreiser’s works are full of varieties. With all these mentioned above, when we do research on this work, we should put it more into the cultural environment of the 20th century of the United States. At the same time, we should dig out its writing ideas and methods, so that we can excavate the interrelationship between the main ideology and Dreiser himself in the cultural environment at that moment.1.3 The Significance of This ResearchThe creation of Sister Carrie came out at the occasion of the reform of the United States. The production primarily ideology was gradually being replaced by consumer ideology. As the economy developed rapidly, industrialization and urbanization had reached an unexpected level. At the end of 19th century, there were varieties of commodity in the US Department Store, which attracted many writers’and consumers’attentions. Ideologically, Darwin’s theory of evolution and the survival of the fittest were in vogue, and people’s thoughts were changing obviously. Their desires for material became stronger and stronger, and the thrift of Puritan ethics was castoff. Besides, the bohemian consumption trend became a mainstream. People’s opinions were gradually influenced by consumer culture, so was Dreiser himself. He always showed his ideas through his works, and with his pen, he described people’s different fates in the materialistic society when consumer culture rose.The characters in Sister Carrie are mainly consumers. They are keen to find their own way in the city, and always long for gorgeous clothes to show off their status. Besides, they look forward to live in luxurious accommodations. All in all, they are all addicted into endless lust, which is the great influence of consumer culture. Therefore, characters in this novel are all products of consumer culture. So it is feasible to study these characters from the perspective of consumer culture. These characters’ behaviors are the real reflections of American society at that moment. Their different consequences can make people think a lot—should consumerism be promoted or suppressed in the world? So, it’s necessary to study Dreiser’s novel to reveal the writer’s creative ideas and shape new images from the perspective of consumer culture. Moreover, it has certain academic values.Dreiser’s Sister Carrie not only reflects American social conditions at that moment, but also shows us some universal phenomena and problems at the period of the development of human society. In such a rapid development of commodity economy today, China is in the transition period to the consumer society. There are many people like characters in this novel, full of endless desire and pursuit of money, living for the satisfaction of material, status and wealth. This is just the embodiment of the consumption of ideology acting on human beings. Besides, there have been many characters like ―Consumer Hero‖ appearing in today’s literature work. So this work has great influences on the literature writing.1.4 Theory of Consumer CultureThis section will mainly describe Jean Baudrillard’s theory of sign consumption(符号消费理论). In Baudrillard’s opinion, in capitalist society, material is organized basically on the following four principles: first, the functional logic of the use value; second, the economic logic of exchange value; third, the logic of symbolic exchange; fourth, the logic of symbolic value. Then, he proposes his concept of symbolic value. ―Material‖accordingly becomes the tools, goods, symbols and signs in these four logics. Sign is a mark of material, a mark of social status and identity during people’s consumption. It is also an expression of the potential desires. The so-called symbolic value of goods is that goods, as symbols, are able to provide prestige and perform consumers’personality, characteristics, social status and power.The logic of consumption, as we have seen, can be defined as a manipulation of signs. The object loses its objective finality and its function; it becomes a term in a much greater combinatory, in sets ofThe Consumer Heroes in Dreiser’s Sister Carrieobjects in which it has a merely relational value. [6]In American society, affected greatly by the consumer culture, some people live in a life which has been under the control of ―consumption‖. ―Material‖ is no longer consumed for its use, but it’s consumed for its differences with other ―materials‖. Therefore, in the consume relations, it is not just any old goods which are produced or consumed: they must have some meaning with regard to a system of values. [7]From Baudrillard’s point of view, ―you never consume the object in itself (in its use-value); you are always manipulating objects (in the broadest sense) as signs which distinguish you either by affiliating you to your own group taken as an ideal reference or by marking you off from your group by reference to a group of higher status.‖[8] That is to say, what people consume is not materials, but the symbolic significance which they represent. In such a prosperous and rich society, due to the constant production and manufacture of desires and needs, consumption has become endless. It becomes the master of human activity, and forms an object system to satisfy all kinds of desires, where people can get material and spiritual satisfaction. Besides, it is even the happiness and meaning of life and it becomes the whole process of self-realization.Chapter 2 Analysis of Characters from the Perspective of ConsumerCulture2.1 Sister Carrie—A New Woman ImageIn the late 19th and early 20th century, the consumer ideology gradually took the place of production ideology. The consumer ideology mainly ―emphasized the possession of cost and material, and it weakened the thrift, savings, self-control and other traditional moral standards.‖[9] So, such a kind of consumer culture promoted the rise of ―New Women‖. With the influence of consumer culture, women didn’t consume for daily need but their vanity. Their appetite and lust for material even became a fashion. ―New Women‖ most had their own self-consciousness and always had dependent characteristics. Their opinions on sex were very open. They were not bounded by their family and usually appeared in public areas that belonged to men. What’s more, ―New Women‖ dared to challenge traditional moral standards. In their opinions, women should dress themselves well and enjoy life happily. While, Carrie—a character shaped by Dreiser, was the prominent representative of ―New Women‖.At the beginning of the story, the writer wrote, ―Self-interest with her was high, but not strong. It was, nevertheless, her guiding characteristic… And yet she was interested in her charm, quick to understand the keener pleasures of life, ambitious to gain in material things.‖[20]P2~3 In Carrie’s heart, something called desire was coming around the corner. In the train for Chicago, she came across Drouet—a canvasser with bright dress, whose attracting appearance left deep impressions on Carrie: ―The fat purse, the shiny tan shoes, the smart new suit, and the air with which he did things, built up for her a dim world of fortune, of which he was the center. It disposed her pleasantly toward all he might do. ‖[20] P8In Chicago, Carrie lived in his sister Minnie’s. However, Mr. and Mrs. Hanson’s house was just a flat, most inhabited by families of laborers and clerks. ―The walls of the rooms were discordantly papered. The floors were covered with matting and the hall laid with a thin rag carpet,‖[20] P13 which made Carrie feel the drag of a lean and narrow life. So she had to look for a job to make a living. On the way of looking for a job, she was much affected by the remarkable displays of dress goods and jewelry. ―She could not help feeling the claim of each trinket and valuable upon her personally, and yet she did not stop. There was nothing there which she could not have used—nothing which she did not long to own. The dainty slippers and stockings, the delicately frilled skirts and petticoats, the laces, ribbons, haircombs, purses, all touched her with individual desire, and she felt keenly the fact that not any of these things were in the range of her purchase.‖[20]P26 When Carrie saw thingsthat could make her pretty, her desire soon surged on. Once she saw the shopgirl s’ nature and appearance, a flame of envy lighted in her heart. ―She realized in a dim way how much the city held—wealth, fashion, ease—every adornment for women.‖[20]P26In Carrie’s heart, at this moment, she just longed for dress and beauty. In such a prosperous and lively city, Carrie was gradually touched by those beautiful things. In contrary to Minnie, whose thoughts were staid and solemnly adapted to a condition, Carrie had her own consciousness. She didn’t want to save money, but she would like to buy dress and jewelry, or go to the theatre to enjoy life.While, life was not always as perfect, the job in the shoe factory was not as easy as Carrie thought. She thought that people there were quite dirty and vulgar. Every week, she should pay her board—four dollars, so that she had no money to buy clothes. Then she lost her job due to her illness. Fortunately, she met Drouet again, which became her turning point. Then he even gave twenty dollars to Carrie. Though Carrie contradicted whether she should accept it or not, there was no wonder that the feeling with taking the money was so fantastic: ―Her need was so dire. Now she would buy a nice pair of pretty button shoes. She would get stockings, too, and a skirt, and, and…She had got beyond, in her desires, twice the purchasing power of her bills.‖[20]P75Afterwards, seduced by Drouet, Carrie became his mistress and lived together with him in a rent room. Drouet often took Carrie out to see many new people and things, so Carrie’s vision gradually opened up. She had seen many elegant mansions. When time grew, she began to be dissatisfied with the current situation. After she knew Hurstwood—a bar manager, she threw herself at his feet for his handsome appearance. And then they developed into lovers. In fact, Carrie chose Hurstwood just because she took a fancy to a more prosperous and decent life that he represented. She believed that marrying him would be happy forever, which made Carrie elope with Hurstwood to New York together after she knew his true features. In essence, it was her strong desire for material that made Carrie so easily ―love‖one man from another. Later, Hurstwood came down in the world, and Carrie abandoned him. After she became a famous Broadway star, her life became more and more creditable, and her consumption capacity grew stronger and stronger. However, she seemed not to be quite satisfactory with her possessions, and she still dreamed of happiness that she would never get. From this, it could be seen that Carrie became a new woman image in such a materialistic society. She was a consumer, even a product of consumer culture. She precisely represented people’s consciousness or concept in that era. [10]2.2 Drouet—A Messenger of MaterialWith the help of consumption, people can show their taste through different luxuries. The essence of modern consumption is to make differences. People consume for their own targets,that is to say, people want to make differences with others through consumption to obtain a kind of identity. [6] At the beginning of the story, Drouet’s appearance showed that men deliberately dressed themselves well and always behaved elegantly to attract women’s attentions in that era with consumer culture rampant. To Carrie, Drouet played such an indispensable role that he helped her open the door to the colorful world.When Carrie and Drouet came across on the train for the 1st time, Drouet left a deep impression on Carrie. His charm was completely appealing to inexperienced Carrie: ―His suit was of a striped and crossed pattern of brown wool, new at that time…The low crotch of the vest revealed a stiff shirt bosom of white and pink stripes. From his coat sleeves protruded a pair of linen cuffs of the same pattern, fastened with large, gold-plate buttons…The whole suit was rather tight-fitting, and was finished off with heavy-soled tan shoes, highly-polished, and the gray fedora hat.‖[20]P4Just as the writer wrote, Drouet got such an attractive dress through consumption. In this way, he could make himself more impressed, and have more opportunities to get women’s hearts. The manner of his behavior built up a world of fortune in Carrie’s mind. In Carrie’s heart, he was the messenger of material, who could take her to live a rich life. Although Carrie’s clothes were shabby, she had slim figure and pretty face, which made Drouet strike up a conversation with her at the first sight. When meeting her again and knowing her plight, Drouet felt sorry for her and gave 20 dollars to Carrie generously. Besides, he took her to go shopping and buy many beautiful clothes. In fact, imperceptibly, in such a society with the flood of consumption, men’s perspectives of women had greatly changed. They no longer thought that gentleness and virtuousness were the nature of women. If one had an absorbing woman by side, he could show his identity when they both appeared in public places. So men could make differences with others, while, the envy and jealousy from others’ eyes could meet their own vanity and satisfaction. Just because of getting such a fantastic beauty, Drouet couldn’t wait to introduce her to Hurstwood. From another level to see, it was men’s such kind of view that made women more keen on consumption. So did Carrie. With Drouet’s leading, she had got many gorgeous clothes, and known more upper-class people. Besides, her experience increased much more with her open horizon.Actually, Drouet’s attitudes to Carrie had no difference with Hurstwood’s. When he knew the relationship between Carrie and Hurstwood, he felt indignant and upset. He thought, ―You oughtn’t to have had anything to do with him after all I’ve done for you.‖[20]P260The reason was that he provided Carrie with comfortable living environment, and often took her out to enjoy. So he had the right to possess Carrie. However, she betrayed him. ―His feelings were a mixture of anger at deception, sorrow at losing Carrie, misery at being defeated.‖[20]P265 He tried to get his rights back, including making Carrie stay. But at last, he failed. He lost Carrie and lost her forever. At the same time, he lost his vanity and the proud self-esteem.At the end of the story, Drouet found Carrie again, who had become a star. He tried hard to invite her for dinner and dreamed of getting her back. ―Ah, what a prize! How beautiful, how elegant, how famous! In her theatrical and Waldorf setting, Carrie was to him the all-desirable.‖[20]P553 It could be seen that Drouet tried to get Carrie back to show off his own identity. If he could possess her, he would be much brighter than before. However, today’s Carrie was too rich and noble for him, and he finally could only end up with disappointment.The higher value of a commodity, the more can reveal its owner and user’s social status and prestige. [6] While, to men, women are a kind of senior commodity. The prettier women are, the more honorable men can be. Therefore, Drouet’s fantasy and desire on Carrie was exactly the true portrayal of men to women at that age, and it was also the great influences that consume culture brought to human.2.3 Hurstwood—A Tragic Character in the Materialized WorldHurstwood was a bar manager in Chicago, where he had been a well-known and successful man. He did well in his job and had a considerable income. ―Hurstwood looked the part, for, besides being slightly under forty, he had a good, stout constitution, an active manner, and a solid, substantial air, which was composed in part of his fine clothes, his clean linen, his jewels, and ,above all, his own sense of his important.‖[20]P51 In people’s eyes, he had a successful career, and always enjoyed his life. However, he did not own a happy family. Among his family members, two things were lack—tolerance and respect. His wife was a selfish and indifferent person, who always liked to show herself off. His daughter acted on her own way all the time, and his son was full of vanity. What’s more important was that Hurstwood felt that his status in this family was gradually getting down, and he had no rights any more. What’s worse, he made a mistake of putting his property all under his wife’s name, which made him not be cared by his wife and respected by his children. He used to be respected outside, while, at home, the only thing he could feel was the depressing atmosphere. So, he could only rely on the beautiful clothes and diamond ornaments to comfort his heart. In his opinion, these things could keep his social status and his self-esteem. In that society, only having certain consumption level could make him realize his target. That is to say, he could try to compensate for his spirit with material consumption. Therefore, after he met Carrie, he couldn’t wait to obtain her heart. Compared with those jewelries, Carrie seemed to be a more sophisticated commodity. If Hurstwood could be together with her, not only would he take back his status, but also meet his satisfactions. In Hurstwood’s eyes, Carrie had her own youth and beauty. ―In the mild light of Carrie’s eye was nothing of the calculation of the mistress. In the diffident manner was nothing of the art of the courtesan.‖[20]P144The most charming thing was Carrie’s obedience to him. Her manner didn’t。

非理性行为的产生原因英语作文Title: The Root Causes of Irrational BehaviorIrrational behavior, a complex phenomenon that often defies logical explanation, is a fascinating aspect of human psychology. It refers to actions or decisions that are not grounded in objective facts, rational thinking, or logical reasoning but are instead influenced by emotions, instincts, habits, and other subjective factors. Understanding the genesis of irrational behavior is crucial in explaining why individuals sometimes act contrary to their own best interests or societal norms.Emotional influence stands at the forefront of reasons for irrational behavior. Emotions, whether positive or negative, have a profound impact on our decision-making processes. Anger, fear, joy, and sadness can all skew our judgment, leading us to make hasty or impulsive choices. For instance, a person angered by a minor inconvenience might react with unnecessary aggression, while someone overcome by fear might avoid a potentially beneficial opportunity. In both cases, emotions override rational thinking, resulting in irrational actions.Cognitive biases are another significant contributor to irrational behavior. These are systematic errors inthinking that lead individuals to misinterpret information or make incorrect assumptions. Overconfidence, confirmation bias, and the availability heuristic are just a few examples. Overconfidence can lead to a misplaced sense of certainty, causing individuals to ignore contrary evidence or risks. Confirmation bias, on the other hand, involves seeking or interpreting information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs, ignoring contradictory facts. The availability heuristic, meanwhile, refers to the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of events based on their salience or ease of recall. These biases can lead to misjudgments and ultimately irrational behavior.Social influences also play a pivotal role in shaping irrational behavior. People are often influenced by the opinions, actions, and behaviors of others, especially those they consider authority figures or peers. Conformity, the desire to fit in with social norms, can lead to the adoption of beliefs or behaviors that may not be rationally justified. Groupthink, a phenomenon where a group's desire for harmony overrides critical thinking, can also result incollective irrationality. Additionally, the media and advertising often manipulate emotions and cognitions to influence consumer behavior, sometimes leading toirrational purchases or decisions.Habits and instincts are yet another factor that can drive irrational behavior. Habits, being automatic responses to certain stimuli, can override rational thought processes. For instance, a smoker may continue to smoke despite knowing the health risks because the habit of smoking has become deeply ingrained. Instincts, such as the fight-or-flight response, are also primal and often irrational, as they are triggered by our primitive survival mechanisms.Individual psychological factors, such as personality traits and mental health issues, can also contribute to irrational behavior. People with certain personality traits, such as impulsivity or narcissism, may be more prone to making irrational decisions. Mental health issues like depression or anxiety can also cloud judgment, leading to irrational actions.Finally, environmental factors can also play a role. Stressful or chaotic environments can lead to increased emotional reactivity and a decreased ability to think rationally. Lack of resources or opportunities can also contribute to a sense of desperation or hopelessness, potentially leading to irrational behavior as individuals seek to cope with their circumstances.In conclusion, irrational behavior is a complex phenomenon that arises from a confluence of emotional, cognitive, social, habitual, psychological, and environmental factors. Understanding these underlying causes is crucial in helping individuals recognize and overcome their own irrational tendencies. By cultivating emotional awareness, engaging in critical thinking, and seeking objective advice, we can move towards more rational and beneficial behavior patterns.[Note: This is a concise outline of the essay, and the full essay would need to be expanded to meet the 1000-word requirement. Each section would require further elaboration and examples to fully explore the topic and meet the depth and breadth required for a comprehensive discussion.]。

可信性研究报告英语作文管用句子Credibility is a fundamental aspect of any research report as it directly impacts the reliability and trustworthiness of the findings presented. In the context of academic or professional research, establishing credibility is crucial to ensure that the conclusions drawn and the recommendations made are accepted and implemented by the intended audience. This essay delves into the various elements that contribute to the credibility of a research report, with a particular focus on the use of effective sentences.Firstly, the choice of language and the clarity of expression play a vital role in establishing credibility. The use of concise, well-structured sentences that convey the intended meaning without ambiguity is essential. Researchers should strive to employ language that is accessible to the target audience, avoiding overly technical jargon or convoluted phrasing. By using clear and straightforward sentences, the researcher demonstrates a command of the subject matter and a commitment to effective communication.Moreover, the incorporation of relevant and authoritative sources isa key factor in enhancing the credibility of a research report. Sentences that seamlessly integrate citations from reputable academic journals, industry publications, or expert opinions lend credibility to the arguments presented. These sentences should not merely regurgitate the information from the sources but rather synthesize and interpret the findings in a way that aligns with the overall research objectives. Skillfully crafted sentences that effectively incorporate and contextualize external sources showcase the researcher's thorough understanding of the topic and their ability to build a compelling case.Another crucial aspect of credibility is the consistent and appropriate use of research methodologies. Sentences that describe the research design, data collection techniques, and analytical procedures employed should be clear, concise, and well-justified. By providing a transparent account of the methodological approach, the researcher demonstrates the rigor and reliability of the study. Sentences that explain the rationale behind the chosen methods and acknowledge any limitations or potential biases further enhance the credibility of the research report.The presentation of findings and the interpretation of results are also critical in establishing credibility. Sentences that accurately and objectively present the research findings, without exaggeration or selective reporting, are essential. Researchers should strive to presentboth supportive and contradictory evidence, acknowledging the nuances and complexities inherent in the research topic. Sentences that offer balanced and well-reasoned interpretations of the results, drawing logical connections and highlighting the practical implications, will contribute to the overall credibility of the research report.Furthermore, the use of appropriate and well-structured sentences can help to ensure the coherence and logical flow of the research report. Transitional sentences that effectively link different sections or ideas, as well as sentences that provide clear signposting and organization, can enhance the readability and overall coherence of the document. By crafting sentences that guide the reader through the research process, the researcher demonstrates their ability to present a well-structured and cohesive argument.Finally, the tone and style of the sentences used in the research report can also impact its credibility. Sentences that maintain a professional, objective, and impartial tone, avoiding overly emotive or subjective language, can help to establish the researcher's credibility. Additionally, the consistent use of appropriate academic conventions, such as the consistent application of citation styles and the avoidance of colloquialisms or informal language, can further reinforce the credibility of the research report.In conclusion, the credibility of a research report is heavily influenced by the use of effective sentences. By employing clear, concise, and well-structured sentences that incorporate authoritative sources, describe rigorous research methodologies, present findings objectively, and maintain a professional tone, researchers can effectively communicate the reliability and trustworthiness of their work. The careful crafting of sentences is a crucial aspect of establishing credibility and ensuring that the research report is viewed as a valuable and credible contribution to the field of study.。

什么原因导致人们非理性行为英语作文Human beings are often considered rational creatures, capable of makinglogical decisions based on facts and evidence. However, it is undeniable that people often exhibit non-rational or irrational behavior in various aspects of their lives. There are several reasons that can lead to such behavior, ranging from cognitive biases to emotional influences. In this essay, I will explore the various factors that contribute to irrational behavior in people and discuss how these factors can impact decision-making and actions. One of the primary reasons for irrational behavior in people is the presence of cognitive biases. Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, often stemming from the way the human brain processes information. These biases can lead individuals to make decisions based on faulty reasoning or flawed logic, ultimately resulting in non-rational behavior. For example, the confirmation bias, which is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses, can lead people to ignore contradictory evidence and make irrational choices. In addition to cognitive biases, emotions also play a significant role in driving non-rational behavior in individuals. Emotions can cloud judgment and lead people to make decisions based on feelings rather than facts. For instance, the fear of missing out (FOMO) can drive people to engage in irrational financial behavior, such as making impulsive investments or overspending on unnecessary items. Similarly, the influence of anger or frustration can lead individuals to act irrationally, making decisions that they may later regret. Furthermore, societal and cultural influences can also contribute to non-rational behavior in people. Social norms, peer pressure, and cultural expectations can influence individuals to make choices that may not align with their rational thinking. For example, the pressure to conform to societal beauty standards can lead individuals to engage in irrational behaviors, such as extreme dieting or cosmetic surgeries, in an effort to meet unrealistic expectations set by society. Moreover, the lack of information or misinformation can also lead to non-rational behavior in individuals. When people are not adequately informed about a particular subject or are exposed to false information, they may make decisions that are not based on rational thinking. Thiscan be seen in the spread of misinformation on social media, which can lead people to believe and act upon false information, ultimately exhibiting non-rational behavior. Additionally, individual differences in personality traits and psychological factors can also contribute to non-rational behavior. For example, individuals with high levels of impulsivity or sensation-seeking tendencies may be more prone to engaging in irrational behaviors, such as risky decision-making or impulsive actions, without fully considering the consequences. In conclusion, there are various reasons that can lead to non-rational behavior in people, ranging from cognitive biases and emotional influences to societal pressures and individual differences. It is important to recognize and understand these factors in order to mitigate the impact of non-rational behavior on decision-making and actions. By being aware of these influences, individuals can strive to make more rational choices and ultimately lead more fulfilling and balanced lives.。

吓067_ListeningSection 1Conversation 11.Why does the woman go to see the facilities supervisor?A.To find out where there is a stove that she can useB.To complain about her treatment in another facilities officeC.To ask if a meeting can be moved to another locationD.To schedule repairs for a broken appliance2.Why does the woman believe that her problem is a serious one? Click on 2 answers.A.She does not have an on-campus option for mealsB.She is concerned that the stove could be dangerousC.She knows that other students have had similar problemsD.She was relying on using the stove for an upcoming event.3.What will the woman probably do next?A.Request an emergency repair for her stoveB.Prepare a meal that does not need to be cookedC.Move her event to a different locationD.Reschedule her event to the following week4.What does the woman imply about her next-door neighbors?A.Their kitchen is too dirty for her to use.B.Their stove is not functioning properly.C.They do not let other people use their stoveD.They will be using their kitchen this weekend.5.What can be inferred about the supervisor when he says this:（重听题）A.He feels sorry for the womanB.He believes that the woman's plan of action is not necessaryC.He wants to know the reason for the woman's decision.D.He wants the woman to confirm her plan.Lecture 11.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The reasons why some animals eat only plantsB.The advantages of two different feeding adaptationsC.The variety of foods that certain animals can eatD.The relationship between two animals that share a habitat2.What definition of the term "generalist" does the professor use in the lecture?A.An animal species that eats a wide variety of foodsB.An animal species that lives in a range of different habitatsC.An animal species that uses several techniques to forage for foodD.An animal species that forages at several different times of the day3.What points does the professor make about the koala's specialist feeding habits?Click on 2 answers.A.It obtains all the food it needs in relatively little time.B.It requires large amounts of protein in its dietC.It can eat leaves that are poisonous to other animalsD.It spends most of i ts time eating.4.What does the professor imply about the kangaroo rat?A.It will take more risks when foraging for high-energy food.B.It's one of the most selective feeders in North AmericaC.Its competitors often eat its food supplyD.It is selective when choosing what food it eats.5.How does the professor organize the information in the lecture?A.By contrasting an old theory with a new theoryB.By defining important terms and then giving examples of themC.By describing the similarities between two animalsD.By describing a problem and then suggesting some solutions6.Why does the professor say this:（重听题）A.To express agreement that the koala should eat a greater variety of foodB.To indicate that the koala's behavior does not illustrate optimal foragingC.To remind the man of the characteristics of selective feedersD.To encourage the man to consider the koala's feeding behavior differently.Lecture 21.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To describe some research findings on the relationship between the brain and emotionsB.To review theories of how the brain stores and retrieves memoriesC.To explain why some research studies of t he brain reached contradictory conclusionsD.To discuss which regions of the brain are associated with creative thoughts2.The professor discusses a study in which scientists showed a series of pictures to volunteers. What did the scientists try to determine in that study?A.Which types of images usually call to mind pleasant memoriesB.The number of details that people remember from different types of imagesC.How long people have to look at an image to remember its detailsD.Whether familiar images trigger stronger emotions than unfamiliar ones do3.The professor explains the concept of mood congruity Which example illustrates her point?A.When people see a picture of a crying child, they feel sadB.When people feel stress, they may be reminded of a time when theymissed an important deadline.C.When people fee l happy, they prefer to interact with other happy people.D.A bad mood will disappear after engaging in a creative activity.4.What did the study by Damasio's team indicate about the prefrontal cortex?A.It is the region responsible for creative thought.B.responds similarly to both pleasant and stressful memoriesC.It is an exception to the rule that each region of the brain is associated with a single emotion.D.Increased activity in that region is strongly associated with positive emotions.5.Why does the professor mention the author Steven Johnson?A.To present a theory about why some people are more creative than othersB.To show that periods of decreased creativity can be dealt with effectivelyC.To make a point that some people do not experience changes in moodD.To recommend that students read Johnson's book.6.Why does the professor say this:（重听题）A.to remind the student to be more careful next time he uses a ladderB.to clarify an important detail in the student's storyC.to indicate that the students example is consistent with the professor's pointD. to suggest that the student did not state his point clearly enough.Section 2Conversation 21. Why does the man go to see the professor?A.to get her opinion of his plan to teach abroadB.to get her ideas about careers he might pursueC.to request her assistance in gaining admission to a teacher training programD.to find out about her experience working as a volunteer after college2.What does the professor imply about her own career decisions?A.She is grateful that she was able to ask her English professor for helpB.She realized what career she wanted while she was studying abroadC.She missed a good opportunity because she waited too long.D.She was still undecided when she was at the same stage that the studentis today.3.According to the professor, why might the program she mentions be well suited to the man?Click on 3 answers.A.It involves going abroad.B.It would prepare him to teachC.It would give him an opportunity to do journalismD.It provides an opportunity to do volunteer work.E.It would not require him to spend much money4.Why is the professor familiar with the teacher certification program?A.She helped develop a brochure about the program.B.She participated in the same program after collegeC.She has a former student who took part in the programD.She saw a positive review of the program posted on the bulletin board5.What does the professor imply when she says this:（重听题）A.She does not want the man to follow her bad exampleB.She considers herself luckyC.Her example may not be helpful to the manD.She does not like talking about herselfLecture 31.What aspect of nineteenth-century interior design does the professor mainly discuss?A.Ways that French designs affected popular taste in decorating in EnglandB.Elements that interfered with the international trade in wallpaper designsC.The controversy over how much impact the design reform movement had on wallpaper patternsD.The controversy over new wallpaper designs made possible by advances in technology2.Why did design reformers criticize the wallpapers that won awards at the Exhibition of 1851?A.The wallpapers were made using few colors and little ornamentation.B.The wallpapers were selected for technical rather than aesthetic meritC.The wallpapers were poor imitations of French designsD.The wallpapers were not made of high quality paper.3.What effect did the use of engraved metal rollers have on wallpaper production?Click on 2 answers.A.It lowered the cost of making wallpaperB.It enabled the first printings of geometric patternsC.It reduced the use of trompe Poeil design.D.It allowed for the printing of very fine detail4.Why does the professor read descriptive passages from Victorian writers?A.to point out the connection between interior design and literary formB.to show why the new wallpapers irritated some criticsC.to demonstrate that the new wallpapers deserved poetic descriptionD.to show that wallpaper was centrally important to home decoration.5.What is the professor's attitude toward design reformers who opposed trompe Poeil wallpapers?A.He is impressed by their ability to think critically.B.He thinks they are misunderstood by other art critics.C.He feels they were overly dependent on the latest technology.D.He thinks their arguments lack credibility.6.What does the professor imply about the design reformers'efforts to oppose the wallpaper design trend?A.It did not affect consumer purchasing decisionsB.It increased the popularity of French designs.C.It caused increased demand for English goods abroad.D.It resulted in higher sales of wallpaper with traditional geometric designs.。

关于阿尔兹海默症研究方向被误导的英语作文Title: The Misdirection of Research Focus on Alzheimer's DiseaseIntroductionAlzheimer's disease is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite the significant progress made in understanding the disease, the research focus on Alzheimer's has been somewhat misplaced, leading to potential misconceptions and missed opportunities for developing effective treatments. In this essay, we will explore how the research direction on Alzheimer's disease has been misdirected and propose alternative approaches for advancing our understanding of this complex condition.Current Research Focus on Amyloid BetaOne of the primary areas of research in Alzheimer's disease has been the role of amyloid beta plaques in the brain. The prevailing hypothesis has been that the accumulation of amyloid beta is a key driver of disease progression, and much effort has been directed towards developing therapies that target these plaques. However, despite numerous clinical trials targetingamyloid beta, success has been limited, with most treatments failing to show significant benefits in patients.Misconception of Amyloid Beta as the Sole Cause of Alzheimer'sThe overemphasis on amyloid beta as the sole cause of Alzheimer's disease has led to a narrow focus in research efforts. While amyloid beta certainly plays a role in the pathology of the disease, it is becoming increasingly clear that Alzheimer's is a multifactorial condition with complex interactions between genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. By fixating on amyloid beta, researchers may be overlooking other important aspects of the disease that could hold the key to developing effective treatments.Alternative Research DirectionsTo broaden the scope of Alzheimer's research, it is essential to consider alternative approaches that take into account the complexity of the disease. For example, investigating the role of inflammation in Alzheimer's pathogenesis could yield valuable insights, as chronic inflammation has been implicated in driving neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Similarly, exploring the impact of vascular health on Alzheimer's risk could uncover new avenues for intervention, as vascular problems areincreasingly recognized as contributing factors to cognitive impairment.Furthermore, research on the gut-brain axis and the role of the microbiome in Alzheimer's disease holds promise for uncovering novel therapeutic targets. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may influence brain health through communication pathways that impact inflammation, neuronal signaling, and the production of neuroactive substances. By investigating the interplay between the gut microbiome and Alzheimer's pathology, researchers may be able to identify new strategies for preventing or treating the disease.ConclusionIn conclusion, the field of Alzheimer's research would benefit from a more diversified and holistic approach that considers the various factors contributing to the development and progression of the disease. By moving beyond the narrow focus on amyloid beta and exploring alternative research directions, we may uncover new insights into Alzheimer's pathology and develop more effective treatments for this devastating condition. It is essential for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers to collaborate and support innovative research efforts that have the potential to transform our understanding of Alzheimer's disease.Only by broadening our perspective and embracing a multi-faceted approach can we hope to make meaningful progress in the fight against Alzheimer's.。

内容摘要对利益理论的深入研究是丰富和发展马克思主义唯物史观的重要课题，对利益冲突的研究更是具有现实意义的课题。

马克思认为，利益是社会化的需要，是通过一定的社会关系表现出来的社会需要。

利益在本质上属于社会关系范畴。

社会主体维持自身生存和发展，只有通过对社会劳动产品的占有和享有才能体现；社会主体与社会劳动产品的这种对立统一关系就是利益。

在纷繁复杂的利益交织中，人们在获取利益的活动过程中必然产生利益冲突。

冲突本质上是指对立双方在思想和行为上的对抗性互动过程。

利益冲突，是利益主体基于利益差别和矛盾而产生的利益纠纷和利益争夺。

利益冲突实质上是对利益对象或者劳动对象的争夺，更是对利益的生产方式和分配方式的争夺，是对社会地位的争夺。

利益冲突有两种基本形式：一是对抗性的，一是非对抗性的。

对抗性利益冲突是由于冲突双方的根本利益的不相容和对立所造成的。

非对抗性利益冲突是在根本利益一致的前提下，或者由于实现条件和实现时间的制约，各个利益主体的利益不能同时实现或根本无法实现而造成的；或者由于人们在主观上犯了错误，打破了利益主体之间的利益分配均衡状态而造成的。

马克思恩格斯指出，一切历史冲突都根源于生产力和交往形式之间的矛盾。

例如，生产力发展水平、社会分工、利益分配方式等。

当代中国社会的利益冲突主要表现为：不同利益主体之间的经济利益冲突、不同利益主体之间的政治利益冲突、不同利益主体之间的文化利益冲突。

为了更好的实现人们各自的利益，为了各利益主体不至于在利益冲突中同归于尽，就需要有意识地对利益关系不断的进行协调。

利益协调，主要指人们为了达到某种共同目标而对人们的利益观念、行为和相互关系进行的自觉的、有意识的调整过程。

当代中国社会的利益冲突，没有跳出社会主义社会非对抗性冲突占主导的基本特征。

因此，协调利益冲突的主要原则为：以人为本原则、统筹兼顾原则、效率公平统一原则。

协调利益冲突的机制为：建立健全畅通的利益表达机制、建立健全公平的利益分配机制、建立健全合理的利益引导约束机制。

Transformational and transactional leadership and innovative behavior:The moderating role of psychological Empowerment变革型领导与交易型领导与创新行为:心理授权的中介作用Innovative behavior is increasingly important for organizations’survival.Transformational leadership,in contrast to transactional leadership,has been argued to be particularly effective in engendering follower innovative behavior.However,empirical evidence for this relation-ship is scarce and inconsistent.Addressing this issue,we propose that follower psychological empowerment moderates the relationship of transformational and transactional leadership with follower innovative behavior.In a field study with230employees of a government agency in the Netherlands combining multisource ratings,we show that transformational leadership is positively related to innovative behavior only when psychological empowerment is high,where as transactional leadership has a negative relationship with innovative behavior only under these conditions.创新行为对组织的生存越来越重要。

人类不合理的行为英语作文Title: The Irrational Behavior of Humanity。

In the vast spectrum of human behavior, irrationality often stands out as a perplexing and intriguing phenomenon. Despite possessing rational faculties, humans frequently exhibit actions that defy logic and reason. This essay delves into the various aspects of irrational behavior in humanity, exploring its causes, manifestations, and potential consequences.At the core of irrational behavior lies the intricate interplay between cognitive biases, emotions, and societal influences. Cognitive biases, such as confirmation bias and availability heuristic, distort perception and decision-making, leading individuals to favor information that confirms their preconceptions and overestimate the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. These biases contribute to irrational beliefs and actions, as individuals tend to ignore contradictory evidence andmake decisions based on flawed reasoning.Moreover, emotions play a significant role in shaping human behavior, often leading to irrational responses in certain situations. Fear, anger, and greed can cloud judgment and prompt impulsive actions that defy rationality. For instance, during times of economic uncertainty, individuals may succumb to panic selling or irrational exuberance, disregarding sound investment principles infavor of emotional impulses.Societal influences also exert a powerful sway over human behavior, fostering norms and expectations that may diverge from rationality. Groupthink, conformity, andsocial pressure can compel individuals to adopt irrational beliefs or engage in irrational actions to fit in with the collective mindset. The fear of being ostracized orridiculed may lead people to conform to illogical practices or endorse irrational ideologies, perpetuating a cycle of irrationality within society.Furthermore, the complexities of modern life,characterized by information overload and rapidtechnological advancements, contribute to the prevalence of irrational behavior. In an era of fake news and misinformation, individuals may struggle to distinguishfact from fiction, leading to misguided beliefs and decisions. The allure of instant gratification, fueled by consumer culture and social media, exacerbates impulsive behavior and short-term thinking, undermining long-term goals and rational decision-making.The consequences of irrational behavior are manifoldand far-reaching, affecting individuals, communities, and societies as a whole. At the individual level, irrational choices can result in financial ruin, damaged relationships, or compromised well-being. In extreme cases, irrational behavior may lead to self-destructive tendencies or mental health issues, perpetuating a cycle of dysfunction and distress.On a broader scale, irrationality can have profound societal implications, fueling social unrest, political polarization, and systemic inequalities. Misguided beliefsand irrational ideologies may sow division and conflict, hindering progress and jeopardizing the stability of democratic institutions. Moreover, irrational decision-making by leaders and policymakers can have catastrophic consequences, leading to economic crises, environmental degradation, or even armed conflict.Addressing the root causes of irrational behavior requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses education, critical thinking, and empathy. By fostering a culture of rationality and self-awareness, individuals can mitigatethe influence of cognitive biases and emotional impulses, making more informed decisions that align with their long-term goals and values. Moreover, promoting diversity of thought and encouraging open dialogue can help challenge entrenched beliefs and foster a more inclusive societywhere rational discourse prevails over irrationality.In conclusion, the phenomenon of irrational behavior in humanity is a complex and pervasive aspect of human psychology and society. From cognitive biases and emotional impulses to societal pressures and technologicaladvancements, myriad factors contribute to the prevalence of irrationality in human behavior. By understanding the underlying mechanisms and consequences of irrational behavior, individuals and societies can strive to cultivate a culture of rationality and critical thinking, mitigating the harmful effects of irrationality and fostering a more enlightened and harmonious world.。

2012年英语二 Text 11---Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising(修改) their thinking on his educational ritual(例行公事). Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible (不可变更的) policy which mandates(批准) that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade。

家庭作业从来就没有受到学生甚至家长的真正欢迎，但最近几年来，家庭作业却受到人们的鄙视。

全国的学校都在修改家庭作业的相关惯例做法。

不幸的是，洛杉矶学区通过了一项不可变更的政策：除了高等课程，家庭作业在学分中所占比例不可以超过10%。

21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____。

[A] is receiving more criticism[B] is no longer an educational ritual（绝对）[C] is not required for advanced courses（正反）[D] is gaining more preferences（正反）2---This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children。

Causes of Irrationality in Human BehaviorIrrationality in human behavior is a fascinating yet complex subject that has fascinated philosophers, psychologists, and economists for centuries. It refers to decisions or actions that are not based on logical reasoning or rational analysis, often resulting in suboptimal outcomes. Understanding the reasons behind this phenomenon is crucial for improving decision-making processes and promoting rationality in society.One of the primary causes of irrationality in human behavior is cognitive biases. These are systematic errors in thinking that influence our judgment and decision-making. For instance, the confirmation bias leads us to seek out information that confirms our existing beliefs, while ignoring or downplaying contradictory evidence. The availability heuristic, on the other hand, causes us to base our judgments on readily available information, regardless of its accuracy or relevance. Such biases can skew our perception of reality and lead us to make irrational decisions.Another significant factor that contributes to irrationality is emotional influence. Emotions often overrule rational thinking, especially in high-stress situations. For example, anger or fear can cause us to react impulsively and make decisions that we might regret later. Emotional attachment to certain outcomes or beliefs can also cloud our judgment, preventing us from seeing things objectively.The influence of social norms and peer pressure is another important factor that can lead to irrational behavior. People often conform to the beliefs and behaviors of their social groups, even when these beliefs are irrational or harmful. This tendency to conform can stem from a desire to fit in or a fear of rejection. Social media, in particular, has amplified this effect, as people often seek validation and approval from their online peers.The complexity of the decision-making process itself can also contribute to irrationality. In situations where there is a large amount of information to process or multiple possible outcomes, people may find it difficult to weigh all the factors rationally. This can lead to decision paralysis or hasty, impulsive choices that are not well-considered.Lastly, the limited cognitive abilities of humans can also contribute to irrationality. Our brains are not perfect information processors, and we often make errors in judgment due to our limited capacity for rational analysis. Fatigue, stress, and other factors can further compromise our cognitive abilities, making it even harder to make rational decisions.In conclusion, irrationality in human behavior is a multifaceted phenomenon that is influenced by cognitive biases, emotional influence, social norms, the complexity of decision-making, and the limitations of our cognitive abilities. Understanding these causes can help us identify and correct irrational behaviors, leading to more rational and effective decision-making processes.。

2023 Text 4（英语⼆）⻘少年为何⾃相⽭盾 (题⽬版)Teenagers are paradoxical.That's a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often express with considerably stronger language.But the paradox is scientific as well as personal.In adolescence, helpless and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything become independent people who can take care of themselves and help each other.At the same time, once cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers.A new study published in the journal Child Development, by Eveline Crone of the and colleagues, suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand.The study is part of a of thinking about adolescence.For a long time, scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved.The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as risk.⻘少年是⾃相⽭盾的。