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Chap-9-维护_082004

Chap-9-维护_082004

9.Maintenance / Replacement of consumables维护/消耗品的更换In the menu Options / Maintenance / Intervals up to ten different maintenance events can be specified. For each maintenance a text, a limiting value and the actual count of the meter can be defined.在菜单“选择/维护/间隔”中，有10个不同维护项目详细说明。

对每个维护，文本，限定值和实际计数能被定义。

There is also a bar display in the main window which reflects the maintenance status. Prior to large sample series the maintenance status should be checked.在主窗口中也有一个栏，它反应了维护的位置。

优先于大样品系列，维护位置应该被检查。

The following maintenance events are factory given:以下是工厂给出的维护项目：1000 ml water stock, approx. 90 analysis 1000ml储水约150次分析1000 ml acid stock, approx. 700 analysis 1000ml酸的储备约700次分析reactor with filling, approx. 1000 analysis 反应容器填充物约1500次分析drying tube, approx. 500 analysis 干燥管约500次分析HCl absorption tube 1, approx. 300 analysis HCl吸收管1 约300次分析HCl absorption tube 2, approx. 1000 analysis HCl吸收管2 约1000次分析The replacement of the consumables will be done under Options / Maintenance / Replace part. The carrier gas and the furnace heatings will be switched off. After the overpressure has been decreased in the instrument the corresponding ground-in clamps or screwings can be opened.消耗品的更换在“选择/维护/更换部件”下执行。

国际商务 查尔斯w.l.希尔 第七版 原版官方pptchap009

国际商务 查尔斯w.l.希尔 第七版 原版官方pptchap009
9-11
The Nature Of The Foreign Exchange Market
·High-speed computer linkages between trading centers around the globe have effectively created a single market— there is no significant difference between exchange rates quotes in the differing trading centers · I f exchange rates quoted in different markets were not essentially the same, there would be an opportunity for arbitrage (the process of buying a currency low and selling it high), and the gap would close ·Most transactions involve dollars on one side— it is a vehicle currency along with the euro, the Japanese yen, and the British pound
Introduction
·A firm ’ s sales, profits, and strategy are affected by events in the foreign exchange market ·The foreign exchange market is a market for converting the currency of one country into that of another country · The exchange rate is the rate at which one currency is converted into another

chap09

chap09

第9章指针指针是C语言中的一个重要概念，也是C语言的一个重要特色。

利用指针可直接对内存中各种不同的数据结构进行快速访问和处理；能为函数间各类数据的传递提供了非常有效的手段；能动态分配内存；能直接处理内存地址。

C语言的指针既可以指向一般变量、数组变量、结构变量及共用体变量，也可以指向函数。

正确地使用指针能够有效地表示和处理复杂的数据结构，更加灵活地处理各类复杂问题。

9.1 指针的基本概念我们知道，计算机执行的所有程序和处理的所有数据必须存放在内存中才能由CPU执行和处理。

计算机的内存是由一片连续的存储单元组成的，为了区分其中的每一个单元（即每一个字节），可以为内存中的每一个字节人为地进行编号，如从0、1、2、......一直连续编号，这些编号就是内存单元的地址。

用这些地址可以标识不同的内存单元，即用地址作为区分不同内存单元的标志。

日常生活中有许多事例也是类似的，例如一幢教学楼有许多间教室，为了方便识别、记忆和使用，我们人为地为每一间教室进行编号，如101、102、 (201)202、……等。

这些编号（教室号码）作为区分不同教室的标志，分别用以标识不同的教室，它们相当于教室的地址。

明显地，内存单元的地址一定是整数，不可能有小数，因为内存中的基本存储单元为字节，以字节为单位进行编号则一定是整数。

要分清内存单元的地址和内容这两个概念的区别，它们既有一定的联系，但本质上又截然不同。

内存单元的地址指的是为各个内存单元所作的人为编号，以标识每一个内存单元。

而内存单元的内容指的是存放在该内存单元中的数据或信息。

以上述例子为例，教室号码相当于内存单元的地址，而教室中的人员则相当于内存单元的内容。

程序可以存取内存单元中的内容：若从中读出数据，则内存单元中的内容保持不变，若往内存单元中写入信息，则该内存单元的内容“以新换旧”，原有数据丢失。

可见，内存单元中的内容可以改变。

前面已经介绍变量和数组可以存放程序处理的数据，这些数据都是存放在计算机的内存中的。

chap009[1]

chap009[1]
Objective: Convert ending inventory at retail to ending inventory at cost.
9-14
Slide 15
The Retail Inventory Method
Retail Terminology
Term Initial markup Additional markup Markup cancellation Markdown Markdown cancellation
2. Record the Loss as part of Cost of Goods Sold
▪ Adjust inventory directly or by using an allowance account.
9-8
Slide 9
Inventory Estimation Techniques
$ 237,400 728,300 965,700 (691,410)
$ 274,290
* COGS = Sales x (1 - GP%) = $ 1,213,000 x ( 1 - 43% ) = $ 691,410
NOTE: The key to successfully applying this method is a reliable Gross Profit Ratio.
9-7
Slide 8
Adjusting Cost to Market
1. Record the Loss as a Separate Item in the Income Statement
▪ Adjust inventory directly or by using an allowance account.

公司理财chap009

公司理财chap009
Table 9–5
9-21
Loan Amortization
• A mortgage loan to be repaid over 20 years at 8% interest:
9-22
Loan Amortization Table
•In such a case the part of the payments to the mortgage company will go toward the payment of interest, with the remainder applied to debt reduction, as indicated in the following table: Table 9–6
• A generalized formula for Future Value of Annuity: FVA = A × FVIFA
Where: FVA = Future value of the Annuity FVIFA = Annuity Factor = {[(1+i)n – 1] ÷ i} A = Annuity value i = Interest rate n = Number of periods; • Assuming, A = $1,000, n = 4, and i = 10%
9-2
Relationship to The Capital Outlay Decision
• The time value of money is used to determine whether future benefits are sufficiently large to justify current outlays

会计专业英语Chap009

会计专业英语Chap009

9-11
Straight-Line Depreciation
Depreciation = Expense per Year Cost - Residual Value Years of Useful Life
9-12
Straight-Line Depreciation
On January 2, S&G Wholesale Grocery buys a new delivery truck. The truck cost $24,000, has an estimated residual value of $3,000, and an estimated useful life of 5 years. Compute annual depreciation using the straight-line method.
The allocation is based on the relative Fair Market Value of each asset purchased.
The total cost must be allocated to separate accounts for each asset.
Depreciation = = Depreciation = ($75,000 - $5,000) ÷ 10 $7,000 for a full year $7,000 × 1/2 = $3,500
9-16
Declining-Balance Method
Depreciation in the early years of an asset’s estimated useful life is higher than in later years.

经典迈克尔贝叶著管理经济学与商务战略课件英文版Chap009


Michael R. Baye, Managerial Economics and Business Strategy, 5e.
Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Insight
• The effect of a price reduction on the quantity demanded of your product depends upon whether your rivals respond by cutting their prices too!
Oligopoly Environment
• Relatively few firms, usually less than 10.
Duopoly - two firms Triopoly - three firms
• The products firms offer can be either differentiated or homogeneous.
PH P0 PL
QH1 QH2Q0 QL2 QL1
Байду номын сангаас
D1 (Rival holds its price constant)
Q
Michael R. Baye, Managerial Economics and Business Strategy, 5e.
Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

jchap009-电商2013


对于直接插入排序：
最好的情况（关键字在记录序列中顺序有序）：
“比较”的次数：
“移动”的次数：
1 n 1
i 2
n
0
“移动”的次数： n (n 4)(n 1) (i 1) 2 i 2
最坏的情况（关键字在记录序列中逆序有序）：
“比较”的次数： n (n 2)(n 1) i 2 i2
其中，d 称为增量，它的值在排序过程 中从大到小逐渐缩小，直至最后一趟排 序减为 1。
例如：
16 25 12 30 47 11 23 36 9 18 31
第一趟希尔排序，设增量 d =5
11 23 12 9 18 16 25 36 30 47 31 第二趟希尔排序，设增量 d = 3 9 18 12 11 23 16 25 31 30 47 36 第三趟希尔排序，设增量 d = 1
R[0] R[i]
j
j= i-1 插入位臵
上述循环结束后可以直接进行“插入”
令 i = 2，3，…, n, 实现整个序列的排序。 for ( i=2; i<=n; ++i )
if (R[i].key<R[i-1].key)
{ 在 R[1..i-1]中查找R[i]的插入位臵;
插入R[i] ;
}
void InsertionSort ( SqList &L ) { // 对顺序表 L 作直接插入排序。
如何在排序之后调整记录序列？
算法中使用了三个指针： 其中：p指示第i个记录的当前位臵 i指示第i个记录应在的位臵 q指示第i+1个记录的当前位臵
i
q 25 49 25* 16 08
p

托马斯.A.普格尔_国际贸易_英语chap009


2.
3.
4.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Chapter9
The import quota进口配额

Why protectionists and government officials may favor using quota instead of a tariff?
1.Your initial recognition
2.External effect It costs a particular amount of money
3.This the reality : one dollar, one vote metric
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
2.The import quota进口配额
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Chapter9
The import quota进口配额
Import
(maximum) total quantity of imports of a product allowed into a country during a period of time
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin

chap9-10解析


14
• （1）了解电迁移现象的物理机制
• （2）中值失效时间概念
• （3）改进电迁移的方法
•
结构的影响和“竹状”结构的选择；
•
AL-Cu合金(在Al中加入0.5～4％的Cu可
以降低铝原子在晶间的扩散系数。但同时电阻
率会增加！)和AL-Si-Cu合金；
•
三层夹心结构。
15
9.3 铜及低K介质
• 降低互连线延迟时间重要方法之一：使用
➢可以通过掺杂改变MS。如n-poly可以使VT下降1.1 V，
既工业界常用的双多晶栅dual-poly（n & p）工艺。 ➢多晶栅自对准技术，可以进一步提高集成度。
22
多晶硅栅自对准技术
23
LDD(Lightly Doped Drain)＋spacer 多晶硅自对准技术
LDD工艺是CMOS集成电路进入亚微米后应用最广泛的技术， LDD结构是 用来降低MOS管源端和漏端在沟道的电场分布，以克服热载流子效应所造成的 I-V特性因长时间作用而漂移的问题。但是LDD结构在导电沟道两段的深度只有 20nm，这等于在源极和漏极 的两端形成了两个尖端，尖端放电现象即静电放电 (ESD) 便容易发生在LDD结构上，从而造成这种结构的抗静电能力较低。
接成为具有一定功能的电路模块。 • 接触材料：直接与半导体材料接触的材料，以及
提供与外部相连的连接点。 • 金属材料：除了常见AL、CU、Pt、W等以外，
还包括重掺杂多晶硅、金属硅化金属合金等金属 性材料。
3
9.1 集成电路对金属化材料特性的要求
对IC金属化系统的主要要求
电学、机械、热学、热力学及化学
26
金属硅化物作为接触材料
特点：类金属，低电阻率（<0.01多晶硅），高温
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9–11
Expectancy Theory
9–12
Expectancy Theory
Motivation will be high when workers believe:
High levels of effort will lead to high performance. High performance will lead to the attainment of desired outcomes.
Examples
Use abilities to the fullest Promotions and recognition Interpersonal relations, parties Job security, health insurance Basic pay level to buy items
Input
Anything a person contributes to his or her job or organization: Time, effort, skills, knowledge, work behaviors.
9–8
The Motivation Equation
Figure 9.1
Extrinsically Motivated Behavior
Behavior that is performed to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment. The source of the motivation is the consequences of the behavior and not the behavior itself.
9–21
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Needs
HighestHighest-level needs SelfSelfactualization
Description
Realize one's full potential Feel good about oneself Social interaction, love Security, stability Food, water, shelter
9–3
Learning Objectives
After studying the chapter, you should be able to:
The Nature of Motivation.
Motivation Theories. Pay and Motivation.
9–4
The Nature of Motivation
9–17
Expectancy Theory
Figure 9.3
9–18
9–19
Need Theories
9–20
Need Theories
Need
A requirement for survival and well-being. well-
Need Theories
Theories of motivation that focus on what needs people are trying to satisfy at work and what outcomes will satisfy those needs. Basis premise is that people are motivated to obtain outcomes at work to satisfy their needs. Managers must determine what needs a worker wants satisfied and ensure that a person receives the outcomes when performing well.
Major Factors of Motivation
Expectancy— Expectancy—the belief that effort (input) will result in a certain level of performance. Instrumentality— Instrumentality—the belief that performance results in the attainment of outcomes. Valence— Valence—how desirable each of the available outcomes from the job is to a person.
9–22
9–23
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory Motivation Focuses on outcomes that lead to higher motivation and job satisfaction, and those outcomes that can prevent dissatisfaction.
Esteem
Belongingness
Safety
LowestLowest-level needs
Physiological
LowerLower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs are addressed. higherTable 9.1
Motivator needs relate to the nature of the work itself— itself—autonomy, responsibility, interesting work. Hygiene needs are related to the physical and psychological context of the work—comfortable work— work environment, pay, job security. Unsatisfied hygiene needs create dissatisfaction; satisfaction of hygiene needs does not lead to motivation or job satisfaction.
9–13
Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence
Figure 9.2
9–14
9–15
Expectancy Theory in Practice
Expectancy: Effort will result in a level of performance. Employees will work hard if they believe they can attain high performance—organizations must performance— provide the resources that support performance. Instrumentality: Performance leads to outcomes. Workers are only motivated if they think performance leads to an outcome—managers must outcome— link performance to outcomes. Valence: How desirable an outcome is to a person. Workers have preferences for outcomes—managers outcomes— must determine which outcomes are valued.
9–16
Expectancy and Motivation
Motivation is highest when expectancy, iБайду номын сангаасstrumentality, and valence levels are high.
If one of the values is low, motivation will be low: Workers do not believe they can perform well. Workers do not believe that performance and rewards are closely linked. Workers do not value the rewards offered for performance.
You can contact me by Email: tnie@.mo Tele:8897Tele:8897-2063 Msn:cytisus2008@ Msn:cytisus2008@ Office: A420 Office hour:
9–5
The Nature of Motivation (cont'd)
Intrinsically Motivated Behavior
Behavior that is performed for its own sake. The source of the motivation that comes from actually engaging in the behavior. The sense of accomplishment and achievement derived from doing the work itself
9–6
Sources of Motivation
Personal Characteristics
Nature of the Job
Individual Motivation