t-tbar Production at the Tevatron Event Selection and Cross Section Measurement

外刊每日精读 | Making trouble文章脉络【1】看重制造业的国家都有工业战略，但是英国没有。

【2】英国对自己的可再生能源产业非常自满。

【3】安迪·霍尔丹称英国很可能在这场再工业化军备竞赛中落后。

【4】与中国相比，西方在绿色技术方面觉醒地太晚了。

【5】英国想要成为一个制造业“超级大国”还有一段路要走。

【6】英国不再是一流的制造业经济体，而且几十年以来都不是。

【7】戴森最近宣布将把电池工厂建在新加坡，这也完美诠释了英国现在正面临的挑战。

【8】戴森没有选择在英国建厂有多重原因。

【9】英国进行高价值的脑力劳动，其他国家负责生产的想法已经不再符合实际。

【10】国家相关战略的缺失让制造商处于竞争劣势。

【11】缺少合适的、有规划的工业战略是英国的致命弱点。

【12】从行动来看，英国似乎并没有参与竞争。

经济学人原文Making trouble：UK needs an industrial strategy to compete in manufacturing【1】Countries that are serious about manufacturing have industrial strategies.The US and China have one. So do Germany and France. Britain does not . Rishi Sunak talks about turning the UK into a “science and technology superpower” but that’s all it is: talk. It is a PR strategy masquerading as an industrial strategy.【2】Faced with the challenge presented by Joe Biden’s inflation reduction act (IRA), the government says it has no need to respond to the package of green subsidies being provided by Washington because Britain has already established a thriving renewables sector and the Americans are playing catch up. The complacency is staggering.【3】Andy Haldane , once the Bank of England’s chief economist and now the chief executive of the Royal Society of Arts, last week said: “The world is facing right now an arms race in re-industrialisation. And I think we’re at risk of falling behind in that arms race unless we give itthe giddy-up.”【4】China, Haldane added, had been focusing on green technology for many, many years and had forged ahead in tech such as solar and batteries. “The west has belatedly woken up,” he said. “The IRA is throwing cash to the wall on that. The cost of that [is] almost certainly north of half a trillion dollars. Possibly north of $1tn. The EU is now playing catch up, [and] the UK currently is not really in the race at any kind of scale.”【5】A quick glance at the latest trade figures shows Britain has some way to go to be a manufacturing“superpower”.manufacturing’s share of the economy shrank from more than 30% to less than 10% of national output in Elizabeth II’s reign. The goods deficit, last in surplus in the early 1980s, stood at £55bn in the first three months of this year, with imports more than 50% higher than exports. A £40bn quarterly surplus in services was not enough to close the trade gap.【6】Those who supported Brexit say the UK now has the freedom to export more to faster growing parts of the world economy . Those who opposed it say exporting to the EU has become more burdensome. Both are right, but both are missing the point. Before Britain can take advantage of export opportunities it has to have stuff to export. The fact is the UK is no longer a firstrank manufacturing economy and hasn’t been for decades.【7】Dyson’s recent announcement that it will build a battery factory in Singapore is a perfect illustration of the challenge facing the UK. There was never the remotest possibility that the plant would be in the UK due to what its founder James Dyson, a prominent Brexit supporter, called in a letter to the Times, t he “scandalous neglect” of science and technology businesses.【8】Only part of the company’s reluctance to manufacture in the UK is due to the recent jump in corporation tax, though that wipes out any benefit from tax breaks for research and development. It is also the planning system, the lack of trained engineers, the disdain shown for science and technology, and government interference in the way businesses are run.【9】The company says the UK will remain a centre for R&D, and it will invest £100m in a new tech centre in Bristol for software and AI research. But the idea that Britain can do all the high-value brain power stuff while other countries do the production is an illusion. Increasingly, Dyson’s R&D happens in Singapore, the site of its global HQ, and in the Philippines.【10】Dyson is by no means alone. A report by the lobby group Make UK found that six in 10manufacturers thought government had never had a longterm vision for manufacturing, while eight in 10 considered the absence of a strategy put their company at a competitive disadvantage compared with other manufacturing nations. It is no surprise that AstraZeneca recently announced it was building its new factory in Ireland .【11】Stephen Phipson, Make UK ’s chief executive , said last week the US was spending 1.5% of national output on its IRA. The equivalent sum in the UK would be £33bn. It was not just the money, though. “A lack of a proper, planned industrial strategy is the UK’s achilles heel ,” Phipson said. “Every other major economy, from Germany, to China, to the US, has a long-term national manufacturing plan, underlying the importance of an industrial base to the success of its wider economy. The UK is the only country to not have one.“If we are to not only tackle our regional inequality, but also compete on a global stage, we need a national industrial strategy as a matter of urgency.”【12】One option is to concentrate instead on sectors where the UK does have global clout: financial and business services, for example. In that case, the pretence has to stop that levelling up will be delivered by new factories turning out world-beating products.The government can either make Britain an attractive place for manufacturing companies to invest or it can decide not to compete. Judged by its actions rather than by its rhetoric, it seems to have chosen the latter option.。

Lanostane triterpenes from cultures of the Basidiomycete Ganoderma orbiforme BCC 22324Masahiko Isaka ⇑,Panida Chinthanom,Surisa Kongthong,Kitlada Srichomthong,Rattaket ChoeyklinNational Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC),113Thailand Science Park,Phaholyothin Road,Klong Luang,Pathumthani 12120,Thailanda r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 22February 2012Received in revised form 18August 2012Available online 29December 2012Keywords:Plant pathogenic mushroom Ganoderma orbiforme LanostanesAntimycobacterial activity Antiplasmodial activitya b s t r a c tSeven lanostane triterpenoids,ganorbiformins A–G,together with twelve known compounds,were iso-lated from cultures of the mushroom fungus Ganoderma orbiforme BCC 22324.Ganorbiformin A is an unusual rearranged analog,whereas the other compounds share the same lanostane skeleton with known ganoderic acids.The C-3epimer of ganoderic acid T also exhibited significant antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (MIC 1.3l M).Ó2012Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe mushroom Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known Chinese crude drug widely used in Asian countries (Paterson,2006).This fungus is a prolific source of highly oxygenated lanostane triterpe-noids,such as ganoderic acids,that have been isolated both from fruiting bodies and cell cultures (Cole and Schweikert,2003).Sev-eral other species,Ganoderma applanatum (Shim et al.,2004;de Sil-va et al.,2006;Wang and Liu,2008),Ganoderma amboinense (Li et al.,2005),Ganoderma colossum (El Dine et al.,2008),and Gano-derma carnosum (Keller et al.,1997)are also known as producers of similar triterpenoids.As part of our research program on utilization of fungal sources in Thailand,the relatively rare species Ganoderma orbiforme ,strain BCC 22324,was investigated.A mycelial extract from cell culture of this fungus displayed a complex 1H NMR profile,which sug-gested the occurrence of many terpenoids.In Thailand,this species has been found in the south area as an oil palm pathogen.To our knowledge,there has been no previous report on the chemical con-stituents from natural fruiting bodies or cell cultures of this spe-cies.Scale-up fermentation and chemical studies of BCC 22324led to the isolation and characterization of seven new lanostane triterpenoids,ganorbiformins A–G (1–7),along with twelve known ganoderic acid derivatives (8–19)(Fig.1).2.Results and discussionGanorbiformin A (1)was isolated as a colorless solid,and its molecular formula was determined to be C 32H 48O 8by HRESIMS.The IR spectrum exhibited a broad absorption band of hydroxy groups at m max 3418cm À1and the intense overlapping carbonyl absorption bands at 1730–1691cm À1.The 1H and 13C NMR spec-troscopic data in CDCl 3suggested that 1was a triterpenoid bearing one acetoxy group and the skeleton was similar to the known lan-ostane co-metabolites 8–19.The 1H and 13C NMR,DEPT,and HMQC data for 1supported the presence of an aliphatic ketone (d C 216.6),two carboxyl or ester groups (d H 172.0and 171.3),three sp 2qua-ternary carbons (d C 155.0,132.9,and 129.8),an sp 2methine (d C 138.5/d H 6.74),two oxygenated quaternary carbons (d C 77.5and 76.3),two oxymethines (d C 74.6/d H 5.03and d C 66.2/d H 5.25),three sp 3quaternary carbons,three methines,seven methylenes,and eight methyl groups,respectively (Tables 1and 2).Structural elu-cidation of 1was accomplished by analyses of COSY and HMBC data (Fig.2).Key HMBC data were the 2J correlations from six sin-glet-signal methyl groups (H 3-18,H 3-19,H 3-27,H 3-28,H 3-29,and H 3-30)to their attached quaternary sp 3carbons C-13,C-10,C-25,C-4,C-4,and C-15,respectively,and their 3J correlations.The sig-nificant structural difference with other lanostane derivatives was the location of CH 3-30,which is attached to C-15in 1.The C-3ketone (d C 216.6)was assigned on the basis of the HMBC cor-relations from H b -2,H 3-28and H 3-29to this carbon.A tetrasubsti-tuted olefin was assigned to C-8/C-14by the HMBC correlations from H a -6and H a -11to C-8(d C 132.9),and the correlations from H b -16,H 3-18,and H 3-30to C-14,respectively.The chemical shifts0031-9422/$-see front matter Ó2012Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.11.022Corresponding author.Tel.:+6625646700x3554;fax:+6625646707.E-mail address:isaka@biotec.or.th (M.Isaka).of protons and carbons for the C-20–C-27side-chain were very similar to those of known22-acetoxy-derivatives10,12–17,and 19,which strongly suggested the same20R and22S configurations and24E olefinic geometry for1.The24E configuration was further supported by the NOESY correlation of H2-23/H3-27.While the NMR spectroscopic data taken in CDCl3were useful for comparison of the side-chain structure with those of the co-metabolites,the1H NMR spectrum in DMSO-d6exhibited better peak dispersions and more informative NOESY data was obtained. In addition,a singlet OH signal was observed at d H4.83,which was assigned to9-OH on the basis of its HMBC correlations to C-8and C-11.Analysis of the NOESY correlations from H-5(axial)to H a-1 (axial)and9-OH established their relationship.Significant down-field shifts for H a-1(d H2.00in DMSO-d6;2.19in CDCl3)and H-5 (d H2.37in DMSO-d6;2.52in CDCl3),when compared with other analogs,can be explained by deshielding of these axial protons by the9a-OH group.NOESY correlations from H3-19to H b-1(equa-torial),H b-2(axial),H b-11(axial),and the correlations from H3-18 to H b-11and H b-12(equatorial)were indicative of their being in b-orientations.The oxymethine H-7resonated as a singlet signal with a narrow peak width(small coupling constants with H a-6 and H b-6),which indicated an equatorial(b)orientation.Intense NOESY cross-peaks for H3-18/H-20and H b-12/H3-21were consis-tent with the17R and20S configurations.NOESY correlations H b-16/H-22and H a-16/H3-30suggested the a-face orientation of CH3-30.The unusual downfield chemical shift of H-7(d H5.33in DMSO-d6;5.25in CDCl3)can be explained by deshielding of this proton by the15b-OH group.The lack of NOESY correlation be-tween H-7and H3-30was consistent with a15R configuration.A b-CH3-30(15S)would be expected to show a strong NOESY corre-lation with H-7.A possible mechanism to account for the formation of1is the C-15alcohol oxidation of20to the ketone21,whose methyl group (CH3-30)on the a-face migrated to the neighboring ketone carbon (C-15)under acid catalysis(Scheme1).In the present study,two compounds,20and its7-O-acetate,were also isolated whose structures were suggested by analysis of their1H NMR spectra. However,each compound in NMR solvent(CDCl3)was converted to the same7,9(11)-diene12.A similar elimination reaction of 7a-OMe ganoderic acid derivatives under acidic conditions was previously reported(Nishitoba et al.,1987a,b,c).Ganorbiformin B(2)was assigned the molecular formula C34H50O7by HRESIMS.The1H and13C NMR spectra displayed sim-ilarity to those for known ganoderic acids and suggested the pres-ence of two acetoxy groups and an enone(d C198.6)functionality. Locations of two acetoxy groups were assigned to C-3and C-22 positions on the basis of COSY data,and these assignments were further confirmed by the HMBC correlations from the oxymethine protons H-3and H-22to the carbonyl carbons of the acetyl group at d C170.8and170.6,respectively.The coupling constant values of H-3(dd,J=11.8,4.3Hz),including a trans diaxial coupling to H b-2, indicated an axial(a)orientation.The enone was assigned by the HMBC correlations:from H a-6and H b-6to the ketone carbon(C-7);from H3-30to C-8;and from H3-19to C-9.The1H and13C NMR spectroscopic data were consistent with those of lucidadiol and lucidal(González et al.,1999)which possess the same ring ABCD structure.The molecular formula of ganorbiformin C(3)was determined by HRESIMS as C30H48O6.The1H and13C NMR spectra of3exhib-ited closely related signals to those of2.The differences were the absence of the resonances for one acetyl group and the upfield shift of H-3(d H3.28)when compared to2(d H4.51).Thus,ganorbifor-min C(3)was identified as the3-O-deacetyl analog of2.Ganorbiformin D(4)had the molecular formula C34H50O8(HRE-SIMS).The1H and13C NMR spectroscopic data demonstrated that the C-20–C-27side-chain and ring D structures were the most typ-ical ones for ganoderic acids with two acetoxy groups at C-15and C-22positions(Table3).Other key functional groups werean 134M.Isaka et al./Phytochemistry87(2013)133–139aliphatic ketone(d C217.2)and an allylic alcohol.The C-3ketone was assigned by analysis of the HMBC correlations from H a-1, H b-1,H b-2,H3-28,and H3-29to the carbonyl carbon.The location of the allylic alcohol was determined by HMBC correlations from H-7,H b-11,H-15,and H3-30to C-8,and from H-5,H-7,H b-11, H b-12,and H3-19to C-9,respectively.The oxymethine H-7Table113C(125MHz)NMR spectroscopic data for ganorbiformins A–G(1–7),8,and10in CDCl3.No.1234567810 131.034.534.835.235.335.336.635.236.6j 234.623.8a27.4f34.234.334.334.834.334.8 3216.679.677.9217.2217.4217.4216.9217.2216.4 447.137.838.946.646.746.747.546.647.4 539.749.949.844.745.0g45.050.744.850.4 628.836.436.628.430.0d23.323.728.423.7 766.2198.6198.966.166.776.1120.366.2121.3 8132.9138.9138.8134.6136.4135.3142.5134.8140.2 976.3164.4164.6140.1139.4139.5h144.6140.1144.7 1041.439.639.838.137.937.837.238.137.3 1126.223.6a23.620.721.321.0i116.920.8116.7 1234.230.130.131.231.031.137.831.238.0 1345.244.944.945.145.0g44.943.745.343.9 14155.047.847.851.249.749.950.351.251.4 1577.531.931.975.929.9d30.131.476.476.7 1647.928.528.536.127.927.827.636.436.6j 1749.745.645.745.947.147.247.449.345.5 1817.215.615.616.416.016.015.516.615.8 1917.018.518.417.317.317.421.117.322.1 2037.839.539.539.939.739.739.436.239.6 2113.313.113.112.612.812.812.718.212.7 2274.674.874.874.374.774.774.734.674.4 2331.631.831.831.931.831.831.925.931.9 24138.5139.4139.4138.8139.6139.5h139.5144.9139.0 25129.8129.0129.0129.5129.2129.0129.1126.7129.2 26172.0171.3171.2171.9172.0171.7171.9171.2171.3 2712.512.312.312.312.312.312.312.112.3 2825.827.427.4f26.526.526.525.326.525.4 2922.016.315.321.2b21.321.322.521.2e22.4 3031.425.125.020.126.125.425.520.118.3 3-O C OCH3170.83-OCO C H321.27-O C H355.815-O C OCH3170.5c170.6171.1 15-OCO C H321.1b21.1e21.4 22-O C OCH3171.3170.6170.6170.6c170.7170.6170.7170.6 22-OCO C H321.221.021.021.0b21.121.0i21.121.0a–e The carbon assignment may be interchanged.f–j The carbon resonances are superimposed.Table21H(500MHz,CDCl3)NMR spectroscopic data for ganorbiformins A–C(1–3).No.1231a2.19,dt(4.4,13.4);b1.69,m a1.52,m;b1.83,m a1.43,m;b1.84,m 2a2.37,m;b2.63,m a1.78,m;b1.69,m a1.75,m;b1.68,m3 4.51,dd(11.8,4.3) 3.28,dd(11.6,4.4)5 2.52,br d(13.4) 1.71,dd(13.3,3.9) 1.62,dd(12.7,4.6)6a1.84,m;b1.84,m a2.38,m;b2.42,m a2.41,m;b2.43,m7 5.25,br s11a1.47,m;b1.79,a2.34,m;b2.26,m a2.33,m;b2.28,m 12a1.70,m;b1.81,m a1.76,m;b1.74,m a1.77,m;b1.74,m 15a2.07,m;b1.70,m a2.05,m;b1.72,m 16a2.10,m;b1.68,m a2.03,m;b1.32,m a2.03,m;b1.31,m17 1.68,m 1.55,m 1.54,m180.89,s0.64,s0.64,s19 1.03,s 1.18,s 1.17,s20 1.60,m 1.53,m 1.54,m21 1.07,d(6.1)0.99,d(6.2)0.99,d(6.7)22 5.03,m 5.09,t(7.2) 5.10,t(7.1)23 2.56,m;2.34,m 2.57,m;2.35,m 2.57,m;2.35,m24 6.74,m 6.80,dd(7.3,7.0) 6.80,dd(7.5,7.0)27 1.84,br s 1.86,br s 1.86,br s28 1.14,s0.88,s0.98,s29 1.09,s0.95,s0.88,s30 1.53,s0.89,s0.89,s3-OCOC H3 2.07,s22-OCOC H3 2.05,s 2.05,s 2.04,sM.Isaka et al./Phytochemistry87(2013)133–139135resonated as a broad singlet,which indicated its pseudoequatorial (b )orientation.The NMR spectroscopic data of ganorbiformin E (5)were similar to those of 4,but differed in the ring D moiety.An additional meth-ylene carbon was present,replacing the oxymethine (C-15)in 4.Therefore,it was identified as the 15-deacetoxy analog of 4.Ganorbiformin F (6),possessing a molecular formula C 33H 50O 6(HRESIMS),was structurally closely related to 5.It was assigned as the 7-O -methyl derivative of 5.An intense HMBC correlation from the methoxy protons (7-OC H 3,d H 3.30)to C-7(d C 66.2)con-firmed the location of the methoxy group.Similarly to 4and 5,H-7exhibited very small coupling constant values (d H 3.66,br s),which confirmed a 7a -methoxy group.Ganorbiformin F (6)is probably an artifact formed from the 7a -hydroxy or 7a -acetoxy derivative during the mycelial extraction with methanol.Similar 7a -methoxy derivative,7-O -methyl-ganoderic acid O (9),was pre-viously isolated from the cultured mycelium of Ganoderma lucidae (Hirotani et al.,1987).This original paper also describes that 9was obtained by methanol extraction,and it was not present in the benzene extract.Ganorbiformin G (7)had the molecular formula C 32H 46O 5as determined by HRESIMS.The 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data were similar to those of the known 7,9(11)-diene-type lanostanes 10–19.Interpretation of the 2D NMR (COSY,HMQC,and HMBC)data indicated that an acetoxy group was attached to C-22,while C-15was a methylene (d C 31.4).The C-3ketone (d C 216.9)func-tionality was assigned by the HMBC correlations from H b -1,H b -2,H 3-28,and H 3-29to this carbon.Compound 8was identified on the basis of HRMS and 2D NMR spectroscopic data as ganoderic acid V.Since it was characterizedTable 31H (500MHz,CDCl 3)NMR spectroscopic data for ganorbiformins D–G (4–7).No.45671a 1.93,m;b 1.70,m a 1.96,m;b 1.69,m a 1.93,m;b 1.70,m a 1.76,dt (4.5,13.9)b 2.27,ddd (13.3,5.3,3.1)2a 2.50m;b 2.53,ma 2.49,m;b 2.54,ma 2.48,m;b 2.50,ma 2.34,m;b 2.77,dt (5.7,14.5)5 2.05,m1.97,m1.99,dd (13.0,1.7) 1.53,dd (12.0,3.6)6 1.73–1.71,m a 1.67,m;b 1.79,ma 1.85,m;b 1.48,m a 2.05,m;b 2.20,m 7 4.15,br s4.25,br s 3.66,br s5.51,br d (6.6)11a 2.08,m;b 2.12,m 2.11–2.09,m2.10–2.09,m5.38,br d (6.1)12a 1.89,m;b 1.64,m a 1.80,m;b 1.66,m a 1.81,m;b 1.67,m a 2.21,m;b 2.09,m 15 5.13,dd (9.5,6.0)a 1.70,m;b 1.52,m a 1.68,m;b 1.38,m a 1.64,m;b 1.41,m 16a 1.89,m;b 2.16,m a 1.38,m;b 2.06,ma 1.37,m;b 2.06,m a 1.33,m;b 2.04,m 17 1.78,m 1.67,m 1.69,m 1.70,m 180.71,s 0.62,s 0.62,s 0.57,s 19 1.03,s 1.04,s 1.04,s 1.19,s 20 1.51,m1.53,m1.51,m1.55,m210.96,d (6.7)0.98,d (6.7)0.98,d (6.7)0.98,d (6.7)22 5.02,t (7.0)5.09,t (7.1)5.10,t (7.0)5.10,t (7.0)23 2.56,m;2.33,m 2.57,m;2.38,m 2.57,m;2.37,m 2.57,m;2.37,m 24 6.77,dd (7.3,6.8) 6.80,t (7.0) 6.81,t (7.2) 6.81,t (7.0)27 1.85,br s 1.86,br s 1.87,br s 1.86,br s 28 1.11,s 1.12,s 1.11,s 1.08,s 29 1.06,s 1.07,s 1.08,s 1.12,s 301.12,s 1.03,s1.02,s 0.85,s7-OC H 33.30,s 15-OCOC H 3 2.09,s 22-OCOC H 32.06,s2.05,s 2.05,s2.06,s136M.Isaka et al./Phytochemistry 87(2013)133–139after conversion to the methyl ester derivative as described in the original report(Toth et al.,1983),the13C NMR data of the free car-boxylic acid form is reported herein(Table1).The13C NMR spec-troscopic data of10are also listed in Table1,as they were not reported in previous literature(Yang et al.,2002).Other known compounds were identified by comparison of the NMR and MS data with those of literature values;7-O-methyl-ganoderic acid O (9)(Hirotani et al.,1987),11(Lin et al.,1988),12(Yang et al., 2002),13(Shiao et al.,1988b),14(Shiao et al.,1988a),ganoderic acid T(15)(Hirotani et al.,1986),ganoderic acid R(16)(Hirotani et al.,1986),ganoderic acid P(17)(Hirotani et al.,1987),ganoderic acid X(18)(Toth et al.,1983;Li et al.,2005),and ganoderic acid S (19)(Hirotani et al.,1986),respectively.Compounds1,4–7,12,13,15,17,and19were subjected to our bioassay protocols:cytotoxicity to three cancer cell-lines(NCI-H187,MCF-7and KB)and nonmalignant Vero cells,antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1,and antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra(Table4).Other isolated compounds were not tested due to sample limitation. Compounds(1and4–7)and known compounds(12,17,and19) were either inactive or exhibited very weak activities in these as-says.In contrast,ganoderic acid T(15)and its C-3epimer13exhib-ited antimalarial and antitubercular activities as well as cytotoxicity.The study of the biological activities of the ganoderic acids have been extensively done(Paterson,2006;Shi et al.,2010; Xu et al.,2010).Antiplasmodial activity of lanostanes isolated from G.lucidum mushroom was recently reported(Adams et al.,2010). To our knowledge,antitubercular activity of these lanostane trit-erpenoids from Ganoderma has not been previously reported.3.ConclusionsThe present results demonstrate that the minor species G.orb-iforme is also a rich source of Ganoderma lanostanoids including a novel rearranged analog,ganorbiformin A(1).The potent antitu-bercular activity of13(MIC1.3l M)and its relatively weaker cyco-toxicity to noncancerous Vero cells(IC5016l M)are noteworthy and deserve further biological evaluation.4.Experimental4.1.General proceduresMelting points were measured with an Electrothermal IA9100 digital melting point apparatus.Optical rotations were measured with a JASCO P-1030digital polarimeter.UV spectra were recorded on a GBS Cintra404spectrophotometer.FTIR spectra were taken on Bruker VECTOR22and ALPHA spectrometers.NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker DRX400and AV500D spectrometers.ESI-TOF mass spectra were measured with a Bruker micrOTOF mass spectrometer.4.2.Fungal materialThe fungus used in this study was isolated from a dead oil palm (Elaeis guineensis)trunk in plantation area,Ban Nuea Khlong Vil-lage,Krabi Province,Thailand,on May4,2006.The mushroom specimen was deposited in the BIOTEC Bangkok Herbarium as BBH19071,and the living culture was deposited in the BIOTEC Cul-ture Collection on July27,2006,as BCC22324.This fungus was identified as G.orbiforme(Fr.)Ryvarden(2000)based on the mor-phological characteristics:basidiocarps perennial,sessile and broadly attached,corky to woody,upper surface shiny laccate,light brown or deep reddish or chestnut brown,becoming darker by age;pore surface creamy white atfirst,later ochraceous to pale brown,with rounded pores;hyphal system dimitic,with genera-tive hyphae hyaline,thin-walled,and skeletal hyphae yellowish brown,thick-walled;cuticle cells club-like with irregular lobes, brown,thick-walled,amyloid;basidiospores broadly ellipsoid, truncated,pale brown,finely echinulate,10–12.5Â4–5l m.Final-ly,this identification was confirmed by the sequence data of the ITS rDNA(GenBank accession number:JX997990).4.3.Fermentation and isolationThe fungus BCC22324was maintained on potato dextrose agar at25°C.The agar was cut into small plugs and inoculated into 8Â250ml Erlenmeyerflasks containing25ml of potato dextrose broth(PDB;potato starch4.0g/l,dextrose20.0g/l).After incuba-tion at25°C for4days on a rotary shaker(200rpm),each primary culture was transferred into a1000ml Erlenmeyerflask containing 250ml of the same liquid medium(PDB),and incubated at25°C for4days on a rotary shaker(200rpm).The secondary cultures were pooled and each25ml portion was transferred into 80Â1000ml Erlenmeyerflasks containing250ml of malt extract broth(MEB;malt extract 6.0g/l,yeast extract 1.2g/l,maltose 1.8g/l,dextrose6.0g/l),and thefinal fermentation was carried out at25°C for20days under static conditions.The cultures were filtered to separate broth and mycelia(residue).The broth was ex-tracted with EtOAc(2Â15l)and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a brown gum(broth extract,626mg).The wet mycelia were macerated in MeOH(4.5l,25°C,2days)andfiltered.Table4Biological activities of compounds1,4–7,12,13,15,17,and19,and standard compounds.Compound Cytotoxicity(IC50,l M)Anti-malaria a(IC50,l M)Anti-TB b(MIC,l M)NCI-H187MCF-7KB VeroGanorbiformin A(1)>89>89>89>89>18>89Ganorbiformin D(4)>85>85>85>85>17>85Ganorbiformin E(5)70>95>95>95>19>95Ganorbiformin F(6)44>966336>1996Ganorbiformin G(7)65>986535>20>981234>95>95>95>19>951313511316 4.6 1.3Ganoderic acid T(15)15781828 5.510Ganoderic acid P(17)265840>8817>88Ganoderic acid S(19)39>9853>98>2098Doxorubicin hydrochloride0.08314 1.0–––Ellipticine––– 4.1––Dihydroartemisinin––––0.0021–Isoniazid–––––0.17–0.34a Antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1.b Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra.M.Isaka et al./Phytochemistry87(2013)133–139137Hexanes(4l)and H2O(300ml)were added to thefiltrate,and the layers were separated.The H2O/MeOH(bottom)layer was partially concentrated by evaporation,and the residue was extracted with EtOAc(2.3l),which was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a brown gum(mycelial extract,4.35g).The mycelial extract was passed through a column on Sephadex LH-20(3.7Â58cm) and eluted with MeOH.The terpenoids-containing fractions were combined(3.45g)and it was subjected to column chromatography (CC)on silica gel(4.8Â18cm,EtOAc/CH2Cl2,step gradient elution) and the fractions were further fractionated and purified by silica gel CC(EtOAc/hexanes or MeOH/CH2Cl2)and preparative HPLC using a reversed phase column(Phenomenex Luna10u C18(2) 100A,21.2Â250mm,10l m;mobile phase MeCN/H2O,propor-tions50:50–85:15;detection UV210and254nm)to furnish pure compounds:1(23mg),2(4mg),3(8mg),4(102mg),5(17mg),6 (29mg),7(51mg),8(12mg),10(8mg),11(2mg),12(41mg),13 (14mg),14(5mg),15(49mg),17(30mg),and19(12mg),respec-tively.A fraction(20mg)assigned as20by1H NMR(CDCl3)anal-ysis was converted to13during the sample recovery.The broth extract(626mg)was fractionated by CC on Sephadex LH-20 (MeOH).Analysis of the1H NMR spectroscopic data of the fractions and the crude extract indicated that the major components of the broth extract were fatty acids and the fractions did not contain triterpenoids.Another fermentation batch(28Â250ml)was also examined. The metabolite profile(1H NMR)of the mycelial extract(1.30g) was similar to the previous sample,but there were small differ-ences in lanostanoid composition.Chromatographic fractionations using the similar methods as described above gave9(6mg),16 (1mg),and18(1mg),which were not obtained from the previous sample,along with1(8mg),4(40mg),5(8mg),6(4mg),7 (8mg),8(3mg),10(2mg),13(2mg),15(13mg),17(10mg), and19(4mg).4.3.1.Ganorbiformin A(1)Colorless solid;[a]26DÀ4(c0.11,CHCl3);IR(ATR)m max3418, 2967,1730sh,1700sh,1691,1373,1237cmÀ1;for1H NMR (500MHz)and13C NMR(125MHz)spectroscopic data in CDCl3, see Tables2and1;1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)d6.52(1H,dd, J=9.4,6.4Hz,H-24),5.33(1H,br s,H-7),4.89(1H,t,J=7.1Hz, H-22),4.83(1H,br s,9-O H),2.65(1H,dt,J=5.7,14.2Hz,H b-2), 2.45(1H,m,Ha-23),2.37(1H,m,H-5),2.35(1H,m,Hb-23),2.17 (1H,m,H a-2),2.00(1H,m,H a-1),1.99(3H,s,acetyl),1.92(1H, m,H b-16),1.74(3H,br s,H-27),1.72(1H,m,H b-11),1.70(1H,m,H b-12),1.63(1H,m,H b-6),1.60–1.59(2H,m,H a-16and H-17),1.59–1.58(2H,m,H b-1and H-20),1.57(1H,m,H a-6),1.46(1H, m,H a-12),1.32(3H,s,H-30),1.26(1H,m,H a-11),1.01(5H,m, H-21and H-29),0.99(3H,s,H-28),0.97(3H,s,H-19),0.84(3H, s,H-18);13C NMR(100MHz,DMSO-d6)d216.2(C,C-3),170.7 (qC,acetyl),169.7(qC,C-26),155.3(qC,C-14),136.3(CH,C-24), 131.7(qC,C-8),131.1(qC,C-25),76.6(qC-C-9),76.2(qC,C-15), 75.0(CH,C-22),65.6(CH,C-7),50.2(CH,C-17),47.5(CH2,C-16), 47.2(qC,C-4),45.2(qC,C-13),42.2(qC,C-10),40.2(CH,C-5), 37.3(CH,C-20),34.9(CH2,C-2),34.6(CH2,C-12),31.9(CH3,C-30),31.6(CH2,C-1),31.4(CH2,C-23),30.1(CH2,C-6),27.2(CH2, C-11),26.4(CH3,C-28),22.2(CH3,C-29),21.6(CH3,acetyl),17.6 (CH3,C-18),17.2(CH3,C-19),14.1(CH3,C-21),13.2(CH3,C-27); HRMS(ESI-TOF)m/z583.3244[M+Na]+(calcd.for C32H48O8Na, 583.3241).4.3.2.Ganorbiformin B(2)Colorless solid;[a]26D+9(c0.18,CHCl3);UV(MeOH)k max(log e) 216(4.12),244sh(3.93),253(3.94)nm;IR(ATR)m max2967,1729, 1710sh,1690sh,1649,1371,1237,1016cmÀ1;for1H NMR (500MHz,CDCl3)and13C NMR(125MHz,CDCl3)spectroscopic data,see Tables2and1;HRMS(ESI–TOF)m/z571.3624[M+H]+ (calcd.for C34H51O7,571.3629).4.3.3.Ganorbiformin C(3)Colorless solid;[a]26D+6(c0.105,CHCl3);UV(MeOH)k max(log e)213(4.15),253(3.95)nm;IR(ATR)m max3423,2925,1734, 1701,1645,1370,1233,1015cmÀ1;for1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3) and13C NMR(125MHz,CDCl3)spectroscopic data,see Tables2 and1;HRMS(ESI–TOF)m/z529.3530[M+H]+(calcd.for C32H49O6,529.3524).4.3.4.Garnorformin D(4)Colorless solid;[a]26D+87(c0.12,CHCl3);UV(MeOH)k max (log e)207(4.26)nm;IR(KBr disk)m max3461,2971,1719,1709, 1377,1246,1041cmÀ1;for1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)and13C NMR(125MHz,CDCl3)spectroscopic data,see Tables3and1; HRMS(ESI–TOF)m/z609.3396[M+Na]+(calcd.for C34H50O8Na, 609.3398).4.3.5.Ganorbiformin E(5)Colorless solid;[a]26D+52(c0.09,CHCl3);UV(MeOH)k max (log e)207(4.18)nm;IR(ATR)m max2941,1730sh,1700,1690 sh,1372,1234,1016cmÀ1;for1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)and13C NMR(125MHz,CDCl3)spectroscopic data,see Tables3and1; HRMS(ESI–TOF)m/z551.3347[M+Na]+(calcd.for C32H48O6Na, 551.3343).4.3.6.Ganorbiformin F(6)Colorless solid;[a]26D+52(c0.195,CHCl3);UV(MeOH)k max (log e)208sh(4.30)nm;IR(ATR)m max2938,1734,1702,1686, 1648,1372,1234,1076cmÀ1;for1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)and 13C NMR(125MHz,CDCl3)spectroscopic data,see Tables3and 1;HRMS(ESI–TOF)m/z565.3502[M+Na]+(calcd.for C33H50O6Na, 565.3500).4.3.7.Ganorbiformin G(7)Colorless solid;[a]26D+25(c0.085,CHCl3);UV(MeOH)k max (log e)218(4.25),234(4.26),242(4.27),251(4.08)nm;IR(ATR) m max2966,2934,1734,1709,1686,1372,1236cmÀ1;for1H NMR (500MHz,CDCl3)and13C NMR(125MHz,CDCl3)spectroscopic data,see Tables3and1;HRMS(ESI–TOF)m/z533.3232[M+Na]+ (calcd.for C32H46O5Na,533.3237).4.3.8.Ganoderic acid V(8)Colorless solid;[a]28D+105(c0.15,CHCl3);UV(MeOH)k max (log e)209(4.22)nm;IR(ATR)m max2937,1698,1644,1376, 1244,1040cmÀ1;for13C NMR(125MHz,CDCl3)spectroscopic data,see Table1;HRMS(ESI–TOF)m/z551.3342[M+Na]+(calcd. for C32H48O6Na,551.3343).pound10Colorless solid;[a]28D+39(c0.12,CHCl3);UV(MeOH)k max (log e)216(4.11),234(4.06),242(4.07),251(3.91)nm;IR(ATR) m max2936,1731,1712,1649,1644,1375,1244,1030,754cmÀ1;1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)spectroscopic data were consistent with those reported in the literature(Yang et al.,2002);for13C NMR (125MHz,CDCl3)spectroscopic data,see Table1;HRMS(ESI–TOF)m/z591.3290[M+Na]+(calcd.for C34H48O7Na,591.3292).4.4.Biological assaysAssay for activity against P.falciparum(K1,multi-drug resistant strain)was performed using the microculture radioisotope tech-nique(Desjardins et al.,1979).Anticancer activities against KB cells(oral human epidermoid carcinoma),MCF-7cells(human breast cancer),and NCI-H187cells(human small-cell lung cancer),138M.Isaka et al./Phytochemistry87(2013)133–139were evaluated using the resazurin microplate assay(O’Brien et al., 2000).Cytotoxicity to Vero cells(African green monkey kidney fibroblasts)was performed using the greenfluorescent protein microplate assay(Changsen et al.,2003).AcknowledgementsFinancial support from the Bioresources Research Network,Na-tional Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology(BIOTEC), is gratefully acknowledged.We thank Dr.Sayanh Somrithipol and Ms Sujinda Sommai for description and gene sequence data of the fungus,respectively.Appendix A.Supplementary dataSupplementary data associated with this article can be found,in the online version,at /10.1016/j.phytochem. 2012.11.022.ReferencesAdams,M.,Christen,M.,Plitzko,I.,Zimmermann,S.,Brun,R.,Kaiser,M.,Hamburger, M.,2010.Antiplasmodial lanostanes from Ganoderma lucidum mushroom.J.Nat.Prod.73,897–900.Changsen, C.,Franzblau,S.G.,Palittapongarnpim,P.,2003.Improved green fluorescent protein reporter gene-based microplate screening for antituberculosis compounds by utilizing an acetamidase promoter.Antimicrob.Agents Chemother.47,3682–3687.Cole,R.J.,Schweikert,M.A.,2003.Handbook of Secondary Fungal Metabolites Volume II.Academic Press,Oxford,pp.271–430.De Silva,E.D.,van der Sar,S.A.,Santha,R.G.L.,Wijesundera,R.L.C.,Cole,A.L.J.,Blunt, J.W.,Munro,M.H.G.,nostane triterpenoids from the Sri Lankan Basidiomycete Ganoderma applanatum.J.Nat.Prod.69,1245–1248. 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选修四UNIT 2 Iconic AttractionsReading and Thinking第二单元25 Sep9月25日Next week I’m travelling to Australia to visit a friend there over the school holidays. I plan to keep this blog to record my experiences and what I learn. I have already done some research on the country. Located to the south of the equator，below many other countries on the globe，it’s often informally referred to as“down under”.下周我要去澳大利亚，在学校放假期间去拜访一位朋友。

我计划保留这个博客来记录我的经历和我学到的东西。

我已经对这个国家做了一些研究。

它位于赤道以南，低于地球上许多其他国家，通常被非正式地称为“down under”。

I have also read about some iconic sites，such as the Sydney Opera House and the Great Ocean Road，and animals like the cute koalas and kangaroos. I can’t wait to see all of them! However，as I major in social studies，I’m more interested in meeting people in Australia and experiencing their culture，food，and way of life.我也读过一些标志性的景点，比如悉尼歌剧院和大洋路，还有可爱的考拉和袋鼠等动物。

2023-2024学年山东省烟台市芝罘区八年级（上）期末英语试卷（五四学制）一、完形填空：本大题共10小题，共10分。

Wu Tianyi is 88 years old.As a doctor，he（1）______ in Qinghai for oversixty years.Wu came to Qinghai for work in 1958.There he saw many people have healthproblems and even die（2）______ the high altitude（海拔）.At that time，noone in China studied on this area.He decided to work in this area.To find out the reasons （3）______ people got such health problems，Wu went on trips to places with a very high altitude.It was （4）______ for him.He had 14 bone fractures（骨折） during his trips.However，he never thought of（5）______ up.In the early 1990s，Wu made a hypobaric-hyperbaric chamber（高低压氧舱）.The chamber played a very important（6）______ in the study of high altitude medicine.He （7）______ to be the first person to go into the chamber."I made it，and I （8）______ be the first one to try it，" he said.But because the workers didn't have much experience with the chamber，Wu's hearing got damaged.He couldn't hear（9）______ from then on.Wu's study results are helpful.140，000 workers took part in the building of Qinghai-Tibet railway （青藏铁路），no one died.Today，Wu，in his（10）______，is still working hard.People say he is a guardian（守护者） of life.1.A. worked B. is working C. has worked D. will work2.A. because of B. instead of C. as for D. up to3.A. how B. why C. what D. where4.A. difficult B. easy C. exciting D. dangerous5.A. giving B. looking C. picking D. standing6.A. situation B. condition C. role D. environment7.A. volunteered B. refused C. agreed D. had8.A. can B. may C. must D. could9.A. correctly B. clearly C. exactly D. simply10.A. eighty B. eightieth C. eighty's D. eighties二、补全对话-填空：本大题共1小题，共5分。

Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment 165 (2013) 50–59Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectAgriculture,Ecosystems andEnvironmentj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /a g eeEvidence for increased monoculture cropping in the Central United StatesJames D.Plourde,Bryan C.Pijanowski ∗,Burak K.PekinHuman-Environment Modeling and Analysis Laboratory,195Marsteller Street,Department of Forestry and Natural Resources,Purdue University,West Lafayette,IN 47906,USAa r t i c l ei n f oArticle history:Received 8March 2012Received in revised form 28November 2012Accepted 29November 2012Keywords:Cropland data layer Crop footprint changes Crop rotationa b s t r a c tWhile crop rotation patterns can be complex with multiple crops rotated over several years,the most common rotation practice in the Central United States is biannual rotation between corn and soybeans.We analyzed the changes in crop rotation patterns from 2003to 2010using the Cropland Data Layer (CDL),which provides remotely sensed land cover layers for agricultural crops in the Central United States.The accuracy of the CDL was validated by comparing the total acreage for a state or county present in the CDL with the total planted crop acreage available from the National Agricultural Statistics Service.The data layers were combined into two time periods 2003–2006and 2007–2010,and specific rotation patterns were determined for every location in the study area.The combinations resulted in unique sequences such as single,double,triple and quadruple,the latter of which is equivalent to the same crop class present all four years at a particular location.Corn and soybeans were analyzed to determine the amount of area used for production as well as the amount of change between unique crop rotation sequences.While the total area under production of major crops in the second half of our study period increased only slightly,the extent to which major crops (e.g.,corn and soybeans)were grown in continuous cropping sequences increased significantly.For example,the amount of land impacted by corn in the first time period increased by only 2%in the second time period.However,the amount of corn grown in quadruple sequence doubled from the first half to the second half of our study period.We conclude that,although crop rotation patterns are very complex in this region,involving considerable amount of non-cropland,the footprint of major crops such as corn have moved toward monoculture cropping practices in the last decade.© 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1.IntroductionConsiderable research has demonstrated the beneficial environ-mental impacts of crop rotation (cf.Crookston,1984;Crookston et al.,1991;Bullock,1992;Porter et al.,1997;Piorr,2003;Leteinturier et al.,2006).Crop rotation patterns can have vari-ous positive effects on soil quality (Bullock,1992;Karlen et al.,2006),reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (Halvorson et al.,2008),decrease the presence of invasive species (Liebman and Dyck,1993),and the occurrence of crop diseases and pests (Meese et al.,1991;Porter et al.,1997;Thenail et al.,2009).For example,in the United States rotating soybeans with corn in landscapes provid-ing feedstock to biofuel plants may increase the ability of farmers to use biocontrol measures as an integrated pest management strat-egy (Landis et al.,2008).Crop rotation can also impact the efficiency and economics of the production system,since high annual yields can still be achieved with low fertilizer and other chemical inputs∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+17654962215;fax:+17654962422.E-mail addresses:jplourde@ (J.D.Plourde),bpijanow@ (B.C.Pijanowski),bpekin@ (B.K.Pekin).(Leteinturier et al.,2006).It has been reported that crops grown in rotation will produce higher yields for each crop than if grown in monoculture under the same nutrient conditions (Porter et al.,1997)–this yield enhancement from rotation has been referred to as the “rotation effect”(Pierce and Rice,1988).Porter et al.(1997)found that rotating crops with fallow land produced the greatest benefits for a single year production in the Central United States.They also reported that soybeans in continuous monoculture (i.e.,successive years of a crop)and second year corn (i.e.,the second year of a crop grown in an area at least two times in a row)had the lowest yields of any rotation or monoculture patterns examined.Crop rotation has been practiced by farmers for centuries (Bullock,1992)although recently needs have changed.Crop rota-tions can be simple,where two crops are alternated every year.Corn–soybean rotation,for example,is a very common practice of alternating crops in the Corn Belt region of the Central U.S.(Mitchell and Entry,1998).Rotation patterns may also depart from an alternating sequence of crops by following a more complex pattern (Castellazzi et al.,2008)where several crops are rotated in a fixed or flexible order.Before the 1940s,crop rotation and intercropping were commonly used to control insect infestations,reduce weed problems and as a soil conservation measure to0167-8809/$–see front matter © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved./10.1016/j.agee.2012.11.011J.D.Plourde et al./Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment165 (2013) 50–5951reduce soil erosion(Zentner et al.,2002).However,the emergence of synthetic fertilizers and mechanized farming has allowed farm-ers to plant crops as a monoculture in the United States(Bullock, 1992)as well as Europe(Leteinturier et al.,2006).In Brazil,it has been found that many farmers are now moving from a single crop per year to a double crop,a crop intensification patterns similar to removing interannual crop rotation(Arvor et al.,2012).This increase in intensification has raised concern over environmental impacts associated with industrialized agriculture(Piorr,2003), which in turn has sparked an interest in sustainable farming and a return to crop rotation strategies(Leteinturier et al.,2006).Information regarding annual crop acreage over large areas has historically been gathered with ground based surveys and literature on large scale crop rotation patterns is lacking.However,ground based surveys are very costly and,when conducted at national scales,cannot provide information on the distribution of differ-ent crop types atfine resolutions making it impossible to assess changes in crop rotation patterns.The United States Department of Agriculture’s(USDA)Cropland Data Layer(CDL;Boryan et al.,2011), which combines remotely sensed data with ground truth surveys, has been developed atfine resolutions(e.g.,30–56m)to provide a means to assess the acreage of major crops at the scale of afield (note:the average size of a farm reported by Illinois Department of Agriculture is153.8ha,which would be composed of491CDL pixels).Remotely sensed data provides a spatial advantage over ground based surveys by allowing for timely multi scale estimates at state,county,and agricultural district level.While there have been several studies on the changes in the spa-tial pattern of crop production over time in the U.S.(Crookston et al., 1991),China(Ozdogan and Woodcock,2006),and Europe(Thenail et al.,2009),only a few assessments of spatial–temporal patterns have been made using the USDA CDL and other remotely sensed derived crop maps.Stern et al.(2008)compared corn acreage estimations from the CDL and the National Agricultural Statistics Service(NASS)data for Iowa from2001to2007.They found that it is possible to measure the changes in crop acreages and crop expansion based on the evaluation of the NASS county data and the CDL satellite imagery.Their results concluded that there was not much change in total corn and soybean rotation,and that most of the increase in corn acreage was due to continuous decrease in the total soybean acreage.Change et al.(2007)compared Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)data to the NASS crop acreage data and found that the MODIS satellite imagery at 250and500m resolution could accurately map corn and soybean acreage in the United States.The spatial distribution of crop types have also been previously analyzed using MODIS data(Ozdogan and Woodcock,2006).Ozdogan and Woodcock(2006)found that 250m or500m medium resolution data was too coarse for places that have small cultivated cropfield sizes such as in China.The spa-tial features of the CDL imagery are suitable for analyzing cropping patterns across the Midwestern United States.The motivation for this research is the quantification of changes in rotation patterns across a large region because crop rotation patterns have a significant impact on the environment.We analyze and quantify changes in spatio–temporal rotation patterns for corn and soybeans over the last decade in the Central United States using the USDA CDL and NASS county crop data.Wefirst quantified the change in the amount of corn and soybean at the county and state scales over an eight year period.Second,we compared the CDL satellite data to NASS crop data in order to show that the satellite data is consistent and useful in determining crop acreage estimates.The consistency between the NASS and CDL data was tested by comparing the change in the mean corn and soybean area across counties and states,according to each dataset,from2003to 2010.We then determined the change in(1)the total hectares of corn and soybeans,(2)the sequence of rotation for each crop(e.g.,continuous quadruple planting,continuous triple planting,etc.). In doing so,we sought to assess how traditional cropping patterns between corn and soybeans across the Central USA have changed over the last decade.2.Methods2.1.Study areasNine states in the Central United States were selected for this study:Arkansas,Illinois,Indiana,Iowa,Mississippi,Missouri, Nebraska,North Dakota,and Wisconsin.These nine states were chosen because they had either full or partial CDL(Cropland Data Layers)coverage from2003to2010(Fig.1).The CDL GIS maps were downloaded by state from /NASS.CDL maps were produced by the USDA but relevant information is provided here for convenience.The data layers from2003to2005were created using satellite imagery from Landsat4Thematic Mapper(TM),Landsat5 TM and Landsat7Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus(ETM+),all are 30m products.Ground data for processing these CDL maps were obtained from the NASS June Area Survey(JAS).JAS is collected by itemized segments in order to manufacture acreage estimates in a statistical model(Abreu et al.,2010).Starting in2006,the Advanced Wide Field Sensor(AWiFS)was used to develop the maps which have a resolution of56m.Thus,CDL data distributed by the USDA between2003and2010did not have the same resolution and classification system.Supplemental ground truth data used after 2006includes data from the United States Department of Agricul-ture’s(USDA)Farm Service Agency(FSA)Common Land Unit(CLU) database.The United States Geological Survey(USGS)National Land Cover Database2001(NLCD2001)dataset was used to mask out on non-agricultural areas in the30m resolution imagery.2.2.Data processingThe CDL data were acquired in TIFF and IMG formats.The nine states were mosaicked together to create seamless annual data lay-ers.We converted30m data layers(2003,2004,2005,and2010)to 56m resolution using the majorityfilter.The mosaicked data lay-ers were reclassified into24common classes in order to determine accurate changes between years.The reclassification eliminated clouds from each year by setting the cloud class to NoData.Clouds present in one year required the same area to be eliminated from all years so that the analysis was only performed on locations present all years.A total of4.69million hectares were covered by clouds. The cropping areal coverage within the nine-state study area com-prised approximately103,743,641ha after eliminating clouds and satellite imagery drop out areas;all areas within the CDL(including non-crops such as pasture,urban,forests and open water)totaled over330.8million hectares.The total cropping study area covers roughly1/9th of the total contiguous United States’land area and approximately40%of the agricultural land in use in the USA.2.3.CDL comparison to NASS crop census dataWe used the county-based,annual NASS data for acres planted to compare our trends to the CDL cropland coverage statistics.The CDL layers were subsetted and states or counties extracted to deter-mine the total acreage of each crop within each state and county. This analysis compared multi-year trends in both datasets espe-cially annual shifts in acreages.To check the consistency of the satellite imagery for crop clas-sification,we compared CDL summary data to the NASS annual crop survey.The NASS crop survey provides acreage total for both crop planting and harvesting at national,state,and county levels. The planted acreage data were acquired from the NASS website52J.D.Plourde et al./Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment 165 (2013) 50–59Fig.1.Satellite coverage for the study area.The inset figure shows areas lost due to clouds and satellite drop out areas.and converted from acres to hectares.Since the satellite imagery used does not cover the entire contiguous United States,only the states and counties within the CDL maps were compared.Within the study area,a total of six states had complete CDL coverage;Illinois,Iowa,Mississippi,Nebraska,North Dakota,and Wiscon-sin.Arkansas,Indiana and Missouri were not completely covered and therefore could not be used in the state scale CDL and NASS comparison.Each of the six states with complete coverage also had missing data in some years due to cloud cover.After remov-ing the clouds and satellite dropout areas,we found there were 29counties that had no clouds and no satellite imagery dropout areas.These counties were further analyzed and compared for patterns and trends that are similar to the NASS county-based crop planted data using the percent difference of means in acreage between the two datasets.If noticeable differences between the two datasets emerge over time,this would suggest that the changes to the clas-sification system and resolution that occurred with the CDL may bias our interpretation of temporal trends.2.4.Temporal analysisCrop rotation sequences were analyzed by dividing the eight years of data into two time periods (2003–2006and 2007–2010)so we could compare the changes in the total area present in each unique rotation sequence.The combination allowed for a total multi-year footprint to be calculated for each class as well (Fig.2).Multi-year footprint is different than an annual crop footprint;it is calculated as the total area that a crop type occupies over mul-tiple years not including the area in production for more than one year.In other words,a multi-year footprint accounts for the area that a crop is grown over a four year period.If a crop is grown in one location for all four years,it is counted only once (Fig.2).This measure reflects maximum spatial impact of a crop over multiple years.The percent difference between the annual crop footprint and the multi-year footprint was calculated to compare the differ-ence between the two footprint values.To further illustrate,in thefirst half of our study,the amount of corn that was grown in each year in the area shown varies from 15.1million hectares (2003)to 16.2million hectares (2004).The total footprint of area that was at least occupied by corn is 32.4million hectares.The four year totals are also shown (62.2million hectares and 67.7million hectares).Differences in these two summations are 8%and 2%respectively for aggregate area and total impacted area.We used the GIS to calculate the number of crop rotation sequences (i.e.,the sequence of crops as they are planted in order each year)across our entire study area.Given that there are 24crops in the CDL database and we analyzed eight years of data,the possible number of crop rotation combinations becomes 110,075,314,176(248)with the maximum possible number of com-binations for each four year period as 331,776(244).However,we observed far fewer combinations across all eight years,as a total of 9,826,083unique crop rotation combinations occurred.The first four-year time period had 75,881unique combinations.The second time period had 100,669unique combinations.In order to analyze the patterns associated with crop rota-tions,the large number of unique crop rotation combinations were grouped into five categories of similar patterns.The rotation cat-egories were:quadruple (i.e.,all four years had the same crop at that location),triple (i.e.,three years had crop of type A and one year was non-crop A),double (i.e.,two years of occurrence of crop A which is rotated with either one or two other crops or non-crops),alternating (i.e.,one year of crop A followed by a non-crop A so that crop A is planted in alternate years)and single (i.e.,only one year of crop A,non-crop A occurred in other years)(Fig.3A).This analysis was conducted for both corn and soybeans.To extract the different possible unique combinations and place them in cate-gories,we calculated a variety of crop rotation sequences for each location.The model created new raster maps for each of the dif-ferent five unique sequence categories for corn and soybeans.The total location counts of these raster maps were calculated and entered into a spread sheet where they were converted to total hectares.J.D.Plourde et al./Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment165 (2013) 50–5953Fig.2.Illustration of the difference between annual and multi-year footprints.Shown here is the actual number of hectares of corn,and one small area where corn is grown during the years2003–2006and2007–2010.The eight years divided into two4-year periods.The annual footprint is summed for both periods and the percent difference between the two periods is calculated.The multi-year footprint is calculated,when the data are combined.The percent difference between the two multi-year footprints is also calculated and shown here.The cross tabulation feature in GIS was used to produce a crop sequence contingency table to compare thefirst four-year period to the second four year period for each crop.Two different analyses were conducted on the contingency tables:the total number of years the crop of interest was present during the eight year period at a specific location,and the change from rotation toward continuous cropping or vice versa.The total number of years a crop was present out of eight possible years was calculated(Fig.3B).The numbers in Fig.3B represent the total number of years the crop of interest was present.To illustrate,a crop with a unique sequence of“Triple”from 2003to2006and a unique sequence of“Quadruple”from2007to 2010was present a total of seven years(Fig.3B).A second temporal analysis examined the following bian-nual sequences for corn and soybeans:2003–2004,2004–2005, 2005–2006,2006–2007,2007–2008,2008–2009,and2009–2010. Rotations for each biannual sequence included:corn–corn sequences(C–C),soybean–soybean sequences(S–S),corn–soybean or soybean–corn rotation(C–S).We also computed the area(i.e., biannual footprints)for each of these rotation patterns.3.Results3.1.CDL data compared to NASS data at the state levelTemporal patterns for the amount of land in each crop,compar-ing CDL and NASS data reported by state,vary by state.Fig.4shows the amount of land in corn and soybeans contained in the CDL and NASS datasets for the six states where the CDL has complete cov-erage.The total annual area of corn and soybeans increased17% and3%,respectively,over the eight year period(Fig.4).Note that the amount of corn grown is more than that for soybeans in Illinois (Fig.5A),Iowa(Fig.5B),Wisconsin(Fig.5D)and Nebraska(Fig.5E), for all years.Mississippi(Fig.5C)and North Dakota(Fig.5F)grew more soybeans than corn in all years.Total area as reported byCDL Fig.3.(A)Unique four year class rotation sequences grouped intofive categories:(1=class of interest,N=second class type,X=any class other than1)quadruple,triple, double,alternating and single.Cross tabulation of two time periods.The numbers in(B)represent the total number of years the class of interest is present in the cross tabulation sequence.54J.D.Plourde et al./Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment 165 (2013) 50–59Fig.4.The amount of corn and soybean area under production for each year from 2003to 2010based on the CDL dataset for the entire study region.Table 1Total area (in millions of hectares)and proportion of land in each state under cloud cover.This area represents the cumulative area of cloud cover for all years of the analysis.StateAreaCloud areaPercent cloudsIA 18.810.251%IL 18.53 1.357%MS 15.930.403%ND 26.630.683%NE 25.850.723%WI18.741.297%and NASS is similar for all states and year-to-year changes are also similar for corn and soybeans.Note also that NASS reports a slightly larger amount of corn and soybeans in all states except for corn in Iowa (Fig.5B).Both data sets exhibit a jump in corn area in 2007and a concomitant drop-off in soybean area in 2007(Fig.5A–C,E and F)–a second corn spike is evident in 2010in Illinois,Iowa,Wiscon-sin and Nebraska.The Illinois CDL data consistently departs from the NASS survey data for soybeans and corn.This departure corre-sponds to the same trends in Table 1which shows that the satellite missed considerable area due to presence of clouds.In Illinois,theFig.5.Variation in land area in corn and soybeans from 2003to 2010by state (A–F)according to the CDL and NASS datasets.Indiana,Missouri,and Arkansas are not shown because these states did not have full satellite coverage for every year.J.D.Plourde et al./Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment165 (2013) 50–5955Fig.6.Variation in land area in corn and soybeans from2003to2010by county(A–F)according to the CDL and NASS datasets.Only counties where complete satellite coverage was attained for the CDL were graphed against the NASS county estimates.state is missing7%of the land area due to clouds present in the processing of the CDL data.This reduced the amount of land area calculated for each crop from the CDL and in turn reduced the agree-ment between the two datasets.The deviation is approximately the same for both corn and soybeans(Fig.5A).Another apparent trend is that CDL amounts for corn exceed NASS estimates in2010in four (IL,MS,WI,and NE)of the six states and the CDL estimates for soy-beans exceed NASS estimates in2010in four states as well(IL,IA, MS and ND).Therefore,cloud cover can affect the total reporting of crop acreage even at large spatial extents like states but inter-annual trends are still evident and those in CDL mirror those of NASS state level reports.3.2.CDL data compared to NASS data at the county levelWe compared(Fig.6A–F)the NASS and CDL at the county level in locations where the CDL was complete(i.e.,there was no cloud cover).When only counties without clouds and satellite dropouts were considered,the total areas for corn and soybeans were sim-ilar.Any bias that existed between the datasets reported by state (Fig.5)was removed when examined by county.An analysis of means between the CDL and NASS data for29counties with com-plete data showed that there is almost a one-to-one ratio between the means from2003to2010(Fig.7).There was an R-squared value of0.9913indicating that the datafit very closely to the one-to-one line and thus were almost the same.Buchanan,Cerro Gordo, Franklin,Hardin,Story and Jones counties in Iowa all show similar patterns for both corn and soybeans,however the CDL acreage is more than the NASS data acreage(Fig.6A–F and Table2).3.3.CDL temporal crop rotationMajor crop annual footprints.The annual footprint,amount of area in production per year,of corn and soybeans,has changed in complex ways over the eight year time period from2003to2010 (Fig.4).The annual footprint of corn remained relatively equal to56J.D.Plourde et al./Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment 165 (2013) 50–59Fig.7.Mean area (1000s of hectares)of corn and soybeans for the eight years of the study according to the CDL and NASS databases,by county.We include only the 29counties with complete spatial and temporal satellite coverage (i.e.,no clouds all years).the footprint of soybeans between 2003through 2006(Fig.4).In 2007,however,the annual footprint of corn increased significantly while the annual footprint of soybeans decreased,and the annual footprint of corn remained higher than that of soybeans through 2007–2010(Fig.4).Biannual sequences.At a large spatial extent as in this study,a perfect corn–soybean rotation should have equal amountsofFig.8.Amount of land (millions of hectares)in different cropping patterns (C–C,S–S,C–S),of corn (C)and soybeans (S)according to the CDL dataset for each two year period from 2003to 2010.corn–soybean and soybean–corn sequences when examined as biannual sequences.The amount of rotation between corn and soy-bean crops (Fig.8)remained the same from 2003to 2005.From 2005to 2008the amount of corn–soybean rotation decreased,(Fig.8).However from 2008to 2010,the amount of corn followedTable 2Mean (¯x )and standard deviation ( )of area (1000s of hectares)of different crops planted according to the CDL and NASS databases,organized by state and county.We include only counties with complete spatial and temporal satellite coverage (i.e.,no clouds all years).Mean and standard deviation are for the eight years of the study.Mean difference (NASS–CDL)is reported in 1000s of hectares.StateCountyCropCDLNASS ¯x/ ¯x/ ¯x¯x(%)ArkansasCrossRice3.64/0.52 3.90/0.480.277%Arkansas Cross Soybeans 6.48/0.88 6.23/0.33−0.25−4%Iowa Benton Corn 7.77/0.437.72/0.39−0.05−1%Iowa Box Butte Corn 2.41/0.53 2.13/0.20−0.28−13%Iowa Buchanan Corn 7.43/0.417.19/0.53−0.24−3%Iowa Cerro Gordo Corn 7.18/0.317.27/0.510.081%Iowa Chickasaw Corn 7.47/0.377.55/0.380.091%Iowa Delaware Corn 7.47/0.597.55/0.430.091%Iowa Fayette Corn 7.58/0.757.66/0.410.081%Iowa Franklin Corn 7.89/0.377.90/0.660.010%Iowa Hardin Corn 7.27/0.307.51/0.450.243%Iowa Jefferson Corn 2.65/0.35 2.84/0.210.207%Iowa Jones Corn 5.70/0.56 6.03/0.370.335%Iowa Story Corn6.69/0.29 6.85/0.390.162%Iowa Benton Soybeans 6.19/0.59 6.30/0.310.112%Iowa Buchanan Soybeans 4.13/0.69 4.04/0.51−0.09−2%Iowa Cerro Gordo Soybeans 4.40/0.62 4.38/0.57−0.02−0%Iowa Chickasaw Soybeans 3.99/0.43 3.88/0.30−0.11−3%Iowa Delaware Soybeans 2.61/0.59 2.55/0.42−0.06−2%Iowa Fayette Soybeans 4.59/0.65 4.72/0.450.133%Iowa Franklin Soybeans 4.89/0.70 4.80/0.630.102%Iowa Hardin Soybeans 4.42/0.51 4.36/0.42−0.06−1%Iowa Jefferson Soybeans 2.22/0.34 2.38/0.200.167%Iowa Jones Soybeans 2.93/0.42 2.92/0.32−0.01−0%Iowa StorySoybeans4.76/0.51 4.80/0.390.041%IowaBox Butte Winter wheat 3.98/1.41 4.69/0.220.7115%Nebraska Greeley Corn3.01/0.33 3.05/0.230.041%Nebraska Greeley Soybeans 1.14/0.26 1.26/0.260.1210%North Dakota Oliver Corn 0.29/0.200.51/0.220.2243%North Dakota Steele Corn2.51/0.92 2.51/0.870.010%North Dakota McLean Durum wheat 2.91/1.70 4.64/1.07 1.7337%North Dakota Steele Soybeans 6.32/1.04 5.55/0.91−0.77−14%North Dakota McLean Spring wheat 11.82/2.7810.32/1.20−1.50−15%North Dakota Mercer Spring wheat3.17/1.04 2.75/0.31−0.42−15%North Dakota Oliver Spring wheat 2.89/1.21 2.70/0.22−0.20−7%North DakotaSteeleSpring wheat3.82/0.813.39/0.48−0.43−13%J.D.Plourde et al./Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment 165 (2013) 50–5957Fig.9.Total area of corn and soybeans for the total number of years present.A value of 4indicates that a specific crop was present for a total of four years out of eight possible years;however the years present for that crop are not necessarily in successive order.by soybean rotation increased slightly to return to the 2003–2004level.The amount of continuous corn sequences increased 22%while soybean–soybean sequences decreased 1%from 2003to 2010(Fig.8).Four year rotation sequences .During the eight year study period,corn and soybeans were most frequently grown four out of eight years within the same location (Fig.9);this pattern accounted over 10million hectares.Interesting to note is the switch that occurs at on either side of the four years for corn and soybeans.While soy-beans were grown more often than corn for 1,2,or 3years over the eight year period,corn was more commonly grown for 5,6,7,or 8years (Fig.9).The switch reflects the fact that soybeans are rotated more frequently than corn.The amount of corn in quadruple plant-ing increased from 4%in the first half of the period (2003–2006)to 8%in the second half (2007–2010).The percent difference between the sums of the annual corn footprints for each four-year halves of the study period was 8%(Fig.2).However,the area that corn was planted for at least one or up to four years only grew 2%(Fig.2)between 2003and 2006and 2007and 2010.Analysis of corn rotation patterns between the first (2003–2006)and the second half (2007–2010)of our eight year study period showed that a shift toward continuous cropping strategies has occurred (Fig.11A).The amount of land that changed to higher continuous crop strategies for corn,especially transi-tions into quadruple planting,was greater than the land area that transitioned to less continuous crop rotation strategies (Fig.11A).Fig.10.The area in the quadruple sequence for corn and soybeans expressed as a percentage of the total area of each crop for both time periods.However,the total amount of land which was under corn produc-tion for 1,2,3,or all 4years increased only slightly (from 32.4to 32.7million hectares)from the first four-year period to second four-year period.Soybeans also experienced a greater amount of transition into more continuous planting patterns compared to less continuous cropping strategies (Fig.11B).A large area of land under soybean production,particularly under single crop sequences,transitioned to no soybean production.The total amount of land which was under soybean production for 1,2,3,or all 4years decreased from 35million hectares to 30million hectares from the first four-year period to second four-year period.Most of the land area for corn and soybeans did not experience changes in rotation patterns as shown by the dark gray diagonal across figures (Fig.11A and B).4.DiscussionThe footprint of agriculture in the Central United States between 2003and 2010decreased slightly despite an increasing global demand for food and for bioenergy products such as ethanol (Tyner,2009).However,there were some notable shifts in rotation pat-terns of the two largest footprint crops in the study area:corn and soybeans.Despite the relatively large increase in total annual foot-print of corn from the first four years to the second four years for the whole study area (8%),the increase in the multi-year corn foot-print was much smaller (2%,Fig.2).This suggests that the total area impacted by corn production,only increased slightly,while the intensity of continuous corn rotation patterns increased much more.In fact,the frequency of rotation among crops,especially corn and soybeans,decreased,and continuous cropping,particularly in corn,increased.We showed that,during the second half of our eight year study period (2007–2010),more than 8%of the corn grown in the Central United States was planted as a four-year (quadruple)monoculture (Fig.10).This particular cropping sequence repre-sents 2.7million hectares,or about one-third the size of Indiana,which is also more area than the area used to produce each of all other kinds of crops annually except soybeans.Our findings are consistent with Nickerson et al.(2007),who found that the overall footprint of cropland in the United States decreased from 2002to 2007.Cropland coverage after 2007accord-ing to the CDL rebounded and reached the highest amount in 2010.。

Mark Twain ———Mirror of AmericaBy Noel Grove 1. Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn’s idylliccruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer’s endless summer of freedom and adventure。

Indeed，this nation's best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic，and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain ———one who grew cynical，bitter，saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with frailties of the human race，who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.2. Tramp printer，river pilot，Confederate guerrilla，prospector, starry—eyed optimist, acid—tongued cynic：the man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer。

UNIT 1 SCIENCE FICTION一、阅读词汇——在词块中明义1．science fiction科幻小说2．annual bonus年终红利3．a ridiculous rumour 荒谬的谣言4．a man of integrity一个诚恳正直的人5．with grace and dignity文静而庄重6．an absurd idea 一个荒唐的想法7．bus fares公交车车费8．excuse for inaction不实行措施的理由9．alien forces in the region 该地区的外国军队10．grip the rope 抓紧绳子11．be filled with hazy frost 充溢着朦胧的雾霭12．the maximum height 最高高度13．pay a huge salary付一大笔薪水14．fall backwards仰面摔倒15．fetch some books 拿来一些书二、表达词汇——在语境中活用(一)在括号内写出蓝体词汇在语境中的汉语意思1．Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not.(conj.然而)2．We go and do the weekly shopping every Thursday.(adj.每周的)3．The company wants to keep down labour costs.(n.劳动)4．Many people were not satisfied with the pace of change.(n.速度)(二)写出蓝体词汇的语境之义及拓展形式1．She made an appointment for her son to see the doctor.(n.预约)拓展：appoint v．任命；委任；支配→appointed adj.指定的；约定的2．His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions.(adj.内疚的)拓展：guilt n．内疚；懊悔；犯罪3．The population explodes to 40,000 during the tourist season.(vi.激增) 拓展：explosion n．爆炸；爆发；激增4．I dismissed the problem from my mind.(vt.消退)拓展：dismissal n．解雇；撤职5．He declared he would not run for a second term as president.(vt.宣称) 拓展：declaration n．申报(单)；宣布；公告6．From this you can calculate the total mass in the Galaxy.(vt.计算)拓展：calculation n．计算→calculator n．计算器7．We have a relationship infinitely superior to those of many of our friends.(adj.更好的)拓展：superiority n．优越感；优势；优越(性)8．I taught my daughter how to do division at the age of six.(n.除法)拓展：divide v．(使)分开9．They urged Congress to approve plans for their reform programme.(vt.力劝) 拓展：urgency n．紧迫；急事→urgent adj.紧急的；迫切的→urgently adv.迫切地；紧急地10．The survey used a random sample of two thousand people across the Midwest.(adj.随机的)拓展：randomly adv.随机；随意；未加支配地三、词块短语——在语境中辨义活用写出或选出加蓝部分在语境中的汉语意思1．The new product had been tested out before it was put on the market.检验2．The organization encourages members to meet on a regular basis as well as provides them with financial support.定期3．Although she is my teacher, Ms Wang and I are more like friends. 更像是4．Do you know what this product is? Or rather，what it does？更准确地说5．After his defeat, many of his supporters fell away.消逝6．Their opinion on the accident conflicted with ours.与……冲突或抵触7．This model of 5G mobile phone is far superior to any others.比……更好8．We have an urge to give advice immediately to make the person feel better and try to fix the problem.有剧烈的欲望9．Miss Smith is leaving to get married and Miss Jones will take over the class.A A．接手B．汲取C．呈现D．占据10．You can't expect everything to turn out as you wish.DA．关掉B．熄灭 C．在场D．结果是四、经典句式——在佳句背诵中品悟规则用法2.3.4.教材原句Night came as if a lamp was being turned out, and in another moment came the day.(as if引导方式状语从句)夜幕驾临了，仿佛一盏灯正在熄灭，转瞬间，白昼就来临了。

a r X i v :h e p -p h /9709275v 2 12 F eb 1998PKU-TP-97-20MSUHEP-70825THU-TP-97-08hep-ph/9709275Supersymmetric QCD Parity Nonconservation inTop Quark Pairs at the TevatronChong Sheng Li (a ),C.–P.Yuan (b ),Hong-Yi Zhou (c )(a )Department of Physics,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China (b )Department of Physics and Astronomy,Michigan State University,East Lansing,Michigan 48824,USA(c )Institute of Modern Physics and Department of Physics,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,ChinaABSTRACTIn the supersymmetry (SUSY)models,because of the mass difference between the left-and right-top squarks,the supersymmetric QCD in-teractions can generate parity violating effects in the production of t ¯t pairs.We show that SUSY QCD radiative corrections to the parity vi-olating asymmetry in the production rates of the left-and right-handedtop quarks via the q ¯q →t ¯tprocess can reach about 3%at the Fermilab Tevatron with√1IntroductionIn a recent paper[1],we studied the parity violating asymmetry induced from the supersymmetric electroweak(SUSY EW)and Yukawa(SUSY Yukawa)corrections at the one loop level.Two classes of supersymmetry(SUSY)models were considered:the mini-mal supergravity(mSUGRA)models[2]and the minimal supersymmetric models(MSSM) with scenarios motivated by current data[3,4].After sampling a range of values of SUSY parameters in the region that might give large contributions to the parity-violating asym-metry A,and which are also consistent with either of the above two classes of models, we found that the asymmetry A due to the one-loop SUSY EW(αm2t/m2W)and SUSY Yukawa corrections for the production process q¯q→g→t¯t at the upgraded Tevatron is generally small,less than a few percent.However,the sign can be either positive or negative depending on the values of the SUSY parameters.(The effect from the Standard Model(SM)weak corrections to this asymmetry is typically less than a fraction of percent [5,6].)In the supersymmetric Standard Model,some superparticles experience not only the electroweak interaction but also the strong interaction.Although the SM QCD interaction respects the discrete symmetries of charge conjugation(C)and parity(P),the SUSY QCD interactions for superparticles,in their mass eigenstates,need not be C and P invariant. (Needless to say,in the strong interaction eigenstates,the SUSY QCD interaction is C-and P-invariant.)For either the mSUGRA or the MSSM models,the masses of the left-stop(the supersymmetric partner of the left-handed top quark)and the right-stop can be noticeably different due to the large mass of the top quark.This is a general feature of the supersymmetry models in which the electroweak symmetry is broken spontaneously via radiative corrections.Since both the left-stop and the right-stop contribute to the loop corrections for the t¯t pair production process q¯q,gg→t¯t,the different masses of the top-squarks will induce a parity violating asymmetry.It is this effect that we shall study in this paper.Because the t¯t pairs are produced predominantly via the QCD process q¯q→t¯t√at the Tevatron(a p¯p collider with CM energyThis amounts to a signal at∼90%c.l.(confidence level)with2fb−1,or99%c.l.with10 fb−1.Thus,a study of A at the Tevatron could yield information about the allowed range of SUSY model parameter space.2SUSY QCD Corrections and Parity ViolationI.Squark mixingsIn the MSSM the mass eigenstates˜q1and˜q2of the squarks are related to the(strong) current eigenstates˜q L and˜q R via the mixing angleθ˜q by˜q1=˜q L cosθ˜q+˜q R sinθ˜q,˜q2=−˜q L sinθ˜q+˜q R cosθ˜q.(1) For the top squarks,the mixing angleθ˜t and the masses m˜t1,2can be calculated by diago-nalizing the following mass matrix[3],M2˜t = M2˜t L m t m LRm t m LR M2˜t R,M2˜t L =m2˜t L+m2t+(13sin2θW)cos(2β)m2Z,M2˜t R =m2˜t R+m2t+2N R+N L=σR−σLSome of the one loop scattering amplitudes of q ¯q →t ¯twere already presented in Refs.[10,11]for calculating the total production rates of t ¯tpairs.To calculate the parity violating asymmetry A in the t ¯tsystem,additional renormalized amplitudes are needed.In terms of the tree-level amplitude,M 0,and the next-to-leading order SUSY QCD corrections,δM ,the renormalized amplitudes at the one-loop level can be writtenas M =M 0+δM .Denote the momenta of the initial and the final state particles asq l (p 4)¯q m (p 3)→t i (p 2)¯tj (p 1),and the Dirac four-spinor as u i ≡u (p i )(v i ≡v (p i ))for particle (anti-particle)i .Then,M 0=ig 2s (T c ji T clm )J 1·J 2/ˆs ,where J µ1=¯v (p 3)γµu (p 4)and J µ2=¯u (p 2)γµv (p 1);ˆs is the invariant mass of the t ¯t pair;g s and T c ij are the gauge coupling andthe generator of the group SU (3)c ,respectively.To calculate the parity violating asymmetry induced by the SUSY QCD effects,we fol-low the method presented in Ref.[12],in which the asymmetry was calculated numerically using the helicity amplitude method.To obtain the renormalized scattering amplitudes,we adopt the dimensional regularization scheme to regulate the ultraviolet divergences and the on-mass-shell renormalization scheme [13]to define the input parameters.The SUSY QCD corrections to the scattering amplitudes arise from the vertex diagram,the gluon self-energy and the box diagrams,as well as the crossed-box diagrams.The renormalized amplitudes can be written asδM =δM v 1+δM v 2+δM s +δM DB +δM CB ,(4)where δM v 1and δM v 2are vertex corrections,δM s is the self-energy correction,and δM DB and δM CB are the contributions from the box diagrams and crossed-box diagrams,respec-tively.The results for these separate contributions are,δM v 1=ig 2s(T c ji T c lm )¯u (p 2)[F v 10·J 1+F v 11/J 1+/J 1/F v 13+/F v 14/J 1+/F v 16·J 1+(F Av 11/J 1+/J 1/F Av 13+/F Av 14/J 1+/F Av 16·J 1)γ5]v (p 1)/ˆs ,(5)δM v 2=ig 2s (T c ji T c lm )¯v (p 3)(F v 21/J 2+/F v 26·J 2)u (p 4)/ˆs ,(6)δM s =F s0M 0,(7)δM DB =ig 2s7δM CB=ig2s1ˆs=M t¯t.1As discussed in the previous section,the SUSY parameters relevant to our study arem˜t1,m˜t2,θ˜t(or m˜tL,m˜tR,m LR),m˜b R,m˜qL,R,and m˜g.To simplify our discussion,we assumem˜qL,R =m˜b R=m˜tL,so that there are only four SUSY parameters to be considered,m˜t1,m˜t2,θ˜t and m˜g.(The SU(2)L gauge symmetry requires that m2˜b L=m2˜t L.)The mSUGRA models predict radiative breaking of the electroweak gauge symmetryinduced by the large top quark mass.Consequently,it is possible to have large splitting in the masses of the left-stop and the right-stop,while the masses of all the other(left-or right-)squarks are about the same[17].For the MSSM models with scenarios motivated by current data[4],a light˜t1is likely to be the right-stop(˜t R),with a mass at the order of m W;the other squarks are heavier than˜t1.Since heavy superparticles decouple in loopcontributions,we expect that a lighter˜t1would induce a larger asymmetry.Because theparity-violating effects from the SUSY QCD interactions arise from the mass differencebetween˜t1and˜t2,it is obvious from Eq.(1)that the largest parity violating effect occurswhenθ˜t is±π/2for m˜tR≤m˜t L.Whenθ˜t=±π/4,the parity asymmetry should be zero. This is evident from the results shown in the Appendix,which indicate that the amplitudesthat contribute to A are all proportional to Z i=∓cos(2θ˜t).In either the mSUGRA or the MSSM models,the gluinos are usually as heavy as thelight squarks,on the order of a few hundred GeV.However,Farrar has argued[18]that lightgluinos are still a possibility.If gluinos are light,then a heavy top quark can decay into astop and a light gluino for m˜t1<(m t−m˜g)such that the branching ratio of t→bW+could show a large difference from that(∼100%)predicted by the SM.The CDF collaborationhas measured the branching ratio of t→bW+to be0.87+0.13−0.30+0.13−0.11[19].At the1σlevel,this implies that a50(90)GeV˜t1requires the mass of the gluino to be larger than about 120(80)GeV forθ˜t=±π/2.However,at the2σlevel(i.e.95%c.l.),there is no useful limit on the mass of the gluino.2To represent different classes of SUSY models in which the parity-violating asymmetry induced by the SUSY QCD interactions can be large,we show in Table1four represen-tative sets of models.They are labeled by the set of parameters(m˜t1,m˜t2,θ˜t),which areequal to(50,1033,−1.38),(90,1033,−1.38),(50,558,−1.25)and(90,558,−1.25),respec-tively.(All the masses are in units of GeV.)Based upon Eq.(2),one can also label thesemodels by(m˜tL ,m˜tR,m LR),which are(1000,90,1100),(1000,118,1100),(500,40,520)and(500,88,520),respectively,forβ=π/4.It is interesting to note that for all the models listed in Table1,the asymmetry A is negative(i.e.σR<σL)for m˜g<200GeV,and its magnitude can be as large as 3%for models with light˜t1.The maximal|A|occurs when m˜g is about equal to(m t−m˜t1)because of the mass threshold enhancement.For m˜g>200GeV,the asymmetry A becomes positive,with a few percent in magnitude,and monotonically decreases as m˜g paring these results with those induced by the SUSY EW and SUSY Yukawa corrections[1],it is clear that SUSY QCD interactions can generate a relatively larger parity-violating asymmetry.The differential asymmetry A(M t¯t)also exhibits an interesting behaviour as a function of the t¯t invariant mass M t¯t.This is illustrated in Table2for thefirst SUSY model inTable1((m˜t1,m˜t2,θ˜t)=(50,1033,-1.38)).As shown,|A(M t¯t)|increases as M t¯t increasesfor m˜g<200GeV,which is similar to the effects from the SUSY EW and SUSY YukawaTable1:Parity violating asymmetry A in p¯p→t¯t+X,as a function of m˜g,for four sets of SUSYmodels labeled by(m˜t1,m˜t2,θ˜t).m˜g(GeV)(90,1033,−1.38)(90,558,−1.25)-1.10%-0.98%-1.53%-1.40%-2.34%-2.21%-2.86%-2.89%-3.16%-3.43%-2.58%-2.80%-1.18%-1.30%0.99%0.82%1.60% 1.40%1.53% 1.35%1.27% 1.16%1.04%0.95%3Without the cuts in(10),the values of A for thefirst model in Table1are−1.0%,−2.65%,and +0.94%for m˜g=2,120,200GeV,respectively.4These apparent problems in Ref.[22]were also pointed out in Ref.[21].6Table2:The differential asymmetry A(M t¯t)and cross section dσ/d M t¯t(in unit of fb/GeV)as a function of M t¯t for thefirst SUSY model in Table1with various m˜g values.M t¯t(GeV)m˜g=120GeV358-0.73%16.3-0.42%36.60.95%31.4 378-1.63%29.0-0.67%38.7 2.12%34.2 398-2.17%27.2-0.82%35.0 3.67%32.4 425-2.64%22.8-1.13%24.1 1.05%20.0 475-3.40%13.8-1.47%13.7-0.62%10.8 525-3.81%7.9-1.76%7.7-1.71% 5.9 575-4.34% 4.4-3.26%0.032-4.66%0.024Table3:The SUSY QCD corrections(∆σ)to the q¯q→t¯t production rates at the Tevatron with √2501001201351501752002252502753001.170.26-0.04-0.18-0.87-0.49-0.020.330.300.240.190.16m˜g=200GeV and m˜t=m˜q=75GeV,we obtain a39%,in contrast to33%,correction in the total cross section without cuts.Including cuts in(10)only slightly increases the correction to40%.For completeness,in Table3we show the SUSY QCD corrections∆σto the q¯q→t¯t√production rates at the Tevatron withUp to now,we have only considered the one loop SUSY QCD effects on the parity violating asymmetry A in t¯t pair production.Amusingly,the parity-violating asymmetry induced by the SUSY QCD interactions can also occur at the Born level.If gluinos are very light,of the order of1GeV,this asymmetry can be generated by the tree level process ˜g˜g→t¯t.Unfortunately,its production rate is smaller than the gg→t¯t rate,which is only about one tenth of the q¯q→t¯t rate at the Tevatron.Hence,it cannot be measured at the Tevatron.However,at the CERN Large Hadron Collider(LHC),the production rate of˜g˜g→t¯t is large enough to allow the measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry induced by the SUSY QCD interactions.The asymmetry in the production rates of t L¯t and t R¯t,generated by the˜g˜g fusion process alone,can reach about10%for M t¯t larger than about500GeV.We shall present its details and include the effect from the gg and q¯q fusion processes in a future publication[23].This work is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and by the U.S.NSF grant PHY-9507683.AppendixWe give here the form factors for the matrix elements appearing in Eqs.(8)-(12). They are written in terms of the conventional one-,two-,three-and four-point scalar loop integrals defined in Ref.[24].F v1µ= i=1,23αs12π[m˜g Y i((p2−p1)µC0/2−Cµ](−p2,k,m˜g,m˜t i,m˜t i)F v11= i=1,23αs3π[B1X i−2m t m˜g B′0Y i+2m2t B′1X i](m2t,m˜g,m˜t i)F v1µ3= i=1,23αs8π(−2X i)Cµν(−p2,k,m˜ti,m˜g,m˜g)8+ i=1,2αs8πZ i(C20+(m2t−m2˜g)C0)(−p2,k,m˜t i,m˜g,m˜g) + i=1,2αs8πZ i m t Cµ(−p2,k,m˜ti,m˜g,m˜g)F Av1µ4=−F Av1µ3F Av1µν6= i=1,23αs12πZ i[((p2−p1)νCµ/2−Cµν)](−p2,k,m˜g,m˜t i,m˜t i)F v21=3αs3πB1(m2q,m˜g,m˜q)F v2µν6=3αs6π[−(p2−p1)νCµ/2−Cµν](p4,−k,m˜g,m˜q,m˜q)F s0=3αs6−(m2˜g(B0+1)−2B22)/k2)(k2,m˜g,m˜g)−(B21+B1+14π (2B22(k2,m˜q,m˜q)−A0(m˜q))/k2−2B′22(0,m˜q,m˜q)F DB 1= i=1,2αs4π(m t X i+m˜g Y i)Dµ(−p2,p4,p3,m˜ti,m˜g,m˜q,m˜g)F DBµν3= i=1,2αs4πZ i(m2t−m2˜g)D0(−p2,p4,p3,m˜t i,m˜g,m˜q,m˜g)F DBµ5= i=1,2αsF DBµν6= i=1,2αs√√√√∂p2,B′1=∂B1(p2,m1,m2)∂p2,C20=gµνCµν−1References[1]C.S.Li,R.J.Oakes,J.M.Yang,and C.-P.Yuan,Phys.Lett.B398(1997)298.[2]For reviews,see H.P.Nilles,Phys.Rep.110(1984)1;P.Nath,R.Arnowitt and A.Chamseddine,Applied N=1Supergravity,ICTP series in Theoretical Physics,(World Scientific,1984);L.E.Ib´a˜n ez and G.G.Ross,in Perspectives on Higgs Physics,ed.G.L.Kane,(World Scientific,1993).[3]H.E.Haber and C.L.Kane,Phys.Rep.117(1985)75;J.F.Gunion and H.E.Haber,Nucl.Phys.B272(1986)1.[4]S.Ambrosanio,G.L.Kane,G.D.Kribs,S.P.Martin and S.Mrenna,Phys.Rev.Lett.76(1996)3498;S.Dimopoulos,M.Dine,S.Raby and S.Thomas,Phys.Rev.Lett.76(1996)3494.[5]Kao,dinsky and C.–P.Yuan,FSU-HEP-930508,1993(unpublished);DPFConf.1994:pp.713-716;Int.J Mod.Phys.A12(1997)1341.[6]C.Kao,Phys.Lett.B348(1995)155.[7]enen,J.Smith and W.L.van Neerven,Phys.Lett.B321(1994)254.[8]W.Beenakker,A.Denner,W.Hollik,R.Mertig,T.Sack and D.Wackeroth,Nucl.Phys.B411(1994)343.[9]D.Amidei and R.Brock,“Report of the T eV2000Study Group on Future ElectroWeakPhysics at the Tevatron”,Fermilab-Pub-96/082,and references therein.[10]J.M.Yang and C.S.Li,Phys.Rev.D52(1995)1541;C.S.Li,B.Q.Hu,J.M.Yang,and C.G.Hu,Phys.Rev.D52(1995)5014;Erratum,Phys.Rev.D53(1996)4112;C.S.Li,H.Y.Zhou,Y.L.Zhu,and J.M.Yang,Phys.Lett.B379(1996)135;J.M.Yang and C.S.Li,Phys.Rev.D54(1996)4380.[11]J.Kim,J.L.Lopez,D.V.Nanopoulos,and R.Rangarajan,Phys.Rev.D54(1996)4364;S.Catani et al.,Phys.Lett.B378(1996)329;T.Gehrmann et al.,Phys.Lett.B381(1996)221;J.A.Coarasa et al.,hep-ph/9607485;S.Frixione,hep-ph/9702287,to be published in Heavy Flavours II,World Scientific, Singapore.[12]G.L.Kane,dinsky and C.–P.Yuan,Phys.Rev.D45(1992)124.[13]A.Denner,Fortschr.Phys.,41,307(1993).[14]CDF Collaboration,Phys.Rev.Lett.74(1995)2626;DØCollaboration,Phys.Rev.Lett.74(1995)2632;L.Roberts,in the Proceedings of the28th International Conference on High Energy Physics,Warsaw,Poland,1996.[15]A.D.Martin,W.J.Stirling and R.G.Roberts,Phys.Lett.B354(1995)155.[16]i,J.Huston,S.Kuhlmann,F.Olness,J.Owens,D.Soper,W.K.Tung,H.Weerts,Phys.Rev.D55(1997)1280.[17]For example,see G.L.Kane,C.Kolda,L.Roszkowski,J.D.Wells Phys.Rev.D49(1994)6173;and references therein.[18]G.R.Farrar,hep-ph/9707467;and references therein.[19]By CDF Collaboration(J.Incandela for the collaboration),Nuovo Cim.109A(1996)741.[20]L.Clavelli and G.R.Goldstein,hep-ph/9708405.[21]Z.Sullivan,Phys.Rev.D56,451(1997).[22]S.Alam,K.Hagiwara,and S.Matsumoto,Phys.Rev.D55(1997)1307.[23]C.S.Li,P.Nadolsky,C.–P.Yuan and H.Y.Zhou,in preparation.[24]G.Passarino and M.Veltman,Nucl.Phys.B160(1979)151;G.´t Hooft and M.Veltman,Nucl.Phys.B153(1979)365.。

五年级英语作文介绍一个著名人物全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Favorite Famous Person: Albert EinsteinHave you ever heard of Albert Einstein? He was a really smart scientist who discovered some amazing things about the universe! I'm going to tell you all about his life and why I admire him so much.Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879. Even as a kid, he was super curious about how things worked. His parents said he asked a million questions every day! He loved math and science from a very young age.When Einstein was five years old, his father gave him a compass. A compass is that thing that always points north because of magnetism. Einstein was completely fascinated by the invisible force that made the needle move. He spent hours playing with it and wondering what made it work. From that moment on, he knew he wanted to be a scientist when he grew up so he could discover the secrets of the universe.In school, Einstein was a good student, but he didn't always follow the rules. His teachers thought he asked too many questions and daydreamed too much. One teacher even said "He will never amount to anything!" But Einstein just learned differently than other kids. His mind was always working on figuring things out.When he got older, Einstein had a very hard time finding a job because of his unconventional thinking. But he never gave up. He worked really hard and finally got hired at an office in Switzerland reviewing patent applications. In his spare time, he continued studying physics and doing lots of experiments.Then in 1905, when Einstein was just 26 years old, he published four groundbreaking scientific papers that changed physics forever! One of them described his famous Theory of Relativity. It showed that time and space are not absolute, but can change depending on how fast you are moving relative to something else. Woah, that's deep stuff!The Theory of Relativity led to the famous equation E=mc2. This mind-blowing equation means that energy and mass (like matter) are actually two forms of the same thing! It opened up our understanding of how the entire universe works at thedeepest levels. Einstein's ideas made him world-famous and completely revolutionized physics.But that wasn't all Einstein discovered. He also explained the nature of light and proved that atoms really do exist. He figured out why the sky is blue. And his work helped lead to inventions like lasers, television, solar cells, and even the atomic bomb (which he actually felt terrible about). It's amazing how one person's brilliant ideas could unlock so many secrets of the cosmos!Despite being one of the greatest minds in human history, Einstein remained very humble and down-to-earth. He had a great sense of humor and loved to play his violin to relax. He didn't care about fancy clothes or being wealthy. Einstein just wanted to understand the mysteries of our reality. As he said, "The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing."That quote really sums up why I admire Einstein so much. He never lost his childhood curiosity and wonder about the world, even as a grown-up. His open and questioning mind allowed him to see things that no one else could. Einstein proved that you should never stop asking "Why?" and seeking knowledge, no matter what people tell you.It's incredible to think that a poor kid from Germany, who wasn't even a great student, could change our understanding of the entire universe just by following his curiosity and thinking in new ways. Einstein showed that if you truly love learning and aren't afraid to be different, you can accomplish amazing things.So those are the reasons why Albert Einstein is my favorite famous person of all time. His story inspires me to always be curious, to question everything, to think for myself, and to never give up on my dreams - no matter how "impossible" they may seem. I hope his legacy will continue sparking the imagination of young minds for generations to come!篇2My Favorite Famous Person: Neil ArmstrongHi friends! Today I want to tell you all about my favorite famous person ever - Neil Armstrong! He was an astronaut who became the first person to walk on the moon. How cool is that?!Neil Armstrong was born on August 5, 1930 in Wapakoneta, Ohio. Even as a little kid, he was really interested in airplanes and flying. When he was 6 years old, he went to the Cleveland Air Races and got so excited watching the plane stunts and tricks.From that day on, he knew he wanted to be a pilot when he grew up.After finishing high school, Neil went to college at Purdue University. He studied aeronautical engineering, which is all about designing aircrafts and spacecrafts. Armstrong was a very good student and did well in all his classes. While he was at Purdue, he also took flying lessons and got his pilot's license before he even graduated!When Neil finished college in 1955, he joined the military and became a test pilot. His job was to test out new airplanes and make sure they were safe to fly. Being a test pilot is very dangerous though, because sometimes the planes would crash or have problems. In 1962, Neil applied to be an astronaut with NASA, which is the U.S. government's space program. Out of thousands of applicants, he was selected to be one of the first astronauts!For the next few years, Neil trained really hard to prepare for spaceflight. He practiced driving lunar rovers, simulating walking on the moon, and doing lots of difficult exercises. His first trip to space was in 1966 on the Gemini 8 mission. Neil performed the first ever docking of two vehicles in space, which is when two spacecraft attach together while orbiting the earth.Unfortunately, there was a problem and they had to abort the mission early and return home. Still, it was great practice for his next big challenge.On July 16, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first person ever to land a spacecraft on the moon! He was the mission commander for the historic Apollo 11 flight. After their lunar module landed on the moon, Neil famously said "The Eagle has landed" over the radio. A few hours later, Neil climbed down the ladder and stepped onto the moon's surface. His first words when he stepped onto the moon were "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Wow!Neil and his crewmate Buzz Aldrin spent over 21 hours walking around, taking pictures, and collecting rock samples on the moon before returning to Earth. People all over the world were glued to their TV screens, watching in amazement as the astronauts bounced around in the low gravity of the moon. Neil brought back over 20 pounds of moon rocks to study back on Earth.After returning from the historic Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong became a true American hero. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which is the highest honor for a civilian. There were parades and celebrations across the countryto honor the brave astronauts. However, Neil was a very humble and quiet man. He didn't like being treated like a celebrity.Armstrong left NASA in 1971 and became a professor at the University of Cincinnati, where he taught aerospace engineering classes. Even though he could have earned a lot of money going on talk shows or doing commercials, Neil turned down most requests like that. He preferred to live a normal, private life with his family.Neil Armstrong is my hero because he had the courage to go where no human had gone before. Just imagine how scary it must have been to be the first person ever to set foot on another world! But Neil was brave, smart, and worked extremely hard to achieve his dream of walking on the moon. His historic accomplishments inspired the whole world and helped advance space exploration. I hope that one day, I can be as courageous and dedicated as Neil Armstrong was.Thanks for reading my essay! I tried to include all the important details about Neil Armstrong's incredible life and how he became the first person on the moon. From his small-town beginnings to becoming a world-famous hero, his story shows that with hard work and perseverance, you can make yourdreams come true - even seemingly impossible ones! Let me know if you have any other questions.篇3My Favorite Famous Person: Neil ArmstrongHi everyone! Today I want to tell you about my favorite famous person ever - Neil Armstrong! He was an American astronaut who became the first human to walk on the Moon. How cool is that? Just imagine being the first person to step onto another world. Armstrong is a huge hero and I really look up to him.Armstrong was born on August 5, 1930 in Wapakoneta, Ohio. As a kid, he loved studying airplanes and flight. When he was a teenager, he got his student pilot's license before he could even drive a car! During World War 2, he was really interested in becoming a pilot. After high school, he studied aerospace engineering at Purdue University.In 1949, Armstrong joined the U.S. Navy and became a test pilot. He flew over 900 different aircraft models and spent 8 years as a test pilot. Testing new planes is an incredibly dangerous job, but Armstrong was brave and skilled. In 1962, he was selected by NASA to join the astronaut program.Armstrong trained for years to prepare for space travel. He was the backup pilot for the historic Gemini 5 mission in 1965. For the first time ever, astronauts spent almost a week in space! Armstrong was supposed to walk in space on that mission but didn't get to. I bet he was disappointed, but he stayed focused on his goal.In 1966, Armstrong was picked to be the commander for the Apollo 8 mission. This flight was going to orbit the Moon for the first time. Unfortunately, Armstrong had to be replaced due to a minor surgery. Although he missed out again, he was chosen to command an even more important mission - Apollo 11!On July 16, 1969, Armstrong and his crew blasted off aboard a massive Saturn V rocket. Over 600 million people around the world watched the launch live on TV! It took them 4 days to travel the 250,000 miles to the Moon. When they got into orbit, Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin climbed into the lunar lander called "Eagle" to make the final descent.As they landed, the controllers lost contact with them temporarily. Finally, Armstrong radioed back the famous words: "The Eagle has landed." Everyone on Earth went crazy with excitement! A few hours later, Armstrong opened the hatch and made his way down the ladder. When he stepped onto the dustysurface, he said: "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."For the next 2 and a half hours, Armstrong and Aldrin explored the lunar surface. They conducted experiments, collected rock samples, and took iconic photographs. They even had a televisioLN camera so people back on Earth could watch them live! Armstrong's awesome mission paved the way for 5 more lunar landings over the next few years.After returning to Earth as a total hero, Armstrong went on plenty of goodwill tours and received many honors. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which is the highest award for a civilian. Armstrong stayed involved with NASA and aerospace for decades to inspire future generations.In my opinion, Neil Armstrong is one of the bravest and most important people who ever lived. He risked his life to achieve something no human had done before. Armstrong's "small step" onto the Moon was an amazing accomplishment for all of humanity. I have so much respect and admiration for his courage, skills, and determination.Armstrong showed that with hard work and perseverance, any dream is possible no matter how crazy it may seem. He once said: "There can be no great accomplishment without risk."Those are words I'll never forget. Neil Armstrong achieved the greatest accomplishment of the 20th century and became a legend forever. I hope I can be as brave and dedicated as him when I grow up! The Moon landing inspires me to always aim high and never give up on my goals.篇4My Favorite Famous Person: Michael JordanHave you ever watched someone play a sport and they were just so amazing that you couldn't take your eyes off them? That's how I feel when I watch Michael Jordan play basketball! He is definitely my favorite famous person of all time. Let me tell you all about why Michael Jordan is so awesome.First of all, Michael Jordan was an incredible basketball player. He played in the NBA for 15 seasons, mostly with the Chicago Bulls. During his career, he won 6 NBA championship rings! That's a lot of rings. He also won 5 MVP awards, which is given to the best player that year. Michael Jordan averaged over 30 points per game for his career, which means he scored a ton of baskets. But he didn't just score, he played great defense too and racked up a lot of steals and blocked shots.What made Michael Jordan such a special player was his athleticism and competitive drive. He could jump really high - his vertical leap was over 40 inches! That allowed him to dunk over other players easily. He was also lightning quick and could blow past defenders with his speed. But more than his physical talents, Michael Jordan had an unbelievable will to win and hatred of losing. He worked incredibly hard and would do whatever it took to make his team victorious.Some of Michael Jordan's most famous moments came in the NBA Finals against tough opponents. In the 1997 Finals against the Utah Jazz, he hit a game-winning shot with just a few seconds left to win his 5th championship. Everyone remembers him pulling up for the jumper and hitting nothing but net as time expired. In the 1992 Finals, he had an amazing performance, scoring over 30 points per game while leading his team to victory over the Portland Trailblazers. Those were just a couple of his many clutch performances.Off the court, Michael Jordan was an international superstar and a great businessman too. He had so many endorsement deals for products like Nike, Gatorade, McDonald's and more. In fact, he helped make Nike one of the biggest brands in the world through his incredibly popular Air Jordan shoe line. Every kid,including me, wanted a pair of Jordans because he made them look so cool. Even today, over 20 years since he retired, the Jordan brand is still super popular.Michael Jordan is also famous for his cool personality and staying humble despite all his success. He had an awesome nickname - "Air Jordan" - because he could seem to fly through the air. But he never acted like he was better than anyone else. When teammates or reporters asked him questions, Jordan was always respectful and never boastful. His competitive fire only came out on the court.Since retiring from playing basketball, Michael Jordan has stayed involved in the game. He is now the owner of the Charlotte Hornets NBA team. It's really cool that after being such a great player, he now gets to run his own franchise. Jordan has said his dream is for the Hornets to become champions just like his Bulls teams were. With his determination and talent, I'm sure he'll get there eventually!In conclusion, Michael Jordan is my all-time favorite famous person because of his incredible basketball skills, his amazing work ethic and drive to be the best, his cool personality off the court, his brand that made him an international star, and how he stays involved in the game he loves. Watching Michael Jordanplay was like seeing magic happen before your eyes. He is simply the greatest basketball player ever and a true champion in every sense of the word. That's why "His Airness" will always be my hero and the person I admire most.篇5My Favorite Famous Person: Malala YousafzaiHave you ever heard of Malala Yousafzai? She's a really cool and brave Pakistani girl who fought for girls' education rights. I'm going to tell you all about her amazing life!Malala was born on July 12, 1997 in Mingora, Pakistan. Her father's name is Ziauddin Yousafzai and he was a teacher. Even from a very young age, Malala's dad taught her that getting an education was extremely important for girls. He encouraged her to speak her mind and stand up for her beliefs.When Malala was just 10 years old, the Taliban took over the area where she lived. The Taliban are a group of extremists with very strict rules, especially against women's rights. They banned girls from going to school! Can you imagine not being allowed to learn? Malala spoke out publicly against the Taliban's rules by giving speeches and writing a blog under a fake name about herdesire for education. She was just a kid but she was incredibly brave.In 2012, when Malala was 15 years old, she was riding a bus home from school with her friends. A member of the Taliban boarded the bus and demanded to know "Which one of you is Malala?" Then he shot Malala in the head! Her friends thought she was dead. Thankfully, Malala survived the attack after many surgeries and she kept fighting harder than ever before.After recovering, Malala gave a powerful speech to the United Nations on her 16th birthday in 2013. She said, "Let us pick up our books and our pens. They are our most powerful weapons." She inspired millions of people around the world to support education for every boy and girl. Malala soon began traveling the globe as an activist, going to places where girls faced challenges in getting an education.In 2014, when she was just 17 years old, Malala won the Nobel Peace Prize! This made her the youngest person ever to receive that famous award. The Nobel team praised Malala for her "heroic struggle" for girls' rights to education. How cool is it for a teenage girl to win such an incredible award usually given to much older people?Today Malala is 25 years old and she has achieved so much! She graduated from Oxford University and has written a bestselling book titled "I Am Malala." Malala also started anon-profit organization called the Malala Fund, which has helped over 130 million girls gain access to safe, quality education. She's like a real-life superhero fighting for justice and equality through education and activism.I think Malala is my favorite famous person because she is proof that one child really can change the world. Ever since she was a little girl, Malala fearlessly stood up for her beliefs even when facing danger from terrorists. She never gave up or backed down. Her bravery and resilience in the face of adversity is truly inspiring. Malala's story shows that no matter your age or circumstances, you have the power to make a positive impact. I want to be as courageous and dedicated as Malala in fighting for what I believe in.I know this was a really long essay, but Malala's life is just so amazing and motivational that I could go on and on! She overcame so many obstacles from a very young age to become an influential activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner. Who knows what incredible things she will do next! Malala Yousafzai is living proof that one determined girl can move mountains. Her legacywill continue to empower and educate girls around the globe for generations to come. I hope that reading her story will inspire you as much as it inspires me!。

Specifics of the Russian Accordion Timbre in DuetPerformanceVladislav BerezhnoyRussian State Specialized Arts AcademyMoscow, Russiae-mail:***************Abstract—The article is dedicated to the role of timbre in modern duet accordion performance and also tone and dynamic specifics of the Russian accordion.Keywords—Russian accordion; multi-timbre accordion; timbre; timbre coordination; register; basic registers; timbre dramaI.I NTRODUCTIONThe timbre-register palette of the accordion is a shade or the sound character of a tone. It is that quality which distinguishes one sound from another. In an accordion duet the sound of one performer may be different from the other and could even be very different if necessary (especially in orchestra music with different symphonic orchestra tones).An accordion players’ orchestra sounds bright when there are different timbres or multi-timbre instruments. Each composition has its own sound palette and shows the author's initial idea in the best way. It is an important quality for a performer to find, to keep and to enrich the tone material with new colors. The orchestra's instruments should be perfectly in tune to form an orchestra scale and to have a dynamic scale from ppp to fff. It is important to stress that all issues considered in this article are vital not only for accordion duets, but also for French and Russian accordion players.II.T HE I MPORTANCE OF T IMBREAn important quality of the Russian accordion is a special penetration of the tone defined by the purity of unison setting of two reeds. In the accordion players’ duet a wrong setting of one of the instruments may take place in non-academic genres (musette, tango), but in academic performance both accordions should be toned identically. Let's imagine the lyric song by A. Shalaev “A stripe” arranged for the performers’ duet on a wrongly tuned reeds of one or two instruments with a specific sharp sound. We will feel immediate aesthetic misbalance and the sharp tone will distort the musical character especially at traditional performances of the melody by two accordions.This will be even more obvious if one listens to a performance with accordions all playing in the same high pitch. This sound is characteristic for the French “musette” registers and in the Russian accordion construction “musette” is not used. The vibrant sound of this register is more vivid than unison, it sounds rather like a violin vibrato or a cello (but in a very harsh and simple form). It creates a tender sound which is pleasant for the listener's ear and attracts a lot of accordion lovers. But during lyrical folk music performances and also classic and modern academic compositions a wrong setting gives an impression of misplayed music.III.T HE M ETHODOLOGY OF A CCORDION T IMBREWe can play chamber, piano, choir and orchestra music with instruments of Jupiter, Acco, Rus` and Mir types. There are 15 standard registers: tone duplication [from 5 to 7] by reed switches, exact unison timbre (combination of the tones in the broken and the straight deck) ready-elected left key-cord.Tone, dynamic and tissue difference in the sound of the four manuals (right key-cord and three manuals in the left key-cord) can be explained by the resonators’ different positions inside the left and the right accordion semi-case and also their different voices sizes. In the multi-timbre duet of the ready-elected accordions a composer or an arranger has a chance to combine different tones and to increase, decrease or to straighten a tone or a group of music tissue.Anton Rubinstein used to say that a grand piano is one hundred and more instruments. A multi-timbre ready-elected accordion or even more a duet of concert accordions may undoubtedly be called a small symphony orchestra. It is important to stress that up to the 1960s the issues of timbre coordination in a duet or a solo accordion performance was not methodologically covered. However, A. Shalaev and N. Krylov, which were playing multi-timbre instruments, managed to get the sound of multi-timbres. Multi-timbre accordions existed but performers didn’t use them in academic music.It should be said that where in a piano timbre there is a string movement frequency, in an organ timbre there is an air column vibration placed inside the tube case, in a domra timbre or a balalaika there is a string fluctuation increased by the specifics of the deck resonator and the accordion's timbre is defined by a metal plate fluctuation (voice). An accordion's small sound element size defines its special timbre characteristics. If in instruments like the piano, the violin or the organ the sound specifics allow the performer to specify overtones, in accordion overtone specification that isInternational Conference on Arts, Design and Contemporary Education (ICADCE 2015)noticeable for the ear is impossible. The Improvement of the palette of sound options of modern concert accordions and different color combinations in a duet happens by means of ready timbres construction on the basis of four basis registers in the right semi-case of the accordion: in the right deck there is a brighter and clearer sound and in the left deck the sound is rather opaque and silent.For reeds, two unisons, one an octave higher and one an octave lower, create fifteen different registers. The base of the color variety of the accordion “Jupiter” consists of four timbres: fagot, clarinet, concertina and piccolo. Combining these four timbres creates eleven more registers: fagot and clarinet, fagot and concertina, accordion with fagot, tutti, organ, organ with clarinet, organ with concertina, accordion, celesta, hobo, accordion with piccolo. All timbres containing fagot are transponder registers [5, p.42].Left three-manual key-cord also has two timbres:Bass key-cords. For an accordion, an instrument created in Russia, an important and meaningful four-sound or even a six-sound bass has always beencharacteristic. M.I. Imhanitsky emphasizes: “Its full-sound foundation appeared and still is a firm basis ofall the lining above voices, it is capable to color withwarmth all music tissue, to underline the power ofbreath of all tissue vertical” [4, p.190];Chromatic buttons. Chromatic buttons with prepared accords as a special accompanying type in the 1960swere just a way of harmonization. A small scale ofprepared accords (Sol of the small and Fa# of the first)is defined by the dense location of this or thatappearance of every accord. It also provides harmoniccombinations of the quarta-quinta and the terzocombination. Triple sounds of the buttons are a bitsilent in comparison with identical accords of theright and chromatic buttons. The buttons’ timbre isvelvet in the low register (Mi of contra-octave – Mi ofthe small), clear and bright in the middle register (Reof the small – Fa of the first) bright and singing in thehigh register (Sol of the first – Fa of the second).If in an accordion solo performance an additional difficulty is the technique of switching from the ready key-cord to the chromatic one, then in the duet there's no such problem. Besides, in an ensemble of chromatic button accordions it is possible to present music tissue components only through the chromatic button and bass key-cords and also through their combination. Different combinations of three left key-cords may considerably enrich the timbre palette of a composition.Music sound shading is important both for orchestra and ensemble performance. As we see, timbre character in modern concert accordions duets may be widely colored. It is accompanied by the presence of 34 timbres in an ensemble – fifteen in the right key-cords and two in the left ones. A mechanism of register switching provides specific characteristics of intonation-timbre coloring. In a duet there are both mono-timbres and their different combinations. An ensemble, unlike a single accordion, possesses wider opportunities in orchestra compositions registering. Timbre-tissue differentiation can be doubled; that is possible as a result of timbre difference between the sound scale of the right and the left key-cords. This quality, arranged by two accordionists, allows using all tissue registers. Their dynamic specifics should be taken into consideration in order to not break voices’ functional hierarchy.IV.T IMBRE U SE IN C OMPOSITIONSA.General UseIt is important to remark that notation demands for multi-timbre and mono-timbre ensembles are the same (functions opposition with keeping of interior functional unity), that's why an opinion that it is easier to compose or instrument a mono-timbre ensemble is wrong. But the means for these demands in a mono-timbre duet are much lower. Modern concert accordion duets have the option to choose the timbre and the sound while a duet of non-register accordions may choose only the character of the sounding. In a mono-timber the specter of actions for different timbre palette achievements is much lower, but articulation, dynamic and texture decisions are important.In an accordion duet it is important to consider that the more important the essential difference between the music tissue functions, the higher the dynamic, articulation, timbre of tissue contrast should be. For a moderate opposition tissue functions division or individualization may be enough (depending on the situation). In cases where the maximum opposition is needed it is recommended to use both methods at the same time. For instance, in A. Shalaev`s “Moldavian Dance” arrangement for a mono-timbre duet we can see two melodic lines: the theme and its imitation. Using different sound-extraction methods would not be wise, that’s why the author tries the method of melodic lines division by tessiture, which allows us to vividly hear both voices “Fig. 1”.Fig. 1. Moldavian Dance by A. Shalaev.The combination of similar timbres leads to an increase of their main characteristics. The soft timbre gets softer and the harsh one gets harsher. Mono timbres in accordion player's duets concentrate on accord's quality, the interval, cluster and also decrease dissonance [2, p. 219–220].B.Tissue Development PrinciplesTissue development principles are an important basis on which many accordion performers work. It is obvious that there can be two kinds of tissue - a mono-plan and multi-plan.Mono-plan timbre.A mono-plan principle suggests the usage of opaqueor bright timbres depending on the character “Fig. 2”.Fig. 2. J. Kukuzenko. Syrba.Related instruments like domra or balalaika possessindividual timbres in a duet. If one is listening to anycomposition performed on these instruments it is easyto define the domra or the balalaika parts, even if theyare played in the same octave. The same may be saidabout other multi-timbre duets. This principle shouldbe applied to accordionists’ ensembles in order togive every instrument its own particular soundcoloring. It is important for accordionists’ duets tohave instruments with rich timbre options. Performersshould also possess the necessary skills to incorporatethese options.Multi-plan timbres.The combination of contrasting timbres (a bright oneand an opaque one) and functional lines creates thesecond tissue kind - a multi-plan one “Fig. 3”.Fig. 3.It is important to remember that the accordionists canuse not only the instruments’ timbres, but also theircombined timbres. There may be a lot of combinationof the ready left and the button key-cords. Thesemultiple combinations allow the performers to hold, ifnecessary, a melodic, a harmonic, a sub-sound and abass line at the same time of the same music tissuewith different music sounds. Performers perfectlypossessing all the multiple sound extraction methodsmay implement an artistic image in all its timbrevariety and use all the shades contained in this timbre.V.U SING THE F ULL P OTENTIAL OF T IMBREA.Required playing skillsMany accordionists who play transcriptions (with no registers) on multi-timbre instruments don't possess enough registration skill. First of all, one should have an idea of the timbre. Multi-timbre accordions with seventeen standard registers (fifteen on the right key-cord and two in the left), four-octave bass and buttons may become an obstacle: by changing the registers mechanically one should be able to differentiate a sound even within a timbre. One just has to remember some outstanding accordionists of the after-war period like N. Rizul and A. Shalae, who played mass produced accordions with ready accords, with no registers and left button keys, and got unique timbre nuances. Even on such instruments the voices of three manuals in different tessitures may remind one of the sounds of a flute, a fagot, a French horn, a tuba and other symphony orchestra instruments. If a performer hears timbre differences on a non-register accordion (“Yasnaya Polyana”, “Rubin”), then he will completely incorporate a rich colorful scale on a multi-timbre accordion.We often experience problems when modern repertoire for an accordion duet (with arrangements or composer's registers) is performed by two-sound instruments. At the same time many accordionists do not follow the register marked by the author.B.Following the CompositionLack of understanding of the transponent role of the required register is also characteristic of professional performers. Yet, one should remember that music tissue transfiguration to a different octave distorts the composer’s or the arranger’s initial idea. For instance, if a register tutti is marked and there’s no remark on another octave, then the voice in the first key will sound an actave lower. Accordingly, when performing the ReMinor Vivaldi-Bach concert on accordion it is necessary to consider register specifics as marked by the author “Fig. 4”.Fig. 4. A.Vivaldi-I. Bach Re Minor Concert.This example shows that for an ensemble performer performing the second part on a non-register accordion it’s important to perform the notation in another octave than it is registered only to transport a more powerful tissue sounding that will be heard in accordance with the author's idea “Fig. 5”.Fig. 5. A.Vivaldi-I.Bach. Re Minor Concert.Thus, an accordionist or an arranger will be capable of incorporating different colors and shades into the artistic idea only if they can differentiate these timbres.C.Artistic Value of TimbreIt is necessary to stress that a timbre as one of the means of musical language possesses an independent emotional and genre impact. But it completely expresses the power of its impact only in combination with the other musical speech elements. L. Dunaev, for instance, remarks that orchestral means affecting the expressiveness of brass orchestra of N. Ivanov-Radkevich, includes both music tissue components and the timbre ones: “...Imitation of the solo and choir singings acquired by the means of the orchestra: by comparison of the solo, ensemble, tutti and combination of the necessary facture changes” [3, p.76[. The same means may be observed in Vl. Zolotarev`s accordion duet arrangement “Rondo Cappricioso” and also some other duet transcriptions.VI.T IMBRE IN C ONTEMPORARY A CCORDION M USICTimbre achievements in music practice in the context of the new timbre spheres are particularly acute for modern duet art. Multiple principles and tendencies of the timbre development of the XXth century separate them from previous centuries. Timbre’s importance as emotional, expressive, composition and structure element has risen. Its role has grown in a general architectonics’ plot of music compositions. An expression of these processes of composers’ art is a difficult and varied expressive side of modern accordion duet compositions. If A. Shalaev’s art is based on a folk and dance basis and is characterized by a more common circle of images and music language, then in Vl. Zolotarev`s and S. Berinsky`s compositions the search for new and unused means of music expression is brightly expressed. The timbre side remains one of the central ones, considering a wide variability in interpretations. Vl. Zolotarev and S. Berinsky try to find new forms for duets.Modern performers also understand the different folk songs and dances of A.Shalaev. Its innovation is first of all in the composition’s register, which was not intended by the author. A good example is “Moldavian Dance” performed by E. Listunova and Ivashkin.Accordionists and instrumentalists say that the steadiness of the sound and the timbre combination of both parties of the duet depends on what exactly performers, the arranger and the composer are planning to use as expressive means for the theme development as well as new musical material implementation. If performers want to get dynamic growth, it is important to exclude dynamically strong registers, if brightness is important, lighter timbres should be excluded. For any expressive elements it is vital to use the lower tessiture register.Timbre drama of compositions has individual laws. F.R. Lips writes: “The main role in right registration choice plays the style and the composition content. Generally, the registration plan is kept due to the general architectonics of the composition. It is better to change registers only in some important key moments, on the forms side changes, during the increase or decrease of the number of voices, facture changes, etc.” [5, с. 44, 45]. V.V. Vasiliev remarks: “When studying timbre drama for the first time an impression may appear that timbre register switching is equal to the change of orchestra instruments. Yet, it is not like this. Coloring change in the accordion is analogue to the timbre shades of violin and piano, to which the accordion does not give way” [1, с. 79].In the duet accordion repertoire (in which timbre opportunities double in comparison to solo) transcriptions of orchestra music are predominant. That is why as a rule the first accordion party plays a definite registre (bayan, for instance) and will therefore transfer the color of the sound of the first violins and the button keys in the first octave which will support the cello coloring. At the same time the second ensemble player may change the register if necessary to fit the violin or the piano.Thus, in modern duet accordion performance we see the increase of importance of the timbre in musical expression. If in 1970s a timbre was a secondary mean of expression, now it becomes primal.R EFERENCES[1]Vasiliev V.V. Russian Composer`s Music of 1970-ies -90-ies and themain tendencies of its performance interprettion. Arts MA theses17.00.02, Moscow, 2004.[2]Dunaev L.F. The Science of Instrumentalism Groeth, its developmentin Russian Music Studies of the Xxth century. 17.00.02. Мoscow, 2000.[3]Dunaev L.F. Artistic Heritage of N.T. Ivanov-Radkevich – a newstage in instrumentalism developmet for brass orchestra 17.00.02. М., 1977.[4]Imhanitsky M.I. The History of Accordion art: a Manual. Moscow,Gnesiny Academy. 2006.[5]Lips F.R. The art of Accordion Perforamce. Moscow, Music, 1998.[6]Rosenfield N.G., Ivanov M.D. Harmonicas, bayans, accordions:college manual. Moscow, Light Industry, 1974.[7]Roisman L.I. Organ in the History of Russian Music Culture in 2volumes. Kazan Conservatory, 2001. Vol.1。

四川省泸州高级中学2025届高考英语必刷试卷考生须知：1．全卷分选择题和非选择题两部分，全部在答题纸上作答。

选择题必须用2B铅笔填涂；非选择题的答案必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔写在“答题纸”相应位置上。

2．请用黑色字迹的钢笔或答字笔在“答题纸”上先填写姓名和准考证号。

3．保持卡面清洁，不要折叠，不要弄破、弄皱，在草稿纸、试题卷上答题无效。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．I shook hands and ________ greetings with the manager, who I impressed a lot.A．conveyed B．swapped C．exchanged D．switched2．The book ______ through the air to Aunt Dede and she began to read it aloud.A．got B．pushed C．sailed3．--- Hello, Tom. This is Mary speaking.--- What a coincidence! I_________ about you.A．just thought B．was just thinkingC．have just thought D．would just think4．_____ here, come and have a cup of tea.A．Passing B．To pass C．Pass D．Having passed5．I called her nearly ten minutes this morning, but I couldn’t ________.A．get through B．go through.C．live through D．look through6．U.S. President Barack Obama arrived in China’s economic center Shanghai on Sunday night, November 15th2009, ______a state visit to China.A．starting B．started C．to start D．having started7．— How do you think I can make up with Jack?— Set aside _______ you disagree and try to find _______ you have in common.A．what; what B．what; where C．where; what D．where; whether8．When caught _____ in the exam, he begged for the teacher’s pardon and tried ______ pu nishment.A．cheating; escaping B．to be cheating; to escapeC．cheating; to escape D．to be cheating; escaping9．Wolf Warrior 2, which ________ the “Award for Best Visual Effects” at the Beijing Film Festival, indicates China's film industry has come of age.A．wins B．wonC．has won D．had won10．________ has greater potential than flammable ice being mined from underneath the South China Sea when it comes to a global energy revolution.A．nothing B．neitherC．no one D．none11．He is a bad-tempered fellow, but he ________ be quite charming when he wishes.A．shall B．shouldC．can D．must12．At one time, she is fine, ________ at another, she is abnormal.A．and B．or C．but D．so13．—How about going sightseeing this Saturday afternoon?Sorry, I _______ my research report the whole weekend.A．will have written B．will be writingC．have written D．have been writing14．______ far in the contest, we are so disappointed.A．Not getting B．Not to getC．Not having got D．Not got15．After the fire，________________ would otherwise be a cultural center is now reduced to a pile of ashes.A．that B．itC．what D．which16．The reds and golds _____ into each other as the sun sank. What a beautiful sight!A．bumped B．pressedC．melted D．turned17．She was such a proud person that she would die she would admit she was wrong.A．since B．whenC．unless D．before18．Time is pressing．You cannot start your task _____ soon．A．too B．very C．so D．as19．If he ________ his teacher’s suggestion, he would have won the English Speech Con test.A．had followed B．should followC．was to follow D．followed20．I ________ able to catch the first flight home, but my watch betrayed me.A．were B．had beenC．would be D．would have been第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

Ⅰ.阅读单词——会意1．forehead n．额，前额2．chairwoman n．女主席；女会长3．sunrise n．日出(时分)；黎明；拂晓4．bug n．突然的兴趣，迷恋5．input n．投入(物)6．phase n．阶段，时期7．manufacturer n．制造商；制造公司，制造厂8．cosmetics n．化妆品，美容品9．bonus n．奖金；红利10．entrepreneurial adj.创业的，具有创业精神的11．equator n．赤道12．estate n．庄园13．calorie n．卡(路里)14．freshman n．(高中或大学的)一年级学生15．afloat adj.经济上周转得开的；不欠债的16．rational adj.(想法、决定等)合理的，基于理性的17．toddler n．学步的儿童，刚学走路的小孩18．designer clothes名牌服装19．thereby ad v.因此，由此20．supervision n．监督；管理21．theft n．偷窃，偷盗22．purse n．(女式)钱包Ⅱ.重点单词——记形1．blank adj.无表情的，木然的2．potential n．(事物的)潜力，可能性3．obstacle n．障碍，阻碍，妨碍4．purchase v．购买5．superior adj.质量上乘的，优质的6．mild adj.不浓烈的，淡的7．subjective adj.主观的8．interfere v．介入；干涉9．exceed v．超过，超出10．hire v．(短期的)租用，租借11．expense n．费用，花费12．abuse n．滥用Ⅲ.拓展单词——悉变1．dizzy adj.头晕目眩的→dizzily ad v.眩晕地→dizziness n．头昏眼花2．enterprising adj.有创业精神的；有事业心的；有进取心的→enterprise n．企业；事业；进取心3．distribution n．(商品的)分销，经销→distribute v t.分销；分发→distributor n．经销商；分销商4．guidance n．指导，引导→guide v．指导；带领n．向导；导游5．consultant n．顾问→consult v．咨询；商量；查阅6．conventional adj.传统的，常规的→convention n．习俗；常规；惯例7．discriminate v．不公正地区别对待，歧视→discrimination n．歧视8．financial adj.财政的，金融的；财务的→finance n．财政；金融9．accumulate v．积累，积聚→accumulation n．积累10．automatically ad v.自动地→automatic adj.自动的→automate v．使自动化11．sorrow n．令人悲伤的事，不幸→sorrowful adj.使人伤心的；悲伤的12．frustration n．懊丧，懊恼，沮丧→frustrate v t.使沮丧→frustrated adj.沮丧的→frustrating adj.令人沮丧的1．snatch /snætʃ/v t.强夺；攫取；偷窃2．ample /'æmpl/adj.充足的；丰裕的3．robbery /'rɒbəri/n．抢劫；掠夺4．queue /kjuː/n．(人、汽车等的)队、行列v i.排队(等候)5．scheme /skiːm/n．方案；体系；阴谋v i.& v t.密谋；图谋6．weird /w Iəd/adj.古怪的；不寻常的；怪诞的7．debut (also début) /'de I bjuː/n．& v i.(演员、运动员的)首次亮相；初次登台make one’s debut首次亮相8．refine /r I'fa I n/v t.完善；改进；提炼9．adhere /əd'h Iə(r)/v i.黏附；附着adhere to遵循；信守10．trivial /'tr I viəl/adj.琐碎的；微不足道的Ⅳ.背核心短语1．make ends meet使收支仅能相抵2．interfere with妨碍，阻止3．go into debt陷入债务之中，负债4．rent out出租(房屋、房间、土地等)5．at the expense of以损害……为代价6．as to至于，关于7．a world away from与……相差甚远；完全不同8．row upon row鳞次栉比9．be bitten by the...bug爱上……；对……迷恋10．response to对……的反应11．at rock-bottom prices以最低价12．do a further favour再帮个忙Ⅴ.悟经典句式1．Though she welcomes the new entrepreneurial spirit，she advises that people be realistic and seek guidance from expert consultants before rushing into things.[advise that sb (should) do]尽管她希望看到新的创业精神的涌现，但她也建议人们要现实一些，在仓促行事之前先寻求专业顾问的指导。

Can We Trust Creativity Tests?A Review of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT)Kyung Hee KimEastern Michigan UniversityABSTRACT:Dr.E.Paul Torrance,“Father of Creativ-ity,”is best known for developing the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking(TTCT).The TTCT was developed by Torrance in1966.It has been renormed4times:in 1974,1984,1990,and1998.There are2forms(A and B)of the TTCT-Verbal and2forms(A and B)of the TTCT-Figural.However,in the scope of this review, only the TTCT-Figural was examined.The TTCT has been translated into more than35languages(Millar, 2002).It has become highly recommended in the edu-cational field and is even used in the corporate world. It is the most widely used test of creativity(Davis, 1997)and is the most referenced of all creativity tests (Lissitz&Willhoft,1985).Basic information is pre-sented,including purposes,content area,norms,reli-ability,and validity.Strengths and weaknesses of the TTCT,including use of the TTCT in identifying gifted learners and suggestions for further development and improvement, are provided and discussed.“E.Paul Torrance was an international leader in cre-ativity research and was best known for developing the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking(TTCT),which are used in the business world and in education to as-sess individuals’capacity for creativity”(“E.Paul Torrance, 87,” 2003, p. B13).Torrance (1966, p. 6) defined creativity asa process of becoming sensitive to problems,deficiencies,gaps in knowledge,missing elements,disharmonies,and soon;identifying the difficulty;searching for solutions,makingguesses,or formulating hypotheses about the deficiencies:testing and retesting these hypotheses and possibly modify-ing and retesting them;and finally communicating theresults.The TTCT does not entirely operationalize Torrance’s definition of creativity(Chase,1985); however,Torrance neither concluded that his tests as-sess all dimensions of creativity,nor did he suggest that they should be used alone as a basis for decisions (Treffinger,1985).Torrance(1974)stated that show-ing a high degree of these abilities on the TTCT does not guarantee a person’s chances of behaving cre-atively.According to Torrance(Torrance,1990,1998; Torrance&Ball,1984),creative motivation and skills as well as creative abilities are necessary for adult creative achievement to occur.The TTCT-Verbal and the TTCT-Figural are two versions of the TTCT.The TTCT-Verbal has two paral-lel forms,A and B,and consists of five activities: ask-and-guess,product improvement,unusual uses, unusual questions,and just suppose.The stimulus for each task includes a picture to which people respond in writing(Torrance,1966,1974).The TTCT-Figural has two parallel forms,A and B,and consists of three activ-ities:picture construction,picture completion,and re-peated figures of lines or circles.For the purposes of this article,only the TTCT-Figural will be discussed. Ten minutes are required to complete each activity.In Activity I,the subject constructs a picture using a pear or jellybean shape provided on the page as a stimulus. The stimulus must be an integral part of the picture construction.Activity II requires the subject to use10 incomplete figures to make an object or picture.TheCreativity Research Journal 2006, V ol.18, No.1,3–14Copyright ©2006byLawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. This is a version of a paper presented at the8th Asian-Pacific Confer-ence on Giftedness held in Daejeon, Korea, July 26–30, 2004.Correspondence and requests for reprints should be sent to Kyung Hee Kim,313Porter College of Education Building,Depart-ment of Teacher Education,Eastern Michigan University,Ypsilanti, MI48197. E-mail: kkim7@last activity,Activity III,is composed of three pages of lines or circles that the subject is to use as a part of his or her picture(Torrance,1966,1974,1990,1998; Torrance & Ball, 1984).Torrance(1966)recommended the creation of a game-like,thinking,or problem-solving atmosphere, avoiding the threatening situation associated with test-ing.His intent was to set the tone so that the expecta-tion that examinees would enjoy the activities was cre-ated.Examinees should be encouraged to“have fun”and should experience a psychological climate that is as comfortable and stimulating as possible.Thus,ac-cording to the administration of the TTCT in the man-ual(Ball&Torrance,1984),administrators of the tests should invite the examinees to enjoy the activities and view the tests as a series of fun activities,thereby re-ducing test anxiety.The TTCT can be administered as an individual or group test from the kindergarten level through the graduate level and beyond.It requires30min of work-ing time,so speed is important,and artistic quality is not required to receive credit(Chase,1985).Scholastic Testing Service,Inc.,holds the copyright for the TTCT and has provided a 1998 norms manual for the test.PurposeThe TTCT was part of a long-term research pro-gram emphasizing classroom experiences that stimu-late creativity(Swartz,1988).Torrance is readily identified with his eponymous tests of creativity,but assessment of creativity was not one of Torrance’s goals.Torrance’s main focus was in understanding and nurturing qualities that help people express their creativity.The tests were not designed to simply mea-sure creativity,but instead to serve as tools for its en-hancement(Hébert,Cramond,Neumeister,Millar,& Silvian,2002).Torrance(1966,1974)suggested the following uses for the tests:1.To understand the human mind and its func-tioning and development.2.To discover effective bases for individualizinginstruction.3.To provide clues for remedial andpsychotherapeutic programs.4.To evaluate the effects of educational pro-grams,materials,curricula,and teaching pro-cedures.5.To be aware of latent potentialities.In other words,although the tests have been used mostly for assessment in the identification of gifted children,Torrance originally planned to use them as a basis for individualizing instruction for different stu-dents based on the test scores(Torrance,1966,1974). The test may yield a composite score(the Creativity Index[CI]),but Torrance discouraged interpretation of scores as a static measure of a person’s ability and,in-stead,argued for using the profile of strengths as a means to understand and nurture a person’s creativity (Hébert et al.,2002;Torrance,1966,1974,1979). Thus,the purposes of the TTCT are for research and experimentation,for general use,for instructional planning,and for determining possible strengths of students.Content AreasGuilford(1956,1959,1960,1986)considered cre-ative thinking as involving divergent thinking,which emphasizes fluency,flexibility,originality,and elabo-ration.Guilford,however,noted that creative thinking is not the same as divergent thinking,because creativ-ity requires sensitivity to problems as well as redefini-tion abilities,which include transformations of thought,reinterpretations,and freedom from func-tional fixedness in driving unique solutions.Although there have been several revisions of the TTCT-Figural manual,the test itself has remained unchanged.The first edition in1966measured fluency,flexibility,orig-inality,and elaboration,which were taken from the di-vergent-thinking factors found in Guilford’s(1959) Structure of the Intellect Model(Baer,1997;Torrance, 1966).The second edition measured the same four scoring variables as that of 1966 (Torrance, 1974).The stimuli of the TTCT of1984are identical to those of1966and1974,but the scoring procedures were changed in the third edition,the TTCT of1984. Chase(1985)criticized earlier editions of the TTCT because of a lack of empirical basis for the scoring de-cisions caused by the subjectivity of scoring.However, the scoring system has been improved since the1984 edition,because Torrance(Ball&Torrance,1984)en-hanced the scoring of the TTCT by designing a stream-lined scoring system.The TTCT-Figural manual has presented a simplification of the scoring proceduresK. H. Kimand has also provided a detailed scoring workbook (Ball&Torrance,1984)in addition to the Norms-Technical Manual.Two norm-referenced measures of creative poten-tial,abstractness of titles and resistance to premature closure,were added to fluency,originality,and elabo-ration;the measure of flexibility(scored by the variety of categories of relevant responses)was eliminated be-cause it correlated very highly with fluency(Hébert et al.,2002).The five subscales are listed as follows,with descriptions of each subscale and information about scoring and the content measured(Torrance&Ball, 1984; Torrance, 1990):•Fluency:The number of relevant ideas;shows anability to produce a number of figural images.•Originality:The number of statistically infre-quent ideas;shows an ability to produce uncom-mon or unique responses.The scoring procedurecounts the most common responses as0and allother legitimate responses as1.The originalitylists have been prepared for each item on the ba-sis of normative data,which are readily memo-rized by scorers.•Elaboration:The number of added ideas;demon-strates the subject’s ability to develop and elabo-rate on ideas.•Abstractness of Titles:The degree beyond label-ing;based on the idea that creativity requires anabstraction of thought.It measures the degree atitle moves beyond concrete labeling of the pic-tures drawn.•Resistance to Premature Closure:The degree ofpsychological openness;based on the belief thatcreative behavior requires a person to consider avariety of information when processing informa-tion and to keep an “open mind.”Thirteen criterion-referenced measures,which Torrance called creative strengths,also were added to the scoring(Torrance,1990;Torrance&Ball,1984). The creative strengths are emotional expressiveness, storytelling articulateness,movement or action,ex-pressiveness of titles,synthesis of incomplete figures, synthesis of lines or circles,unusual visualization,in-ternal visualization,extending or breaking boundaries, humor,richness of imagery,colorfulness of imagery, and fantasy.To get a CI,the standard scores of each of five vari-ables are used according to the TTCT Norms-Techni-cal Manual(Torrance,1998).Raw scores are converted into standard scores with means of100and standard deviations of20.The standard scores of each subscale can be ranged as follows:fluency,40–154;originality, 40–160;elaboration,40–160;Abstractness of titles, 40–160;resistance to premature closure,40–160.The standard scores for each of the five norm-referenced measures are averaged to produce an overall indicator of creative potential.For the frequency of creative strength,a+or++is awarded on the basis of the scor-ing guide.The number of+s is added(range for Cre-ative Strengths:0–26)to the averaged standard scores to yield a Creative Index (Torrance, 1998).Torrance added these subscales based on informa-tion that was unavailable when he originally developed the TTCT in1966,because of his concern that the norm-referenced score was not measuring the breadth of creativity manifestations he had observed(Hébert et al.,2002;Torrance,1979).He used continued research to expand his test,including studies of the creative gi-ants,personality studies of creative people,creativity training guides,his own studies,and other literature in the field.Torrance(1979,1988,1994;Torrance&Ball, 1984)also provided evidence to show that the new subscales were valid predictors of creative achieve-ment and that they improved the test’s validity.Content and construct validity of the scoring variables have been studied in a factor-analytic study(Mourad,1976), a comparative study(Rungsinan,1977),a develop-mental study(Ali-el-din,1978;1982),and Torrance’s The Search for Satori and Creativity(1979).Accord-ing to Johnson and Fishkin(1999),the TTCT’s revised scoring system addresses essential constructs of cre-ative behaviors reflective of Torrance’s(1988)defini-tion of creativity.Therefore,Torrance showed that the TTCT is not only a divergent thinking test but also a creativity test as of the 1984 revisions.NormsThe1998TTCT manual provides norms generated in the summer of1997and includes both grade-related (kindergarten through Grade12)and age-related norms(ages6through19).Samples included55,600 kindergarten through12th-grade students from the central(3.6%),northeast(11.4%),southeast(15.2%),Torrance Tests of Creative Thinkingand western(57.6%)regions in the United States and other areas,including Canada(2.2%;Torrance,1998). These groupings are used by the National Assessment of Educational Progress,the U.S.Department of Com-merce,and the National Education Association.The central region was somewhat undersampled,and the western region was oversampled.Although the TTCT has been used in more than35countries for research purposes,there have been fewer authorized versions for which the developers have developed(or been de-veloping)country norms.Among those are Brazil, France,Italy,Portugal,Saudi Arabia(and the Arabic countries),Slovenia,Taiwan,Turkey,and Korea(un-der development).In each of these countries,the norms were developed by the local author(J.Kauffman,vice president of Scholastic Testing Service,Inc.,personal communication,January25,2005).In addition,norms for many other countries either have been either or are being developed for research purposes.ReliabilityAccording to the TTCT-Figural Manual of1998,the reliability estimates of the creative index from Kuder–Richardson21using99th percentile scores as the estimates of the number of items ranged between.89 and.94.The TTCT-Figural Manual of1990states that the interrater reliability among the scorers for Scholas-tic Testing Service,Inc.,was greater than.90.Samples included88,355kindergarten through12th-grade stu-dents in the United States from the south(41.4%),north-east(28.5%),north central(5.1%),and west(5.1%),as well as some students from Canada(Torrance,1990).According to the TTCT manuals of1966and1974, the test–retest reliability coefficients have ranged from .50to.93,which is not so high.Torrance(1974)indi-cated that motivational conditions affect the measure-ment of creative functioning,which could explain the low test–retest reliability.Treffinger(1985)concluded that,given the complexity of creative thinking,the TTCT can be seen as having reasonable reliability for group and research applications.ValidityThe preliminary studies were conducted examin-ing the predictive validity of the TTCT including ele-mentary education majors(Torrance,Tan,&Allman, 1970),seventh-grade students(Cropley,1971),and economically disadvantaged elementary school Black children(Witt,1971),which increased the TTCT’s credibility as a predictor of creative productivity (Hébert et al.,2002).However,four points of data that were collected from two elementary schools and a high school provide the major body of longitudinal research on the TTCT.Beginning in1958and contin-uing through1964,all students enrolled in grades1–6 in two elementary schools took the TTCT each year. Beginning in1959,all students enrolled in grades 7–12of the University of Minnesota High School also took the TTCT.The results of the follow-up of46high school stu-dents at a7-year interval are as follows(Torrance, 1969,1972).Three of the TTCT subscales(fluency, flexibility,and originality)correlated significantly(at the.01level)with both quantity and quality of creative achievements,and the significant correlations ranged from r=.39to.48.IQ(Iowa Test of Basic Skills, Lorge-Thorndike,or the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale)correlated(r=.37)with quality of creative achievements.The three TTCT subscale scores were better predictors of creative achievement than IQ,high school achievement, or peer nominations.The results of the follow-up of236high school stu-dents at the12-year interval indicated that all of the creativity predictors(fluency,flexibility,inventive level,elaboration,originality,and IQ[only for qual-ity])were found to be significant(at the.01level),ex-cept IQ for quantity of creative achievements(r=.06,p >.05)and creativeness of aspiration(r=.18,p≤.05) for girls (Torrance, 1972).The results of the follow-up of211elementary school students at the22-year interval are as follows (Torrance,1980,1981a,1981b).The criteria used were number of high school creative achievements,number of post–high school creative achievements,number of creative style of life achievements,quality of highest creative achievements,and creativeness of future ca-reer image.The judges’interrater reliabilities obtained using Cronbach’s alpha were.81(Torrance,1981b). Pearson product–moment correlation coefficients cal-culated between the CI from elementary school TTCT scores and each of the five criteria was significant(at the.001level).A multiple correlation coefficient of.63 was obtained for the five criteria entered into a step-wise multiple regression equation (Torrance, 1981b).K. H. KimThe results of the follow-up of99elementary school students at the40-year interval are as follows (Torrance,2002).The predictors included IQ,flu-ency,flexibility,originality,elaboration,creative strengths,whether respondents had a mentor in1980, and whether respondents had a mentor in1998.The criteria used were number of publicly recognized cre-ative achievements and quality of public achieve-ments.The judges’interrater reliabilities obtained us-ing Cronbach’s alpha ranged from.78to.88.IQ was a significant predictor of quantity(r=.44,p≤.01) and quality(r=.46,p≤.01)of creative achievements for females but not for males.Originality was a sig-nificant predictor of quality of creative achievements for both males(r=.32,p≤.05)and females(r=.40, p≤.01).Creative strengths was a significant predic-tor of quality for males(r=.45,p≤.01),and both quality(r=.41,p≤.01)and quantity(r=.29,p≤.05)were significant predictors of quality for fe-males.Having had a mentor in1980was a significant predictor of quantity(r=.41,p≤.01)and quality(r =.50,p≤.01)of creative achievements for females but not for males.Having had a mentor in1998was a significant predictor for both males(r=.36,p≤.05) and females(r=.40,p≤.01)for quality of creative achievements but not for quantity.Quantity and qual-ity of creative achievements were highly correlated for both males(r=.90,p≤.01)and for females(r= .81,p≤.01).This showed the link between quantity of ideas and the production of quality of ideas (Hébert et al.,2002).Torrance and Wu’s(1981)study and Yamada and Tam’s(1996)reanalysis and Plucker’s(1999) reanalysis of Torrance’s data concluded that the Cre-ative Index was the best predictor for adult creative achievement.Plucker(1999)found that the standard-ized path coefficient from the TTCT to adult creative achievement was.60,whereas the standardized path coefficient from IQ scores(the Stanford-Binet Intelli-gence Scale,Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, or California Test of Mental Maturity) was .19.In terms of concurrent validity,Gonzales and Cam-pos(1997)studied the correlations between TTCT and the Spatial Test of Primary Mental Abilities(PMA) and the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control.The results indicated that imagery was significantly corre-lated with various aspects of creative thinking.Among those with IQ>120,the correlation between original-ity and PMA was.36(p<.001)and the correlation be-tween originality and scores on the Gordon test was.30 (p<.01).The correlation between resistance to prema-ture closure and PMA was.33(p<.001),and resis-tance to premature closure and the Gordon test was.26 (p< .01).In terms of construct validity,studies on the TTCT have shown conflicting results regarding its dimensionality(Chase,1985;Clapham,1998;Dixon, 1979;Heausler&Thompson,1988;Hocevar,1979a, 1979b;Hocevar&Michael,1979;Runco&Mraz, 1992;Treffinger,1985).Guilford(1959,1962)con-ceptualized divergent thinking as multidimensional, and many researchers have hypothesized that creativity consists of several independent psychological factors. Torrance(1966,1974)also encouraged the use of indi-vidual scale scores and warned that using a single score may be misleading.However,Hocevar(1979a,1979b)argued that the TTCT and Guilford’s divergent thinking tests measure only fluency.Dixon(1979)was concerned that origi-nality scores of the TTCT depended heavily on fluency scores.Abernathy Tannehill(1998)also considered the significant correlation between fluency and origi-nality as the sign that the subscores of the TTCT may not measure independent constructs.Hocevar and Michael(1979)found that the heterotrait–monomethod coefficients were too high compared with monotrait–heteromethod coefficients based on multitrait–multimethod analyses using the TTCT and Guilford tests,which suggests that these two tests lack discriminant validity.Runco and Mraz (1992)also criticized the lack of discriminant validity of the TTCT in a study including several other diver-gent thinking tests.Heausler and Thompson(1988)concluded that the correlations among the subscales were so high that each subscale could not provide meaningfully different information.Chase(1985)suggested that the correla-tion coefficients among fluency,flexibility,and origi-nality were so high(.74to.80)that one single score could be appropriate for the three subscores.Thus, Treffinger(1985)warned that interpretations of TTCT subscores as if they were independent should be avoided.Hassan(1986)also concluded that there was no justification for considering creativity as composed of the distinct traits recommended by Torrance.There are not many studies that have analyzed fac-tor structures of the TTCT.One study modeled two components through a principal component analysisTorrance Tests of Creative Thinkingand concluded that the scores of the TTCT primarily reflect one general factor(Heausler&Thompson, 1988).Clapham(1998)also concluded that there is only one general factor for the TTCT.Further,the re-sult of a principal component analysis indicated that resistance to premature closure explained the highest amount of the variance in the CI.Contrary to the research cited here,the results of confirmatory analyses(Kim,in press;Kim& Cramond,2004)based on500sixth graders indicated that a two-factor model fits significantly better than a single-factor model.This study examined the possi-bility of a two-factor model based on Kirton’s(1976, 1978,1989)Adaptor–Innovator(A–I)Theory.Ac-cording to Kirton(1978),innovators prefer to create change by threatening the paradigm,whereas adap-tors prefer to create change by working within the ex-isting paradigm.Factor innovative is loaded by flu-ency,originality,and resistance to premature closure, whereas factor adaptive is loaded by elaboration,ab-stractness of titles,and creative strengths.The factor models with and without creative strengths also were analyzed,because creative strengths had different procedures from the other subscales in scoring.How-ever,this subscale is too important to be excluded from full explanations of the scores of the TTCT(E. P.Torrance,personal communication,October30, 2002).The factor models without creative strengths fit better than those with creative strengths.This indi-cates that creative strengths might represent a sepa-rate factor.However,more indicators of the TTCT would be needed to test this model.The high(.844)correlation between fluency and originality also was noted in Kim and Cramond’s study (2004),as criticized by several researchers before. However,Torrance and Safter(1999)argued that the person who produces a large number of alternatives is more likely to produce original ones.Simonton(1990) also concluded that a person’s originality is a function of the number of ideas formulated.Several longitudi-nal studies of the TTCT also have shown a link be-tween the quantity of ideas and the quality of ideas that are produced(Hébert et al.,2002),as mentioned in the validity section.Other studies(Kim,2004a;Kim,Cramond,& Bandalos,2004,in press)based on3,000kindergarten-ers,third graders,and sixth graders support a two-fac-tor structure.In addition,the results of the multiple group analyses indicated that the latent structure of the TTCT showed more differences across grade-level groups than across gender groups.These findings are consistent with Torrance’s conclusion(1977)that the TTCT-Figural was fair in terms of gender.These re-sults also indicate that when TTCT scores are com-pared among different grade levels,more caution may be needed for interpretation.MeritsPositive features of the TTCT include the wealth of information available on it,the short time needed for administration,and the ease of its administration (Swartz,1988).It has fewer limitations and cautions to apply,and it is more researched and analyzed than any other creativity instrument(Johnson&Fishkin,1999; Swartz,1988;Treffinger,1985).The TTCT-Figural has had25years of extensive development and evalua-tion(Millar,2002).It has one of the largest norming samples,with valuable longitudinal validations(Davis, 1997)and high predictive validity over a very wide age range(Cropley,2000).The standardized administra-tion,scoring procedures and norms,and the develop-ment and evaluation(Davis&Rimm,1994)have made the TTCT especially useful for identifying gifted and talented students.The TTCT-Figural can be fair in terms of gender,race,and community status,as well as for persons with a different language background,so-cioeconomic status,and culture(Cramond,1993; Torrance,1977).Torrance(1971;Torrance& Torrance,1972)found that in most situations there are no statistically significant differences in performance on the TTCT because of race or socioeconomic status; in some cases,the TTCT favors Black children and children of low socioeconomic backgrounds.Use in Identifying Gifted Learners The most extensive use of the TTCT-Figural is for identification of children for gifted programs.The TTCT is a helpful addition to the assessment reper-toire,because most measures for gifted identification are heavily driven by verbal and quantitative content (Torrance,1977),largely measuring achievement and aptitude in those specific areas.Even teacher recom-mendation focuses more on the student’s classroom performance than other kinds of potential.For theseK. H. Kimreasons,the TTCT-Figural is valuable in that it allows another perspective on the student’s ability that is vastly different from other aptitude and achievement tests.It also may be less biased for those who speak English as a second language(Torrance,1977),be-cause the test is not based on a student’s ability to use the English language.As an alternative to standardized testing,expert opinions are highly recommended for identifying gifted students by Baer(1993,1994).Cramond (1994b),however,pointed out that experts might have failed to identify Van Gogh,Einstein,and Edison as gifted when they were children either because of a vested interest in the status quo or because of the chil-dren’s lack of production in the field of their future suc-cess.Experts may find the child who is already suc-ceeding in a field but are hard pressed to discover latent potential.Furthermore,such opinions are costly,and true experts are rare, especially in rural areas.In practical situations,teacher nomination is one of the most common methods for identifying gifted stu-dents.However,teachers tend to prefer gifted children who are low in creativity to those who are highly cre-ative(Anderson,1961).Research has shown that teachers are apt to identify students who are achievers and teacher pleasers as gifted rather than creative stu-dents who may be disruptive or unconventional(Davis &Rimm,1994;Oliphant,1986;Rimm&Davis,1976; Ritchie,1980;Robinson,1980).Even worse,energetic and unconventional students can be seen as having At-tention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD)by their teachers(Cramond,1994a).As a result of scho-lastic expectations and the needs of creatively gifted children,the potential of creatively gifted students may be overlooked by teachers who view them as“trouble-makers” rather than successful young scholars.Getzels and Jackson(1958)found that highly cre-ative adolescents are estranged from their teachers and peers.Children with high IQs were rated by their teachers as more desirable,better understood,more ambitious,and more studious than children with high creativity(Torrance,1962).Drews(1961)found that the studious achievers attained the highest teacher grades,whereas the creative intellectuals attained the lowest among three types of gifted high school stu-dents:social leaders,studious achievers,and creative intellectuals.In Whitmore’s study(1980),when in-formed that children they had not recommended might be gifted,teachers usually volunteered information about the child’s lack of the expected characteristics. Reasons included immature social and emotional be-havior,lack of striving to achieve,and less productivity than other classmates.Identification based on IQ scores may appear like an obvious way to identify gifted students in an educa-tional system that favors conformity,but such a limited selection criteria risks allowing creatively gifted chil-dren to go unnoticed,thus leaving their needs unmet. Torrance(1962)was concerned that a great deal of cre-ative talent goes unrecognized.Torrance(1960,1962, 2002)concluded that if we identify gifted children only on the basis of IQ and scholastic aptitude tests,we are eliminating approximately70%of the top20%of creative students from consideration.According to Barron and Mackinnon’s(Barron,1961;Macckinnon, 1961,1978)threshold theory,creativity and IQ are moderately related,but the relationship disappears for people with an IQ above120.Walberg and Herbig (1991;Walberg,1988)concluded that the very bright-est,as identified by estimated IQ,are not necessarily the most creative.To balance the risk of missing creative students that comes from identifying students by IQ only,an addi-tional form of selection may be called for.The TTCT-Figural may be a less biased and more efficient method than expert opinions,which may be inaccessi-ble,subjective,and expensive.It may also be less sub-jective and biased than teacher recommendations.Fur-thermore,the TTCT should be used to add highly creative students who may remain unnoticed in other ways,rather than to eliminate students who otherwise qualify for gifted education services(Torrance,2002).The TTCT is not usually used by itself to make high-stakes decisions on admission to gifted programs. As an example,according to the Georgia Department of Education(1998;Krisel&Cowan,1997),to be eli-gible for gifted programs(a)a student must score ei-ther at the99th percentile(for kindergarteners–2nd graders)or the96th percentile(for3rd–12th graders) on the composite or full-scale score of a standardized intelligence test and meet the achievement criteria or (b)qualify through a multiple-criteria assessment pro-cess by meeting the criteria in three of the following four areas:intelligence,achievement,creativity,and motivation.This indicates that creativity is one—not the only—criterion used to identify a gifted student. Because Torrance’s purposes for developing the TTCT were for inclusion of students rather than exclusion ofTorrance Tests of Creative Thinking。

Proceedings of the Combustion InstituteV olume 32, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 229-237doi:10.1016/j.proci.2008.05.005 | How to Cite or Link Using DOICopyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Permissions & ReprintsA chemical kinetic study of n-butanol oxidation at elevated pressure in a jet stirred reactorP. Dagauta, S.M. Sarathyb and M.J. Thomsonb, ,aCNRS, 1C, Avenue de la recherche scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France bDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S 3G8Available online 20 September 2008.AbstractBiofuels are attractive alternatives to petroleum derived transportation fuels. n-Butanol,or biobutanol, is one alternative biofuel that can replace gasoline and diesel in transportation applications. Similar to ethanol, n-butanol can be produced via the fermentation of sugars, starches, and lignocelluloses obtained from agricultural feedstocks. n-Butanol has several advantages over ethanol, but the detailed combustion characteristics are not well understood. This paper studies the oxidation of n-butanol in a jet stirred reactor at 10 atm and a range of equivalence ratios. The profiles for CO, CO2, H2O, H2, C1–C4 hydrocarbons, and C1–C4 oxygenated compounds are presented herein. High levels of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen, methane, formaldehyde, ethylene, and propene are detected. The experimental data are used to validate a novel detailed chemical kinetic mechanism for n-butanol oxidation. The proposed mechanism well predicts the concentration of major product species at all temperatures and equivalence ratios studied. Insights into the prediction of other species are presented herein. The proposed mechanism indicates that n-butanol consumption is dominated by H-atom abstraction from the α, β, and γ carbon atoms. A sensitivity analysis is also presented to show the effects of reaction kinetics on the concentration of several poorly predicted species. Keywords: n-Butanol; 1-Butanol; Jet stirred reactor; Kinetic modeling; Reaction mechanism Article Outline1.Introduction2.Experimental methods3.Computational methods4.Results and discussion5.ConclusionsAcknowledgementsAppendix A.Supplementary dataReferences1. IntroductionA potential biofuel for use in both gasoline and diesel engines is n-butanol.Historically, industrial scale production of n-butanol from biomass feedstocks was the second largest fermentation process, exceeded only by ethanol. However, its demise was brought about in the early 1960s when petroleum derived n-butanol became more economically feasible [1]. Recent advances in n-butanol production in the laboratory have spurred interest in commercial scale production of the n-butanol[2] and [3]. Recently, BP and Dupont announced that they would commercially produce n-butanol,which they call biobutanol, as a gasoline blending component for automotive fuels [4] and [5]. n-Butanol is produced via a fermentation process similar to that of ethanol, and therefore its feedstocks could include sugar beet, sugar cane, corn, wheat and also cellulosic biomass. n-Butanol has several advantages over ethanol including enhanced tolerance to water contamination allowing the use of existing distribution pipelines, the ability to blend at higher concentrations without retrofitting vehicles, and better fuel economy.Relatively few engine studies of n-butanol have been published. Yacoub et al. used gasoline blended with a range of C1–C5 alcohols (including n-butanol)to fuel a single-cylinder spark ignition (SI) engine [6]. They found that the n-butanol blends had less knock resistance than neat gasoline. The n-butanol blends also had reduced CO and hydrocarbon emissions but increased NOx emissions. This may be due to the n-butanol blends having a higher flame temperature and earlier spark timing. Of particular interest to the present study is that the primary oxygenated hydrocarbon emissions were n-butanol,formaldehyde and to a lesser extent, acetaldehyde. A study by Miller et al. successfully operated unmodified gasoline and diesel engines on blends containing 0–20% n-butanol in gasoline and 0–40% n-butanol in diesel fuel [7]. Another study successfully ran a compression ignition (CI) engine fueled with n-butanol and diesel fuel microemulsions [8].Predictive models provide a better understanding of the combustion performance and emissions characteristics of biofuel compositions and why they differ from petroleum derived materials. The development of an n-butanol model requires understanding of its fundamental pyrolysis and oxidation kinetics. However, few studies have examined the combustion chemistry of n-butanol, while none have developed a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism of the fuel. A 1959 study by Barnard examined the pyrolysis of n-butanol[9]. The experiments were carried out in a static reactor at temperatures between 579 and 629 °C. Barnard suggested that, in the absence of oxygen, n-butanol primarily reacts by the fission of the molecule at the C3H7–CH2OH bond. This produces formaldehyde, ethylene and a methyl radical, following the decomposition of the n-propyl radical. Barnard also conducted a similar study of t-butanol[10]. A study by Roberts measured the burning velocities of n-butanol using schlieren photographs of the flames [11], and found that the maximum burning velocity of n-butanol is similar to that of isopropyl alcohol and isopentyl alcohol. A recent study by McEnally and Pfefferle [12] measured the temperature and species in an atmospheric-pressure coflowing laminar nonpremixed flames. The fuels consisted of methane doped with one of the four isomers of butanol.They claimed that unimolecular dissociation was dominant, not H-atom abstraction. For n-butanol,this consisted of C–C fissionfollowed by β scission of the resulting radicals. In the case of n-butanol,complex fission involving four-center elimination of water was estimated to account for only 1% of n-butanol decomposition. The most important measured species included ethylene (C2H4) and propene (C3H6). More recently, Yang and co-workers [13] studied laminar premixed flames fuelled by one of four isomers of butanol(including n-butanol). Their results identify combustion intermediates in the butanol flames, but do not provide concentration profiles. The qualitative data provided lends support to the aforementioned dissociation mechanism proposed by McEnally and Pfefferle [12].In this paper, we report new experimental data obtained in a jet stirred reactor (JSR) for the oxidation of n-butanol at a pressure of 10 atm and a range of equivalence ratios (0.5–2.0) and temperatures (800–1150 K). In addition, a chemical kinetic model of n-butanol is developed using the JSR experiments as validation data. Both experimental and kinetic insights are offered below.2. Experimental methodsThe JSR experimental setup used in this study has been described earlier [14] and [15]. The JSR consists of a small sphere of 4 cm diameter (39 cm3) made of fused silica (to minimize wall catalytic reactions), equipped with four nozzles of 1 mm i.d. for the admission of the gases which achieve stirring. The reactants were diluted by high-purity nitrogen (<50 ppm O2, <1000 ppm Ar, <5 ppm H2) and mixed at the entrance of the injectors. A high degree of dilution (0.1% volume of fuel) was used, reducing temperature gradients and heat release in the JSR. High-purity oxygen (99.995% pure) was used in these experiments. All the gases were preheated before injection to minimize temperature gradients inside the reactor. A regulated heating wire of ca. 1.5 kW maintained the temperature of the reactor at the desired working temperature. The n-butanol was sonically degassed before use. A Shimadzu LC10 AD VP pump with an on-line degasser (Shimadzu DGU-20 A3) was used to deliver the fuel to an atomizer–vaporizer assembly maintained at 200 °C. Good thermal homogeneity along the vertical axis of the reactor (gradients of ca. 1 K/cm) was observed for each experiment by thermo-couple (0.1 mm Pt–Pt/Rh (10%) located inside a thin-wall silica tube) measurements. The reacting mixtures were probe sampled by means of a fused silica low pressure sonic probe. The samples were analyzed online by FT-IR and off-line after collection and storage in 1 L Pyrex bulbs. Off-line analysis was done using gas chromatographs equipped with capillary columns (DB-624 and Carboplot-P7), a TCD (thermal conductivity detector), and an FID (flame ionization detector).The experiments were performed at steady state, at a constant mean residence time of 0.7 s and a constant pressure of 10 atm. The reactants were continually flowing in the reactor while the temperature of the gases inside the JSR was increased stepwise. A good repeatability was observed in the experiments and reasonable good carbon balance of 100 ± 15% was achieved.3. Computational methodsThe kinetic modeling was performed using the PSR computer code [16] that computes species concentrations from the net rate of production of each species by chemical reactions and the difference between the input and output flow rates of the species. These rates are computed from the kinetic reaction mechanism and the rate constants of the elementary reactions calculated at the experimental temperature.The reaction mechanism used here is based on a previously proposed oxidation mechanism [17], [18] and [19] for C1–C4 chemistry. Additional reactions have been added to represent thebutanol mechanism and are listed in Table 1. The oxidation of n-butanol proceeds via unimolecular initiation and hydrogen abstraction reactions. The fuel radical species formed are consumed via unimolecular decomposition (β-scission) and biomolecular reactions. Isomerization of radical species is also included in the proposed model. Table 2 presents the structure of species produced during the oxidation of n-butanol.The rate expression for new reactions derives from tabulations for alkanes and alcohols [18] and [19]. This mechanism, including references and thermochemical data, is available as Supplementary material to this article. The rate constants for reverse reactions are computed from the corresponding forward rate constants and the appropriate equilibrium constants, calculated from thermochemistry [20] and [21].Table 1. Reactions representing the oxidation of n-butanolFull-size tableNote: X denotes a radical species (OH, H, CH3, O, HCO, HO2, CH2OH, CH3O, C2H5, C2H4, C4H7, aC3H5).View Within ArticleaC4H8OHbC4H8OHcC4H8OHdC4H8OHcC3H6OHaC3H6OHFull-size tableView Within Article4. Results and discussionMolecular species concentration profiles were measured by sonic probe sampling and GC and FT-IR analyses from the oxidation of n-butanol in a JSR: hydrogen (H2), water (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), acetylene (C2H2), ethylene (C2H4), ethane (C2H6), propene (C3H6), 1-butene (C4H8), acetaldehyde (CH3HCO), formaldehyde (CH2O), butyraldehyde (C3H7CHO), and n-butanol(C4H9OH). Figure 1 presents the experimental measurements and modeling results of n-butanol obtained at = 1.0. Theexperimental results (solid symbols) show that with increasing temperature, the n-butanol levels drop significantly between 800 and 900 K. This corresponds to a large increase in the concentrations of butyraldehyde, 1-butene, and propene, all of which are products of H abstraction pathways. The concentration of these compounds then quickly decreases as the temperature increases. Ethylene, ethane, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde concentrations are also shown to increase between 800 and 900 K. However, as the temperature increases further, the concentrations of these species tends to diminish at a slower rate than the aforementioned species.Full-size image (63K)Fig. 1. Comparison of the experimental concentration profiles obtained from the oxidation of n-butanol in a JSR at = 1, P = 10 atm, τ = 0.7 s.View Within ArticleThe following oxygenated products were detected: butanal, ethyloxirane, propanal, 2-propenal, methyloxirane, oxirane, and acetaldehyde. The oxiranes, 2-propenal, and propanal are formed at low ppm levels, and therefore no concentration profiles are reported. Enols were not detected. A comparison with results obtained for ethanol in similar conditions and keeping the initial carbon content shows butanol oxidation produces less aldehydes overall. The maximum amount ofacetaldehyde production is reduced by ca. 70% when changing the fuel from ethanol to butanol. The model predictions (open symbols with line) for = 1.0 are also shown in Fig. 1. Reasonablygood agreement is obtained for all measured species. The major product species (i.e., CO, CO2, and H2O) are well predicted by the model. Methane, ethylene, hydrogen, and formaldehyde are also reasonably well predicted across the entire temperature range. The reactivity of n-butanol is well predicted between 800 and 950 K, but at greater temperatures the reactivity is overpredicted. Species concentrations of butyraldehyde, 1-butene, and acetaldehyde are well predicted until approximately 1000 K, above which they become underpredicted. The propene concentration is underpredicted across the entire temperature range, while ethane and acetylene concentrations are overpredicted across the entire temperature range.Figure 2 presents the experimental measurements and modeling results of n-butanol obtained at = 0.5. For the most part, the experimental results show a similar trend to that observed at= 1.0. The concentration of n-butanol is lower at = 0.5 than at = 1.0 due to the fact that agreater oxygen concentration exists in the oxygen–fuel mixture. The model better predicts the concentration of most species at = 0.5 than it does at = 1.0. 1-Butene, propene, butyraldehyde,carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ethylene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, water, and hydrogen are well predicted across the entire temperature range. Similar to the case of = 1.0, thereactivity of n-butanol is overpredicted above 900 K. Again, the concentrations of acetylene and ethane are overpredicted across the entire temperature range.Full-size image (64K)Fig. 2. Comparison of the experimental concentration profiles obtained from the oxidation of n-butanol in a JSR at = 0.5, P = 10 atm, τ = 0.7 s.View Within ArticleFigure 3 presents the experimental measurements and modeling results of n-butanol obtained at = 2.0. Similar trends as those observed for other equivalence ratios are observed for theexperimental data at = 2.0. At = 2.0, the reactivity of n-butanol is well predicted across theentire temperature range, something which was not observed at other equivalence ratios In addition, there is good prediction of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ethylene, acetaldehyde, ethane, formaldehyde, water, and hydrogen. Qualitatively, the prediction of acetylene concentration is satisfactory. The butyraldehyde concentration is well predicted below 1000 K, while above 1000 K the model underpredicts the experimental data. The concentration of 1-butene is overpredicted above 900 K, while the concentration of propene is under underpredicted across the entire temperature range.Full-size image (63K)Fig. 3. Comparison of the experimental concentration profiles obtained from the oxidation of n-butanol in a JSR at = 2, P = 10 atm, τ = 0.7 s.View Within ArticleSome general trends are observed via analysis of the data across the three equivalence ratios. The model’s prediction of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ethylene, for maldehyde, water, and hydrogen concentrations is reasonably accurate across all equivalence ratios. The prediction of n-butanol,acetaldehyde, and acetylene concentrations tends to improve with increasing equivalence ratio. On the other hand, an increase in equivalence ratios results in poorer prediction of 1-butene, propene, butyraldehyde, and ethane concentrations.A reaction pathway analysis was performed at = 1.0 at T = 1000 K to determine the mostdominant pathways for n-butanol consumption. Figure 4 presents the results of the analysis in diagram format, wherein heavier weight arrows represent more dominant reaction pathways. According to the proposed model, n-butanol is consumed primarily via H-atom abstraction from the α, β, and γ carbon atoms, with each pathway accounting for approximately 22% of the total n-butanol consumption. The next most dominant pathway is H-atom abstraction from the hydroxyl group, which accounts for nearly 20% of n-butanol consumption. H-atom from the δ carbon atom accounts for nearly 14% while all the unimolecular decomposition pathways combined account for less than 0.5% of n-butanol consumption. Similarly, a reaction pathway analysis at T = 1200 K showed that unimolecular decomposition accounted for less than 4% of n-butanol consumption. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that n-butanol consumption in the JSR is dominated by H-atom abstraction.Full-size image (16K)Fig. 4. Reaction pathway diagram for n-butanol oxidation in the JSR at = 1, P = 10 atm,τ = 0.7 s, T = 1000 K.View Within ArticleThe pathways diagram in Fig. 4 indicates that the aC4H8OH radical primarily undergoes β-scission to form acetaldehyde and an ethyl radical (C2H5). The consumption of the bC4H8OH radical is also consumed primarily by β-scission to form a hydroxyl radical and 1-butene. The cC4H8OH radical primarily undergoes β-scission to form propene and a hydroxymethyl radical(CH2OH). The hydroxymethyl radical, which is also an intermediate in several n-butanol unimolecular decomposition pathways, undergoes β-scission to create formaldehyde. The C4H9O radical, which is formed primarily via H-atom abstraction from the n-butanol hydroxyl group, undergoes β-scission to form butyraldehyde. The least prominent n-butanol H-atom abstraction pathway leads to the formation of the dC4H8OH radical, which isomerizes to form the aC4H8OH radical. The n-butanol unimolecular dissociation reactions proceed to form radical species, which then undergo β-scission to form stable species such as acetylene, ethylene, and formaldehyde, and a number of radical species.Sensitivity analyses were conducted for n-butanol,propene, and acetylene as these compounds were not always well predicted by the model. n-Butanol was underpredicted above 900 K at both = 1.0 and = 0.5. Figure 5a displays the normalized sensitivity coefficients for the top 12reactions to which the n-butanol concentration is sensitive at T = 1050 K and all equivalence ratios. A positive sensitivity coefficient implies that an incre ase in the reaction’s forward rate will increase the n-butanol concentration at the specified temperature and equivalence ratio. At all equivalence ratios, the n-butanol concentration is very sensitive to the reaction producing OH radicals via the oxidation of H radicals. At = 0.5, the n-butanol concentration is mainlysensitive to elementary reactions between hydrogen and oxygen containing species. However, at = 1.0 and = 2.0, the n-butanol concentration is more sensitive to reactions involvinghydrocarbon radical species. This is because the pool of hydrocarbon radicals becomes more predominant as the fuel concentration in the oxygen–fuel mixture increases. Of all the n-butanol consumption reactions, the n-butanol concentration is most sensitive to those involving H-abstraction by OH radicals from the α and γ carbons.Full-size image (44K)Fig. 5. Sensitivity of n-butanol and propene to select reactions in the JSR at P = 10 atm, τ = 0.7 s.View Within ArticlePropene concentrations were not well predicted at = 1.0 and = 2.0. Figure 5b displays thenormalized sensitivity coefficients for the top 11 reactions to which the propene concentration is sensitive at T = 1000 K and all equivalence ratios. The propene concentration is sensitive to elementary reactions between hydrogen and oxygen containing species, as well as reactions involving small molecular weight hydrocarbon species. In addition, the propene concentration is sensitive to n-butanol consumption reactions involving H-abstraction from the α, β, and γ carbons.A sensitivity analysis on acetylene (not in figure) indicated the acetylene concentration is sensitive to reactions involving the C2H3 radical, and to elementary reactions between hydrogen and oxygen containing species. Adjusting the reaction rates of n-butanol consumption reactions hadlittle effect on the concentration of acetylene.5. ConclusionsNew experimental data for n-butanol oxidation in a JSR at 10 atm and equivalence ratios between 0.5 and 2.0 are compared to a novel chemical kinetic model for n-butanol oxidation. The most abundant measured product species were carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen, methane, formaldehyde, ethylene, and propene. Measured in lesser amounts were butyraldehyde, 1-butene, acetaldehyde, ethane, and acetylene. The model proposed herein provides good overall agreement with the experimental data obtained across various temperatures and equivalence ratios. It is shown that H-abstraction is the major pathway of n-butanol consumption in the JSR, while unimolecular decomposition is relatively insignificant. Further model validations are still needed; they are awaiting the availability of ongoing flame measurements.AcknowledgmentThis research acknowledges funding from NSERC.References[1] D.T. Jones and D.R. Woods, Microbiol. Rev. 50 (4) (1986), pp. 484–524. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (326)[2] T.C. Ezeji, N. Qureshi and H.P. Blaschek, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 18 (2007), pp. 220–227.Article | PDF (327 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (79)[3] D. Ramey, S. Yang, Production of Butyric Acid and Butanol from Biomass, Report No. DE-F-G02-00ER86106. US Department of Energy, Morgantown, Washington, 2004.[4] G. Hess, Chem. Eng. News 84 (26) (2006), p. 9. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (7)[5] G. Hess, Chem. Eng. News 85 (27) (2007), p. 8. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (1)[6] Y. Yacoub, R. Bata and M. Gautam, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. 212 (1998), pp. 363–379. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (15)[7] G.L. Miller, J.L. Smith and J.P. Workman, Trans. ASAE 24 (1981), pp. 538–540.[8] T.K. Bhattacharya, S. Chatterjee and T.N. Mishra, Appl. Eng. Agric. 20 (3) (2004), pp. 253–257. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (10)[9] J.A. Barnard, Trans. Faraday Soc. 53 (11) (1957), pp. 1423–1430. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (11)[10] J.A. Barnard, Trans. Faraday Soc. 55 (6) (1959), pp. 947–951. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (4)[11] A.F. Roberts, J. Imp. Coll. Chem. Eng. Soc. 12 (1959), pp. 58–73.[12] C.S. McEnally and L.D. Pfefferle, Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2005), pp. 1363–1370. Article |PDF (389 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (41)[13] B. Yang, P. Oswald and Y. Li et al., Combust. Flame 148 (2007), pp. 198–209. Article | PDF (1138 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (54)[14] P. Dagaut and M. Cathonnet, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 32 (2006), pp. 48–92. Article |PDF (1414 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (77)[15] P. Dagaut and S. Gail, J. Phys. Chem. A 111 (19) (2007), pp. 3992–4000. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (27)[16] P. Glarborg, R.J. Kee, J.F. Grcar, J.A. Miller, PSR: A FORTRAN Program for Modeling Well-Stirred Reactors, Report No. SAND86-8209, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 1986.[17] T. Le Cong, P. Dagaut, Kinetics of natural gas, natural gas/syngas mixtures oxidation and effect of burnt gas recirculation: experimental and detailed modeling, in: Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea and Air, Montréal, Canada, May 14–17, 2007, GT2007-27146, pp. 1–9.[18] P. Dagaut, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 4 (2002), pp. 2079–2094. Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (100)[19] F. Battin-Leclerc, R. Bounaceur, G.M. Côme, et al., EXGAS-ALKANES, a software for the automatic generation of mechanisms for the oxidation of alkanes, 2004, CNRS-DCPR.[20] Y. Tan, P. Dagaut, M. Cathonnet and J.C. Boettner, Combust. Sci. Technol. 102 (1994), pp. 21–55. Full Text via CrossRef[21] C. Muller, V. Michel, G. Scacchi and G.M. Côme, J. Chim. Phys. Phys.-Chim. Biol. 92 (5) (1995), pp. 1154–1178.Appendix A. Supplementary dataDownload this File (85 K)Supplementary data. The proposed n-butanol chemical kinetic mechanism in CHEMKIN format View Within ArticleDownload this File (160 K)Supplementary data. The proposed n-butanol thermochemical data in CHEMKIN formatView Within ArticleDownload this File (515 K)Supplementary data. An MS Excel data file with all the experimental and model dataView Within ArticleCorresponding author. Fax: +1 416 978 7753.Proceedings of the Combustion InstituteV olume 32, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 229-237。

介绍《泰坦尼克号》英语作文高一全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Titanic: The Awesome Ship That Sank!Have you guys ever heard of the Titanic? It was this massive ship that was supposed to be unsinkable. But guess what? It sank on its very first trip across the Atlantic Ocean! Can you believe that? The story of the Titanic is one of the craziest and saddest tales from history. Let me tell you all about it!The Titanic was built in Belfast, which is in Ireland. The work started in 1909 and it took three whole years to finish building this giant ship. When it was completed in 1912, it was the largest ship that had ever been constructed. The Titanic was seriously humongous - it measured 882 feet long, which is almost as long as three football fields placed end-to-end! It weighed amind-blowing 52,310 tons. That's about the same as 92 million bananas!The owners of the Titanic, the White Star Line, bragged that their new ship was practically "unsinkable." There were claims that the hull was divided into 16 watertight compartments, andthat even if four of them flooded, the ship could still float. Plus, the Titanic carried enough lifeboats for every single person on board. So obviously, this vessel seemed really, really safe at the time.The Titanic's maiden voyage from Southampton to New York began on April 10, 1912. By April 14, the ship was making good time and speeding along at around 23 miles per hour through the icy North Atlantic waters. But on that frigid night, lookouts spotted an enormous iceberg directly in the Titanic's path! The crew tried to steer away, but it was too late. The iceberg scraped and buckled the starboard (right) side of the Titanic, opening the first six compartment rooms to the freezing sea.Almost right away, the ship's designers realized their "unsinkable" claims were very, very wrong. The Titanic had sustained too much damage and was going to sink in a matter of hours. Honestly, it was just a terrible situation all around. There simply weren't enough lifeboats for over 2,200 passengers and crew! People started scrambling like crazy to get onto the few lifeboats, with priority given to women and children first.Meanwhile, the ship's crew sent out a distress signal hoping for rescue ships to arrive quickly. But the closest vessel, the RMSCarpathia, was still four agonizing hours away. As the Titanic tilted further and further into the water, the desperate situation only got worse. The last few lifeboats couldn't even be launched because the ship was at such a sharp angle in the ocean.Finally, around 2:20 am on April 15, the legendary Titanic split apart and plunged straight down to the bottom of the freezing Atlantic, over 12,000 feet below the surface. Hundreds of people were still aboard as it sank rapidly. The icy waters killed most of the swimmers within minutes. So many lives were needlessly lost that night – it's just heartbreaking.The Carpathia arrived a couple of hours later and was able to rescue around 700 freezing survivors from the lifeboats. But well over 1,500 passengers and crew died in the horrific Titanic disaster. It was one of the worst peacetime maritime tragedies in history. Entire families perished in the sinking. Many of the wealthiest people in the world at that time lost their lives as well.No one really expected a brand new ship called "practically unsinkable" to sink on its first voyage across the ocean! I think that's why the story has become so famous over the last century. If the owners and builders hadn't been so overconfident about the Titanic being unsinkable, maybe they would have made itcarry more lifeboats just in case. Who knows how many more lives could have been saved?The wreckage of the Titanic wasn't even discovered until 1985 when an underwater exploration team hired by the U.S. Navy found the sunken ruins. It was a really important historical discovery. Artifacts and pieces of the ship have been brought up from the ocean floor over the years to be displayed in museums around the world.But perhaps the most lasting impact of the Titanic tragedy is the incredible movie that came out in 1997. Have you seen Titanic? It's an awesome film directed by James Cameron and starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet. Even though it's a fictional love story set aboard the doomed ship, the movie did an amazing job re-creating the Titanic'sOG design and realistically portraying the events of that fateful night on April 15, 1912. My favorite scene is definitely when Jack and Rose are clinging to the door in the freezing waters! Heartbreaking but heroic!If you haven't watched Titanic yet, you seriously need to. It's an epic romance blended with high-stakes drama and historical tragedy. The special effects and set design are just mind-blowing - the ship looks so gigantic and lavishly fancy on the inside. Youreally get a sense of just how ornate the accommodations were, especially for first-class passengers.And Leo and Kate have such electric chemistry together as the two main characters from very different social classes who fall for each other. Their passionate but ill-fated love story plays out amidst the luxury and then horror of the sinking ship around them. I get chills every time I watch it!Titanic went on to tie for the most Academy Award wins ever at 11, including Best Picture and Best Director. It shattered box office records and kept people hooked for hours on this grand historical drama at sea. James Cameron really outdid himself making a movie about this unforgettable maritime catastrophe.So that's the unbelievable true story of the RMS Titanic, from its construction as the most extravagant ocean liner in existence, to its tragic, preventable demise after striking an iceberg on that freezing April night over a century ago. Even though it was dubbed the "unsinkable" ship, the Titanic now serves as a stark reminder about overconfidence and will forever be remembered as one of the most infamous disasters in history. But at least the blockbuster movie has helped keep its memory alive for generations to come! What an insane yet totally gripping story, am I right?!篇2The Awesome Movie TitanicHave you seen the movie Titanic? It's one of the most famous movies ever made! It came out in 1997 and was directed by this really talented guy named James Cameron. Even though it's an old movie now, it's still really popular and lots of people love watching it over and over again.Titanic is based on the true story of the RMS Titanic, a gigantic passenger ship that was supposed to be totally unsinkable. In the early 1900s, it set sail from England on its very first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean headed for New York City. Carrying over 2,200 passengers and crew, the Titanic was the biggest ship in the world at that time. It was incredibly luxurious inside with fancy restaurants, libraries, swimming pools, and even a grand staircase! People who could afford the first-class tickets got to stay in awesome suites and be treated like royalty.The two main characters in the movie are Rose DeWitt Bukater, a rich first-class passenger played by Kate Winslet, and Jack Dawson, a poor artist played by Leonardo DiCaprio. Even though they come from totally different worlds, Rose and Jack meet and fall in love on the ship. This causes a huge scandalbecause Rose is supposed to marry her stuck-up fiancé Cal instead.On April 14th, 1912, the Titanic crashes into a massive iceberg in the freezing North Atlantic. The iceberg rips a300-foot gash in the ship's side, allowing gallons and gallons of freezing water to start flooding in. As shocked passengers rush around in chaos, crew members realize that the unsinkable ship is doomed and starts sinking to the bottom of the ocean!The sinking of the Titanic is beyond scary and dramatic in the movie. There aren't enough lifeboats for all the passengers, so people are forced to fight for survival any way they can. During all the mayhem, Rose and Jack have to struggle to survive and stay together. You'll have to watch to see if they make it or not!To film all the incredibly realistic sinking scenes, the director James Cameron actually built a gigantic pool and constructed one of the tallest movie sets that had ever existed at the time. It was the length of almost 3 football fields and 8 stories tall! A massive section of the Titanic had to be built out of real metal and wood so it could be tilted and filled with millions of gallons of water to re-create the sinking. The pool could also be drained and refilled with endless tons of heavy camera equipment andprops. Filming those sinking scenes sounded like a total nightmare!In addition to all the thrilling action and romance, Titanic has some of the most unforgettable characters. Rose is supposed to be this proper young lady who plays by all the rules of her time. But she's actually a free spirit who dreams of breaking free from her sheltered, upper-class life. Jack is this cool, free-wheeling artist who lives life on his own terms and opens Rose's eyes to true freedom and adventure. Their heart-pounding love story in the face of disaster is what makes the movie so emotional and amazing.My favorite characters though are some of Rose and Jack's sidekicks. Molly Brown is this hilarious, straight-talking passenger who befriends them. She's played by Kathy Bates and gets to deliver some of the funniest lines like "Did you see those guys' Noses when I hit one of them. They are so arrogant!" Or Fabrizio, Jack's funny best friend from Italy who speaks very little English but is always cracking jokes.Even the bad guys have awesome characters, like Cal, Rose's jealous fiancé, and the villa inous crew member who handcuffs Jack to a pipe so he'll drown for sure. It's people like them that add so much drama, comedy, and surprise to the story.The sinking scenes towards the end are some of the most intense, heart-pounding, and tragic movie moments I've ever witnessed. With the Titanic tilting almost straight up out of the water, people are climbing up towards the highest point, climbing over railings, and falling into the insanely cold ocean as the ship breaks apart and plunges under. Jack and Rose have to struggle through crowds of panicking people, also falling into the freezing water, before being rescued in a truly unbelievable way that had me on the edge of my seat! I don't want to spoil it if you haven't watched it. Let's just say the old saying is true: love will find a way!Of course, there's the super tear-jerking ending when Rose, as an old woman played by Gloria Stuart, drops the famous "Heart of the Ocean" diamond into the ocean after telling her life story to a group of treasure hunters. It's such a powerful final scene tying together the whole epic journey of the movie's romance, adventure, and tragedy.With 11 Academy Awards, a stellar cast, towering ship sets that seemed to actually exist, and some of the most spellbinding visual effects and cinematography for its time, Titanic is a true Hollywood masterpiece. From the drawing scene with Rose posing nude for Jack's sketch ("Draw me like one of your Frenchgirls, Jack"), to the comedic banter between characters, to the sweeping musical score, this almost 4-hour movie just sucks you in with its perfect blend of romance, drama, humor andjaw-dropping special effects.Titanic is a must-see movie for anyone who loves getting lost in an unbelievable, larger-than-life adventure filled with passion, peril and sorrow. It's been over 20 years since it was released, yet Titanic still captivates and resonates with audiences both old and new. Just the other day, my older cousin was talking about how Titanic is still her favorite movie of all time because it's the perfect combination of an epic historical disaster and a modern-day love story for the ages. I have to agree - Titanic is 100% timeless and an absolute cinematic masterpiece from beginning to end. Anyone who is a true movie fan needs to experience this phenomenal film at least once!篇3The Movie TitanicHey guys! Have you watched the movie Titanic? It's one of my all-time favorite movies ever! It's a really really long movie, but it's so amazing that you won't even notice how much time has gone by. Let me tell you all about it!Titanic is a film that came out in 1997, which was like a million years ago! It was directed by this super famous guy named James Cameron. He's made a bunch of other huge blockbuster movies like Avatar and Terminator 2. But Titanic is definitely his masterpiece in my opinion!The movie is based on the true story of the RMS Titanic, which was this gigantic ship that was supposed to be basically unsinkable. On its very first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in 1912, the Titanic hit an iceberg and sank to the bottom of the sea! It was one of the biggest maritime disasters ever. Over 1,500 people lost their lives, which is just so, so sad.But the movie isn't just about the sinking of the ship. At its core, Titanic is an epic love story between two people from completely different worlds. One is Rose, played by Kate Winslet, who is this rich but unhappy young woman. The other is Jack, played by Leonardo DiCaprio, who is a penniless butfree-spirited artist.Rose is engaged to be married to this super stuck-up guy named Cal, who is wealthy but treats her terribly. When she tries to kill herself by jumping off the ship, Jack talks her down and the two of them instantly fall in love. It's like one of those fairytale romances where they connect on such a deep level despite coming from totally opposite backgrounds.As Jack and Rose's romance blossoms over the course of the voyage, the movie gives you a glimpse into the glamorous world of early 20th century high society. The Titanic was basically a luxurious hotel on water, with fancy dining rooms, lavish staterooms, and even a grand staircase! The rich people lived it up while the poor immigrants traveled in steerage class down below.When the Titanic hits the iceberg, that's when the movie becomes this crazy intense disaster film filled with chaos and tragedy. Jack and Rose have to fight for their lives as the "unsinkable ship" is swallowed up by the freezing waters of the Atlantic. Without spoiling too much, I'll just say that the sinking scenes are some of the most harrowing and emotional that I've ever witnessed in a movie. You'll be on the edge of your seat the entire time!What's truly amazing about Titanic is how James Cameron recreated the entire ship with meticulous detail and accuracy. Using a mix of scale models, computer effects, and a full-size reconstruction of part of the deck, you feel like you're reallythere on that fateful night. The sinking sequences are so realistic that it's absolutely mind-blowing.At the heart of the spectacle though, is the love between Jack and Rose. Their bond gives the tragedy a profoundly emotional core that will shatter your heart into a million pieces. I'm not ashamed to admit that I sob like a baby every single time I watch this movie! Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet's performances are just utterly perfect and believable.One of the most iconic scenes has to be when Jack is handcuffed and stuck in the Master-at-Arms' office as the ship is going down. Rose has to rescue him with an axe, which she swings with such fierce determination. You go girl! Their reunion is intercut with scenes of the Titanic breaking apart at the seams in an unforgettable cinematic moment.And who could forget the incredible ending where an elderly Rose drops the priceless "Heart of the Ocean" diamond into the sea after reuniting with Jack's spirit? It's such a poignant and symbolic gesture that speaks to the power of true love over material possessions and societal constraints. I get chills every time!Seriously, there's just SO much to love about Titanic! James Cameron poured his heart and soul into making this movie anauthentic, larger-than-life recreation of the tragedy combined with an unforgettable fictional love story. It has breath-taking sets and visual effects that were decades ahead of their time. The music by James Horner is hauntingly beautiful. And the lead performances are absolutely award-worthy.If you somehow haven't watched Titanic yet, then you are really really missing out! This movie has literally everything - romance, action, drama, and so much heart. It's an old-school Hollywood epic that doesn't get made anymore on that grand of a scale. You'll laugh, you'll cry, you'll be utterly swept away! I can't recommend Titanic enough. It's a true masterpiece for the ages!。

美英报刊阅读教程Lesson16课⽂Lesson 16 The Price of BeautyThe government’s sudden decision to ask for a halt to breast-enlargement operations because they might be unsafe has terrified 2m women who have had them. Is America’s obsession with looking good unhealthy?11. “Get in shape” orders the cover of the latest issue of Los Angeles magazine. Alongside articles detailing where Madonna works out and recommending “apres-shop spas2” are familiar advertisements offering a quicker route to beauty through “facial sculpture”, liposuction and breast enhancement3. Cosmetic operations, once closely kept secrets, now appear as prizes in southern Californian charity raffles4. Meanwhile morticians complain that silicone implants, which do not burn, are clogging up their crematoriums.52. Los Angeles, a desert city which made up for its lack of natural endowments by stealing other people’s water and building its own port, is an appropriate capital for America’s $3 billion cosmetic-surgery industry. Nearly half the world’ s cosmetic surgeons live in America; a third of those work in California. Cosmetic surgery arguably began in San Francisco in 1964 when a topless dancer, Carol Doda, caused a national sensation by increasing her appeal with the help of 20 silicone injections.3. Until recently the most remarkable thing about cosmetic surgery in America, was how unremarkable it was. There were probably 2m cosmetic “procedures” in 1991-six times the total in 1981. It is no longer news that stars such as Michael Jackson, Liz Taylor and Cher have “gon e under the knife”; one talk-show hostess, Joan Rivers, talks about her body’s ebbs and flows as if they were as natural as the tides.64. Now those “effortless’ good looks seem a little more risky. Allegedly, the silicone implants can leak and interfere with the body’s immune system. There have been over 2,000 complaints, particularly about implants which predate 1985-although cosmetic surgeons blame zealous lawyers for manufacturing concerns.7 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced an inquiry last year, but initially said it would not ask for the operations to stop before it reported. It changed its mind on January 6th, reportedly because of evidence coming out in court cases. In December, for example, a woman who suffered from a ruptured implant8 was awarded $7.34m from the biggest maker of implants, Dow Corning.5. The announcement has caused more panic among American women than any medical decision since a contraceptive device9, the Dalkon Shield, was removed from the market in 1974. Some 2m women have had implants, 80% of them for cosmetic reasons; the rest had “reconstructive” medical surgery following cancer treatment. The waiting list for implants by one Californian doctor used to be six months; it is now less than one month. Shares in implant makers have slumped.106. Such second thoughts are overdue.” For all its glittering advocates, cosmetic surgery is the only type of medicine where a perfectly healthy patient is cut up. (This, of course, omits reconstructive operations to repair burns or replace missing breasts.) Eight out of ten cosmetic operations are performed outside proper hospitals-some in operating rooms that look more like offices. Warnings of side-effects rarely appear in advertisements; nor do the records of the eager surgeons. Since it is “elective” surgery, not covered by insurance, few of the normal rules apply.7. Inside the industry rumours of malpractice are rife12. One senior plastic surgeon says that hehas a list of peers who he “wouldn’t let touch my dog’s haemorrhoids”.13 The American Medical Association seldom intervenes; neither, until recently, did the FDA. The cosmetic industry itself is split into several warring associations, who refuse to co-operate even on statistics, let alone standards and certification14.Bigger and bigger8. New rules may discipline the industry, but they are unlikely to stop it growing unless the American obsession with physical beauty sours. So far, surgeons say the recession has done more harm to their business than the bad publicity about breast implants; hence their confidence that trade will pick up. That still leaves two questions unanswered: why is cosmetic surgery so popular in America; and, even if it is safe, is it a good thing?9. A string of global industries-fashion, cosmetics, fitness-show that it is not just Americans who want to look good. A few countries, notably Brazil and Japan, have fast-growing cosmetic-surgery businesses. But America stands out as the only country where cosmetic surgery carries virtually no stigma. That is partly the result of good marketing. As many as 15,000 doctors now rely on cosmetic surgery for a fair chunk of their income-and they are allowed to advertise aggressively.10. However, on the whole, America’ s cosmetic-surgery business has been built on demand rather than supply. That demand comes from Americans of all ages, classes and races. One recent survey found that nearly one in three patients had an income below $25,000 a year-not much when most operations cost over $3,000.11. According to the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery, breast enlargement, which costs between $2,000 and $4,000, was only the tenth most popular cosmetic procedure in 1990. Topping the wish list was sclerotherapy (the removal of spider veins15 in the legs), followed by collagen injections to get rid of facial lines, then nose-jobs, lip-jobs and liposuction (fat removal). But among clients of the rival American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, breast enlargement, collagen injections and eyelid surgery were roughly equal as the three most popular operations.12. When pushed to defend their trade, cosmetic surgeons argue that “vanity surgery” is often just an extension of reconstructive surgery. For example, redesigning the nose of a young boy, perpetually :eased because of his prominent conk16, can turn a problem teenager into a well-adjusted man. Cosmetic survey follows two great American traditions: a refusal to surrender to an environment and a willingness to give people a second chance. What is the difference, some ask, between removing excess fat in an hour on the operating table and three months in the gym? “I don’t intend to grow old gracefully,17” says a woman in a television advertisement for an ambitious skin cream, “I intend to fight it every step of the way.”13. Many, however, admit that there is a darker side. Psychologists point out that many operations are not to get rid of deformity18, but to make perfectly good looks even better. The Los Angeles Times recently reported that the beginning of the swimsuit season prompts a rush of breast implants; school reunions are good for the face-lift business.Growing old gracelessly14. Such competitive narcissism19 stretches into employment too. Larry Schoenrock of the University of California at San Francisco points out that good-looking people are more likely to get jobs. Most are women aiming to please prospective male bosses; but many male patients citetheir careers as the chief reason for going under the scalpel20.15. For ethnic minorities, the most popular operations are ones that change their racial characteristics. Asians want wider eyes; blacks want thinner lips. Critics say this is surrendering their identities to the white stereotypes that appear on the media. Surgeons say the point is more subtle: minorities want to de-emphasise rather than eradicate their looks21. For example, one Californian surgeon says that many blacks specifically ask that, after their operations, they should not look like Michael Jackson, who now has a “white” nose and “white” skin.16. Some trend-spotters22 detect the beginnings of a reaction against the knife. Non-surgical methods to reduce wrinkles, such as electronic massage machines, are selling fast. Last year the number of face-lifts completed increased by less than 1%. Cosmetic surgery can only hold back age; it cannot defeat it.23 Mr. Jackson, who has been described as the PeterPan24 of the music industry, might reflect on Maurice Chevalier’s sanguine attitude25 to the appearance of a few wrinkles. “I prefer old age to the alternative,” he said.From The Economist, January llth, 1992。

人教版全国全部高考专题英语高考真卷1.阅读理解第1题.Scientists in Mexico say they may have found a way to cut the production of methane（甲烷）, a gas linked to rising temperatures on the Earth's surface. The scientists say their method may help reduce the methane released by cows, one of the main producers of the gas.When talking about global warming, many people think of carbon dioxide, another heat-trapping gas. However, methane is an even more powerful heat-trapping gas. Anyhow, cows are known to produce high levels of methane.Researchers at the Autonomous University of the State of Mexico are studying how a cow's diet affects the production of methane. The researchers are using a specially designed machine to measure the effect. The scientists use the machine to try to measure the animal's breathing to examine the methane released.Most of the gas is released when cows eat and process food. The digestive （助消化的）bacteria in a cow's stomach causes the animal to send out the gas through its mouth. There are an estimated 1.3 to 1.5 billion cows in the world. Each animal releases as much as 120 kilograms of methane per year. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that, whenever measured in pounds, the effect of methane on climate change is more than 25 times greater than carbon dioxide over a 100-year period.As it is difficult to capture the gas released by cows for use as energy, one way to lessen its release is to change their diet. Scientists in some countriesare looking for ways to decrease cow methane. But while they are trying different plants and chemical compounds, those products would be too costly and difficult to bring to Mexico.（1）How harmful is the gas sent off by cows?A: It is more harmful than carbon dioxide.B: It takes up most of human-caused methane.C: It is more difficult to control its amount.D: It is the key factor to prevent globe warming.（2）How is the harmful gas produced by cows?A: When their gas meets with air.B: When they breathe in air through mouths.C: When their gas is being sent out.D: When they digest food in their stomachs.（3）What can scientists in some countries do to settle the problem caused by cows?A: Use their gases as energy.B: Change what they eat.C: Limit the number of cows.D: Fix machines on their mouths.（4）What may be the best title for the text?A: Cows Are Much More Harmful than CarsB: We Had a Better Method of Raising CowsC: Two Gases Are Causing the Warming of the PlanetD: Researchers Found a Way to Reduce Methane from Cows【答案】ADBD【解答】（1）A 推理判断题。