Thermal Expansion

尼龙1010是我国自行研制的一种工程塑料，具有坚韧、耐疲劳、外形美观、易于加工等性能，因此被应用于机械零件材料，但是，尼龙1010也存在着强度低、耐磨性能差、吸水性较大等缺陷。

为了提高尼龙1010的摩擦学性能和机械性能，国内许多学者做了大量的研究工作，采用纳米、微米级的金属、氧化物以及各类纤维充填尼龙1010，以提高尼龙复合材料的摩擦学和机械性能。

另一方面，由于聚合物本身的非均质、各向异性以及粘弹性等特点，容易造成尼龙复合材料刚度低、导热性差、热胀冷缩大、耐热性能不佳以及机械强度低，温度成为影响聚合物复合材料工作性能的重要参数之一。

尤其是当聚合物复合材料作为摩擦副工作时，接触面的摩擦热及粘弹性材料特有的内耗热不能由导热性能较差的聚合物复合材料迅速传出，由此引起摩擦副温度升高，随之而来是温升引起的摩擦副接触面变形，而且当接触面局部温度过高时，会发生摩擦副接触面的烧伤和融化等与金属材料不同的损伤形式。

因此，研究半金属尼龙1010复合材料的热学性能对于聚合物复合材料的设计和应用具有重要的价值。

本文以尼龙1010为基体，采用微米级金属氧化物为增强体，制备金属氧化物填充的尼龙复合材料，分别对氧化铝（Al2O3）、氧化铁(Fe3O4)、氧化铜（CuO）/尼龙复合材料进行热分析，并对玻璃粉/尼龙复合材料进行对比研究。

1实验设计1.1原料尼龙1010，粉末状，粒度80目，它的熔融温度为195℃，收缩率为1.5%～2%，使用时过60目网筛分。

增强剂，氧化铁(Fe3O4)，氧化铜（CuO），氧化铝（Al2O3）粉末。

硅烷偶联剂KH-550。

1.2试样制备将氧化铁(Fe3O4)，氧化铜（CuO），氧化铝（Al2O3）放入干燥箱内，在80℃温度下干燥2h。

在氧化铁(Fe3O4)，氧化铜（CuO），氧化铝（Al2O3）中加入其质量1.5%硅烷偶联剂和适量乙醇、水后搅拌30min，对氧化铁(Fe3O4)、氧化铜（CuO）、氧化铝（Al2O3）、玻璃粉末进行表面处理，乙醇、水蒸发后，与尼龙1010按一定比例在球磨机内混合3h。

热膨胀系数物体由于温度改变而有胀缩现象。

其变化能力以等压(p一定)下，单位温度变化所导致的长度量值的变化，即热膨胀系数表示。

线胀系数是指固态物质当温度改变摄氏度1度时，其某一方向上的长度的变化和它在20℃（即标准实验室环境）时的长度的比值。

各物体的线胀系数不同，一般金属的线胀系数单位为1/摄氏度。

大多数情况之下，此系数为正值。

也就是说温度变化与长度变化成正比，温度升高体积扩大。

但是也有例外，如水在0到4摄氏度之间，会出现负膨胀。

而一些陶瓷材料在温度升高情况下，几乎不发生几何特性变化，其热膨胀系数接近0。

中文名：热膨胀系数英文名：coefficient of thermal expansion , CTE线膨胀系数：α=ΔL/(L*ΔT)面膨胀系数：β=ΔS/(S*ΔT)体膨胀系数：γ=ΔV/(V*ΔT)1. 概述expansion thermal coefficient热膨胀系数有线膨胀系数α、面膨胀系数β和体膨胀系数γ。

式中ΔL为所给长度变化ΔT下物体温度的改变，L为初始长度；ΔS为所给面积变化ΔT下物体温度的改变，S为初始面积；ΔV为所给体积变化ΔT下物体温度的改变，V为初始体积；严格说来，上式只是温度变化范围不大时的微分定义式的差分近似；准确定义要求ΔV与ΔT无限微小，这也意味着，热膨胀系数在较大的温度区间内通常不是常量。

线热膨胀系数αLδ = 热膨胀系数* 全长* 温度变化= 10.8 * 10-6 * 100mm * 100℃= 0.108 (mm)3. 热膨胀系数的精密测试与测量能力溯源为了保证材料热膨胀系数国与国之间的量值统一和互认，国际计量局长度委员会（CCL）2004年启动过材料热膨胀系数的国际比对，有十几个国家参加了这个项目的国际比对。

为应对国际比对，更为了统一与实现国内材料的热膨胀系数测量能力及热膨胀仪测量精度，经国家局批准在国家计量院(中国计量科学研究院)建立“材料热膨胀系数国家最高标准装置”，以满足量值统一及测试需求。

1、整体热处理 bulk heat treatment2、表面热处理 surface heat treatment3、化学热处理 thermo-chemical treatment4、预备热处理 conditioning heat treatment5、局部热处理 local heat treatment6、可控气氛热处理 heat treatment in-controlled atmosphere7、真空热处理 vacuum heat treatment008、离子热处理 ion heat treatment9、高能束热处理high energy density heat treatment10、形变热处理 thermomechanical treatment11、复合热处理 complex heat treatment12、流态床热处理 heat treatment in fluidized beds13、吸热式气氛 endothermic atmosphere14、放热式气氛 exothermic atmosphere15、放热-吸热式气氛 exo-endothermic atmosphere16、滴注式气氛 drip feed atmosphere17、氮基气氛nitrogen-base atmosphere18、合成气氛artificial atmosphere019、直生式气氛 direct prepared atmosphere20、淬火冷却介质 quenching media21、淬火冷却烈度 quenching severity22、淬透性 hardenability23、淬硬性 hardening capacity24、端淬试验Jominy test25、奥氏体化austenitizing26、等温转变isothermal transformation27、连续冷却转变 continuous cooling transformation28、退火 annealing29、完全退火full annealing30、不完全退火 incomplete annealing31、去应力退火 stress relieving annealing32、球化退火spheroidizing033、正火 normalizing34、等温正火isothermal normalizing35、淬火 quenching harding36、等温淬火austempering37、分级淬火martempering38、亚温淬火intercritical hardening39、冷处理 subzero treatment40、深冷处理cryogenic treatment41、马氏体临界冷却速度 critical colding rate42、有效淬硬深度 effective hardening depth043、回火tempering44、低温回火 low temperature tempering045、高温回火high temperature tempering46、自回火 self tempering47、回火脆性temper brittlement48、淬冷畸变quenching distortion49、氢脆 hydrogen embrittlement50、残留应力residual stresses51、热应力 thermal stresses52、相变应力transformation stresses53、固溶处理solution treatment54、时效 ageing055、沉淀硬化precipitation hardening56、氧化 oxidation57、脱碳 decarburizing58、内氧化 internal oxidation59、渗碳 carburizing60、固体渗碳pack carburizing61、气体渗碳gas caiburizing62、液体渗碳liquid carburizing63、真空渗碳vacuum carburizing64、离子渗碳plasma carburizing065、复碳 carbon restoration66、碳势 carbon potential67、露点 dew point68、强渗期 carburizing period69、扩散期 diffusion period70、载气 carrier gas71、富化气 enrich gas72、渗氮 nitriding73、液体渗氮liquid nitriding74、气体渗氮gas nitriding75、离子渗氮ion nitriding076、退氮 denitriding77、渗氮化合物层 compound layer78、氨分解率ammonia dissociation rate79、渗金属 metal cementation80、多元共渗multicomponent cementation81、碳氮共渗carbonitriding082、氮碳共渗nitrocarburizing83、流氮共渗sulpho-nitriding84、氧氮共渗oxynitriding85、化学气象沉淀 chemical vapor deposition86、物理气相沉淀 physical vapor deposition87、相phase88、组织 structure89、晶粒 grain90、晶界 grain boundary91、晶粒度grain size92、晶粒度等级 grain size number93、共晶组织 eutectic-structure094、共析组织 eutectoid structure95、层片状组织 lamellar-structure96、弥散相dispersed phase97、亚组织substructure98、位错 dislocation099、结构 texture机械专业名词金属切削 metal cutting机床 machine tool金属工艺学 technology of metals 刀具 cutter摩擦 friction联结 link传动 drive/transmission轴 shaft弹性 elasticity频率特性 frequency characteristic 误差 error响应 response定位 allocation机床夹具 jig动力学 dynamic运动学 kinematic静力学 static分析力学 analyse mechanics拉伸 pulling压缩 hitting剪切 shear扭转 twist弯曲应力 bending stress强度 intensity三相交流电 three-phase AC磁路 magnetic circles变压器 transformer异步电动机 asynchronous motor几何形状 geometrical精度 precision正弦形的 sinusoid交流电路 AC circuit机械加工余量 machining allowance 变形力 deforming force变形 deformation应力 stress硬度 rigidity热处理 heat treatment退火 anneal正火 normalizing脱碳 decarburization渗碳 carburization电路 circuit半导体元件 semiconductor element 反馈 feedback发生器 generator直流电源 DC electrical source门电路 gate circuit逻辑代数 logic algebra外圆磨削 external grinding内圆磨削 internal grinding平面磨削 plane grinding变速箱 gearbox离合器 clutch绞孔 fraising绞刀 reamer螺纹加工 thread processing螺钉 screw铣削 mill铣刀 milling cutter功率 power工件 workpiece齿轮加工 gear mechining齿轮 gear主运动 main movement主运动方向 direction of main movement进给方向 direction of feed进给运动 feed movement合成进给运动 resultant movement of feed合成切削运动 resultant movement of cutting合成切削运动方向 direction of resultant movement of cutting 切削深度 cutting depth前刀面 rake face刀尖 nose of tool前角 rake angle后角 clearance angle龙门刨削 planing主轴 spindle主轴箱 headstock卡盘 chuck加工中心 machining center车刀 lathe tool车床 lathe钻削镗削 bore车削 turning磨床 grinder基准 benchmark钳工 locksmith锻 forge压模 stamping焊 weld拉床 broaching machine拉孔 broaching装配 assembling铸造 found流体动力学 fluid dynamics流体力学 fluid mechanics加工 machining液压 hydraulic pressure切线 tangent机电一体化 mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压 air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性 stability介质 medium液压驱动泵 fluid clutch 液压泵 hydraulic pump阀门 valve失效 invalidation强度 intensity载荷 load应力 stress安全系数 safty factor可靠性 reliability螺纹 thread螺旋 helix键 spline销 pin滚动轴承 rolling bearing 滑动轴承 sliding bearing 弹簧 spring制动器 arrester brake十字结联轴节 crosshead 联轴歧 coupling链 chain皮带 strap精加工 finish machining粗加工 rough machining变速箱体 gearbox casing腐蚀 rust氧化 oxidation磨损 wear耐用度 durability随机信号 random signal离散信号 discrete signal超声传感器 ultrasonic sensor 集成电路 integrate circuit 挡板 orifice plate残余应力 residual stress套筒 sleeve扭力 torsion冷加工 cold machining电动机 electromotor汽缸 cylinder过盈配合 interference fit热加工 hotwork摄像头 CCD camera倒角 rounding chamfer优化设计 optimal design工业造型设计 industrial moulding design有限元 finite element滚齿 hobbing插齿 gear shaping伺服电机 actuating motor铣床 milling machine钻床 drill machine镗床 boring machine步进电机 stepper motor丝杠 screw rod导轨 lead rail组件 subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器 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generation method定义域 definitional domain值域 range导数\微分 differential coefficient求导 derivation定积分 definite integral不定积菲 indefinite integral曲率 curvature偏微分 partial differential毛坯 rough游标卡尺 slide caliper千分尺 micrometer calipers攻丝 tap二阶行列式 second order determinant 逆矩阵 inverse matrix线性方程组 linear equations概率 probability随机变量 random variable排列组合 permutation and combination 气体状态方程 equation of state of gas 动能 kinetic energy势能 potential energy机械能守恒 conservation of mechanical energy 动量 momentum桁架 truss轴线 axes余子式 cofactor逻辑电路 logic circuit触发器 flip-flop脉冲波形 pulse shape数模 digital analogy液压传动机构 fluid drive mechanism机械零件 mechanical parts淬火冷却 quench淬火 hardening回火 tempering调质 hardening and tempering磨粒 abrasive grain结合剂 bonding agent砂轮 grinding wheel。

1.今天仔细的研究了一下DEFORM4.02帮助文档system setup是根据各种设好的网格划分条件进行网格划分user define用于指定特定区域可以有更高的单元密度.absolute是在毛坯或模具表面单位长度上的网格数relative是指定所划分网格最大边长与最小边长的比率而在deform5.03中好像有点改进.在system define中也可以进行局部区域的高密度网格,且好像多了圆柱和环形的局部区域方式。

2.machining_template_3dDeform网格划分应该说还是相当不错的，尤其是２维的deform的网格划分技术，曾被ABAQUS的技术人员誉为行业的骄傲。

deform3d的网格划分也还不错，它的优点是可以指定网格密度，用mesh window还是很方便的，我曾经在一次计算时用过十个mesh window。

但是要注意，相邻的mesh window的网格密度变化不能太快，比如，一个取1,另一个取10,（不管是相对密度，还是绝对尺寸），这样网格会划不下去的，我的经验是，相邻的mesh window的网格密度差2,3倍可以接受，多了就不保险了。

对于不是很复杂的情况，不需用手工划分，deform的缺省网格划分方式还是不错的，它已考虑了变形，温度分布及边界的影响。

先把划分好的网格（你不满意的）生成数据库，退出再打开，然后重新生成一下网格就ok 了你的意思是生成完整的database文件，退出程序，再启动打开这个文件，重新mesh——detailed setting——surface mesh——solid mesh。

3.DEFORM-3D則用boolean 作切削4.改变底色样从deform拷贝出底色为白色的图形？默认的是黑色的！————在显示屏幕点击右键，好像有一项theme的选项，点击它后就有菜单弹出，就可以改变底色了5.deform运行结果能否以等值线的形式显示应力和应变？——可以的！在state variable中得type中选择line contour就可以了！等值线颜色及字母颜色如何修改——后处理中选择color\line couter将所有颜色改为黑色另外，再将底色改为白色就可以了。

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gasketTEG聚四氟乙烯包复垫片PTFE envelope gasket SMG半金属垫片Semimetallic gasketMJG金属包垫片Meta-jacket gasketSWG缠绕式垫片Spiral wound gasketMG金属垫片Metallic gasketFMG金属平垫片Flat metallic gasketSMSG齿形金属垫片Solid metal serrated gasket LER透镜式金属环垫Lens ring gasketOCR八角形金属环垫Octagonal ring gasket OVR椭圆形金属环垫Oval ring gaksetIR/OR内外定位环Inner ringａnd outer ring IR内定位环Inner ringOR外定位环Outer ring坚固件缩写中文名称英文名称B螺栓BoltSB螺柱Stud boltNU螺母NutTB花蓝螺母TurnbuckleWSR垫圈WasherSWSR弹簧垫圈Spring washer阀门缩写中文名称英文名称GV闸阀Gate valveGLV截止阀Globe valveCHV止回阀Check valveBUV蝶阀Butterfly valveBAV球阀Ball valvePV旋塞阀Plug valve（cock）CV调节阀Control valveSV安全阀Safety valveRV减压阀Pressure reducing valveST蒸汽疏水阀Steam trapPRV泄压阀Pressur relief valveBV呼吸阀Breather valveNV针形阀Needle valveAV角阀DV隔膜阀TWV三通阀SGV插板阀管道上用的小型设备缩写中文名称英文名称SPR气液分离器SeparatorFA阻火器Flame arresterSR过滤器StrainerSRY Y型过滤器Y-type strainerSRT T型过滤器T-type strainerSRB桶式过滤器Bucket type strainerTSR临时过滤器Temporary strainerSIL消声器SilencerSG视镜Slight glassSC取样冷却器Sample coolerDF排液漏斗Drain funnelLM管道混合器Line mixerRO限流孔板Restriction orificeMO混合孔板Mixing orificeRD爆破片（爆破膜）Rupture diskEJ补偿器Expansion joint隔热、伴热中文名称英文名称INS隔热Thermal insulationH保温Hot insulationC保冷Cold insulationP防烫伤隔热Personnel protection insulation T&I伴热Tracingａnd insulation管道伴热（冷）TracingEST蒸汽外伴热External steam tracingIST蒸汽内伴热Internal steam tracingSJT蒸汽夹套伴热Steam-jacket tracingET电伴热Electric tracing配管材料和等级缩写中文名称英文名称M金属材料Metallic materialCS碳钢Carbon steelCAS铸钢Cast steelFS锻钢Forged steelAS合金钢Alloy steelSS不锈钢Stainless steelAUSTSS奥氏体不锈钢Austenitic stainless-steel CI铸铁Cast ironMI可锻铸铁Malleable ironDI球墨铸铁Ductile ironAL铝AluminumBRS黄铜BrassBRZ青铜BronzeCU紫铜CopperLAS低合金钢Low alloy steelFLAS低合金锻钢Forged low alloy steel CLAS低合金铸钢Cast low alloy steelTHK壁厚ThicknessSCH表号Schedule numberSTD标准StandardXS加强Extra strongXXS特强Double extra strong装置布置缩写中文名称英文名称CN建北Construction northE东EastW西WestS南SouthN北NorthH水平HorizontalV竖直、铅直、直立VerticalGRD地坪GroundUG地下UndergroundBL装置边界线Battery limit lineESEW事故沐浴洗眼器Emergency showerａnd eye washer HS软管站Hose stationML接续分界线Match linePS管道支架（管架）Piping supportPR管桥Pipe rackSTRU构架（构筑物）StructureBLDG建筑物BuildingPD清扫设施Purge devicePT池PitSHLT棚ShelterCOFF围堰CofferdamFL楼板FloorPF平台Plateform尺寸标注缩写中文名称英文名称EL标高ElevationBOP管底Bottom of pipeCOP管中心Center of pipeTOP管顶Top of pipeFOB底平Flat on bottomFOT顶平Flat on topCL（屯）中心线Center lineTL切线Tangent lineSYM对称的SymmetricalBOS支架底Bottom of supportTOS支架顶Top of supportCL净距（净空）ClearanceCTC中心至中心Center to centerCTF中心至面Center to faceCTE中心至端部Center to endETE端到端End to endFEF法兰端面Flangeａnd faceFTF面到面Face to faceD直径DiameterDN公称直径Nominal diameterID内径Inside diameterOD外径Outside diameterDIM尺寸DimensionMAX最大MaximumMIN最小MinimumAVG平均AverageAPP约、近似ApproximatePT.EL点标高Point elevation图表缩写中文名称英文名称PFD工艺流程图Process flow diagramPID管道和仪表流程图Piping&instrument diagramCOD接续图Continued on drawingDTL详图DatailSPDWG（ISODWG）管段图Spool drawing（each line isometric drawing）DWGNO图号Drawing numberDWGI所在图号Drawing identificationLOW材料表List of materialMTO汇料Material take-offAPPX附录AppendixJOB.No.工号Job NumberBEDD基础工程设计数据Basic engineering design dataDEDD详细工程设计数据Detail engineering design dataREV.No.修改号Recision numberREFDWG参考图Reference drawingSC采样接口Sample connection操作方式及工作参数缩写中文名称英文名称AUT自动AutomaticML手动Manual controlCHOP链条操作Chain operatedCSC铅封关Car seal closeCSO铅封开Car seal openLC锁闭Lock closedLO锁开Lock openNC正常关Normally closeNO正常开Normally openATM大气压AtmospherePN公称压力Nominal pressureA绝压G表压（T）温度Temperature（P）压力Pressure其他缩写中文名称英文名称FDN基础FoundationINF信息（资料）InformationREF参考ReferenceREV修改RevisionSEQ序号（顺序）SequenceW/E设备带来With equipmentW/I仪表带来With instrumentCM色标Colour markCA腐蚀裕度Corrosion allowanceUTL公用系统UtilityUC公用工程接头Utility connectionQTY数量QuantityWT重量WeightMHR工时Man hourBC螺栓分布圆Bolt circleHP高点High pointLP低点Low pointSUC吸入（口）SuctionDIS排出（口）DischargeSO蒸气吹扫（口）Steam outNPT美国标准锥管螺纹National standard taper pipe thread NPS美国标准直管螺纹National standard straight pipe thread DR排液DrainVT放气VentRTG（压力）等级RatingCL等级ClassSMLS无缝Seamless施工缩写中文名称英文名称W焊接WeldingAW电弧焊Arc weldingGSAW气体保护电弧焊Gas shielded-acr weldingEFW电熔焊Elecric fusion weldingERW电阻焊Electric Resistance weldingGW气焊Gas weldingLW搭接焊Lap weldingBW对焊Butt weldingTW定位焊Tack weldingSW承插焊Socket weldingCW连续焊Continuous weldingSEW密封焊Seal weldingSFG堆焊SurfacingFW现场焊接Field weldingHT热处理Heat treatmentPH预热PreheatingSR应力消除Stress reliefPWHT焊后热处理Post weld heat treatmentEIT检查、探伤和实验Examination,inspection&testingVE外观检查Visual examinationUI（UT）超声探伤Ultrasonic inspection（test）RI（RT）射线探伤Radiographic inspection（test）MPI（MT）磁粉探伤Magnetic particle inspection（test）LPI（PT）液体渗透检验Liquid penterant inspection（test）HADT硬度实验Hardness testingHYDT水压实验Hydraulic testingPNET气压实验Pneumatic testing焊条Covered electrodeWW焊丝Welding wireASSY装配、组合AssemblyF现场FieldF/F现场制造Field faricatedSF现场决定Suit in fieldCSP冷紧Cold springBCT螺栓冷紧Bolt cold tighteningBHY螺栓热紧Bolt hot tighteningCO清洗口Clean outANNY退火AnnealedPE平端面Plain endBE坡口端Belelled endTHR螺纹ThreadHB布氏硬度Brinnel hardnessRC洛氏硬度。

Designation:D1250–041.Scope1.1The API MPMS Chapter11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP200/ 04/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04(ADJD1250CD)for tempera-ture and pressure volume correction factors for generalized crude oils,refined products,and lubricating oils,provides the algorithm and implementation procedure for the correction of temperature and pressure effects on density and volume of liquid hydrocarbons.Natural gas liquids(NGLs)and liquefied petroleum gases(LPGs)are excluded from consideration.The combination of density and volume correction factors for both temperature and pressure is collectively referred to in the standard/adjunct(s)as a V olume Correction Factor(VCF).The temperature portion of this correction is termed the Correction for the effect of Temperature on Liquid(CTL).The pressure portion is termed the Correction for the effect of Pressure on Liquid(CPL).1.2Including the pressure correction in API MPMS Chapter 11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04 (ADJD1250CD)represents an important change from the “temperature only”correction factors given in the1980Petro-leum Measurement Tables.However,if the pressure is one atmosphere(the standard pressure)then there is no pressure correction and the standard/adjunct(s)will give VCF values consistent with the1980Petroleum Measurement Tables. 1.3API MPMS Chapter11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP200/04/ Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04(ADJD1250CD)covers general procedures for the conversion of input data to a form that is consistent with the computation procedures used to generate VCF values.Two sets of procedures are included for comput-ing volume correction factor:one set for data expressed in customary units(temperature in°F,pressure in psig);the other for the metric system of units(temperature in°C,pressure in kPa or bar).In contrast to the1980Petroleum Measurement Tables,the metric procedures require the procedure for cus-tomary units be usedfirst to compute density at60°F.This value is then further corrected to give the metric output.The metric procedures now incorporate the base temperature of 20°C in addition to15°C.1.4The procedures recognize three distinct commodity groups:crude oil,refined products,and lubricating oils.A procedure is also provided for determining volume correction for special applications where the generalized commodity groups’parameters may not adequately represent the thermal expansion properties of the liquid and a precise thermal expansion coefficient has been determined by experiment.2.Referenced Documents2.1API Standards:API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards(MPMS): Chapter11.1–2004Temperature and Pressure V olume Cor-rection Factors for Generalized Crude Oils,Refined Prod-ucts,and Lubricating Oils3Chapter11.2.1Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 0–90°API Gravity RangeChapter11.2.1M Compressibility Factors for Hydrocar-bons:638–1074Kilograms per Cubic Meter Range2.2ISO Standards:ISO91–1:1992Petroleum measurement tables—Part1: Tables based on reference temperatures of15°C and60°F ISO91–2:1991Petroleum measurement tables—Part2: Tables based on a reference temperature of20°C2.3ASTM Adjuncts:Adjunct to ASTM D1250:ADJD1250CD—Temperature and Pressure V olume Correction Factors for Generalized Crude Oils,Refined Products,and Lubricating Oils43.Sponsorship3.1The revision of the ASTM/API/IP set of implementa-tion procedures is the result of close cooperation between ASTM International,the American Petroleum Institute(API), and the Energy Institute.2To meet the objective of worldwide standardized measurement practices,it is expected to result in the acceptance of the revised tables by the International Organization for Standardization(ISO),and specifically ISO/TC28/SC3,as revisions to International Standards ISO 91–1and ISO91–2.API MPMS Chapter11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04(ADJD1250CD)ap-plies to all crude oils,refined products,and lubricants previ-ously covered by Tables5,6,23,24,53,54,59,and60.The API designation for the complete set of implementation pro-cedures is the Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS)Chapter11Section1.The IP designation for the complete set of implementation procedures is the Adjunct to IP 200.4.Significance and Use4.1The expanded limits of API MPMS Chapter11.1–2004/ Adjunct to IP200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04 (ADJD1250CD)are defined in a mixture of terms of customary and metric units.Table1shows the defining limits and their associated units in bold italics.Also shown in Table1are the limits converted to their equivalent units(and,in the case of the densities,other base temperatures).4.2Note that only the precision levels of the defining values shown in Table1are correct.The other values showing converted units have been rounded to the significant digits shown;as rounded values,they may numerically fall just outside of the actual limits established by the defining values.4.3Table2provides a cross-reference between the histori-cal table designations and the corresponding section in API MPMS Chapter11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04(ADJD1250CD).Note that procedure para-graphs11.1.6.3(U.S.customary units)and11.1.7.3(metric1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and the API Committee on Petroleum Measurement,and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02/COMQ,the joint ASTM-API Committee on Static Petroleum Measurement.Current edition approved May1,2004.Published May2004.Originallyapproved in1952,replacing former D206and st previous edition approved in2002as D1250–80(2002).2The organization that publishes IP test methods and guides.3Available on CD-ROM from API.Order Product Number H11013.4Available on CD-ROM from ASTM International Headquarters.Order Adjunct No.ADJD1250CD.units)provide methods for correcting on-line density measure-ments from live conditions to base conditions and then to compute VCF factors for continuous volume corrections to base conditions.4.4When a glass hydrometer is used to measure the density of a liquid,special corrections must be made to account for the thermal expansion of the glass when the temperature is different from that at which the hydrometer was calibrated.The 1980CTL Tables had generalized equations to correct glass hydrometer readings,and these corrections were part of the printed odd-numbered tables.However,detailed procedures to correct a glass hydrometer reading are beyond the scope of API MPMS Chapter 11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP 200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D 1250–04(ADJD1250CD).The user should refer to the appropriate sections of API MPMS Chapter 9or other appropriate density/hydrometer standards for guidance.4.5The set of correlations given in API MPMS Chapter 11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP 200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D 1250–04(ADJD1250CD)is intended for use with petroleum fluids comprising either crude oils,refined products,or lubricating oils that are single-phase liquids under normal operating conditions.The liquid classifications listed here are typical terms used in the industry,but local nomenclature may vary.The list is illustrative and is not meant to be all-inclusive.4.6Crude Oils —A crude oil is considered to conform to the commodity group Generalized Crude Oils if its density falls in the range between approximately –10°API to 100°API.Crude oils that have been stabilized for transportation or storage purposes and whose API gravities lie within that range are considered to be part of the Crude Oil group.Also,aviation jet B (JP-4)is best represented by the Crude Oil correlation.4.7Refined Products —A refined product is considered to conform to the commodity group of Generalized Refined Products if the fluid falls within one of the refined product groups.Note the product descriptors are generalizations.The commercial specification ranges of some products may place their densities partly within an adjacent class (for example,a low density diesel may lie in the jet fuel class).In such cases,the product should be allocated to the class appropriate to its density,not its descriptor.The groups are defined as follows:4.7.1Gasoline —Motor gasoline and unfinished gasoline blending stock with a base density range between approxi-mately 50°API and 85°API.This group includes substances with the commercial identification of:premium gasoline,unleaded gasoline,motor spirit,clear gasoline,low lead gas,motor gasoline,catalyst gas,alkylate,catalytic cracked gaso-line,naphtha,reformulated gasoline,and aviation gasoline.4.7.2Jet Fuels —Jet fuels,kerosene,and Stoddard solvents with a base density range between approximately 37°API and 50°API.This group includes substances with the commercial identification of:aviation kerosene K1and K2,aviation jet A and A-1,kerosene,Stoddard solvent,JP-5and JP-8.4.7.3Fuel Oils —Diesel oils,heating oils,and fuel oils with a base density range between approximately –10°API and 37°API.This group includes substances with the commercial identification of:No.6fuel oil,fuel oil PA,low sulfur fuel oil,LT (low temperature)fuel oil,fuel oil,fuel oils LLS (light low sulfur),No.2furnace oil,furnace oil,auto diesel,gas oil,No.2burner fuel,diesel fuel,heating oil,and premium diesel.4.8Lubricating Oils —A lubricating oil is considered to conform to the commodity group Generalized Lubricating Oils if it is a base stock derived from crude oil fractions by distillation or asphalt precipitation.For the purpose of API MPMS Chapter 11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP 200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D 1250–04(ADJD1250CD),lubricating oils have ini-tial boiling points greater than 700°F (370°C)and densities in the range between approximately –10°API to 45°API.4.9Special Applications —Liquids that are assigned the special applications category are generally relatively pure products or homogeneous mixtures with stable (unchanging)TABLE 1Range Limits APhysical UnitsCrude OilRefined ProductsLubricating OilsDensity,kg/m 3@60°F 610.6to 1163.5610.6to 1163.5800.9to 1163.5Relative Density @60°F 0.61120to 1.164640.61120to 1.164640.80168to 1.1646API Gravity @60°F 100.0to -10.0100.0to -10.045.0to -10.0Density,kg/m 3@15°C 611.16to 1163.79611.16to 1163.86801.25to 1163.85Density,kg/m 3@20°C606.12to 1161.15606.12to 1160.62798.11to 1160.71Temperature,°C –50.00to 150.00–50.00to 150.00–50.00to 150.00Temperature,°F –58.0to 302.0–58.0to 302.0–58.0to 302.0Pressure,psig 0to 15000to 15000to 1500kPa (gage)0to 1.03431040to 1.03431040to 1.0343104bar (gage)0to 103.40to 103.40to 103.4a 60,per °F 230.0310-6to 930.0310-6230.0310-6to 930.0310-6230.0310-6to 930.0310-6a 60,per °C414.0310-6to 1674.0310-6414.0310-6to 1674.0310-6414.0310-6to 1674.0310-6ADefining limits and their associated units appear in bold italics .TABLE 2Historical Table Cross-ReferenceHistorical Table DesignationProcedure Paragraph in Current StandardHistorical Table DesignationProcedure Paragraph in Current Standard5A,B &D 11.1.6.253A,B &D 11.1.7.223A,B,&D 11.1.6.259A,B,&D 11.1.7.26A,B,C &D 11.1.6.154A,B,C &D 11.1.7.124A,B,C &D11.1.6.160A,B,C &D11.1.7.1chemical composition that are derived from petroleum(or are petroleum-based with minor proportions of other constituents) and have been tested to establish a specific thermal expansion factor for the particularfluid.These tables should be consid-ered for use when:4.9.1The generalized commodity groups’parameters are suspected of not adequately representing the thermal expansion properties of the liquid.4.9.2A precise thermal expansion coefficient can be deter-mined by experiment.A minimum of10temperature/density data points is recommended to use this method.See11.1.5.2of API MPMS Chapter11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04(ADJD1250CD)for the procedure to calculate the thermal expansion coefficient from measured density data.4.9.3Buyer and seller agree that,for their purpose,a greater degree of equity can be obtained using factors specifically measured for the liquid involved in the transaction.4.9.4Specific Examples:MTBE with an a60value of789.031026°F21Gasohol with an a60value of714.3431026°F214.10Refer to paragraphs11.1.2.4and11.1.2.5in API MPMS Chapter11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04(ADJD1250CD)for a complete description of the suitability of the implementation procedures for specific hydrocarbon liquids.5.Historical Background5.1The1980Petroleum Measurement Tables were based on data obtained using the International Practical Temperature Scale1968(IPTS–68).This has been superseded by the International Temperature Scale1990(ITS–90).API MPMS Chapter11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04(ADJD1250CD)takes this into account by correct-ing the input temperature values to an IPTS–68basis before any other calculations are performed.Standard densities are also adjusted to take into account the small shifts in the associated standard temperatures.5.2The accepted value of the standard density of water at 60°F has changed slightly from the value used in the1980 Petroleum Measurement Tables.This new water density only affects those tables based on relative density and API gravity, that is,the historical Tables5,6,23and24.It also affects the intraconversion tables,API MPMS Chapter11.1–1980V ol-umes XI and XII/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–80 (ADJD125011).55.3In1988the IP produced implementation procedures for 20°C(Tables59A,B and D and60A,B and D)by extending the procedures used for the15°C tables.This was in response to the needs of countries that use20°C as their standard temperature.Although API never published these tables,they were adopted internationally as the reference document for International Standard ISO91–2.ISO91–2complements ISO 91–1,the International Standard for temperatures of60°F and 15°C that is based on V olume X of API MPMS Chapter 11.1–1980/Adjunct to IP200/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–80 (ADJD125010).5The2004revision to API MPMS Chapter 11.1/Adjunct to IP200/Adjunct to ASTM D1250 (ADJD1250CD)incorporates the20°C tables.The procedures adopted for the metric tables give results that are identical to those obtained using the60°F tables.Furthermore,these procedures may be adapted to provide tables at any desired temperature base.5.4Implementation procedures for the lubricating oil tables first appeared in the IP’s Petroleum Measurement Paper No2: Guidelines for Users of the Petroleum Measurement Tables (API Standard2540;IP200;ANSI/ASTM D1250),and later in their20°C tables.The implementation procedures are now incorporated in API MPMS Chapter11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP 200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04(ADJD1250CD).5.5Rounding of density in metric tables changed from 0.5kg/m3to0.1kg/m3to improve discrimination.5.6To satisfy industry needs,the tables have been extended to lower temperatures and higher densities(that is,lower API gravities).5.7Real-time density measurement using density meters has become more prevalent in the industry.These density measurements are often made at pressures greater than atmo-spheric.This pressure effect must be taken into account simultaneously with any temperature effect when determining the density at standard conditions.Hence,pressure and tem-perature corrections have been combined into one procedure.5.8Rounding and truncation of initial and intermediate values have been eliminated.Rounding will only be applied to thefinal VCF values.5.9Thefinal VCF values will now be rounded to a consistent5decimal digits.API MPMS Chapter11.1–2004/ Adjunct to IP200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04 (ADJD1250CD)also provides a mechanism to provide inter-mediate unrounded factors that,when combined,give the overall rounded CTPL(VCF).5.10The1980Petroleum Measurement Tables’implemen-tation procedure used integer arithmetic in order to allow all existing computer equipment to achieve consistent results.This procedure now uses a double-precisionfloating-point math procedure.5.11Revised API MPMS Chapters11.2.1and11.2.1M are now incorporated into API MPMS Chapter11.1–2004.The 1984versions of both will continue to be available on an historical basis.65.12Previous editions of the printed tables were based on density measurements made using a glass hydrometer.API MPMS Chapter11.1–2004/Adjunct to IP200/04/Adjunct to ASTM D1250–04(ADJD1250CD)is based on the input of density values and no glass hydrometer corrections are applied. If density is measured using a glass hydrometer,hydrometer5When ordering from ASTM International,request ADJD125001for V ol1; ADJD125002for V ol II;ADJD125003for V ol III;ADJD125004for V ol IV; ADJD125005for V ol V;ADJD125006for V ol VI;ADJD125007for V ol VII; ADJD125008for V ol VIII;ADJD125009for V ol IX;ADJD125010for V ol X;andfor V ol XI/XII–ADJD125011.The adjunct number for the complete set is ADJD1250CS.6Available from the American Petroleum Institute(API),1220L St.,NW, Washington,DC20005.readings shall be corrected to density values before they areapplied in the calculations.6.Keywords6.1crude oil;density correction;lubricants;lubricating oils;Petroleum Measurement Tables;petroleum products;volumecorrection;volume correction factorANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1.GUIDE FOR PETROLEUM MEASUREMENT TABLES[ASTM D1250–80,API MPMS Chapter11.1–1980,IP200/80(90)]7A1.1ScopeA1.1.1These Petroleum Measurement Tables5are for use in the calculation of quantities of crude petroleum and petroleum products at reference conditions in any of three widely used systems of measurement.These tables are provided for stan-dardized calculation of measured quantities of petroleumfluids regardless of point of origin,destination,or units of measure used by custom or statute.A1.1.2The Petroleum Measurement Tables published in 1980,except for Tables33and Tables34(which are being reissued without change),represent a major conceptual depar-ture from previous versions.Inherent in the Petroleum Mea-surement Tables is the recognition of the present and future position of computers in the petroleum industry.The actual standard represented by the Petroleum Measurement Tables is neither the hardcopy printed tables nor the set of equations used to represent the density data but is an explicit implemen-tation procedure used to develop computer subroutines for Tables5,Tables6,Tables23,Tables24,Tables53,and Tables54.The standardization of an implementation procedure implies the standardization of the set of mathematical expres-sions,including calculational sequence and rounding proce-dures,used within the computer code.Absolute adherence to the outlined procedures will ensure that all computers and computer codes of the future,meeting the stated specifications and restrictions,will be able to produce identical results. Hence,the published implementation procedures are the pri-mary standard,the distributed subroutines are the secondary standard,and the published tables are produced for conve-nience.N OTE A1.1—The present collection of tables supersedes all previous editions of the Petroleum Measurement Tables ANSI/ASTM D1250, IP200,and API Standard2540.A1.2Referenced DocumentsD287Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products(Hydrometer Method)8Petroleum Measurement Tables—19809Historical Edition Petroleum Measurement Table—195210A1.3SponsorshipA1.3.1The complete collection of the new jointly issued ASTM-API-IP tables is the result of close cooperation between the American Society for Testing and Materials,American Petroleum Institute,and the Institute of Petroleum(London). To meet the objective of worldwide standardized measurement practices,the American National Standards Institute and the British Standards Institution have also been closely involved, resulting in the acceptance of the revised tables as an American National Standard and a British Standard.In addition,in their respective capacities as Secretariat of the International Orga-nization for Standardization/TC28and of TC28/SC3,ANSI and BSI have been instrumental in progressing the revised tables toward their adoption as an International Standard by the International Organization for Standardization.The ASTM Designation D1250applies to all35tables described in Section A1.5.The Energy Institute designation for the com-plete set of tables is IP200/80.A1.4Significance and UseA1.4.1This guide is expected to apply to crude petroleum regardless of source and to all normally liquid petroleum products derived therefrom.There are three primary sets of tables in current use.These are in terms of°API(Tables5and Tables6),relative density(Tables23and Tables24),and7The1980edition of the Petroleum Measurement Tables may still be in use(see the Introduction and Usage Guidelines).For that reason,Guide D1250–80has been included as this mandatory annex.8For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.9Available from ASTM International Headquarters.Order Adjunct No. ADJD1250CS.10Available from ASTM International Headquarters.Order Adjunct No.ADJD1250AM.density in kilogram per cubic metre(Tables53and Tables54). To maximize accuracy and maintain convenience of use in primary tables(Tables5,Tables6,Tables23,Tables24, Tables53,and Tables54),crude oils and products are pre-sented in separate tables.For example,for Table6there are: Table6A,Generalized Crude Oils;Table6B,Generalized Products;and Table6C,V olume Correction Factors for Indi-vidual and Special Applications.The subsidiary tables are based on averages of the crude oil and product volume correction factors obtained from the primary tables and,hence are not included in the precision statement that encompass the primary tables.A1.4.2The ranges for the primary tables are as follows: Table A Table B°API°F°API°F0to400to3000to400to30040to500to25040to500to25050to1000to20050to850to200Table Ca A°F270to510310−60to300510to5300to250530to9300to200A Alpha is the coefficient of thermal expansion at60°F.The ranges of the subsidiary tables,except Tables33and Tables34,encompass the range of Table A.A1.4.3All tables that involve reduction of gravity to stan-dard temperature are based on the assumption that the mea-surement has been made by means of a glass hydrometer(Test Method D287),and that correction for the thermal expansion of standard hydrometer glass has been incorporated.To accom-modate the growing use of on-line densitometers,which are not dependent on hydrometer corrections,the computer sub-routines optionally allow for the exclusion of the hydrometer correction.A1.5Available TablesVolume I:Table5A—Generalized Crude Oils,Correction of Observed API Gravity to API Gravity at60°FTable6A—Generalized Crude Oils,Correction of V olume to 60°F Against API Gravity at60°FVolume II:Table5B—Generalized Products,Correction of Observed API Gravity to API Gravity at60°FTable6B—Generalized Products,Correction of V olume to 60°F Against API Gravity at60°FVolume III:Table6C—V olume Correction Factors for Individual and Special Applications,V olume Correction to60°F Against Thermal Expansion Coefficients at60°FVolume IV:Table23A—Generalized Crude Oils,Correction of Ob-served Relative Density to Relative Density60/60°FTable24A—Generalized Crude Oils,Correction of V olume to60°F Against Relative Density60/60°FVolume V:Table23B—Generalized Products,Correction of Observed Relative Density to Relative Density60/60°FTable24B—Generalized Products,Correction of V olume to 60°F Against Relative Density60/60°FVolume VI:Table24C—V olume Correction Factors for Individual and Special Applications,V olume Correction to60°F Against Thermal Expansion Coefficients at60°FVolume VII:Table53A—Generalized Crude Oils,Correction of Ob-served Density to Density at15°CTable54A—Generalized Crude Oils,Correction of V olume to15°C Against Density at15°CVolume VIII:Table53B—Generalized Products,Correction of Observed Density to Density at15°CTable54B—Generalized Products,Correction of V olume to 15°C Against Density at15°CVolume IX:Table54C—V olume Correction Factors for Individual and Special Applications,V olume Correction to15°C Against Thermal Expansion Coefficients at15°CVolume X:Background,Development,and Implementation Procedures Volumes XI and XII:Tables2,Tables3,Tables4,Tables8,Tables9,Tables10, Tables11,Tables12,Tables13,Tables14,Tables21, Tables22,Tables26,Tables27,Tables28,Tables29, Tables30,Tables31,Tables51,Tables52,and Tables58 Reissued Without Change:Table33—Specific Gravity Reduction to60°F for Liquefied Petroleum Gases and Natural GasTable34—Reduction of V olume to60°F Against Specific Gravity60/60°F for Liquefied Petroleum GasesA1.6Keywordsdensity;gravity;hydrometer;temperature;volume correctionASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyfive years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website().。

SMT专业名词解释及英文翻译Accuracy(精度) ：测量结果与目标值之间的差额。

Additive Process(加成工艺) ：一种制造PCB 导电布线的方法，通过选择性的在板层上沉淀导电材料(铜、锡等) 。

Adhesion(附着力) ：类似于分子之间的吸引力。

Aerosol(气溶剂) ：小到足以空气传播的液态或气体粒子。

Angle of attack(迎角) ：丝印刮板面与丝印平面之间的夹角。

Anisotropic adhesive(各异向性胶) ：一种导电性物质，其粒子只在Z 轴方向通过电流。

Annular ring(环状圈) ：钻孔周围的导电材料。

Application specific integrated circuit (ASIC特殊应用集成电路) ：客户定做得用于专门用途的电路。

Array(列阵) ：一组元素，比如：锡球点，按行列排列。

Artwork(布线图) ：PCB 的导电布线图，用来产生照片原版，可以任何比例制作，但一般为3:1或4:1。

Automated test equipment (ATE自动测试设备) ：为了评估性能等级，设计用于自动分析功能或静态参数的设备，也用于故障离析。

Automatic optical inspection (AOI自动光学检查) ：在自动系统上，用相机来检查模型或物体。

Ball grid array (BGA球栅列阵) ：集成电路的包装形式，其输入输出点是在元件底面上按栅格样式排列的锡球。

Blind via(盲通路孔) ：PCB 的外层与内层之间的导电连接，不继续通到板的另一面。

Bond lift-off(焊接升离) ：把焊接引脚从焊盘表面(电路板基底) 分开的故障。

Bonding agent(粘合剂) ：将单层粘合形成多层板的胶剂。

Bridge(锡桥) ：把两个应该导电连接的导体连接起来的焊锡，引起短路。

Buried via(埋入的通路孔) ：PCB 的两个或多个内层之间的导电连接(即，从外层看不见的) 。

管道专业常用英文缩写1、管子及管件缩写中文名称英文名称P管子PipeEL弯头ElbowELL长半径弯头Long radius elbowELS短半径弯头Short radius elbowMEL斜接弯头(吓米腰弯头)Mitre elbowREL异径弯头Reducing elbowT三通TeeLT斜三通Lateral teeRT异径三通Reducing teeR异径管接头(大小头)ReducerCR同心异径管接头(同心大小头)Concentric reducerER偏心异径管接头(偏心大小头)Eccentric reducerCPL管箍CouplingFCPL双头管箍Full couplingHCPL单头管箍Half couplingRCPL异径管箍Reducing couplingBU内外螺纹接头BushingUN活接头UnionHC软管接头Hose couplerSE翻边短节Stub endNIP短节Pipe nipple or straight nipple SNIP异径短节Swaged nippleCP管帽(封头)CapPL管堵(丝堵)PlugBLK盲板BlankSB8字盲板Spectacle blind (blank)RP补强板Reinforcing pad2、法兰缩写中文名称英文名称PLG法兰FlangeWNF对焊法兰Welding neck flangeSOF平焊法兰Slip-on flangeSWF承插焊法兰Socket-welding flangeT螺纹法兰Threaded flangeLJ松套法兰Lapped joint flangeREDF异径法兰Reducing flangeBF法兰盖(盲法兰)Blind flangeFSF法兰密封面Flange dealing faceFF全平面Flat faceRF凸平面Raised faceMFF凹平面Male and female faceLF凹面Female faceLM凸面Male faceRJ环连接面Ring joint faceTG榫槽面Tongue and groove face TF榫面Tongue faceGF槽面Groove face3、垫片缩写中文名称英文名称G垫片GasketNMG非金属垫片Non-metallic gasketAG石棉垫片Asbestos gasketRG橡胶垫片Rubber gasketTEG聚四氟乙烯包复垫片PTFE envelope gasket SMG半金属垫片Semimetallic gasketMJG金属包垫片Meta-jacket gasketSWG缠绕式垫片Spiral wound gasketMG金属垫片Metallic gasketFMG金属平垫片Flat metallic gasket SMSG齿形金属垫片Solid metal serrated gasket LER透镜式金属环垫Lens ring gasket OCR八角形金属环垫Octagonal ring gasket OVR椭圆形金属环垫Oval ring gasketIR/OR内外定位环Inner ring and outer ring IR内定位环Inner ringOR外定位环Outer ring4、紧固件缩写中文名称英文名称B螺栓BoltSB螺柱Stud boltNU螺母NutTB花篮螺母TurnbuckleWSR垫圈WasherSWSR弹簧垫圈Spring washer5、阀门缩写中文名称英文名称GV闸阀Gate valveGLV截止阀Globe valveCHV止回阀Check valveBUV蝶阀Butterfly valveBAV球阀Ball valvePV旋塞阀Plug valve(cock)CV调节阀Control valveSV安全阀Safety valveRV减压阀Pressur reducing valveST蒸汽疏水阀Steam trapperPRV泄压阀Pressur relief valveBV呼吸阀Breather valveNV针形阀Needle valveAV角阀DV隔膜阀TWV三通阀SGV插板阀6、管道上用的小型设备缩写中文名称英文名称SPR气液分离器SeparatorFA阻火器Flame arresterSR过滤器StrainerSRY Y型过滤器Y-type strainerSRT T型过滤器T-type strainerSRB桶式过滤器Bucket type strainerTSR临时过滤器T emporarySIL消声器SilencerSG视镜Sight glassSC取样冷却器Sample coolerDF排液漏斗Drain funnelLM管道混合器Line mixerRO限流孔板Restriction orificeMO混合孔板Mixing orificeRD爆破片（爆破膜）Rupture diskEJ补偿器（膨胀节）Expansion joint7、隔热、伴热缩写中文名称英文名称INS隔热Thermal insulationH保温Hot insulationC保冷Cold insulationP防烫伤隔热Personnel protection insulation T&I伴热Tracing and insulationT管道伴热（冷）TracingEST蒸汽外伴热External steam tracingIST蒸汽内伴热Internal steam tracingSJT蒸汽夹套伴热Steam-jacket tracingET电伴热Electric tracing8、配管材料和等级缩写中文名称英文名称M金属材料Metallic materialCS碳钢Carbon steelCAS铸钢Cast steelFS锻钢Forged steelAS合金钢Alloy steelSS不锈钢Stainless steelAUST·SS奥氏体不锈钢Austenitic stainless-steel CI铸铁Cast ironMI可锻铸铁Malleable ironDI球墨铸铁Ductile ironAL铝AluminumBRS黄铜BrassBRZ青铜BronzeCU紫铜CopperLAS低合金钢Low alloy steelFLAS低合金锻钢For low alloy steelCLAS低合金铸钢Cast low alloy steelTHK壁厚ThicknessSCH表号Schedule numberSTD标准StandardXS加强Extra strongXXS特强Double extra strong9、装置布置缩写中文名称英文名称CN建北Construction northE东EastW西WestS南SouthN北NorthH水平HorizontalV竖直、铅直、直立VerticalGRD地坪GroundUG地下UndergroundBL装置边界线Battery limit lineESEW事故淋浴洗眼器Emergency shower and eye washer HS 软管站Hose stationML持续分界线Match linePS管道支架（管架）Piping support PR管桥Pipe rack STRU构架（构筑物）Structure BLDG建筑物BuildingPD清扫设施Purge device PT池PitSHLT棚Shelter COFF围堰CofferdamFL楼板FloorPF平台Plateform10、尺寸标注缩写中文名称英文名称EL标高EBOP管底BCOP管中心CTOP管顶TFOB底平FFOT顶平FCL(屯）中心线CTL切线TSYM对称的SBOS支架底BTOS支架顶TCL净距（净空）C CTC中心至中心C CTF中心至面C CTE中心至端部C ETE端到端EFEF法兰端面FFTF面到面FD直径DDN公称直径DID内径IOD外径ODIM尺寸DMAX最大MMIN最小MAVG平均AAPP约、近似A PT、EL点标高P 11、图表缩写中文名称英文名称工艺流程图管道和仪表流程图接续图详图管段图SPDWG（ISOD-WG）DWG-NO。

Designation:E831–06Standard Test Method forLinear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis1This standard is issued under thefixed designation E831;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1This test method determines the apparent coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid materials using thermome-chanical analysis techniques.Related information can be found in Refs.(1,2)2.1.2This test method is applicable to solid materials that exhibit sufficient rigidity over the test temperature range such that the sensing probe does not produce indentation of the specimen.1.3The recommended lower limit of coefficient of linear thermal expansion measured with this test method is5µm/ (m·°C).The test method may be used at lower(or negative) expansion levels with decreased accuracy and precision(see Section11).1.4This test method is applicable to the temperature range from−120to900°C.The temperature range may be extended depending upon the instrumentation and calibration materials used.1.5Computer or electronic based instruments,techniques, or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be used.N OTE1—Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent.It is the responsibility of the user to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use.1.6SI values are the standard.1.7This test method is related to ISO11359-2but is significantly different in technical detail.1.8This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:3D696Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Ex-pansion of Plastics BetweenØ30°C and30°C with a Vitreous Silica DilatometerD3386Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Electrical Insulating Materials4E228Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod DilatometerE473Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-ologyE1142Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties E1363Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Ther-momechanical AnalyzersE2113Test Method for Length Change Calibration of Thermomechanical Analyzers2.2ISO Standards:5ISO11359-2Plastics—Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA)—Part2:Determination of Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion and Glass Transition Temperature 3.Terminology3.1Definitions—Thermal analysis terms in Terminologies E473and E1142shall apply to this test method.3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1apparent coeffıcient of linear thermal expansion,(a m)—the change in length,relative to the specimen length at1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37on Thermal Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.10on Funda-mental,Statistical and Mechanical Properties.Current edition approved March15,2006.Published April2006.Originally approved st previous edition approved in2005as E831–05.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.3For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4Withdrawn.The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on .5Available from the American National Standards Institute,11W.42nd St.,13th Floor,New York,NY10036.1Copyright.©ASTM International,100Barr Harbour Dr.,P.O.box C-700West Conshohocken,Pennsylvania19428-2959,United StatesCopyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Wed Jan 20 07:22:07 EST 2010Downloaded/printed byGreg Coberly (Autocam+Corporation) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.ambient temperature,accompanying a unit change in tempera-ture identified by the midpoint temperature of the temperature range of measurement4.Summary of Test Method4.1This test method uses a thermomechanical analyzer or similar device to determine the linear thermal expansion of solid materials when subjected to a constant heating rate. 4.2The change of the specimen length is electronically recorded as a function of temperature.The coefficient of linear thermal expansion can be calculated from these recorded data.5.Significance and Use5.1Coefficients of linear thermal expansion are used,for example,for design purposes and to determine if failure by thermal stress may occur when a solid body composed of two different materials is subjected to temperature variations.5.2This test method is comparable to Test Method D3386 for testing electrical insulation materials,but it covers a more general group of solid materials and it defines test conditions more specifically.This test method uses a smaller specimen and substantially different apparatus than Test Methods E228 and D696.6.Apparatus6.1Thermomechanical Analyzers(TMA)—The essential in-strumentation required providing minimum thermomechanical analytical or thermodilatometric capability for this test method includes:6.1.1Rigid Specimen Holder,of inert,low expansivity material(#0.5µm/(m•°C))to center the specimen in the furnace and tofix the specimen to mechanical ground.6.1.2Rigid Expansion Probe,of inert,low expansivity material(#0.5µm/(m•°C))that contacts the specimen with an applied compressive force.6.1.3Sensing Element,linear over a minimum range of2 mm to measure the displacement of the rigid expansion probe to within650nm resulting from changes in length of the specimen.6.1.4Weight or Force Transducer,to generate a constant force of1to100m N(0.1to10g)that is applied through the rigid expansion probe to the specimen.6.1.5Furnace,capable of providing uniform controlled heating(cooling)of a specimen to a constant temperature or at a constant rate between2and10°C/min within the applicable temperatures range of between–150and1000°C.6.1.6Temperature Controller,capable of executing a spe-cific temperature program by operating the furnace between selected temperature limits at a rate of temperature change of 2to10°C/min constant to within60.1°C/min or at an isothermal temperature constant to60.5°C.6.1.7Temperature Sensor,that can be attached to,in contact with,or reproducibly positioned in close proximity to the specimen capable of indicating temperature to60.5°C.6.1.8A means of sustaining an environment around the specimen of inert gas at a purge gas rate of10to50mL/min. N OTE2—Typically,greater than99%pure nitrogen,argon,or helium is used when oxidation in air is a concern.Unless effects of moisture are to be studied,use of dry purge gas is recommended and is essential for operation at subambient temperatures.6.1.9Recording Device,capable of recording and display-ing any fraction of the specimen dimension signal(TMA curve),including signal noise,on the Y-axis versus any fraction of the temperature signal,including noise,on the X-axis. 6.2Cooling Capability,to sustain a subambient specimen temperature(if subambient measurements are to be made)or to hasten cool down of the specimen from elevated temperatures.6.3Micrometer,or other length-measuring device with a range of up to10mm to determine specimen dimensions to within625µm.7.Test Specimens7.1Specimens shall be between2and10mm in length and haveflat and parallel ends to within625µteral dimensions shall not exceed10mm.Other lengths may be used,but shall be noted in the report.N OTE3—It has been found with some materials that this level of flatness and parallelness cannot be attained.Specimens that do not meet these requirements may result in increased imprecision.7.2The specimens are ordinarily measured as received. Where some heat or mechanical treatment is applied to the specimen prior to test,this should be noted in the report.N OTE4—Some materials,particularly composites,may require heat treatment to condition the specimen prior to test to relieve stresses or distortions.Such heat treatment must be included in the report.8.Calibration8.1Prepare the instrument for operation according to the procedures in the manufacturer’s operation manual.8.2Calibrate the temperature signal using Test Method E1363.8.3Calibrate the length change signal using Test Method E2113at the same heating rate as that to be used for the test specimens.The observed expansion must be corrected for the difference in expansion between the specimen holder and probe obtained from a blank run in which no sample or a specimen of the material of construction of the probe is run.(see10.1).9.Procedure9.1Measure the initial specimen length in the direction of the expansion test to625µm at20to25°C.N OTE5—Direct readout of zero position and specimen length using the analyzer sensing element,where available,with a sufficient range has been found to be an accurate means of length determination.9.2Place the specimen in the specimen holder under the probe.Place the specimen temperature sensor in contact with the specimen or as near to the specimen as possible.9.3Move the furnace to enclose the specimen holder.If measurements at subambient temperature are to be made,cool the specimen to at least20°C below the lowest temperature of interest.The refrigerant used for cooling shall not come into direct contact with the specimen.9.4Apply an appropriate load force to the sensing probe to ensure that it is in contact with the specimen.Depending on the compressibility of the specimen and the temperature range to be investigated,a force of between1and100mN(0.1to10g)is adequate.The actual incremental force,mass,or stress above that required to make contact with zero force shall be noted in the report.9.5Select appropriate ordinate and abcissa range sensitivity settings on the graphical representation.N OTE 6—Normally,the expansion increases with the increase in temperature as shown in the schematic diagram of Fig.1.An abrupt change in slope of the expansion curve indicates a transition of the material from one state to another.9.6Heat the specimen at a constant heating rate of 5°C/min over the desired temperature range and record the changes in specimen length and temperature to all available decimal places.Other heating rates may be used but shall be noted in the report.N OTE 7—For best results,specimen temperature gradients should be small.High heating rates,large specimen sizes,and low specimen thermal conductivity may lead to large specimen temperature gradients.The effects of specimen temperature gradients may be compensated for by correction found through the use of suitable reference materials whose size and thermal conductivity are close to that of the test specimen.N OTE 8—Intralaboratory testing indicates that no detectable increase in imprecision is observed for specimen sizes from 2to 10mm in length,for heating rates from 2to 10°C/min,and for thermal conductivities from 0.2to 400W/(m·°C)if only one parameter is changed.9.7Measure the measurement instrument baseline by re-peating 9.3through 9.6using the same test parameters but without a test specimen,that is,with the probe in contact with the specimen holder.The measured D L for the specimen should normally be corrected for this instrument baseline,especially for low expansion specimens.9.8Test at least three specimens of the same material.Retest of a specimen may be used only as reference and shall not be treated as an independent test of a new specimen.10.Calculation10.1Calculate the mean coefficient of linear thermal expan-sion rounded to the nearest 0.1µm/(m·°C)for a desired temperature range as follows:a m 5D L sp 3k L 3D T (1)k 5a ref 3L ref 3D T refD L ref(2)where:a m –m (T)=mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion,µm/(m·°C),a ref =mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion,for reference material,µm/(m·°C)(see 8.3),k =calibration coefficient,from Test Method E 2113,L =specimen length at room temperature,m,D L ref =change of reference material length due to heating,µm,L ref =reference material length at room tempera-ture,m,D L sp =change of specimen length,µm,D T ref =temperature difference over which the change in reference material length is mea-sured,°C,typically 100°C,D T =temperature difference over which the change in specimen length is measured,°C,T=midpoint temperature of the temperature range D T,andN OTE 9—For low-expansion specimens,D L should be corrected for the expansion of the sample holder displaced by the specimen.D L sp ~or D L ref !5D L obs 1L D T a holder 2D L blank(3)where:D L obs =measured change in length,µm,a holder=mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion for holder,µm/(m·°C),andD L blank =change of baseline due to heating,µm.If the holder is composed of vitreous silica,a holder =0.5260.02µm/(m·°C)from 20to 700°C.10.2Select a D T from a smooth portion of the thermal curves in the desired temperature range symmetically around the temperature of interest;then obtain D L as depicted in Fig.1.The a m shall not be calculated from a temperature range in which a transition point is noted.N OTE 10—Values for D T generally range between 50and 100°C.Values less than 50°C may lead to poor precision;values greater than 100°C may mask small change in the expansion coefficient.11.Report11.1The report shall include the following:11.1.1Designation of the material,including the name of the manufacturer and information on lot number and chemical composition when known,11.1.2Specimen orientation with respect to the original part or the direction of the oriented fiber fillers if a composite material is used,11.1.3Method of test specimen preparation,11.1.4Dimensions of the specimen,FIG.1Specimen Expansion Versus Temperature11.1.5Description of the thermomechanical analysis appa-ratus,including manufacturer and model number,11.1.6Purge gas and cooling medium,if used,11.1.7The midpoint temperature (T)and the temperature range (D T)at which the coefficient of linear thermal expansion has been determined,11.1.8Average value of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion inµm/(m·°C)as determined from three specimens,11.1.9Expansion curves obtained,and11.1.10The specific dated version of this test method used.12.Precision and Bias 612.1Precision of thermal expansion measurements depends on the length of the specimen,the temperature range of interest,and the change in the specimen length.Maximum imprecision in the calculated coefficient of linear thermal expansion may be estimated from the imprecisions in the individual measurements by the following equation.d a /a m 5[~dD L /6D L !21~d L /L !21~dD T /D T !2#1/2(4)where:a m =mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion,µm/(m·°C),d a=imprecision in the measurement of a ,µm/(m·°C),D L =change of specimen length due to heating,µm,dD L =imprecision in the measurement of D L,µm,L =specimen length at room temperature,m,d L =imprecision in the measurement of L,m,D T =temperature difference over which the change inspecimen length is measured,°C,anddD T =imprecision in the measurement of D T,°C.12.1.1Example:L 58mm (5)d L 5625µm (6)D L 560µm (7)dD L 561µm (8)D T 5100°C (9)dD T 560.5°C(10)d a /a m 5[~1µm/60µm !21~2531026m/831023m !21~0.5°C /100°C !2#1/2(11)or expressed as percent:d a /a m 561.8%(12)12.1.2Intralaboratory precision measurements confirm the relationship above.12.2Interlaboratory precision of this method for coefficient of thermal expansion was determined from the results of a round robin in which eight laboratories using six instrument models participated.12.2.1For materials with a >20µm/(m·°C),interlaboratory precision on specimens 8mm in length,measured over a 100°C temperature range,was 62.6%with a maximum deviation of 3.7%.12.2.2For materials with 20>a >5µm/(m·°C),interlabo-ratory precision on specimens 8mm in length,measured over a 100°C temperature range,was 65.1%with a maximum deviation of 7.8%.12.2.3For materials with 5>a >1µm/(m·°C),interlabo-ratory precision on specimens 8mm in length,measured over a 100°C temperature range,was 612%with a maximum deviation of 61%.12.2.4For materials with a >5µm/(m·°C),intralaboratory precision on specimens 8mm in length,measured over a 100°C temperature range,was 61.8%with a maximum deviation of 5.8%.12.3The following criteria should be used for judging the acceptability of results:12.3.1(Single Instrument)—The standard deviation of re-sults obtained by the same instrument and laboratory has been estimated to be 0.97µm/(m·°C)at 32degrees of freedom.Two results should be considered suspect (95%confidence level)if they differ by more than 2.7µm/(m·°C).12.3.2(Multi-Instrument)—The standard deviation of re-sults (each the average of duplicates)obtained by different instruments or laboratories,has been estimated to be 1.1µm/(m·°C)at 4degrees of freedom.Two such averages should be considered suspect (95%confidence level)if they differ by more than 3.1µm/(m·°C).12.4Accuracy is anticipated,from calculations,to be a function of specimen size and magnitude of the coefficient of thermal expansion varying from <62%for a >20µm/(m·°C)to >615%for a <5µm/(m·°C).12.4.1An estimation of the accuracy of the coefficient of thermal expansion measurement was obtained by comparing the mean of triplicate determinations performed in a single laboratory with values reported in the literature.Based on this comparison,the accuracy of the measurement is estimated to be +5.4%.MaterialTestingCoefficient of Expansion,µm/(m·°C),at 50°C Litera-tureCopper Lead 17.860.930.961.316.9129.3313.Keywords13.1linear expansion;solid materials;thermal expansion coefficient;thermomechanical analysis6Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters.Request RR:E37-1000.REFERENCES(2)Barton,J.M.,Thermochimica Acta,V ol29,1979,p.188.(1)Gaskill,R.,and Barrall,E.M.,Thermochimica Acta,V ol12,1975,p.102.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the riskof infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyfive years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website().。

热镀锌专业英语单词表一、equipments of the line：生产线设备entry section：入口段cleaning section：清洗段coating section：镀锌段exit section：出口段1、entry coil car：入口钢卷小车entry section saddle：入口钢卷鞍座hot-rolled steel strip，hot strip：热轧钢板cold-rolled steel strip，cold strip：冷轧带钢coil car frame：车架lift platen：提升盘hydraulic lift cylinder：提升液压缸hydraulic motor：液压马达power track：拖链hose and cable：软管和电缆AC motor：交流电机speed reducer & coupling：减速机和联轴器rail and support：轨道和支撑架support rollers with bearings：带轴承的支撑辊moving floor plates：活动盖板drive chain：传动链、主动链sprockets ＆bearings：链轮和轴承coil centering instruments support：钢卷对中装置支撑rails and supporting beams：轨道和支撑梁hydraulic piping：液压配管grease manifold block：干油油路块hydraulic hose：液压软管coil storage saddle：钢卷存放鞍座rubber pad：橡胶垫coil saddle with driven roll：带传动辊的钢卷鞍座fabricated frame：预制框架main frame：主框架idle roll：惰辊motorized roll：马达传动辊entry walking beam：入口步进梁beam with saddle：带鞍座的梁spacer：垫片，定位块boggie frame：车架bearings with seals：带密封的轴承bush：衬套carbon steel piping：碳钢管道pipe clamping：管夹grease lubrication：干油润滑manifold block with nipples：带喷嘴的油路块piping + accessories：配管＋附件lining pad：耐磨衬垫sub frame：分框架frame moving up and down：框架升降rolling beam with saddles：带鞍座的滚动梁anti-tilting rollers：防倾辊rack and pinion：齿条和小齿轮coupling for hyd-gear motor：液压齿轮马达的联轴节shaft：轴chocks with bearings and seals：带轴承和密封的轴承座rail way and accessories：轨道和辅件2、payoff reel：开卷机、拆卷机snubber roll：压辊strip front end：带头strip tail end；带尾reducer：减速机electric motor：电机sub-base：机座side-set hydraulic cylinder：侧移液压缸mandrel shaft bearings：卷筒轴支撑mandrel and shaft：卷筒和轴mandrel expansion hydraulic cylinder：卷筒涨缩液压缸disc brake：盘式制动器rubber sleeve：橡胶套筒outboard bearing：外支撑轴承base and arm：机座和臂mobile and fixed frame：活动和固定框架shifting cylinder：横移缸mandrel bearing：卷筒轴承rotary joint cylinder：回转接头缸electropneumatic brake：电/气制动器elastical coupling with disc：带盘片的弹性连轴器gear box：齿轮箱grease lubrication ：干油润滑oil lubrication unit ：稀油润滑单元3、threading table and magnetic threading conveyor：穿带台和磁力穿带皮带payoff strip guide：开卷机带钢导向sensor：传感器control system：控制系统hydraulic actuator：液压执行机构threading speed：穿带速度telescopic table：伸缩导板Pn. for telescopic table：伸缩导板的气动装置Hy. for telescopic table：伸缩导板的液压装置hydraulic hose：液压软管feed table：穿带台steel frame：钢结构jog speed：精密送料速度table extension hydraulic cylinder：导板伸缩液压缸table lift hydraulic cylinder：导板提升液压缸permanent magnet：永磁铁top roll drive shaft：上辊传动轴pinch roll：夹送辊pinch roll clamp hydraulic cylinder：夹送辊夹紧液压缸4、strip straightener and entry shear：带钢直头机和入口剪entry thickness gauge: 入口测厚仪overthickness：超厚tilting table：斜导板deflector roll：转向辊shear blade：剪刃shear cut hydraulic cylinder：剪切液压缸5、scrap handling system：废料收集装置steel scrap table：带钢废料溜板scrap table hydraulic cylinder：废料溜板液压缸entry scrap cart：入口废料车scrap cart frame：废料车框架scrap cart rails and supports：废料车轨道和底座drive chain, sprockets & bearings：传动链、链轮和轴承retracting cable reel：电缆卷筒scrap tub：废料斗belt conveyor：皮带运输机scrap box，scrap bin：废料箱6、carryover conveyor：运输皮带continuous belt：无极皮带low inertia roll：低惯量辊electric gear-motor：电动齿轮马达chain drive with sprockets：带链轮的链传动belt sheaves and bearings：皮带滑轮和轴承scrap collection system：废料收集系统common pinch roll：公用夹送辊7、welder：焊机lap seam welding；overlap welding：搭接电阻焊narrow lap welding：窄搭接焊prep/lap seam welding：准备/搭接焊welding wheel：焊轮scrap removal system at welder：焊机处废料移出系统track：轨道blade：刀刃、剪刃blades support：刀架sub frame：下支架limit switches：极限开关flexible hoses：柔性软管pneumatic cylinder：气缸shiftable frame：可移动框架servomotor：伺服电机pneumatic panel：配气板carriage：车架carriage guiding：车架导轨supporting frame：支架thermal control quality sensor：热控制质量传感器hook：钩，吊钩centering device：对中装置entry clamp：入口夹钳exit clamp：出口夹钳upper shear：上剪lower shear：下剪upper shear blade：上剪剪刃primary circuit：初级电路secondary circuit：二级电路welding transformer：焊接变压器puncher：冲头die：冲模upper welding head：上焊头lower welding head：下焊头welding whee：焊轮planisher roll：压轮upper planisher：上压轮lower planisher：下压轮notcher：月牙剪notching head supporting：月牙剪头部支撑connection box：接线箱filter：过滤器pneumatic cylinder：气压缸position sensor：位置传感器diode：二极管diode rectifier：二极管整流器inverter：变频器thyristor：精闸管flow meter：流量计8、bridle roll unit ：张紧辊装置gear reducers：齿轮减速器bridle roll drive couplings：张力辊驱动联轴器snubber roll hydraulic cylinder：压辊液压缸tensiometer roll：测张辊pillow blocks with bearings：带轴承的轴瓦块gear couplings：齿轮联轴器frame motorisation & accessories：机架传动和附件electropneumatic brake with disc：带圆盘的气动抱闸elastical coupling：弹性连轴器cardan shaft for snubber roll：压辊的万向节steering unit before entry looper：入口活套前的纠偏sensor supporting frame：传感器支座框架winch：绞车，卷扬机electropneumatic brake：气动抱闸elastical coupling：弹性连轴器counterweight：配重，平衡set of pulley：滑轮组9、steering unit：纠偏装置steering frame：纠偏架子sensor and mounting：传感器和配件steering unit support structure：纠偏装置支撑结构hydraulic actuator：液压执行机构10、entry accumulator：入口活套exit accumulator：出口活套filling sequence of looper：活套充套时序emptying sequence of looper：活套清空时序fabricated structural steel frame：预制钢结构fixed carriage：固定小车moving carriage and counter-weights：活动小车和配重strip clamp assembly：钢带夹具装配clamp hydraulic cylinder：夹紧液压缸gear reducers：齿轮减速机couplings and disk brake：联轴器和盘式制动器drive shaft：传动轴limit switches：限位开关、极限开关11、cleaning section ：清洗段alkali liquor，alkaline liquor：碱液ultrafiltration n.. 超滤pre-rinse：预冲洗、预漂洗rinse：漂洗、冲洗chemical cleaning：化学清洗electrolytic cleaning：电解清洗D.I. water rinse：脱盐水漂洗段D.I. water/desalting water：脱盐水industrial water：工业水recycled water：循环水cooling water，water coolant：冷却水handrail n. 栏杆, 扶手reference n. 提及, 涉及, 参考, 参考书目stairway n. 楼梯on site adv. 在现场view n. 视野,剖面annex n. 附件summary n. 摘要,概要water drain system n.. 排水系统magnetic n.带磁性的sludge n.污泥preparation tank n. 预备槽spraying：喷洗brushing：刷洗brushes，shafts and bearings：刷子、轴和轴承brush rotary joints：刷子旋转接头brush AC motor：刷子交流电机back-up rolls and bearings：支撑辊和轴承back-up roll hydraulic cylinder：支撑辊液压缸jacks，shafts，couplings：接头、轴和联轴器antifoam：消泡剂spray chambers and covers：喷射仓和盖spray bar，nozzle：喷嘴reservoir：水槽brushing and rinsing unit：:刷洗和漂洗装置hot water pressure washing：高压热水清洗pressure washing unit：高压清洗装置electrolytic cleaning：电解清洗sump pump：排污泵two rolls type tensiometric system：二辊式测张辊squeegee roll：挤干辊proximity switches：接近开关manual valve：手动阀solenoid/automatic valves：电磁阀/自动阀pipes，filter：管道、过滤器flanges，screens：法兰、筛pump and motor：泵和电机heat exchanger：热交换器thermocouple：热电偶rtd(resistance temperature detector)：电阻式温度检测器level detector：液位检测仪conductivity-meter：电导率测量仪oil seperator：油水分离器air filter and regulator：空气过滤器和调节器regulator：n.调整者, 校准者, 调整器, 标准仪air pump：气泵oil separation rings：油水分离环oil separator tank：油水分离箱hot air dryer：热空气烘干12、annealing furnace：退火炉the vertical annealing furnace 立式退火炉recrystallization annealing：再结晶退火non-oxidizing heating：无氧化加热snout：炉鼻子entry lock：入口锁紧装置seal roll：密封辊preheating section：预热段heating section：加热段slow cooling section：缓冷段rapid cooling section：快冷段equalising section：均衡段exit section：出口段radiant tube：辐射管burner：烧嘴turbulent：n.紊流的，湍流的，涡旋的leakage：泄漏preheating and heating furnace：预热和加热炉soaking furnace：均热炉jet cooling section：喷气冷却段homogenization zone：均衡段quench 水淬plenum：风箱heat exchanger：换热器mild steel 软钢，低碳钢ceramic fibre：陶瓷纤维heat buckle：热瓢曲stand-by：备用spark：火花ignition：点火flame：火焰burner：烧嘴centrifugally-cast：离心铸造heat-resistant：耐热static cast：静态铸造recuperator：换热器pyrometer：高温计negative：负的optimal：最佳的by-pass：旁通butterfly valve：蝶阀expansion vessel：膨胀箱make-up water：补充水guide roll：导向辊pneumatic cylinder：气缸compensator：膨胀节the scanning pyrometer：扫描式高温计13、coating section：镀锌段zinc pot：锌锅ingot feeding system：加锌系统lift platform：提升平台sink roll：沉没辊correcting roll：纠正辊dross removal system：浮渣移除系统handling crane for bath equipment：锌锅设备吊车coating gauge (cold type)：镀层测厚仪(冷镀层)induction heating coil：感应加热线圈dc cubicle：直流柜cooling water recirculation：冷却水循环系统rectifier：整流器discharge diode：放电二极管filter capacitor：滤波电容器circuit breaker：断路器inductor：感应器inductors steel casing：感应器钢外壳power supply：电源dc control circuit：直流电控制电路rectifier pulse amplifier：整流器脉冲放大器fuse：保险丝，熔丝earth protection：接地保护plain bearing：滑动轴承inductive proximity switch：感应接近开关bellows：风箱induction heating：感应加热aluminum：n.铝zinc ingot：锌锭melting point：熔点dross：浮渣passivant：钝化剂bath equipment and jet wiping system：锌锅和气刀handling crane：天车14、air knife：气刀fan with silencer：带消音器的风机air knives positioner：气刀定位器skewing：偏移，歪扭nitrogen control equipment：氮气控制设备touch roll unit for ga only：接触辊（仅对ga板）stabilizing roll：稳定辊hinge：铰链ceramic sleeve：陶瓷轴套sink roll rig：沉没辊塔吊tungsten carbide coating：碳化钨涂层pneumatical sink roll scraper：气动沉没辊刮刀preheating furnace 预热炉blower motor：风机马达edge coating control device：边部镀层控制设备variable nozzle gap width adjustment：喷嘴宽度调整pressure transmitter：压力传感器stepper motor control distance：步进电机控制距离knife lips (1 set = 1 upper- and 1 lower lip)：刀唇sink roll scraper blade：沉没辊刮刀gasket：垫圈, 衬垫rotary joints：旋转接头supply ductwork with flanges：带法兰的管道compressed air 压缩空气heater：加热器demineralized water：软化水，脱盐水circulation water：循环水15、cooling section after coating：镀后冷却段water quench：水冷（水淬）cooling tower steel structure：冷却塔钢结构water cooling section：水冷段air cooling section：空冷段16、skin pass mill and tension leveler：光整机和张力拉矫机back-up roll assembly：支撑辊装配work roll：工作辊roll change equipment：换辊设备wringer roll：挤干辊skp-tl ：光整机－拉矫机dust protection：防尘保护washing after skin pass：光整后清洗filtering circuit：过滤回路exhaust pumps：排出泵hp circulation pumps：高压循环泵inflatable joint：膨胀接头hot air dryer：热风烘干装置casing：箱体duct：管道thermal insulation：隔热，热绝缘,绝热air blow off：鼓风temper mill housing：光整机牌坊spraying nozzle：喷嘴anti crimping roll：防缠辊billy roll：防皱辊thrust bearings：止推轴承temper mill back-up rolls：光整机支撑辊temper mill work rolls：光整机工作辊pneumatic brake：气压制动器temper mill roll change equipment：光整机更换设备proportional valve：比例阀pressure switch：压力开关temperature switch：温度开关flowmeter：流量计electric heater：电加热器temper mill pneumatic valve stand：光整机气动阀台bearing block：轴承座gear motor：齿轮马达forced lubrication system：强制润滑系统manual pump：手动泵hp circulation pumps：高压循环泵inflatable joint：膨胀节hot air dryer：热风干机thermal insulation：热绝缘stainless steel：不锈钢manual valves：手控阀hydraulic power station：液压站oil tank：油罐check valve and filter：止回阀和过滤器turret type side trimmer：塔型切边剪universal joint shaft：万向接轴vibration meter：测振计infrared thermometer：红外温度计shim：垫片17、chromating section：铬酸盐处理段（钝化处理）spraying chromating unit：钝化液喷射系统roll chromating and squeegee roll：食料辊和涂辊18、chemical coater：化学涂机lift roll with bearings：带轴承的提升辊applicator rolls and bearings：涂覆辊和轴承pick-up rolls and bearings：食料辊和轴承gear reducers and couplings：齿轮减速箱和联轴器drive shaft and roll adapter：传动轴和辊子转接器adapter：适配器、转接器、转换接头drive stand：传动架vertical roll coater (including rails, cable chain)立式辊涂机(包括轨道和动力拖链)cover pits, hand railing：地坑盖板，栏杆roll storage rack：辊子存放台架roughness gauge：粗糙度测量仪waste storage tank：废液储槽circulation pump (pneumatic) and feed pump：循环泵(气动) 和供送泵electrical heater & agitator：电加热器和搅拌器indicators & filter：指示器和过滤器waste water pump：废水泵portable pneumatic pump：便携式气动泵19、chemical product storage/circulation system：化学品储存/循环系统pneumatic pump：气泵storage tank：存贮槽diaphragm pump：隔膜泵，膜片泵re-circulating tank：再循环槽solenoid valves/automatic valves：电磁阀/自动阀air filter：空气过滤器chemical product filter：化学品过滤器level indicator：液位指示器20、hot air chemicals drying oven：热风化学干燥器insulated panel oven enclosure：炉墙绝热板oven door relief latches：炉门卸压插销latch：n.插销(挡器,寄存器)；vt.闩上(封闭,抓住)internal ductwork with nozzles：带喷嘴的内部管道circulation fan and motor：循环风机和电机oven exhaust fan and motor：炉子排气风机和电机exhaust ductwork：排放管道exhaust ductwork supports：排放管道支架instrumentation：仪表modulating dampers with actuators：带执行器的调节阀modulate：vt.调整, 调节, (信号)调制damper：挡板21、waste heat hot water heater：余热回收热水交换器air/ water heat exchanger：水/气换热器id fan and motor：引风风机和电机insulated ductwork：绝热管道non-insulated ductwork：非绝热管道ductwork support：管道支撑22、vapor exhaust system：蒸汽排放compressed air：压缩空气steam：蒸汽native gas，natural gas，rock gas：天然气blast furnace gas：高炉煤气coke oven gas：焦炉煤气mixed gas：混合煤气hydrogen，hydrogen gas：氢气nitrogen，nitrogen gas：氮气ammonia：.氨combustion gas，burning gas：燃烧气体protective gas，shielding gas：保护气体recirculation fan：循环风机centrifugal fan：离心式风机，离心式风扇ductwork with flange：带法兰的管道ductwork：管道系统ductwork support to blower：风机的管道支撑mist eliminator：除雾器23、exit section :出口段inspection area：检查区域stroboscopic：频闪的(频闪观测的)stroboscopic light：频闪观测灯fluorescent：荧光的；发荧光的fluorescent lamp：荧光灯horizontal inspection stand：水平检查台vertical inspection stand：垂直检查台exit shear：出口剪scrap and sample removal system：废料和样品移出系统exit deflector pinch roll：出口转向夹送辊24、tension reel：卷取机belt wrapper：皮带助卷器steel frame-fixed：固定钢结构steel frame-pivoting：旋转钢结构pivot hydraulic cylinder：旋转液压缸tuck arm hydraulic cylinder：卷臂液压缸idle rollers with shafts and bearings：带轴和轴承的惰辊tension hydraulic cylinder：张紧液压缸safety pin hydraulic cylinder：安全销液压缸bottom snubber roll：底部压辊25、exit coil car with weighing equipment：带称重装置的出口钢卷小车automatic strapping machine：自动打捆机manual strapping machine：手动（人工）打捆机weighing stand：称重台electronic weighing equipment：电子称重设备label printer：标签打印机special cable：特殊电缆exit coil saddle：出口钢卷鞍座26、clinical laboratory：检化验室corrosion：腐蚀yield strength：屈服强度tensile strength：抗拉强度surface contamination：表面残留物ageing，ageing effect：时效deep drawing：深冲extra-deep drawing：超深冲edge crack，edge breaks，edge fracture：边裂superficial hardness：表面硬度roughness meter：粗糙度检测仪hardness gauge：硬度计surface hardness gauge：表面硬度计二、auxiliary equipment：公辅设施1、hydraulic system：液压系统entry and exit power unit：入口和出口液压站structure，tank ＆drip tray：结构、油箱和化霜水盘hydraulic piping：液压管路cooling heat exchanger：冷却热交换器double acting hydraulic cylinder：双作用液压缸hydraulic jack：液压起重器，液压千斤顶hydraulic actuator：液压执行元件，液压执行机构，centralized lubrication system：集中润滑系统valve stand：阀台integral piping：整体管网directional valves：换向阀control panel：控制面板2、electrical system：电气系统rectifier：整流器photoelectric：光电的booster：增压器，调压机，升压器logging：记录，记入，记录器，记录air circuit breaker(acb)：气动断路器double single-pole circuit breakers：双单极断路器absolute position encoder：绝对位置编码器low pressure switch：低压开关electrovalve：电动阀weld point detector：焊点探测器automatic elongation control (aec)：自动延伸控制hydraulic gap control (hgc)：液压开口控制terminal box：接线盒，终端盒，端子盒remote operator panel：远程操作面板pulse generator：脉冲发生器gamma ray source：γ射线源ionisation chamber：电离室sound level meter：噪声计infrared thermometer：红外温度计3、pneumatic system：气动系统filter-regulator/gauge-oiler：过滤－调节/计量加油器muffler：消音器speed control valves：速度控制阀instrument air supply filters：仪表空气供给过滤器4、hot water production system：热水系统hot water pumps ＆motors：热水泵和电机hot water expansion tank：热水箱hot water control valves：热水控制阀safety relief valves：安全阀level control：液位控制5、ventilation system：通风系统supply ductwork：供气管道fire dampers：火焰调节阀balancing dampers：平衡阀exhaust ductwork：排气管道6、fire detection and fighting system：火焰探测和消防系统fire system controller：防火控制器heat sensor：热传感器discharge nozzles：排放喷嘴fire damper release：爆炸气体释放阀alarm：警报器cylinder discharge valve：气缸排放阀roller chain：辊子链safety gates and fencing：安全门和围栏7、service hoist：电葫芦pneumatic hoist：气动葫芦electrical hoist：电葫芦monorail structure：单轨结构件pneumatic hose ＆festoon：气动软管和夹8、steel structure：钢结构exit support structure：出口段支撑钢结构stairs，ladders and service platforms：楼梯、阶梯和平台access、gangway and platforms：通道、走道和平台9、interconnecting piping：联接管网water piping：水管air piping：气管hydraulic piping：液压管pipe work support：管网支撑lubrication piping：润滑管网hydraulic valves on piping：管上液压阀hydraulic connection fittings at take over point：节点处的液压连接配件connection fittings：连接配件热镀锌专业英语选段1. PAY OFF REELFunction- To transfer strip to the welder with automatic centering.- To ensure continuous strip unwinding to the line under regulated tension.DescriptionThe pay off reel mainly includes :- an expansible mandrel,- a gear box,- a mobile frame supporting the gear box and drive unit,- a stationary frame.- a stripper plateThe mandrel is made of the following elements :- a sleeve in special iron GGG 70- 4 segments in nitrided steel (superficial hardness 500 to 600 HV5, on a depth of 0,3 mm minimum)- Wear plates in 42 Cr Mo 4, nitrided- Each segment includes 5 wedges- Mandrel shaft made of 30 Cr Ni Mo 4 (90/105 kg/mm²)- Central expansion rod connected to a rotating expansion cylinder- Linear transducer mounted on the mandrel, for purpose of precise measure of actual inner coil diameter- 2 conical bearings are mounted at mandrel end for the mandrel nose - Grease lubrication, by hand pump without any dismounting.The gear box is manufactured with a horizontal joint and includes 2 stages of gears.The frame is made of welded and machined steel.Gears are of helical type, made of steel treated at 100 kg/mm². Gearings and bearings calculated for a service life of 50.000 hours at maximum speed and load. The bearings of mandrel shaft are selected in order to have a zero play.The mobile frame is of machined welded steel. It moves on the staticframe through a hydraulic cylinder.The static frame is of welded steel design, anchored to foundation.A system of machined ways (one flat, one V-shaped) and counter slides provided with bronze wear plates.The stripper plate includes a pushing plate actuated by hydraulic cylinder. In an out movement guided by 2 rods moving in bushings mounted on the housing of the gearbox.Still stand disc brake between motor and gearbox actuated by electro-pneumatic brake.2. ENTRY SHEARFunctionTo cut off the unconforming head and tail of the coils. Shear actuation controlled by PLC of entry section, based on:- overthickness information coming from level 2- entry thickness gauges if implemented in the future.Description“Start-stop” upcut shear of guillotine type, cuts strip when stopped by means of a pinch roll pneumatically pressed and a spring loaded clamping device.- The upper blade is fixed; the lower blade is movable and actuated by hydraulic cylinder, articulated rod and double levers in V.A special pin is provided to avoid any shearing operation during the maintenance periods.Blades are in special steel x 100CrMoV51; each has four cutting edges for low maintenance and long life. The moveable blade has a slight slope, and the fixed one is straight.The moving holder slides in machined ways on the shear side frame. These ways are lined with replacement brass wear plates.- The rigid frame is of fabricated welded design. Guides and supports are mounted so as to avoid hurting of the26ends during feeding and contact with blades while running. - Just before the shear blades, a low pinch roll unit is mounted, actuated by 2 pneumatic cylinders with rack and pinion system for synchronisation. Top roll is fixed and driven by hydraulic motor, the bottom roll is moveable and idle. The purpose of this pinch roll is to clamp the strip during cutting sequence, to thread the front end of strip into the shear, and to discharge the last crop end.A photocell in combination with a pulse generator signal, ensures that the latter is long enough (to avoid the falling of small residual pieces in the machine).Note:The shear item 168, at bottom pass line, includes a second pinch roll unit, identical to the pinch roll here above, and mounted on the frame of the shear, at exit side. The purpose of this additional item is to deliver the scrap pieces onto the conveyor dedicated to the removal of scraps in cross direction at bottom pass line (see item 172).- For purpose of easy maintenance, the N° 1 and N° 2 shear housings are mounted on slides; with this system, the two superposed shears can be transferred off line by an auxiliary manual hoist.- The gap between the blades is adjusted manually by a screw system.273. WelderCarriageThe carriage will be moved by means of AC-servo motor of changeable speed through ball screw.The carriage will move at right angles with the strip, supported by guide ways which are fitted to the main base.A shearing mechanism, welding electrode mechanism, welding transformer, etc. are incorporated in the carriage. The carriage will conduct welding by moving to driving side (DS).Shearing unitThe welding machine has a double cut shear available for simultaneous cut of leading and trailing coils having been clamped to make correct lapping of the both ends of leading and trailing strips. The relationship between upper and lower parts can be located correctly by means of the guide pins.Electrode headsThe upper and lower electrode heads are composed of an electrode housing of copper alloy ,and electrode shaft subjected to internal water cooling effect, electrode wheel, bushes, caps, etc. They are available for easy conversion of electrode wheel.The changing time for complete electrode assembly:3 min per one piece under normal condition.Clamping unit28A beam-type clamping unit will be equipped on the entry and exit sides of the main base.The entry clamp will clamp trailing coils, move in the line direction after sheared, and lap both ends of the strips. When the entry clamp moves for lapping, the exit clamp will incline the leading coil so that the both ends of the coils may not come in contact with it.4. FURNACE GENERAL DISPOSITIONThe proposed furnace is of the vertical continuous annealing type suitable for processing strip to automotive quality.The main characteristics of the proposed equipment are: - A preheating section able to heat up the strip by recovering heat in the exhaustgases of the heating section. The advantages of the preheat section are:- the preheating section will provide an energy saving of approximately 7 to 8%on the gas consumption.- the strip temperature at the exit of the preheat section will be around 180 to200°C and the thermal shocks on the first deflector rolls of the heating sectionwill be decreased. This is very favorable for the life time of the rolls and the29strip tracking.- the strip is heated by blowing hot atmosphere gases on the strip, providing an efficient cleaning of the surface.- A multipurpose heating section provided with complete radiant tube heating capacity. This arrangement is the most suitable to the actual requirements for the following reasons:- in combination with the preceding electrolytic cleaning section, it guaranteesthe zinc adherence in continuous and transient operations. - the moderate furnace temperature in the radiant tube heating section will guarantee the absence of any adverse effects on the thin strip during line stops and transient operations.- heat recovery of the strip’s energy consumption is the maximum possible andthe final hot water production is in accordance with the technical requirements of the cleaning section.- maximum flexibility of operation is achieved by the use of light internal insulation and the homogeneous conception of the furnace.- A slow cooling section before the rapid cooling section. - A rapid cooling section of type XSQ able to provide a cooling rate of 45°C/s for DP and TRIP material of 2.3 mm thickness and deliver to the equalising section a strip with uniform transverse temperature.30- A holding section able to hold and equalise the strip temperature and to provide a buffer area between the coating section and the rapid cooling section.- An exit section incorporating a bridle roll set suitable to deliver into the zinc pot a strip under high tension necessary to provide stability through the zinc wiping system.- Mobile and fixed electrically heated galvanneal soaking sections.- A cold-air after-pot cooling section.- A pair of water cooled deflector rolls at the top of the tower.- A final air-cooling section to decrease the temperature before the water tank.- A water-cooling section including spray quench tank, wringer rolls and dryer.5. CERAMIC COATING POTPot-1 pot of arc-welded steel sheet and sections with 2 connecting flanges for the inductors;-Bath level control device by laser (see item 13);cable track-thermocouple, one in operation and one in back-up . Type K thermocouples are in a SS protection tube (length: 500mm). Final position to be defined on site according theingot charging and cleaning positions.Two inductors550 kW ，each comprising :- 1 inductor core of laminated grain-orientated sheet;- 1 inductor casing of welded steel sheet;- 2 coils;2 fans for cooling each inductor.2 Pt100 sensors to measure the bushing temperature.All inductors would be provided with one common channel ramming former.Steel shellSet of engineering for the main coating pot welded steel casing, for local manufacture by the Customer. The coating pot is designed with a reinforced base to permit the mobile operation.6 air knivesair knivesEach air knife is designed as one unit consisting of fixation traverse and knife.Consoles with centering pins are fixed at the front sides of the fixation traverses. When lodging the knives into the centering pins of the horizontal location consoles of the air knife system these centering pins are lowered. On the fixation traverses the quick-connection for the stripping medium hose and a console with rapid action coupling forthe connection of the pressure transmitter <internal knife pressure> are provided.sink rollThe sink roll traverse is fixed to both location consoles by screw connections. In the assembly trestle the sink roll arms are horizontally adjustable by 60 mm for zero point adjustment (passline adjustment).Thus the sink roll can be used from 800 mm to min. 730 mm diameter.The bearing shell in the sink roll arm consists of highly wear resistant ceramic and is designed as a bi-surface bearing (prism bearing). The ceramic prism bearing in combination with the Stellite bearing bushes of the roll guarantees a travel of the sink roll without vibrations. stabilization rollIn the assembly trestle the stabilization roll arms are horizontally adjustable by 40 mm for zero point adjustment (passline adjustment). Thus the stabilization roll ∅ 250 can be used up to min. ∅ 190. The stabilization roll traverse is fixed at both location consoles of the adjustment device Pos. 1.1.6 by screw connections and centering pins.The bearing shell in the roll arm consists of highly wear resistant ceramic and is designed as a bi-surface bearing. The ceramic bi-surface bearing in combination with the Stellite bearing bushes of the roll with a roll diameter of 250 mm guarantees a travel of the stabilization roll free of。

IT-180ABS/IT-180ATCHigh Tg, Low CTE, Multifunctional Filled Epoxy Resin and Phenolic-Cured Laminate & PrepregIT-180A is an advanced high Tg (175℃ by DSC) multifunctional filled epoxy with low CTE, high thermal reliability and CAF resistance. It’s design for high layer PCB and can pass 260℃ Lead free assembly and sequential lamination process.Key Features =============================== Advanced High Tg Resin TechnologyIndustrial standard material with high Tg (175℃ by DSC) multifunctional filled epoxy resin and excellent thermal reliability.Lead-Free Assembly CompatibleRoHS compliant and suitable for high thermal reliability needs, and Lead free assemblies with a maximum reflow temperature of 260℃. Friendly Processing and CAF ResistanceFriendly PCB process like high Tg FR4. Users can short the learning curve when using this material.CAF ResistanceLow thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) helps to excellent thermal reliability and CAF resistance providing long-term reliability for industrial boards and automobile application.Available in Variety of ConstructionsAvailable in a various of constructions, copper weights and glass styles, including standard(HTE), RTF and VLP copper foil. ApplicationsMultilayer and High Layer PCB AutomobileBackplanesServers and Networking TelecommunicationsData StorageHeavy Copper ApplicationIndustrial ApprovalUL 94 V-0IPC-4101C Spec / 99/ 101/ 126 RoHS CompliantGlobal AvailabilityArea Address Contact e-mail TELTaiwan 22,Kung Yen 1st Rd. Ping Chen Industry Zone. Ping Chen,Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.Sales: *************.twTechnician: *****************.tw886-3-4152345 #3168886-3-4152345 #5300East China Chun Hui Rd., Xishan Economic Development Zone,Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, ChinaSales : ****************Technician: *********************86-510-8223-5888 #516886-510-8223-5888 #3000South China168, Dongfang Road, Nanfang Industrial Park, BeiceVillage, Humen Town, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, China Sales: ***********.cnTechnician : ***************.cn86-769-88623268 #32086-769-88623268 #550Japan No.2, Huafang Rd, Yonghe Economic Zone, Economic andTechnological Development Zone, Guangzhou,Guangdong Province, ChinaSales: ****************.cnTechnician : *****************.tw86-20-6286-8088 #8027886-3-4152345 #5388USA Tapco Circuit Supply1225 Greenbriar Drive, Suite AAddison, IL 60101, USASales: *******************************Technician : ********************************1-614-937-52051-310-699-8028Europe ITEQ Europe,Via L. Pergher, 16 38121 Trento, Italy Sales: ********************Technician : *********************39-0461-82052639-0461-820526REV 06-12ITEQ Laminate/ Prepreg : IT-180ATC / IT-180ABS IPC-4101C Spec / 99 / 101 / 126LAMINATE( IT-180ATC)Thickness<0.50 mm[0.0197 in] Thickness≧0.50 mm[0.0197 in] Units T est MethodPropertyTypical Value Spec Typical Value SpecMetric(English)IPC-TM-650(or as noted)Peel Strength, minimumA. Low profile copper foil and very low profile copperfoil - all copper weights > 17µm [0.669 mil]B. Standard profile copper foil1.After Thermal Stress2.At 125°C [257 F]3.After Process Solutions 0.88 (5.0)1.23 (7.0)1.05 (6.0)1.05 (6.0)0.70 (4.00)0.80 (4.57)0.70 (4.00)0.55 (3.14)0.88 (5.0)1.40 (8.0)1.23 (7.0)1.23 (7.0)0.70 (4.00)1.05 (6.00)0.70 (4.00)0.80 (4.57)N/mm(lb/inch)2.4.82.4.8.22.4.8.3Volume Resistivity, minimumA. C-96/35/90B. After moisture resistanceC. At elevated temperature E-24/125 3.0x1010--5.0x1010106--103--3.0x10101.0x1010--104103MΩ-cm 2.5.17.1Surface Resistivity, minimumA. C-96/35/90B. After moisture resistanceC. At elevated temperature E-24/125 3.0x1010--4.0x1010104--103--3.0x10104.0x1010--104103MΩ 2.5.17.1Moisture Absorption, maximum -- -- 0.12 0.8 % 2.6.2.1 Dielectric Breakdown, minimum -- -- 60 40 kV 2.5.6 Permittivity (Dk, 50% resin content)(Laminate & Laminated Prepreg)A. 1MHzB. 1GHzC. 2GHzD. 5GHzE. 10GHz 4.44.44.24.14.05.44.44.44.34.14.15.4 --2.5.5.92.5.5.13Loss Tangent (Df, 50% resin content) (Laminate & Laminated Prepreg)A. 1MHzB. 1GHzC. 2GHzD. 5GHzE. 10GHz 0.0150.0150.0150.0160.0170.0350.0140.0150.0150.0160.0160.035 --2.5.5.92.5.5.13Flexural Strength, minimumA. Length directionB. Cross direction ----------------500-530(72,500-76,850)410-440(59,450-63,800)415(60,190)345(50,140)N/mm2(lb/in2)2.4.4Arc Resistance, minimum 125 60 125 60 s 2.5.1 Thermal Stress 10 s at 288°C [550.4F],minimumA. UnetchedB. Etched PassPassPass VisualPass VisualPassPassPass VisualPass VisualRating 2.4.13.1Electric Strength, minimum(Laminate & Laminated Prepreg)45 30 -- -- kV/mm 2.5.6.2 Flammability,(Laminate & Laminated Prepreg)V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 Rating UL94 Glass Transition Temperature(DSC) 175 170 minimum 175 170 minimum ˚C 2.4.25Decomposition Temperature-- -- 345 340 minimum ˚C2.4.24.6 (5% wt loss)X/Y Axis CTE (40℃ to 125℃) -- -- 10-13 -- PPM/˚C 2.4.24 Z-Axis CTEA. Alpha 1B. Alpha 2C. 50 to 260 Degrees C ------------452102.760 maximum300 maximum3.0 maximumPPM/˚CPPM/˚C%2.4.24Thermal ResistanceA. T260B. T288 -------->60>3030 minimum15 minimumMinutesMinutes2.4.24.1CAF Resistance -- -- Pass AABUS Pass/Fail 2.6.25The above data and fabrication guide provide designers and PCB shop for their reference. We believe that these information are accurate, however, the data may vary depend on the test methods and specification used. The actual sales of the product should be according to specification in the agreement between ITEQ and its customer. ITEQ reserves the right to revise its data at any time without notice and maintain the best information available to users.REV 06-12。

阀门英文单词缩写阀门中英文对照英文中文译名英文中文译名英文中文译名Ecc Reducer 偏心异径管PTFE 聚四氟乙烯PIPE管,导管,输送管Con Reducer 同心异径管RPTFE 增强聚四氟乙烯Fittings：配件,附件BE 坡口RF 突面Flanges：法兰BW 对焊STR 过滤器Gaskets：垫片,垫圈;接合垫BL 法兰盖SM 无缝Instruments：阀门BC.SWING 螺栓阀盖旋启式STL 硬质合金Miscellaneouscomponents：其它配件BB.OS&Y 螺栓阀盖外螺纹及轭式SW 承插erection materials：安装材料BC.LIFT 螺栓阀盖升降式SO 平焊bolts:螺栓Dual-plate 双蝶板Sch 管道壁厚标号SO——带颈平焊法兰FB.L.OP. 全通径手工操作SB.ISRS 螺纹阀盖内螺纹明杆WN——带颈对焊法兰FB.GEAR OP. 全通径齿轮操作I 内螺纹暗杆PL——板式平焊法兰FF 全平面WL 焊接RF——密封面形式代号，密封面形式为“突面FL 法兰WN 带颈对焊GATEVALVE：闸阀F 锻件WFR 对夹P 管子PipeGV 镀锌Y2 半硬EL 弯头ElbowHF 硬质合金堆焊SSAW 螺旋缝埋弧焊ELL 长半径弯头Longradius elbow LJ 活套法兰LSAW 直缝埋弧焊ELS 短半径弯头Shortradius elbowL 翻边短节短规格EFW 电熔焊MEL 斜接弯头（虾米腰弯头）Mitre elbowLL 翻边短节长规格SMLS无缝REL 异径弯头ReducingelbowMFR'S.ST'd 制造商标准LSAW 直缝埋弧焊管T 三通T ee NPT 螺纹(60O) RT 异径三通Reducing tee LT 斜三通Lateral tee PE 平口R 异径管接头（大小头）Reducer1 i CR 同心异径管接头（同心大小头）ConcentricreducerER 偏心异径管接头（偏心大小头）Eccentricreducer5CPL 管箍Coupling FCPL 双头管箍Fullcoupling0HCPL 单头管箍Half coupling4RCPL 异径管箍Reducing coupling BU 内外螺纹接头Bushing UN 活接头Union5HC 软管接头Hose coupler!SE 翻边短节Stub end NIP 短节Pipe nipple or straight nipple SNIP 异径短节Swaged nipple CP 管帽（封头）Cap PL 管堵（丝堵）Plug BLK 盲板Blank SB 8字盲板Spectacleblind PLG 法兰Flange RP 补强板Reinforcing pad SOF 平焊法兰Slip-onflange0SWF 承插焊法兰Socket-welding flange8WNF 对焊法兰Welding neck flange T 螺纹法兰Threadedflange6 LJ 松套法兰Lapped joint flange REDF 异径法兰Reducing flange&BF 法兰盖（日法兰）Blindflange"FSF 法兰密封面Flange scaling face/ F FF 全平面Flat face)RF 凸台面Raised face MFF 凹凸面Male ａnd female face)LF 凹面Female face LM 凸面Male face RJ 环连接面Ring joint face TG 榫槽面Tongue ａnd groove face TF 榫面T ongue face GF 槽面Groove face G 垫片Gasket+NMG 非金属垫片Non-metallic gasket AG 石棉垫片Asbestos gasket RG 橡胶垫片Rubber gasket SWG 缠绕式垫片Spiralwound gasket,SMG 半金属垫片Semimetallic gasket TEG 聚四氟乙烯包复垫片PTFE envelopegasket MJG 金属包垫片Meta-jacket gasketMG 金属垫片Metallic gasket6FMG 金属平垫片Flat metallic gasket LER 透镜式金属环垫Lensring gasketOCR 八角形金属环垫Octagonal ring gasket SMSG 齿形金属垫片Solid metal serratedgasket OVR 椭圆形金属环垫Oval ring gaksetIR/OR 内外定位环Inner ring ａnd outer ring IR 内定位环Inner ring OR 外定位环Outer ring4B 螺栓Bolt&SB 螺柱Stud bolt WSR 垫圈WasherNU 螺母Nut TB 花蓝螺母Turnbuckle GV 闸阀Gate valve SWSR 弹簧垫圈Spring washer GLV 截止阀Globe valve CHV 止回阀Check valve BUV 蝶阀Butterfly valve7BAV 球阀Ball valve PV 旋塞阀Plug valve（cock）CV 调节阀Control valve SV 安全阀Safety valve RV 减压阀Pressurereducing valve4 ST 蒸汽疏水阀Steam trap PRV 泄压阀Pressur relief valve AV 角阀BV 呼吸阀Breather valve6NV 针形阀Needle valve#DV 隔膜阀SPR 气液分离器Separator SGV 插板阀TWV 三通阀FA 阻火器Flame arrester$SR 过滤器Strainer$SRY Y型过滤器Y-typestrainer9 SRT T型过滤器T-type strainer SRB 桶式过滤器Bucket type strainer TSR 临时过滤器Temporary strainer5 SIL 消声器Silencer SG 视镜Slight glass(SC 取样冷却器Samplecooler DF 排液漏斗Drain funnel LM 管道混合器Line mixer RO 限流孔板Restrictionorifice MO 混合孔板Mixing orifice RD 爆破片（爆破膜）Rupture disk&EJ 补偿器Expansion joint INS 隔热Thermal insulation H 保温Hot insulation C 保冷Cold insulation, X P 防烫伤隔热Personnel protectioninsulation4T&I 伴热Tracing ａnd insulation管道伴热（冷）Tracing"EST 蒸汽外伴热External steam tracing IST 蒸汽内伴热Internal steam tracing SJT 蒸汽夹套伴热Steam-jacket tracing ET 电伴热Electric tracing M 金属材料Metallic material CS 碳钢Carbon steel CAS 铸钢Cast steel!FS 锻钢Forged steel AS 合金钢Alloy steel$ SS 不锈钢Stainless steel AUSTSS 奥氏体不锈钢Austenitic CI 铸铁Cast ironstainless-steel4MI 可锻铸铁Malleable iron DI 球墨铸铁Ductile iron AL 铝Aluminum BRS 黄铜Brass BRZ 青铜Bronze1CU 紫铜Copper LAS 低合金钢Low alloy steel FLAS 低合金锻钢Forged low alloy steel4CLAS 低合金铸钢Castlow alloy steel+ THK 壁厚Thickness SCH 表号Schedule number STD 标准Standard XS 加强Extra strong XXS 特强Double extra strong E 东East&CN 建北Construction north W 西West S 南South N 北North H 水平Horizontal+V 竖直、铅直、直立Vertical GRD 地坪Ground UG 地下Underground%BL 装置边界线Batterylimit lineESEW 事故沐浴洗眼器Emergency showerａnd eye washer HS 软管站Hose station ML 接续分界线Match linePS 管道支架（管架）Piping support PR 管桥Pipe rack8STRU 构架（构筑物）Structure2 L BLDG 建筑物Building PD 清扫设施Purge devicePT 池Pit SHLT 棚Shelter4COFF 围堰Cofferdam FL 楼板Floor PF 平台Plateform0EL 标高Elevation BOP 管底Bottom of pipe COP 管中心Center of pipe TOP 管顶T op of pipe FOB 底平Flat on bottom FOT 顶平Flat on top CL（屯）中心线Center line TL 切线Tangent lineSYM 对称的Symmetrical BOS 支架底Bottom of support TOS 支架顶T op ofsupport CL 净距（净空）Clearance I CTC 中心至中心Center to center CTF 中心至面Center toface CTE 中心至端部Center to end ETE 端到端End to end.FEF 法兰端面Flange ａnd face& FTF 面到面Face to face D 直径Diameter ID 内径Inside diameter OD 外径Outside diameter DN 公称直径Nominal diameter! Y DIM 尺寸Dimension MAX 最大Maximum MIN 最小Minimum%AVG 平均Average APP 约、近似Approximate7PT.EL 点标高Point elevation PFD 工艺流程图Processflow diagramPID 管道和仪表流程图Piping & instrumentdiagramCOD 接续图Continued on drawing DTL 详图Datail)SPDWG（ISODWG）管段图Spool drawing （each line isometric drawing）DWGNO 图号Drawing number DWGI 所在图号DrawingidentificationLOW 材料表List of material, v MTO 汇料Material take-off APPX 附录Appendix6JOB. No. 工号Job Number BEDD 基础工程设计数据Basicengineering design data REV. No. 修改号RecisionnumberREF DWG 参考图Reference drawing DEDD 详细工程设计数据Detailengineering design data ;SC 采样接口Sample connectionAUT 自动Automatic ML 手动Manual control CHOP 链条操作Chainoperated!CSC 铅封关Car seal close CSO 铅封开Car seal open LC 锁闭Lock closedLO 锁开Lock open6NC 正常关Normally close NO 正常开Normallyopen6 ATM 大气压Atmosphere( {PN 公称压力Nominal pressure A 绝压G 表压（T）温度T emperature（P）压力Pressure' .W 焊接Welding AW 电弧焊Arc welding GSAW 气体保护电弧焊Gas shielded-acr welding EFW 电熔焊Elecric fusion welding ERW 电阻焊Electric Resistance welding GW 气焊Gas welding LW 搭接焊Lap welding BW 对焊Butt welding TW 定位焊Tack welding SW 承插焊Socket welding CW 连续焊Continuous welding SEW 密封焊Seal welding SFG 堆焊Surfacing FW 现场焊接Field welding HT 热处理Heattreatment' PH 预热Preheating SR 应力消除Stress relief*PWHT 焊后热处理Postweld heat treatmentEIT 检查、探伤和实验Examination, inspection& testing VE 外观检查Visual examination UI （UT）超声探伤Ultrasonic inspection（test）RI （RT）射线探伤Radiographic inspection（test）MPI （MT）磁粉探伤Magnetic particleinspection （test）LPI （PT）液体渗透检验Liquid penterant inspection（test）HADT 硬度实验Hardness testing HYDT 水压实验Hydraulic testing PNET 气压实验Pneumatic testing 焊条Covered electrode WW 焊丝Welding wire ASSY 装配、组合Assembly2F 现场Field F/F 现场制造Field faricated. @SF 现场决定Suit in field,CSP 冷紧Cold spring BCT 螺栓冷紧Bolt cold tightening BHY 螺栓热紧Bolt hottightening CO 清洗口Clean out ANNY 退火Annealed0PE 平端面Plain end BE 坡口端Belelled end THR 螺纹Thread3HB 布氏硬度Brinnelhardness RC 洛氏硬度FDN 基础Foundation REF 参考Reference INF 信息（资料）Information REV 修改Revision SEQ 序号（顺序）SequenceW/E 设备带来With equipment W/I 仪表带来With instrument CM 色标Colour mark+ CA 腐蚀裕度Corrosion allowance8UTL 公用系统Utility UC 公用工程接头Utilityconnection( QTY 数量Quantity WT 重量Weight7MHR 工时Man hour BC 螺栓分布圆Bolt circle3HP 高点High point+LP 低点Low point SUC 吸入（口）Suction DIS 排出（口）Discharge SO 蒸气吹扫（口）SteamoutNPT 美国标准锥管螺纹National standardtaper pipe thread NPS 美国标准直管螺纹National standard straight pipe threadDR 排液DrainVT 放气Vent, ^RTG （压力）等级Rating CL 等级Class SMLS 无缝Seamless90°ELBOW,BW,20#,SMLS,LR,GB/T8163,SH/T3408,GrⅠ,Sch40 90度弯头，对焊，20#碳钢材质，无缝，制造标准GB/T8163 ，验收标准SH/T3408，质量等级1级，SCH40是ASME壁厚表示方式三通1 1/2"*3/4" SW SCH80 20 GB/T14383(I)是什么意思异径三通1 1/2"*3/4" SW(承插焊) SCH80(厚度，查询可得知具体厚度) 20（材质，20#碳钢）GB/T14383(I)（标准号）其中GALV和LR 代表什么意思？" SWAGE NIPPLE 90 ELBOW 20# GALV SMLS GB/T8163,LR BW:SH3408 SCH80中PBE:MSS SP-95 是什么意思？20# GB8163 PBE:MSS SP-95 SCH80其中红颜色的字SPIRAL WOUND GASKET CL150 RF ,4.5MM, 304+GRAF ,344 INNERRING,CS OUT RING: SH3407母代表什么意思？20＃GB/T699 SW 平底形40T025/01 SCH160 中的红颜色的字母代表什么意思？35CRMOA,SH3404 其中红颜色的字母代表什么意思？螺柱/螺母STUD BOLT WITH 2 HEAVY NUTS,35CRMOA/以上表示的字母可以在哪里查到啊GALV英文为galvanized是镀锌的意思，一般是仪表风管线和水管线。

钐钴磁性能参数表钐钴磁性能特性 Magnetic Properties of SmCo最大磁能积最高工作剩磁温度矫顽力温度系列牌号剩磁矫顽力内禀矫顽力居里温度Series Grade Br Hcb Hcj (BH) Tc 温度系数系数 maxTW ? ,(%/)?,(%/)?T kGs kA/m kOe kA/m kOe HcjBr3? kJ/m MGOe ?066800 SG 127/119 0.8 8.0 557 7.0 1194 15 127-143 16-18 066801 SG 143/119 0.85 8.5 621 7.8 1194 15 143-159 18-20 066802 SG 143/160 0.85 8.5 621 7.8 1592 20 143-159 18-20 钐钴 1:5 750 250 -0.035~-0.050 -0.30 SmCo 1:5 066803 SG 160/119 0.9 9.0 637 8.0 1194 15 159-175 20-22 066804 SG 160/160 0.9 9.0 637 8.0 1592 20 159-175 20-22 066805 SG 175/119 0.95 9.5 676 8.5 1194 15 175-191 22-24 060810 SG 160/160 0.9 9.0 637 8.0 1592 20 159?16 20?2 300 060811 SG160/200 0.9 9.0 637 8.0 1990 25 159?16 20?2 350 060812 SG 175/160 0.95 9.5 653 8.2 1592 20 175?16 22?2 300 060813 SG 175/200 0.95 9.5 653 8.2 1990 25 175?16 22?2 350 060814 SG 191/160 1.0 10.0 676 8.5 1592 20 191?16 24?2 300 普通钐钴2:17 800 -0.025~-0.035 -0.20 SmCo 2:17 060815 SG 191/200 1.0 10.0 676 8.5 1990 25 191?16 24?2 350 060816 SG 207/160 1.02 10.2 716 9.0 1592 20 207?16 26?2 300 060817 SG 207/200 1.02 10.2 716 9.0 1990 25 207?16 26?2 350 060818 SG 223/120 1.06 10.6 763 9.6 1194 15 223?16 28?2 300 060819 SG 238/72 1.1 11.0 560 7.0 716 9 238?16 30?2 250钐钴一般物理性能 Typical Physical Properties of SmCo参数单位标准值Parameter Unit Standard Value800~850 居里温度(Tc) Curie Temperature ?250~350 最高工作温度 Maximum Operating Temperature ?%/K 0.03~0.04 剩磁温度系数(,α,) Temp. Coefficient of Br Br%/K -0.2 内禀矫顽力温度系数(β) Temp. Coefficient of Hcj Hcj硬度 Hardness Hv 500~6005Ω?cm 8.5×10 电阻率(ρ) E lectrical Resistivity3g/cm 8.3~8.5 密度(D) Density 回复磁导率(μ) Recoil Permeability / 1.00~1.05 recW/m?K 12 热传导率(λ) Thermal Conductivity 热膨胀系数 Thermal Expansion Coefficient (垂直于取向方向) Perpendicular to the Direction of 611×10 /? Magnetization热膨胀系数 Thermal Exp ansion Coefficient 68×10 /? (平行于取向方向) Parallel to the Direction of Magne-tizationMPa 850 抗压强度 Compress StrengthMPa 抗弯强度 Bending Strength。

附注：红色字体为热应力耦合模拟必须输入的参数，蓝色字体为一般模拟需要的相应参数一、材料参数（Material Database（一）成分（composition重量百分含量%）通过输入合金成分，软件可以自动计算（采用Scheil或Lever模型）Al系，Fe 系，Ni系，Ni16，Ti系，Mg系的热函曲线，固相分数和液固相温度。

（二）传热属性（thermal）1. 热导率（Conductivity常数或温度的函数，单位:W/m/K）2. 密度（Density常数或温度的函数,单位:kg/m**3）3. 比热容（Specific Heat常数或温度的函数，单位:kJ/kg/K）4. 热函（Enthalpy常数或温度的函数，单位:kJ/kg）（等同于比热容和潜热）5. 固相分数（Fraction Solid常数或温度的函数）6. 潜热（Latent Heat常数,单位:kJ/kg）7. 液固相线温度（Liquid-Solidus常数,单位:C）8. 发热属性（Exothermic轴套材料达到燃烧温度后放出的热量，燃烧分数为温度的函数）（三）流体属性（Fluid）1. 粘度（Viscosity）a. Newt onian 流体粘度（常数或温度的函数，单位:Pa.s）b. Carreau-Yasuda流体（非牛顿流体模型，其粘度为切变速率的函数平衡方程:r 亠 L : 「■ 1 ?）涉及到的参数有n o,n -，入,ac. Power-Cutoff流体（用于触变铸造）2. 表面张力（Surface Tension常数或温度的函数，单位:N/m）3. 渗透率（Permeability高渗透率意味着自由流动，反之则意味着不流动.铸件材料仅适用于液固相线之间.常数或固相分数的函数，单位m**2）4. 过滤网材料属性（Filter）a. 孔隙率（Void fraction 常数）b. 表面积Surface area常数，单位:1/m）二、界面传热参数（Interface Database（一）标准界面传热系数（inteface）（H.T.Coeff常数或时间、温度的函数,单位:W/m**2/K.界面之间网格需要一致）（二）压铸复合传热系数（Die Combo）自动根据压模开合顺序改变传热系数当压模闭合时界面传热系数为常数或温度的函数；当模型打开时定义大气与压型间界面换热系数Air Coeff和环境温度Air Temp ；喷水冷却阶段定义喷水冷却界面换热系数Spray Coeff和喷射冷却温度Spray Tempo 三、边界条件参数（Boundary Conditions Database（一）定义表面相关参数1. 温度（Temperature）常用于设置充型计算的浇注温度（常数或时间的函数，单位:C）；2•传热（heat）:Q = Flux h T 飞；T4-T.4，需要输入的参数有：热流Flux（Heat Flux,常数或时间的函数，单位:W/m**2）界面换热系数（与外界环境间的）h（Film Coeff,常数或时间、温度的函数，单位:W/m**2/K）、环境温度T a（Ambient Temp,,单位:°C ）、发射率& o真空中辐射时只需要定义发射率。

采暖通风与空气调节术语标准中英文对照AA-weighted sound pressure level A声级absolute humidity绝对湿度absolute roughness绝对粗糙度absorb ate 吸收质absorbent 吸收剂absorbent吸声材料absorber吸收器absorptions for solar radiation太阳辐射热吸收系数absorption equipment吸收装置absorption of gas and vapor气体吸收absorption refries rating cycle吸收式制冷循环absorption-type refrigerating machine吸收式制冷机access door检查门acoustic absorptive吸声系数actual density真密度actuating element执行机构actuator执行机构adaptive control system自适应控制系统additional factor for exterior door外门附加率additional factor for intermittent heating间歇附加率additional factor for wind force高度附加率additional heat loss风力附加率adiabatic humidification附加耗热量adiabatic humidification绝热加湿adsorb ate吸附质adsorbent吸附剂adsorbed吸附装置adsorption equipment吸附装置adsorption of gas and vapor气体吸附aerodynamic noise空气动力噪声aerosol气溶胶air balance风量平衡air changes换气次数air channel风道air cleanliness空气洁净度air collector集气罐air conditioning空气调节air conditioning condition空调工况air conditioning equipment空气调节设备air conditioning machine room空气调节机房air conditioning system空气调节系统air conditioning system cooling load空气调节系统冷负荷air contaminant空气污染物air-cooled condenser风冷式冷凝器air cooler空气冷却器air curtain空气幕air cushion shock absorber空气弹簧隔振器air distribution气流组织air distributor空气分布器air-douche unit with water atomization喷雾风扇air duct风管、风道air filter空气过滤器air handling equipment空气调节设备air handling unit room空气调节机房air header集合管air humidity空气湿度air inlet风口air intake进风口air manifold集合管air opening风口air pollutant空气污染物air pollution大气污染air preheated空气预热器air return method回风方式air return mode回风方式air return through corridor走廊回风air space空气间层air supply method送风方式air supply mode送风方式air supply (suction) opening with slide plate插板式送（吸）风口air supply volume per unit area单位面积送风量air temperature空气温度air through tunnel地道风air-to-air total heat exchanger全热换热器air-to-cloth ratio气布比air velocity at work area作业地带空气流速air velocity at work place工作地点空气流速air vent放气阀air-water system空气—水系统airborne particles大气尘air hater空气加热器airspace空气间层alarm signal报警信号ail-air system全空气系统all-water system全水系统allowed indoor fluctuation of temperature and relative humidity室内温湿度允许波动范围ambient noise环境噪声ammonia氨amplification factor of controlled plant调节对象放大系数amplitude振幅Energy@angle of repose安息角anger of slide滑动角angle scale热湿比angle valve角阀annual [value]历年值annual coldest month历年最冷月annual hottest month历年最热月anticorrosive缓蚀剂antifreeze agent防冻剂antifreeze agent防冻剂apparatus dew point机器露点apparent density堆积密度aqua-ammonia absorption type-refrigerating machine氨—水吸收式制冷机aspiration psychomotor通风温湿度计Ashman aspiration psychomotor通风温湿度计atmospheric condenser淋激式冷凝器atmospheric diffusion大气扩散atmospheric dust大气尘atmospheric pollution大气污染atmospheric pressure大气压力（atmospheric stability大气稳定度atmospheric transparency大气透明度atmospheric turbulence大气湍流automatic control自动控制automatic roll filter自动卷绕式过滤器automatic vent自动放气阀available pressure资用压力average daily sol-air temperature日平均综合温度axial fan轴流式通风机isotropic mixture refrigerant共沸溶液制冷剂Bback-flow preventer防回流装置back pressure of steam trap凝结水背压力back pressure return余压回水background noise背景噪声back plate挡风板bag filler袋式除尘器bughouse袋式除尘器barometric pressure大气压力basic heat loss基本耗热量hand muffler消声弯头bimetallic thermometer双金属温度计black globe temperature黑球温度blow off pipe排污管lowdown排污管boiler锅炉boiler house锅炉房boiler plant锅炉房boiler room锅炉房booster加压泵branch支管branch duct(通风) 支管branch pipe支管building envelope围护结构building flow zones建筑气流区building heating entry热力入口bulk density堆积密度bushing补心butterfly damper蝶阀by-pass damper空气加热器〕旁通阀by-pass pipe旁通管Ccanopy hood 伞形罩capillary tube毛细管capture velocity控制风速capture velocity外部吸气罩capturing hood 卡诺循环Carnot cycle串级调节系统cascade control system铸铁散热器cast iron radiator催化燃烧catalytic oxidation 催化燃烧ceiling fan吊扇ceiling panel heating顶棚辐射采暖center frequency中心频率central air conditioning system 集中式空气调节系统central heating集中采暖central ventilation system新风系统centralized control集中控制centrifugal compressor离心式压缩机centrifugal fan离心式通风机check damper(通风〕止回阀check valve止回阀chilled water冷水chilled water system with primary-secondary pumps一、二次泵冷水系统chimney(排气〕烟囱circuit环路circulating fan风扇circulating pipe循环管circulating pump循环泵clean room洁净室cleaning hole清扫孔cleaning vacuum plant真空吸尘装置cleanout opening清扫孔clogging capacity容尘量close nipple长丝closed booth大容积密闭罩closed full flow return闭式满管回水closed loop control闭环控制closed return闭式回水closed shell and tube condenser卧式壳管式冷凝器closed shell and tube evaporator卧式壳管式蒸发器closed tank闭式水箱coefficient of accumulation of heat蓄热系数coefficient of atmospheric transparency大气透明度coefficient of effective heat emission散热量有效系数coefficient of effective heat emission传热系数coefficient of local resistance局部阻力系数coefficient of thermal storage蓄热系数coefficient of vapor蒸汽渗透系数coefficient of vapor蒸汽渗透系数coil盘管collection efficiency除尘效率combustion of gas and vapor气体燃烧comfort air conditioning舒适性空气调节common section共同段compensator补偿器components(通风〕部件compression压缩compression-type refrigerating machine压缩式制冷机compression-type refrigerating system压缩式制冷系统compression-type refrigeration压缩式制冷compression-type refrigeration cycle压缩式制冷循环compression-type water chiller压缩式冷水机组concentrated heating集中采暖concentration of armful substance有害物质浓度condensate drain pan凝结水盘condensate pipe凝结水管condensate pump凝缩水泵condensate tank凝结水箱condensation冷凝condensation of vapor气体冷凝condenser冷凝器condensing pressure冷凝压力condensing temperature冷凝温度condensing unit压缩冷凝机组conditioned space空气调节房间conditioned zone空气调节区conical cowl锥形风帽constant humidity system恒湿系统constant temperature and humidity system恒温恒湿系统constant temperature system 恒温系统constant value control 定值调节constant volume air conditioning system定风量空气调节系统continuous dust dislodging连续除灰continuous dust dislodging连续除灰continuous heating连续采暖contour zone稳定气流区control device控制装置control panel控制屏control valve调节阀control velocity控制风速controlled natural ventilation有组织自然通风controlled plant调节对象controlled variable被控参数controller调节器convection heating对流采暖convector对流散热器cooling降温、冷却（、）cooling air curtain冷风幕cooling coil冷盘管cooling coil section冷却段cooling load from heat传热冷负荷cooling load from outdoor air新风冷负荷cooling load from ventilation新风冷负荷cooling load temperature冷负荷温度cooling system降温系统cooling tower冷却塔cooling unit冷风机组cooling water冷却水correcting element调节机构correcting unit执行器correction factor for orientation朝向修正率corrosion inhibitor缓蚀剂coupling管接头cowl伞形风帽criteria for noise control cross噪声控频标准cross fan四通cross-flow fan贯流式通风机cross-ventilation穿堂风cut diameter分割粒径cyclone旋风除尘器cyclone dust separator旋风除尘器cylindrical ventilator筒形风帽Ddaily range日较差damping factor衰减倍数data scanning巡回检测days of heating period采暖期天数deadener消声器decibel(dB)分贝degree-days of heating period采暖期度日数degree of sub cooling过冷度degree of superheat过热度dehumidification减湿dehumidifying cooling减湿冷却density of dust particle真密度derivative time微分时间design conditions计算参数desorption解吸detecting element检测元件detention period延迟时间deviation偏差dew-point temperature露点温度diamond-shaped damper菱形叶片调节阀differential pressure type flow meter差压流量计diffuser air supply散流器diffuser air supply散流器送风direct air conditioning system 直流式空气调节系统direct combustion 直接燃烧direct-contact heat exchanger 汽 水混合式换热器direct digital control (DDC) system 直接数字控制系统direct evaporator 直接式蒸发器direct-fired lithium bromide absorption-type refrigerating machine 直燃式溴化锂吸收式制冷机direct refrigerating system 直接制冷系统direct return system 异程式系统direct solar radiation 太阳直接辐射discharge pressure 排气压力discharge temperature 排气温度dispersion 大气扩散district heat supply 区域供热district heating 区域供热disturbance frequency 扰动频率dominant wind direction 最多风向double-effect lithium-bromide absorption-type refrigerating machine 双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机double pipe condenser 套管式冷凝器down draft 倒灌down feed system 上分式系统downstream spray pattern 顺喷drain pipe 泄水管drain pipe 排污管droplet 液滴dry air 干空气dry-and-wet-bulb thermometer 干湿球温度表dry-bulb temperature 干球温度dry cooling condition 干工况dry dust separator 干式除尘器dry expansion evaporator 干式蒸发器dry return pipe 干式凝结水管dry steam humidifier 干蒸汽加湿器dualductairconing it ion 双风管空气调节系统dual duct system 双风管空气调节系统duct 风管、风道dust 粉尘dust capacity 容尘量dust collector 除尘器dust concentration 含尘浓度dust control 除尘dust-holding capacity 容尘量dust removal 除尘dust removing system 除尘系统dust sampler 粉尘采样仪dust sampling meter 粉尘采样仪dust separation 除尘dust separator 除尘器dust source 尘源dynamic deviation动态偏差Eeconomic resistance of heat transfer经济传热阻economic velocity经济流速effective coefficient of local resistance折算局部阻力系数effective length折算长度effective stack height烟囱有效高度effective temperature difference送风温差ejector喷射器ejector弯头elbow电加热器electric heater电加热段electric panel heating电热辐射采暖electric precipitator电除尘器electric radian treating 电热辐射采暖electric resistance humidifier电阻式加湿器electro-pneumatic convertor电—气转换器electrode humidifier电极式加湿器electrostatic precipitator电除尘器eliminator挡水板emergency ventilation事故通风emergency ventilation system事故通风系统emission concentration排放浓度enclosed hood密闭罩enthalpy焓enthalpy control system新风〕焓值控制系统enthalpy entropy chart焓熵图entirely ventilation全面通风entropy熵environmental noise环境噪声equal percentage flow characteristic等百分比流量特性equivalent coefficient of local resistance当量局部阻力系数equivalent length当量长度equivalent[continuous A] sound level等效〔连续A〕声级evaporating pressure蒸发压力evaporating temperature蒸发温度evaporative condenser蒸发式冷凝器evaporator蒸发器excess heat余热excess pressure余压excessive heat 余热Clergy@exhaust air rate排风量exhaust fan排风机exhaust fan room排风机室exhaust hood局部排风罩exhaust inlet吸风口exhaust opening吸风口exhaust opening or inlet风口exhaust outlet排风口exhaust vertical pipe排气〕烟囱exhausted enclosure密闭罩exit排风口expansion膨胀expansion pipe膨胀管explosion proofing防爆expansion steam trap恒温式疏水器expansion tank膨胀水箱extreme maximum temperature极端最高温度extreme minimum temperature极端最低温度Ffabric collector袋式除尘器face tube皮托管face velocity罩口风速fan通风机fan-coil air-conditioning system风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil system风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil unit风机盘管机组fan house通风机室fan room通风机室fan section风机段feed-forward control前馈控制feedback反馈feeding branch too radiator散热器供热支管fibrous dust纤维性粉尘filter cylinder for sampling滤筒采样管filter efficiency过滤效率filter section过滤段filtration velocity过滤速度final resistance of filter过滤器终阻力fire damper防火阀fire prevention防火fire protection防火fire-resisting damper防火阀fittings(通风〕配件fixed set-point control定值调节fixed support固定支架fixed time temperature (humidity)定时温（湿）度flame combustion热力燃烧flash gas闪发气体flash steam二次蒸汽flexible duct软管flexible joint柔性接头float type steam trap浮球式疏水器float valve浮球阀floating control无定位调节flooded evaporator满液式蒸发器floor panel heating地板辐射采暖flow capacity of control valve调节阀流通能力flow characteristic of control valve调节阀流量特性foam dust separator泡沫除尘器follow-up control system随动系统forced ventilation机械通风forward flow zone射流区foul gas不凝性气体four-pipe water system四管制水系统fractional separation efficiency分级除尘效率free jet自由射流free silica游离二氧化硅free silicon dioxide游离二氧化硅Freon氟利昂frequency interval频程frequency of wind direction风向频率fresh air handling unit新风机组rash air requirement新风量friction factor摩擦系数friction loss摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦阻力fume烟〔雾〕fume hood排风柜fumes烟气Ggas-fired infrared heating 煤气红外线辐射采暖gas-fired unit heater 燃气热风器gas purer 不凝性气体分离器gate valve 闸阀general air change 全面通风general exhaust ventilation (GEV) 全面排风general ventilation 全面通风generator 发生器global radiation总辐射grade efficiency分级除尘效率granular bed filter颗粒层除尘器granulometric distribution粒径分布gravel bed filter颗粒层除尘器gravity separator沉降室ground-level concentration落地浓度guide vane导流板Hhair hygrometer毛发湿度计hand pump手摇泵harmful gas adapt有害气体harmful substance有害物质header分水器、集水器（、）heat and moisture热湿交换transfer热平衡heat conduction coefficient导热系数heat conductivity导热系数heat distributing network热网heat emitter散热器heat endurance热稳定性heat exchanger换热器heat flow meter热流计heat flow rate热流量heat gain from lighting设备散热量heat gain from lighting照明散热量heat gain from occupant人体散热量heat insulating window保温窗heat(thermal)insulation隔热heat(thermal)lag延迟时间heat loss耗热量heat loss by infiltration冷风渗透耗热量heat-operated refrigerating system热力制冷系统heat-operated refrigeration热力制冷heat pipe热管heat pump热泵heat pump air conditioner热泵式空气调节器heat release散热量heat resistance热阻heat screen隔热屏heat shield隔热屏heat source热源heat storage蓄热heat storage capacity蓄热特性heat supply供热heat supply network热网heat transfer传热heat transmission传热heat wheel转轮式换热器heated thermometer anemometer热风速仪heating采暖、供热、加热（、、）heating appliance采暖设备heating coil热盘管heating coil section加热段heating equipment采暖设备heating load热负荷heating medium热媒heating medium parameter热媒参数heating pipeline采暖管道heating system采暖系统heavy work重作业high-frequency noise高频噪声high-pressure ho twitter heating高温热水采暖high-pressure steam heating高压蒸汽采暖high temperature water heating高温热水采暖hood局部排风罩horizontal water-film cyclone卧式旋风水膜除尘器hot air heating热风采暖hot air heating system热风采暖系统hot shop热车间hot water boiler热水锅炉hot water heating热水采暖hot water system热水采暖系统hot water pipe热水管hot workshop热车间hourly cooling load逐时冷负荷hourly sol-air temperature逐时综合温度humidification加湿humidifier加湿器humidifier section加湿段humidistat恒湿器humidity ratio含湿量hydraulic calculation水力计算hydraulic disorder水力失调hydraulic dust removal水力除尘hydraulic resistance balance阻力平衡hydraulic水硬性hydrophilic dust亲水性粉尘hydrophobic dust疏水性粉尘Iimpact dust collector冲激式除尘器impact tube皮托管impedance muffler阻抗复合消声器inclined damper斜插板阀index circuit最不利环路index of thermal inertia (valued)热惰性指标（D值）indirect heat exchanger表面式换热器indirect refrigerating sys间接制冷系统indoor air design conditions室内在气计算参数indoor air velocity室内空气流速indoor and outdoor design conditions室内外计算参数indoor reference for air temperature and relative humidity室内温湿度基数indoor temperature (humidity)室内温（湿）度induction air-conditioning system诱导式空气调节系统induction unit诱导器inductive ventilation诱导通风industrial air conditioning工艺性空气调节industrial ventilation工业通风inertial dust separator惯性除尘器infiltration heat loss冷风渗透耗热量infrared humidifier红外线加湿器infrared radiant heater红外线辐射器inherent regulation of controlled plant调节对象自平衡initial concentration of dust初始浓度initial resistance of filter过滤器初阻力impute variable输入量insulating layer保温层integral enclosure整体密闭罩integral time积分时间interlock protection联锁保护intermittent dust removal定期除灰intermittent heating间歇采暖inversion layer逆温层inverted bucket type steam trap倒吊桶式疏水器irradiance辐射照度isenthalpic等焓线isobutene等湿线isolator隔振器isotherm等温线isothermal humidification等温加湿isothermal jet等温射流Jjet射流jet axial velocity射流轴心速度jet divergence angle射流扩散角jet in a confined space受限射流KKat thermometer卡他温度计Llaboratory hood排风柜lag of controlled plant调节对象滞后large space enclosure大容积密闭罩latent heat潜热lateral exhaust at the edge of a bath槽边排风罩lateral hood length of pipe section侧吸罩length of pipe section管段长度light work轻作业limit deflection极限压缩量limit switch限位开关limiting velocity极限流速linear flow characteristic线性流量特性liquid-level gage液位计liquid receiver贮液器lithium bromide溴化锂lithium-bromide absorption-type refrigerating machine溴化锂吸收式制冷机lithium chloride resistance hygrometer氯化锂电阻湿度计load pattern负荷特性local air conditioning局部区域空气调节local air supply system局部送风系统local exhaust ventilation (LEV)局部排风local exhaust system局部排风系统local heating局部采暖local relief局部送风local relief system局部送风系统local resistance局部暖通专业词汇中英文对照air conditioning load空调负荷air distribution气流组织air handling unit 空气处理单元air shower 风淋室air wide pre.drop空气侧压降aluminum accessories in clean room 洁净室安装铝材brass stop valve 铜闸阀canvas connecting termingal 帆布接头centigrade scale 摄氏温度chiller accessories水冷机组配件chiller assembly水冷机组组装clean bench 净化工作台clean class 洁净度clean room 洁净室无尘室correction factor修正系数dry coil units 干盘管district cooling 区域供冷direct return system直接回水系统displacement ventilation置换通风drawing No.图号elevation立面图entering air temp进风温度entering water temp进水温度fahrenheit scale 华氏温度fan coil unit 风机盘管ffu fan filter units 风扇过滤网组flow velocity 流速fresh air supply 新风供给fresh air unit 新风处理机组ground source heat pump地源热泵gross weight 毛重heating ventilating and air conditioning 供热通风与空气调节hepa high efficiency particulate air 高效过滤网high efficiency particulate air filters高效空气过滤器horizontal series type水平串联式hot water supply system生活热水系统humidity 湿度hydraulic calculation水力计算isometric drawing轴测图layout 设计图leaving air temp 出风温度leaving water temp出水温度lood vacuum pump中央集尘泵mau make up air hundling unit schedule 外气空调箱natural smoke exhausting自然排烟net weight 净重noise reduction消声nominal diameter 公称直径oil-burning boiler燃油锅炉one way stop peturn valve 单向止回阀operation energy consumption运行能耗pass box 传递箱particle sizing and counting method 计径计数法Piping accessaries 水系统辅材piping assembly 配管rac recirculation air cabinet unit schedule循环组合空调单元ratio controller 比例调节器ratio flow control 流量比例控制ratio gear 变速轮ratio meter 比率计rational 合理性的，合法的；有理解能力的rationale （基本）原理；原理的阐述rationality 有理性，合理性rationalization proposal 合理化建义ratio of compression 压缩比ratio of expansion 膨胀比ratio of run-off 径流系数ratio of slope 坡度ratio of specific heat 比热比raw 生的，原状的，粗的；未加工的raw coal 原煤raw cotton 原棉raw crude producer gas 未净化的发生炉煤气raw data 原始数据raw fuel stock 粗燃料油raw gas 未净化的气体real gas 实际气体realignment 重新排列，改组；重新定线realm 区域，范围，领域real work 实际工作ream 铰孔，扩孔rear 后部，背面，后部的rear arch 后拱rear axle 后轴rear-fired boiler 后燃烧锅炉rear pass 后烟道rearrange 调整；重新安排[布置] rearrangement 调整，整顿；重新排列[布置] reason 理由，原因；推理reasonable 合理的，适当的reassembly 重新装配reaumur 列氏温度计reblading 重装叶片，修复叶片recalibration 重新校准[刻度]recapture 重新利用，恢复recarbonation 再碳化作用recast 另算；重作；重铸receiving basin 蓄水池receiving tank 贮槽recentralizing 恢复到中心位置；重定中心；再集中receptacle 插座[孔]；容器reception of heat 吸热recessed radiator 壁龛内散热器，暗装散热器recharge well 回灌井reciprocal 倒数；相互的，相反的，住复的reciprocal action 反复作用reciprocal compressor 往复式压缩机reciprocal feed pump 往复式蒸汽机reciprocal grate 往复炉排reciprocal motion 住复式动作reciprocal proportion 反比例reciprocal steam engine 往复式蒸汽机reciprocate 往复（运动），互换reciprocating 往复的，来回的，互相的，交替的reciprocating ( grate ) bar 往复式炉排片reciprocating compressor 往复式压缩机reciprocating condensing unit 往复式冷冻机reciprocating packaged liquid chiller 往复式整体型冷水机组reciprocating piston pump 往复式活塞泵reciprocating pump 往复泵，活塞泵reciprocating refrigerator 往复式制冷机recirculate 再循环recirculated 再循环的recirculated air 再循环空气[由空调场所抽出，然后通过空调装置，再送回该场所的回流空气] recirculated air by pass 循环空气旁路recircilated air intake 循环空气入口recirculated cooling system 再循环冷却系统recirculating 再循环的，回路的recirculating air duct 再循环风道recirculating fan 再循环风机recirculating line 再循环管路recirculating pump 再循环泵recirculation 再循环recirculation cooling water 再循环冷却水recirculation ratio 再循环比recirculation water 再循环水reclaim 再生，回收；翻造，修复reclaimer 回收装置；再生装置reclamation 回收，再生，再利用reclamation of condensate water蒸汽冷凝水回收recombination 再化[结]合，复合，恢复recommended level of illumination 推荐的照度标准reconnaissance 勘察，调查研究record drawing 详图、大样图、接点图recording apparatus 记录仪器recording barometer 自记气压计recording card 记录卡片recording facility 记录装置recording liquid level gauge 自动液面计recording paper of sound level 噪声级测定纸recording pressure gauge 自记压力计recording water-gauge 自记水位计recoverable 可回收的，可恢复的recoverable heat 可回收的热量recoverable oil 可回收的油recoverable waster heat 可回收的废热recovery plant 回收装置recovery rate 回收率relief damper 泄压风门return air flame plate回风百叶Seat air supply座椅送风Shaft seal 轴封Shaft storage 搁架式贮藏Shake 摇动，抖动Shakedown run 试车，调动启动，试运转Shake-out 摇动，抖动Shakeproof 防振的，抗振的Shaker 振动器Shaking 摇[摆，振]动Shaking grate 振动炉排Shaking screen 振动筛Shallow 浅层，浅的，表面的Shank 柄，杆，柱体，轴Shape 造[成]型，形状[态]模型。