独立写作-常用句法

一、句式变换在了解组织句子的四个特点之后，我们重点看一下句子组织形式的多样化，即在120－150词内，尽量使用不同的句子形式，常用的句型如下：主语从句定语从句（限定性和非限定性）状语从句（时间，原因，地点，条件，让步等）分词短语做定语或状语强调句倒装句省略句What句型设问句1. 主语和主语从句名词、代词、动名词、不定式以及名词性从句都可以作主语。

后三种，学生在写作时用起来不是很熟练，但却很有价值，可以在很大程度上提高语言质量。

下面我们看几组例句：动名词作主语Listening to some light music will help you calm down.Talking to a person like him is just like talking to a deaf.不定式作主语To see is to believe.To help others is to help yourself in a sense.To see things as they are, to go right to the right point, to disentangle a skein of thought, to detect what is sophistical, and to discard what is irrelevant is after all, what a university training should be aiming at.主语从句主语从句一般由what, who, which, why, how, when, which, whether…or…等引导，这些名词性从句作主语时，我们称之为主语从句。

Why he would reject such a good offer remained unknown all these years.Whether we can succeed or not depends upon our efforts.What you have done for us will be in our memory for ever.当句子的实际主语太长时，英语习惯用先行代词it作形式主语，然后再引出真正的主语It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy.And with our current methods, it is hard to estimate the loss in environmental terms as many negative results may take decades to emerge.其他常用先行代词it作形式主语的句型还有：It is self-evident/ conce ivable / obvious / apparent that…很明显的是It goes without saying that… 不用说It is asserted that．．．有人主张……It is believed that．．．据信……It is generally considered that．．．人们普遍认为……It is hoped that．．．人们希望……It is reported that．．．据报道……It is said that．．．据说……It is supposed that．．．据推测．．．It is well-known that．．．众所周知……It must be admitted that．．．必须承认……It cannot be denied that… 不可否认……It must be pointed out that．．．需指出的是……It was told that．．．据传……It will be said that．．．有人会说……It follows that… 由此可见It is inappropriate that… ……是不合适的It is universally acknowledged that…It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy.2. 宾语从句宾语从句是置于谓语动词之后的名词性从句。

独立主格结构是一种常见的句法结构，它由一个名词、代词或动名词构成，加上一个动词或形容词作为补语。

这种结构可以用来强调某个动作或状态，并且使得句子更加简洁有力。

在写作中，独立主格结构的运用可以让文章更加生动、有趣，也可以增强文章的表现力和说服力。

以下是几个例子：
1. 领导站在讲台上，手里拿着一本厚厚的书，看着我们，微笑着。

这个句子中，“手里拿着一本厚厚的书”就是一个独立主格结构，它强调了领导的动作和状态，让整个场景更加生动。

2. 走在街上，阳光明媚，微风拂面，我感到非常愉悦。

这个句子中，“走在街上”就是一个独立主格结构，它强调了我正在做的事情，并且通过阳光和微风的描写，让读者感受到我的心情。

3. 他们在山顶上，呼吸着清新的空气，眺望着远方的群山。

这个句子中，“呼吸着清新的空气”就是一个独立主格结构，它强调了他们在山顶上的感受，通过群山的描写，让整个场景更加壮观。

独立主格结构通常放在句子的开头或结尾，可以使文章更加简洁有力，也可以增加句子的韵律和节奏。

但是，在运用独立主格结构时需要注意，它并不是万能的，如果用得不当，反而会影响阅读体验。

因此，在写作时要根据具体情况谨慎运用，避免过度使用和重复造成的疲劳
感。

托福独立写作写好开头结尾就能拿高分托福独立写作写好开头结尾就能拿高分?主体内容写法细节也要充分了解。

今日我给大家带来了托福独立写作写好开头结尾就能拿高分，盼望能够给关心到大家，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

托福独立写作写好开头结尾就能拿高分?主体内容写法细节也要充分了解托福独立写作主体段落结构分析托福独立写作主体段落的文章结构通常如下：Transitional words + topic sentence +development。

假如考生在平常能娴熟运用这样的一个结构来绽开作文，那么考场上就会凭借这份思维定势来关心自己抓住每一分。

中间三个段落都可以套用这种模式。

托福独立写作主体段过渡词介绍Transitional words主要有以下三种，即表挨次：firstly, secondly, finally (last but notleast);表并列：besides, in addition;表对比：in contrast, incomparison。

这些连接词会让文章看起来脉络清楚，组织严密，也就做到了评分标准中的“well-organized”一条。

托福独立写作主体段主题句写法要点分析主题句，顾名思义，向考官展现的是考生作文的主要意旨所以它在中间段落中的作用是至关重要的。

通常主题句应当留意一下几点：1.主题句必需是陈述句。

有的考生想在写作中创新，于是采纳反问句或者其他看似多样化的题目，然而这种多样性带来的后果是给考官观点不明确的印象，很自然地会影响到分数。

2.必需表明观点。

假如考生把一句无关痛痒的话放在主题句的位置上，很明显无法表明自身观点。

比如像“今日是晴天”这样的话没有表明观点;然而“今日是个好天气”就包含一种感情颜色在里面，给人一种立场明确的感觉。

考生应当切记：没有反对余地的就不行以作为主题句。

3.态度必需坚决。

但是不能极端。

4.每段必需有主题句，理论上讲没有主题句是可以的，但是考场上不行以，没有主题就会铺张考官的时间去帮你总结主题，然而繁忙的考官是不会那么和善地去分析你的题目来抓取你的观点的。

托福独立写作高分模板分享托福独立写作高分模板分享题目：Students can use their mobile phones to surf on the Internet or listen to the music while doing their homework.立场：不同意理由：做作业的时候干别的很难集中精力，必定会影响效率【段落示例】Firstly，it is impossible for students to concentrate on their homework while doing something else at the same time. This is because homework usually demands a relatively quiet place and full concentration from the student. Conversely，if a student is doing homework and listening to music or surfing online as well，his or her attention will be torn apart，and the efficiency of finishing homework will be inevitably affected. A good case in point is my own experience. When I am working on a mission such as preparing a presentation，I have to devote all my attention to it and cannot afford any slight disturbance. If I randomly refresh my Weibo or Wechat on cell phone，my job would be bound to last for a longer time.主题句：It is + adj. + for sb. to do A.正面说理：This is because。

英语写作基本句法Week 6 Writing on the Sentence Level (1)Basic sentence patterns/structuresThere are traditionally four basic patterns of English sentences, namely, simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, and compound-complex sentence.1. What is a simple sentence?● A simple sentence has a single subject-verb-object combination. It may have more than one subject,more than one verb, or more than one object. It is used when you want to express one simple idea.A subject is a noun or pronoun. It can be somebody or some thing.A predicate is a verb. It usually indicates an act.If the verb is intransitive, it has no object (S+v) behind it. If the verb is transitive, it must be followed by an object （S+v+o). If the verb is a linking verb, there must be a predicative (S+v+p).An object is also a noun, like subject.Examples:Children playThe game ended early.My car stalled three times last weekThe lake has been polluted by several neighbouring streams.[Note: the above subjects are all nouns. The predicates take different forms such as ‘present tense’, ‘past tense’, ‘perfect tense’ in a ‘passive’ form’, and so on.] Lola and Tony drove home.The wind and water dried my hair.The children smiled and waved at us.The lawn mower smoked and sputtered out.Manny, Moe and Jack lubricated my car, replaced the oil filter, and cleaned the spark plugs. [Note: the above sentences show that there may be more than 1 subject, more than 1 predicate, or more than 1 object in a sentence.]PS. : Capitalization and punctuations are important …accessories? of a complete simple sentence.2. What is a compound sentence?● A compound sentences, or a “double”sentence, is made up of two (or more) simple sentences,which are usually connected by a comma and/or plus a joining word (= coordinate conjunction: and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet). It is used when you want to give equal weight to two closely related ideas.The technique of showing that ideas have equal importance is called coordination.Examples:The rain increased, so the officials canceled the game.Martha wanted to go shopping, but Fred refused to drive her.Tome was watching television in the family room, and Marie was upstairs on the phone.I had to give up wood carving, for my arthritis had become very painful.Task 1: From simple to compoundCombine the following pairs of simple sentences into compound sentences. Use a comma and a correct joining word (and, but, for, so) to connect each pair.1.My cold grew worse.I decided to see a doctor. 2.I invited Rico to sleep overnight.He wanted to go home.______________________________________________________________________________________3.My uncle always ignores me.My aunt gives me kisses and presents.4.Police raided the club.They had gotten a tip about illegal drugs for sale.______________________________________________________________________________________5.We played softball in the afternoon.We went to a movie in the evening.___________________________________________3. What is a complex sentence?● A complex sentence is made up of a simple sentence (a complete statement) and a statement thatbegins with a dependent word (=subordinate conjunction).● A complex sentence is use d when you want to emphasize one idea (main/independent clause) overanother (subordinate/dependent clause) in a sentence. The technique of giving one idea less emphasis than another is called subordinationExamples:While Sue was eating breakfast, she began to feel sick.I checked my money before I invited Tom for lunch.When Jerry lost his temper, he also lost his job.Although I practiced for three months, I failed my driving test.[Note: complex sentences are featured by the …subordinate clause?. These subordinate clauses include adverbial clauses, subjective clauses, adjectival/attributive clauses, appositive clauses, objective clauses and predicative clauses. They depend on their own main clauses in existence, and should appear after a subordination conjunction indicating logical relations such astime, place, cause, purpose, concession and so on.]Task 2: From simple to complexUse logically dependent words to combine the following pairs of simple sentence into complex sentences. Place a comma after a dependent statement when it starts the sentence.1)I obtained a credit card.I began spending money recklessly.________________________________________________________________ ________________________2)Alan dressed the turkey.His brother greased the roasting pot.________________________________________________________________ _________________________Combine the simple sentences that follow into complex sentences. Omit repeated words. Use the dependent words who, which, and that. Use commas around the dependent statement only if it seems to interrupt the flowof thought in the sentence.1)Clyde picked up a hitchhiker.The hitchhiker was traveling around the word.________________________________________________________________ _________________________2)Larry is a sleepwalker.Larry is my brother.________________________________________________________________ _________________________Task 3: From compound to complexRewrite the following sentences, using subordination rather than coordination. Include a comma when a dependent statement starts a sentence.1)The hair dryer was not working right, so I returned it to the store.________________________________________________________________ _________________________2)Ruth turned on the large window fan, but the room remained hot.________________________________________________________________ __________________________4. What is a compound-complex sentence?A compound-complex sentence has two (or more) main/independent clauses and one (or more)subordinate/dependent clause, often resulting in a long sentence. In the following examples, a solid line is under the main clause, and a dotted line is under the dependent/subordinate clause.Examples:·When the power line snapped, Jack was listening to the stereo, and Linda was reading in bed.·After I returned to school following a long illness, the math instructor gave me makeup work, but the history instructor made me drop her course.Task 4 From simple to compound-complexRead through each set of ideas to get a sense of its overall meaning. Then insert a logical joining word (and, or, but, for,or so) and a logical dependent word (because, since, when, or although) to make it a compound-complex sentence.1）He suffered so much during hay fever season;Pete bought an air conditioner;He swallowed allergy pills regularly.——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————2）I put on my new flannel shirt;I discovered that a button was missing,I angrily went looking for a replacement button in the sewing basket.——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————Other issues related to correct sentence structuresPart of speechAgreement of Subject-VerbAgreement of TenseAgreement of generic referenceNote: those who have problems in the areas above should manage to do RELEVANT exercises from some books concerning English grammar such as:大学英语语法手册（全新版）上海外语教育出版社Task 5 Discuss with your partner and tell whether the following sentences are all correct, and WH? Put them in correct forms if you find anything wrong.1）He makes his life has its meaning, maybe just has meaning to himself.2）Words are building blocks of writing, between which meaning relations are cement.3）In my opinion, I think everybody comes to the earth should makes his or her life meaningful.4）I once had a class on the grass…… We students just likelittle birds whic h were released from the cage.5）Only a small part of the people became stockbrokers, bankers, professional managers and so on, those occupations which are thought as successful jobs.6）People, whatever his or her characteristic is, can succeed. The point lies in what you do but not in who you are.Analyzing the situation we are in, we should do what we are fond of and good at.…New? HomeworkRewrite your in-class writing of Week 6 on computer after class, paying special attention this time to correct sentence patterns.In this so-called e-version and with a title, send it to the class chief by email.The deadline for submission is midnight Friday this week (Week 6) . Submissions after the deadline are declined. Feedback of this writing will be given (also in the e-form) afterwards.…Old? Homework ReviewBook 2 writing (or Personal Journal writing): Continue to write about your personal affairs in Book 2 every even-number week.Surgery talk: one third of the course time has passed. Have you already set up your appointment with the teacher for an advantageous date, so as to avoid being excluded by the time sequence in the end?Those who have been already awarded the bids, please keep necessary contacts with the teacher, so as to help the teacher with a better memory of your contribution! If others also feel interested in one of these bits, do not hesitate to talk to the teacher.。

实用英语作文中常见的句子结构与表达技巧Title: Practical Sentence Structures and Expressive Techniques in English EssaysEnglish essays are a vehicle for clear communication, presenting ideas, and demonstrating critical thinking skills. Mastering the right sentence structures and expressive techniques is crucial for crafting engaging and coherent writing. Here, we'll delve into some common structures and strategies to enhance your essays.1. Sentence Types:- Simple: A single subject and verb convey a complete thought.(e.g., The dog barks.)- Compound: Two or more independent clauses joined by conjunctions. (e.g., She studies hard and exercises daily.) - Complex: A compound with an embedded clause. (e.g., Although she was tired, she stayed up late to finish her work.) - Compound-Complex: Multiple independent clauses connected by conjunctions and at least one embedded clause. (e.g., She loves reading, but she has no time; therefore, she reads only during weekends.)2. Paragraph Structure:- Introduction: Begin with a hook, background information, and thesis statement.- Body: Each paragraph should focus on a main point, with evidence and examples to support it.- Transition phrases: Use "however," "furthermore," and "in addition" to connect ideas smoothly.- Conclusion: Summarize the main points and restate the thesis in a new way.3. Active vs. Passive Voice:- Active voice (e.g., The teacher graded the exams) is direct and engaging, but passive voice (e.g., The exams were graded by the teacher) may sound weak or indirect.- Use active voice whenever possible for clarity and strength.4. Vocabulary and Grammar:- Use varied vocabulary to avoid redundancy. Look up synonyms and antonyms to enrich your writing.- Be mindful of subject-verb agreement, tenses, and punctuation.- Practice using idiomatic expressions and collocations to sound natural.5. Sentence Variety:- Mix long and short sentences for rhythm and balance. Short sentences can emphasize key points, while longer ones provide context.- Use parallelism in lists or comparisons for clarity (e.g., She enjoys hiking, swimming, and cycling.)6. Emphasis and Contrast:- Emphasize key points with italicization, bolding, or repetition.- Use contrast effectively to show opposing ideas or to create a vivid picture (e.g., While some prefer solitude, others thrive in social settings.)7. Clarity and Conciseness:- Avoid wordiness and jargon; use simple language where appropriate.- Ensure your sentences are clear and easy to understand.8. Quotations and Citations:- Integrate quotes seamlessly into your text, providing proper citation according to the style guide (APA, MLA, etc.).- Use quotation marks to distinguish between your thoughts and the source material.9. Conclusion:- Summarize the main points without repeating verbatim.- Offer a final thought or call to action that leaves a lasting impression.In Chinese:在实用英语写作中，常见的句子结构和表达技巧对于构建有说服力的文章至关重要。

写作常用句型
在学习写作的过程中，掌握一些常用的句型能够帮助我们提高写作水平，使文章更加生动有趣。

下面介绍一些常用的句型。

1. 主语+谓语+宾语
这是最基本的句型，也是写作中最常用的句型，可以表达简单的事实或观点。

例句：我喜欢读书。

2. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
宾语补足语是用来补充宾语的信息，使句子更加完整。

例句：我觉得这本书很有趣。

3. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
间接宾语表示动作的受益者，而直接宾语表示动作的承受者。

例句：我给了她一本书。

4. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语+定语
定语是用来修饰宾语的，使句子更加丰富多彩。

例句：我喜欢那本很有趣的书。

5. 主语+系动词+表语
系动词用来连接主语和表语，表达主语的状态或特征。

例句：他是一个聪明的人。

6. 主语+系动词+宾语+宾语补足语
宾语补足语用来补充宾语的信息，使句子更加完整。

例句：我觉得这本书很有趣。

7. 主语+动词+副词
副词用来修饰动词，表达动作的方式或程度。

例句：他慢慢地走了过来。

8. 主语+动词+宾语+副词
副词用来修饰动词或宾语，表达动作的方式或程度。

例句：我认真地看了这本书。

以上是一些常用的句型，通过灵活运用可以使文章更加生动有趣。

在写作过程中，我们应该注重句型的多样性，根据不同的表达需求选择合适的句型，从而使文章更加精彩。

托福独⽴写作常⽤句式托福独⽴写作模板30句常⽤句式 导语：今天⼩编整理了⼀些关于托福独⽴写作模板的30句常⽤句式，⼩编觉得mark起来就对了! ⼀、提出背景的托福独⽴写作模板句式 1、It’s generally agreed that ... ... (⼈们普遍认为... ...) 2、There is a growing body of opinion that ... ... (越来越多的⼈认为... ...) 3、An increasing number of people have the tendency to believe that ... ... (越来越多的⼈倾向于认为... ...) 4、Some people, especially the old, believe that ... ... (⼀些⼈，尤其是⽼⼈，认为... ...) 5、Other people, the young in particular, argue that ... ... (别的⼈，尤其是年轻⼈，认为... ...) 6、Some current analyses conclude that ... ... (当下的⼀些分析表明... ...) 7、... ... is a heated topic in our times. (... ...是我们这个时代⽕热的⼀个话题) 8、The topic about ... ... has been raging for decades. (关于... ...的话题已经风⾏⼏⼗年了) 9、... ... is an eternal/a perpetual topic in our daily lives. (... ...是我们⽇常⽣活中⼀个永恒的话题) 10、... ... is one of the most talked about topics in the contemporary society. (... ...是当代社会讨论最多的话题之⼀) 11、Recently, the impact that ... ... has had on our daily lives, in general, is huge and undeniable. (近年来， ... ...对我们⽇常⽣活的影响，总的来说，是巨⼤且不可避免的) 12、With the gradual perfection and progressive amelioration of ... ..., sweeping changes have been brought into our lives. (随着... ...的不断完善和进⼀步提⾼，⼈们的'⽣活发⽣了翻天覆地的变化) 13、In terms of ... ..., sometimes we find ourselves in dilemmas. (谈到... ...时，我们有时候会发现⾃⼰左右为难) ⼆、个⼈观点的托福独⽴写作模板句式 14、I am totally convinced that ... ... (我百分百确信... ...) 15、I personally tend to believe that ... ... (我个⼈倾向于认为... ...) 16、From my perspective, ... ... is without doubt a better option. (依我看，... ...毫⽆疑问是个更好的选择) 17、According to the evidence offered above, I can hardly agree that ... ... (综合以上证明，我很难同意... ...) 18、With respect to ... ..., I am pretty sure that I’m on the same/opposite side of it. (关于... ...，我很确定是站在正/反⽅的⽴场) 19、Although it’s no simple task for us to make a prudent and satisfying choice, I still wholeheartedly believe that ... ... (尽管对于我们来说，做⼀个谨慎友令⼈满意的选择是很困难的，但是我仍然全⼼全意地相信... ...) 三、引出争议的托福独⽴写作模板句式 20、There is no consensus on whether...yet. (关于是否该... ...，现在仍然没有⼀个定论) 21、Whether...is an issue open to debate. (是否该... ...，这是⼀个有待讨论的问题) 22、Whether...is a boon or bane is still open to debate. (... ...是好是坏/是对是错，这有待讨论) 23、The issue of whether…has triggered intense debate. (是否该... ...，这个问题引发了⼀个激烈的讨论) 24、The debate over whether...has been going on for a long time. (关于... ...的讨论已经持续很长时间了) 25、When it comes to ... ..., people tend to hold different viewpoints. (当谈到... ...的时候，⼈们倾向于持有不同的观点) 26、Most of the public tend to advocate that ... ... ,while I doubt whether the argument needs more analyses. (⼤多数⼈倾向于主张... ..., 但是我认为这有待进⼀步讨论) 四、“不可否认”的托福独⽴写作模板句式 27、It’s undeniable that ... ... (不可否认的是... ...) 28、It’s indisputable that ... ... (不可否认的是... ...) 29、One indisputable fact is that ... ... (不可否认的是... ...) 30、We can’t deny the fact that ... ... (不可否认的是... ...)= " 1 2 0 " > / e m >。

独立主格结构完整讲解独立主格结构是一种常见的句法结构，它通常由一个名词或代词加上一个动词的ing形式构成，用于描述一个与主句主语相关但又相对独立的动作或状态。

独立主格结构的语法特点和用法比较灵活，可以在句子中作为插入语、原因状语、时间状语、让步状语等，用于增加语境的丰富性和句子结构的多样性。

1.独立主格结构作为插入语：- The car crashed into a tree, the driver texting on his phone.(这辆车撞到了一棵树上，司机正在用手机发短信。

)- We walked in the park, the birds chirping in the trees.(我们在公园里散步，树上的鸟儿在叽叽喳喳地唱着。

)2.独立主格结构作为原因状语：- My car broke down on the way to work, me being careless with maintenance.(在去上班的路上，我的车抛锚了，这是因为我对保养不够细心。

) - He missed his flight, him oversleeping this morning.(他错过了飞机，因为他今天早上睡过头了。

)3.独立主格结构作为时间状语：- I spent the whole day in the library, my friends hanging out at the beach.(我整天都呆在图书馆，好朋友们都在海滩玩。

)(她连续加班数周，她的同事休产假了。

)4.独立主格结构作为让步状语：- Despite the rain, the kids played outside, their parents not minding the wet clothes.(尽管下着雨，孩子们还是在外面玩，他们的父母并不介意弄湿衣服。

)- For all his efforts, he still failed the exam, him not studying hard enough.(尽管付出了努力，他还是考试不及格，因为没有学习足够努力。

托福写作题型简介及备考策略——独立写作托福写作有分为独立写作和综合写作两个部分今天小编就来和大家分享一下独立写作的题型简介以及备考策略，希望对大家有帮助！托福写作题型简介及备考策略——独立写作1 托福独立写作介绍1.1 典型问法托福独立写作部分(the Independent Writing Task)为新托福写作试题的第二个部分，要求考生针对某个问题提出自己的论点并展开，考试时间为30分钟。

这种题目的典型问法为：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?[A sentence or sentences that present an issue appear here]Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.1.2 评分原则和评分标准评分原则：从2010年1月开始，iBT写作评分系统做出重大改革。

由原来的两位阅卷者独立阅卷给分，两个分数的算术平均值为原始分，改为一个阅卷人和一个电脑评分系统(E-Rater)分别给分。

其中，E-Rater负责Linguistic feature(语言因素)，即语法，句法和结构;人工负责文章内容和含义;两部分相加，即为考生的作文原始分。

而最终的分数则与原始分所占的百分比(Percentile)相关：比如30分对应97.9%，即只有2.1%的人得到了满分。

评分标准：Score 5: An essay as this level largely accomplishes all of the following:Effectively addresses the topic and task;Is well-organized and well-developed, using clearly appropriate explanation, exemplifications, and/or details;Display unity, progression and coherence;Display consistent facility in the use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.评分标准解读：阅卷人会从考生是否切题，如何展开论点，如何组织文章结构和语言运用四个方面评估考生的文章。