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哈萨克民族风俗的作文英文回答：Kazakh ethnic customs are rich and diverse, reflecting the unique cultural heritage of the Kazakh people. One important aspect of Kazakh customs is their hospitality. Kazakh people are known for their warm and welcoming nature, and they take great pride in treating their guests with utmost respect and generosity. For example, when a guest arrives at a Kazakh household, they are greeted with open arms and offered traditional Kazakh food and drinks. This gesture of hospitality is deeply ingrained in the Kazakh culture and is a way of showing appreciation and respectfor the guest.Another significant aspect of Kazakh customs is their traditional clothing. The Kazakh people have a distinctstyle of dress that is both elegant and practical. Traditional Kazakh clothing for men includes a long robe called "chapan" and a hat called "kalpak." Women, on theother hand, wear a dress called "saukele" and a headscarf called "elechek." These traditional garments are often adorned with intricate embroidery and reflect the craftsmanship and artistry of the Kazakh people. Wearing traditional clothing is not only a way of preserving the Kazakh culture but also a source of pride and identity for the Kazakh people.Music and dance are also integral parts of Kazakh customs. The Kazakh people have a rich musical heritage, with various traditional instruments such as the dombra, kobyz, and sybyzgy. Music plays a central role in Kazakh celebrations and gatherings, adding a festive and joyous atmosphere. Traditional Kazakh dances, such as the "kara zhorga" and "kozhan," are performed during special occasions, showcasing the grace and skill of the Kazakh dancers. These cultural expressions through music and dance not only entertain but also serve as a way of passing down traditions and stories from one generation to another.In addition to hospitality, traditional clothing, and music, Kazakh customs also include various rituals andceremonies. One such ritual is the traditional Kazakh wedding. A Kazakh wedding is a grand affair, with multiple days of celebrations and rituals. The wedding ceremony involves the exchange of vows, the sharing of traditional foods, and the performance of traditional dances. It is a time for families to come together and celebrate the unionof two individuals. The Kazakh people also have rituals for important life events such as births, funerals, and holidays, each with its own set of customs and traditions.中文回答：哈萨克民族的风俗习惯丰富多样，反映了哈萨克人民独特的文化遗产。
若尔盖纳木藏文中学阿克尼玛的英语的作文Title: A Glimpse into Akema's Journey at Ruoergai Namu Tibetan Middle SchoolNestled amidst the vast and majestic landscapes of Ruoergai, a land renowned for its breathtaking scenery and rich cultural heritage, lies the Namu Tibetan Middle School, a beacon of education and hope for the youth of the region. Among its diligent students stands Akema, a young Tibetan scholar whose passion for learning, particularly in the field of English, shines brightly.Akema's journey with English began like many others, with a mix of curiosity, trepidation, and a desire to connect with the wider world. In the halls of Namu Tibetan Middle School, where traditional Tibetan values intertwine with modern educational practices, Akema found a nurturing environment that fostered his linguistic aspirations.From the very first day, Akema was captivated by the intricate beauty of the English language. He marveled at its ability to convey a myriad of emotions and ideas with precision and elegance. Under the guidance of his dedicated teachers, who were not only proficient in English but also deeply respectful of Tibetan culture, Akema embarked on a thrilling adventure through the realms of grammar, vocabulary, and literature.One of the key factors that fueled Akema's enthusiasm for English was the school's commitment to making learning interactive and engaging. Through group discussions, role-playing activities, and multimedia presentations, Akema and his classmates were able to immerse themselves in the language, practicing conversation skills and gaining confidence in their abilities. The school's library, filled with a diverse collection of English books and periodicals, became a haven for Akema, where he spent countless hours exploring new worlds and expanding his horizons. Moreover, Namu Tibetan Middle School recognized the importance of authentic language practice. Opportunities for English language exchanges with students from other countries, as well as participation in regional and national English speaking competitions, further ignited Akema's passion. These experiences not only honed his language skills but also instilled in him a sense of global citizenship and a deep appreciation for cultural diversity.Akema's dedication and hard work paid off. He excelled in his English classes, earning the respect and admiration of his peers and teachers alike. But more importantly, he discovered a love for the language that transcended academic achievement. For Akema, English had become a window to the world, a tool for understanding and connecting with people from all walks of life.As he continues his academic journey, Akema looks forward to using his English skills to make a positive impact in his community and beyond. He dreams of becoming a bridge between Tibetan culture and the global community, sharing the rich traditions and wisdom of his people with the world while also learning from other cultures in return.In conclusion, Akema's story at Ruoergai Namu Tibetan Middle School is a testament to the power of education and the transformative potential of language learning. Through hard work, dedication, and the support of a nurturing environment, Akema has not only mastered the intricacies of English but also found a passion that will guide him on his journey towards becoming a global citizen and a proud ambassador of Tibetan culture.。
新闻素材英文作文范文高中英文：Recently, I came across a news article about the rising trend of veganism in China. As a vegan myself, I was excited to read about this growing movement in a country with such a large population.According to the article, more and more Chinese people are adopting a vegan lifestyle for health, environmental, and ethical reasons. This is a great development, as the meat industry is a major contributor to climate change and animal cruelty.However, I also understand that veganism can be a controversial topic, and not everyone is on board with this lifestyle. Some people may argue that humans have been eating meat for thousands of years and that it is a natural part of our diet. Others may simply not like the taste of vegan food.But for me, being vegan is about making a positive impact on the world and living in alignment with my values. It's about recognizing that animals are sentient beings who deserve to live their lives free from harm and exploitation. And it's about taking responsibility for my own health and wellbeing by choosing to eat plant-based foods that nourish my body.I believe that everyone has the right to make their own choices about what they eat, but I also hope that more people will consider the benefits of a vegan lifestyle and join this growing movement.中文：最近，我看到了一篇关于中国素食主义趋势上升的新闻文章。
When discussing the topic of African Americans in an English essay,its important to approach the subject with sensitivity and respect,acknowledging the rich history, cultural contributions,and the ongoing struggles faced by this community.Heres a structured outline that you might consider for your essay:Title:The Journey and Contributions of African AmericansIntroduction:Begin with a brief introduction to the history of African Americans,tracing their roots from the transatlantic slave trade to the present day.Mention the purpose of the essay,which is to explore the significant contributions of African Americans to American society and culture,as well as the challenges they have faced and continue to face.Historical Context:Discuss the origins of African Americans,including the forced migration during the slave trade and the conditions they faced upon arrival in America.Highlight key historical events such as the Civil War,the Emancipation Proclamation, and the Civil Rights Movement,which have shaped the African American experience.Cultural Contributions:Explore the profound impact African Americans have had on American culture, particularly in music,art,literature,and sports.Discuss the Harlem Renaissance and its significance in showcasing the talents of African American writers and artists.Mention influential figures such as Martin Luther King Jr.,Malcolm X,Maya Angelou, and Barack Obama,and their contributions to society.Social and Political Struggles:Address the ongoing challenges faced by African Americans,including systemic racism, economic disparities,and social inequalities.Discuss the Black Lives Matter movement and its role in raising awareness about police brutality and racial injustice.Modern Day Achievements:Highlight recent achievements and milestones in the fight for racial equality,such as the election of the first Black president and the increased representation of African Americans in various fields.Discuss the role of education and community programs in empowering African American youth and fostering a sense of pride and identity.Conclusion:Summarize the key points discussed in the essay,reinforcing the importance of recognizing and celebrating the contributions of African Americans to American society. End with a call to action,encouraging readers to continue the dialogue on racial equality and to support initiatives that promote social justice and inclusivity. Bibliography:List the sources you have used for your research,ensuring that they are credible and relevant to the topic.Remember to maintain a respectful and informative tone throughout your essay,and to provide evidence and examples to support your arguments.This will help to create a wellrounded and compelling piece of writing that does justice to the subject matter.。
介绍甘谷的英语作文Ganju is a small town located in the heart of a picturesque region, nestled amidst rolling hills and lush greenery. This charming destination offers a unique blend of natural beauty, rich cultural heritage, and a serene way of life that captivates visitors from near and far. In this essay, we will delve into the captivating essence of Ganju and explore the various facets that make it a truly remarkable place.Firstly, Ganju's natural landscape is nothing short of breathtaking. The town is surrounded by a tapestry of verdant hills that seem to stretch endlessly into the horizon. These rolling hills are adorned with a patchwork of vibrant farmlands, where local farmers cultivate a variety of crops, including fragrant tea leaves, succulent fruits, and an array of aromatic spices. The town is also blessed with several crystal-clear streams and rivers that meander through the landscape, providing a soothing soundtrack to the tranquil atmosphere.One of the most captivating features of Ganju is its rich cultural heritage, which is deeply rooted in the traditions and customs of thelocal community. The town is home to a number of historic temples and shrines, each with its own unique architectural style and spiritual significance. Visitors can immerse themselves in the intricate carvings, ornate decorations, and the serene ambiance of these sacred spaces, gaining a deeper understanding of the region's spiritual beliefs and practices.Moreover, Ganju is renowned for its vibrant artisanal community, which has been thriving for generations. The town is home to a diverse array of skilled artisans, each of whom has mastered the art of creating unique and exquisite handcrafted products. From delicate embroidery to intricate woodcarvings, the local artisans pour their heart and soul into their creations, producing items that are not only visually stunning but also imbued with a deep cultural significance.One of the most captivating aspects of Ganju is the warm and welcoming nature of its local residents. The people of Ganju are known for their hospitality, friendliness, and genuine interest in sharing their culture with visitors. Whether it's engaging in lively conversations, offering a glimpse into their daily lives, or inviting guests to participate in traditional festivals and celebrations, the locals of Ganju go out of their way to ensure that every visitor feels like a cherished member of the community.In addition to its cultural richness, Ganju also offers a wealth ofoutdoor activities and adventures for visitors to explore. The surrounding hills and forests provide ample opportunities for hiking, trekking, and birdwatching, allowing visitors to immerse themselves in the breathtaking natural scenery. The town is also home to several serene lakes and ponds, which are perfect for fishing, boating, or simply enjoying a peaceful picnic by the water's edge.One of the most unique aspects of Ganju is its culinary scene, which is a true reflection of the region's diverse cultural influences. The local cuisine is a delightful fusion of traditional recipes and modern culinary techniques, showcasing a wide range of flavors and ingredients. From the fragrant curries and spicy stir-fries to the delicate pastries and refreshing beverages, the food in Ganju is a true delight for the senses, leaving a lasting impression on every visitor's palate.In conclusion, Ganju is a truly remarkable destination that offers a captivating blend of natural beauty, cultural richness, and warm hospitality. Whether you're seeking a peaceful retreat, a cultural immersion, or an adventure-filled getaway, Ganju has something to offer for every traveler. From the awe-inspiring landscapes to the vibrant artisanal community and the delectable local cuisine, this charming town is a true gem that deserves to be explored and experienced by all who seek to discover the hidden wonders of this remarkable region.。
高原反应的哲理英语作文Title: The Philosophical Perspective on Altitude Sickness。
Altitude sickness, also known as acute mountain sickness (AMS), is a condition that affects individuals who ascend to high altitudes too quickly. It is characterized by symptoms such as headache, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue. While its physical manifestations are well-documented, the philosophical exploration of altitude sickness offers insights into human adaptability, the balance between ambition and caution, and the fragility of existence.Firstly, altitude sickness prompts reflection on human adaptability and resilience. When individuals confront the thin air and decreased oxygen levels at high altitudes, their bodies undergo physiological changes to cope with the hostile environment. However, despite these adaptive mechanisms, altitude sickness can still manifest,highlighting the limitations of human physiology in extreme conditions. This underscores the importance of humility in the face of nature's formidable forces and the recognitionof our own vulnerabilities.Secondly, altitude sickness invites contemplation onthe delicate balance between ambition and caution. Thedesire to conquer lofty peaks and explore remote landscapes often drives individuals to push the boundaries of their physical capabilities. However, this ambition must be tempered by caution and respect for the dangers posed by high altitudes. Altitude sickness serves as a reminder that reckless pursuit of goals without regard for one's well-being can have detrimental consequences. It underscores the need for prudent decision-making and the importance of listening to the body's signals, even in the pursuit of seemingly noble endeavors.Furthermore, altitude sickness raises existential questions about the fragility of existence. In the rarefied air of high altitudes, individuals confront the starkreality of their mortality and the ephemeral nature of life.The onset of symptoms such as dizziness and nausea serves as a poignant reminder of the body's fragility and the impermanence of human existence. In this way, altitude sickness becomes not only a physical ailment but also a philosophical contemplation on the fleeting nature of life and the significance of every moment.In conclusion, altitude sickness offers a philosophical lens through which to examine fundamental aspects of the human experience. It prompts reflection on adaptability, the balance between ambition and caution, and the fragility of existence. By contemplating these themes, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of themselves and their relationship to the natural world. Ultimately, altitude sickness serves as a reminder of the intricate interplay between physicality, ambition, and mortality in the human condition.。
关于哈萨克毡房的作文英语Title: Exploring the Traditional Kazakh Yurt。
Introduction。
The Kazakh yurt, also known as "Kiyiz uy" or felt house, is a significant aspect of Kazakh culture, symbolizing nomadic heritage, hospitality, and resilience. This traditional dwelling has endured centuries of nomadic life on the vast steppes of Central Asia. In this essay, wedelve into the intricacies of the Kazakh yurt, exploringits construction, cultural significance, and enduring relevance in modern times.Construction and Design。
The Kazakh yurt is ingeniously crafted from natural materials, primarily felt and wood. Felt, made from sheep's wool, is the primary building material due to itsinsulation properties, keeping the interior warm in harshwinters and cool in scorching summers. The yurt's framework consists of wooden lattice walls and a circular wooden frame at the top, forming a crown or "shanyrak," which symbolizes family unity and the eternal blue sky.The yurt's interior is divided into specific areas, each serving a distinct purpose. The central area, called "uyi," is the main living space, where families gather, dine, and entertain guests. Surrounding this central space are alcoves or "jushaq," used for sleeping and storage. The layout of the yurt reflects the nomadic lifestyle, emphasizing functionality, adaptability, and communal living.Cultural Significance。
关于甘肃天祝的英语作文The Enchanting Land of Gansu TianzhuNestled within the heart of China's vast and diverse landscape, the county of Tianzhu in Gansu Province stands as a testament to the country's natural wonders. This enchanting region, with its towering snow-capped mountains, pristine alpine lakes, and rich cultural heritage, captivates the senses and leaves an indelible mark on all who venture there.Tianzhu's breathtaking scenery is a true feast for the eyes. The county is home to the majestic Qilian Mountains, whose jagged peaks reach skyward, adorned with a mantle of glistening snow that reflects the sun's rays like a million diamonds. The region's alpine lakes, such as the stunning Shuzheng Lake, are tranquil mirrors that perfectly capture the surrounding landscapes, their crystal-clear waters inviting visitors to bask in the serenity of the natural world.One of the true highlights of Tianzhu is the vibrant Tibetan culture that permeates every aspect of the region. The Tibetan people, who have inhabited this area for centuries, have woven their rich traditions and beliefs into the very fabric of the land. Monasteries,such as the awe-inspiring Labrang Monastery, stand as beacons of spiritual enlightenment, their intricate architecture and ornate details a testament to the region's deep-rooted spirituality.Visitors to Tianzhu are often struck by the warmth and hospitality of the local Tibetan people. From the moment they arrive, they are welcomed with open arms and invited to share in the customs and rituals that have been passed down through generations. Whether it's participating in a traditional Tibetan tea ceremony, learning the art of thangka painting, or simply engaging in friendly conversation with the locals, the opportunities to immerse oneself in the vibrant Tibetan culture are endless.The natural wonders of Tianzhu extend far beyond the stunning landscapes and cultural attractions. The region is also home to a diverse array of flora and fauna, including the elusive and majestic Tibetan antelope, the iconic symbol of the Qilian Mountains. Birdwatchers flock to the area to catch a glimpse of the region's diverse avian life, with species ranging from the majestic Golden Eagle to the delicate Tibetan Snowcock.For adventurous travelers, Tianzhu offers a wealth of outdoor activities to explore. Hiking through the rugged terrain of the Qilian Mountains, traversing the ancient trade routes that once connected the East and West, or embarking on a thrilling Jeep tour to discoverthe region's hidden gems – the possibilities for exploration are endless.As visitors wander through the enchanting land of Tianzhu, they are struck by the timeless quality of the region. Here, the past and present coexist in a harmonious dance, where ancient traditions are woven seamlessly into the fabric of modern life. The people of Tianzhu, with their deep-rooted connection to the land and their unwavering spirit, serve as a constant reminder of the enduring power of cultural heritage and the beauty of the natural world.In a world that is often defined by the relentless pace of progress, Tianzhu stands as a sanctuary, a place where one can slow down, reconnect with the natural world, and immerse themselves in the rich tapestry of Tibetan culture. Whether you are a nature lover, a cultural enthusiast, or simply someone in search of a profound and transformative experience, Tianzhu is a destination that will leave an indelible mark on your heart and soul.。
描写江布柆克的英语作文Jiang Bu La Ke is a picturesque and sprawling area located in the heart of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the northwest of China. The name "Jiang Bu La Ke" translates to "longevity" in the Uighur language, and it is truly a place of enduring beauty and tranquility.The landscape of Jiang Bu La Ke is characterized by its vast, open spaces, rolling hills, and undulating sand dunes. The area is also home to an abundance of lush oases, crystal-clear lakes, and meandering rivers, all of which add to its natural allure. The juxtaposition of desert and greenery creates a unique and striking visual contrast that is simply breathtaking.One of the most iconic features of Jiang Bu La Ke is its stunning saltwater lake, known as the Dabancheng Lake. This expansive body of water is a haven for migratory birds andother wildlife, making it a popular destination for nature enthusiasts and photographers. The lake's shimmering surface, fringed by reeds and swaying grasses, is a sight to behold, particularly at sunset when the sky is ablaze with color.In addition to its natural beauty, Jiang Bu La Ke is also steeped in rich history and culture. The area has been inhabited by the Uighur people for centuries, and their influence is evident in the local architecture, cuisine, and traditional festivals. Visitors to Jiang Bu La Ke can immerse themselves in the vibrant tapestry of Uighur culture, from sampling traditional dishes like hand-pulled noodles and lamb kebabs to witnessing traditional dance and music performances.For those seeking outdoor adventure, Jiang Bu La Keoffers a wealth of opportunities for exploration and recreation. Hiking, birdwatching, and camel riding are just a few of the activities that visitors can enjoy in thispristine natural setting. Furthermore, the nearby TianshanMountains provide a stunning backdrop for hiking and trekking expeditions, offering unparalleled views of the surrounding landscape.At night, the skies above Jiang Bu La Ke are illuminated by a dazzling array of stars, creating a sense of wonder and awe. Away from the hustle and bustle of modern life, visitors can revel in the peaceful serenity of the night and contemplate the mysteries of the universe.In conclusion, Jiang Bu La Ke is a place of inimitable beauty, charm, and cultural significance. Its boundless natural splendor, combined with its rich history and warm hospitality, make it a destination unlike any other. Whether seeking adventure or simply a respite from the rigors of everyday life, Jiang Bu La Ke offers something for everyone.A visit to this remarkable region is sure to leave a lasting impression and create memories to treasure for a lifetime.。
2013年文章Multistage treatment wetland for treatment of reject watersfrom digested sludge dewateringGajewska, M (Gajewska, M.)Abstract:The paper presents the influence of sewage composition on treatment in pilot-scale facility for reject waters (RW) from sewage sludge centrifugation. The facility consisted of mechanical (two tanks with 10 d retention each) and biological parts composed of three subsurface flow reed beds working in batch. Two years of monitoring of the facility proved high efficiency removal of predominant pollutants: chemical oxygen demand (COD) 75-80%, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 82.2-95.5% and total nitrogen 78.7-93.9% for low ratio of BOD5/COD in discharged RW. The differences in efficiency removal were correlated with the composition of organics and nitrogen compounds rather than with concentrations. It was assumed that high concentration of colloidal fraction of Org-N and COD in discharged RW led to a decrease in efficiency removal.Influence of Wastewater Treatment Technology on Particle SizeDistribution in the EffluentGajewska, M (Gajewska, M.)Abstract:Suspended solids in water and wastewater usually carry quite a large load of pollutants (organic substances, nutrients, heavy metals, etc.) adsorbed on the particles surface. Particles of different sizes carry different types and quantities of pollutants. Therefore, particle size distribution is of importance in waster and wastewater treatment. In the article the influence of different treatment technologies on particle size distribution in the effluent was assessed. The analyses covered the effluents from two municipal wastewater treatment plants, drainage water, clean stormwater,oil-contaminated water and industrial sewage treated at the oil refinery and the water of a stream contaminated with stormwater run-off, treated in a constructed wetland. The equivalent diameters of particles were similar for all analyzed types of wastewater, however the share of different particle sizes in the total volume was different.Partitioning of heavy metals in sub-surface flow treatment wetlands receiving high-strength wastewater Wojciechowska, Ewa; Gajewska, MagdalenaAbstract:The retention of heavy metals at two pilot-scale treatment wetlands (TWs), consisting of two vertical flow beds (VSSF) followed by a horizontal flow bed (HSSF) was studied. The TWs received high-strength wastewater: reject waters from sewage sludge centrifugation (RW) and landfill leachate (LL). The concentrations of the metals Fe, Mn, Zn, Al, Pb, Cu, Cd, Co, and Ni were measured in treated wastewater, substrate of the beds and in plant material harvested from the beds (separately in above ground (ABG) parts and below ground (BG) parts). The TWs differed in metals retention. In the RW treating TW the metal removal efficiencies varied from 27% for Pb to over 97% for Fe and Al. In the LL treating system the concentrations of most metals decreased after VSSF-1 and VSSF-2 beds; however, in the outflow from the last (HSSF) bed, the concentrations of metals (apart from Al) increased again, probably due to the anaerobic conditions at the bed. A major removal pathway was sedimentation and adsorption onto soil substrate as well as precipitation and co-precipitation. In the LL treating facility the plants contained substantially higher metal concentrations in BG parts, while the upward movement of metals was restricted. In the RW treating facility the BG/ABG ratios were lower, indicating that metals were transported to shoots.Pathways of Nitrogen Removal in Hybrid Treatment WetlandsGajewska, M (Gajewska, M.)Abstract:Hybrid treatment wetlands (HTWs) are composed of two or more filters with different modes of flow, allowing the benefits of both types of bed to be combined, resulting in better effluent quality (nitrogen and organic compound removal). Such a heterogeneous environment creates possibilities for different mechanisms of nitrogen removal. The objective of the present study was to investigate the removal of nitrogen versus a range of parameters such as hydraulic and organic loading, redox potential, pH, alkalinity, availability of easily decomposable organic compounds, and theoretical nitrogenous biological oxygen demand, in order to evaluate nitrogen conversion processes. The studies were carried out in a full-scale HTW designed for 200pe, over a two-year monitoring period. The HTW achieved stable and effective removal of all analyzed pollutants: BOD5 was 97.9% for average load of 3.4 gm(-2).d(-1) and 95.1% COD removal for average load of 6.9 gm(-2).d(-1) (for the entire HTW). Unexpectedly efficient N removal was observed in the first stage of the treatment plant. The removal efficiency of TKN was over 46% in this horizontal sub-surface flow bed and was coupled with 80.5% BOD removal, suggesting heterotrophic competition for oxygen, the supply of which was strongly limited in this stage of treatment.2011年文章The role of SSVF and SSHF beds in concentrated wastewatertreatment, design recommendationGajewska, M (Gajewska, M.)Abstract:The return flows of reject water from sewage sludge dewatering alter the activated sludge process in a conventional WWTP and increase TN concentration in the final effluent from WWTP. The objective of the investigation carried out was to consider the application of multistage treatment wetland (MTW) for the treatment of reject water from sewage sludge dewatering in a centrifuge (RWC). This paper aims to present the design and performance of each stage of the treatment as well as theefficiency of total MTW. The full scale pilot plant for RWC, consisting of two vertical flow beds (SS VF) working in series, followed by an horizontal flow bed (SS HF), was built in 2008. The applied configuration ensured a very high removal efficiency of principal pollutant (COD –76.0% and NH4+-N –93.6%). In the investigated facilities, the SS VF beds ensured an effective removal of nitrogen compounds, especially NH4+-N, whereas the decomposition of hardly degradable Org-N and COD took place in SS HF. This research illustrates that the MTW could be successfully applied for the treatment of RWC.EFFICIENCY OF POLLUTANT REMOV AL BY FIVEMULTISTAGE CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS IN ATEMPERATE CLIMATEGajewska, M (Gajewska, M.)Abstract:In recent years, an increase in interest in hybrid constructed wetland systems (HCWs) has been observed. These systems are composed of two or more filters with different modes of sewage flow. Based on over eight years of monitoring, carried out at five local HCWs located in the Pomerania Region of Northern Poland, the effective removal of organic matter (from 74.9 to 95.5% COD) in the loading range 1.5-17.0 g COD.m(-2).d(-1) was confirmed. Efficiency of total nitrogen (TN) removal varied from 23.4 to 79.2%. The most effective removal of TN (2.0 g.m(-2).d(-1)) occurred in the system with vertical flow compartments with intermittent loadings.FLUCTUATION OF NITROGEN FRACTION DURINGWASTEWATER TREATMENT IN A MULTISTAGETREATMENT WETLANDGajewska, M (Gajewska, M.)Abstract:Factors influencing COD and removal and transformation of N fractions have been investigated in the conditions of horizontal (SSHF) and vertical (SSVF) flow reed beds. Multistage treatment wetland in Wiklino ensured a stable and very effective removal of all the analysed pollutants. Based on the resultsof investigation, it could be assumed that the working conditions of SSHF beds play an important role in the transformation of particulate fractions to colloidal ones and colloidal to dissolved fractions of COD and Org-N while the SSVF bed was very effective in the removal of dissolved fractions.Application of Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands for Highly Contaminated Wastewater Treatment: Preliminary Results Gajewska, M (Gajewska, M.)Abstract:Based on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of reject waters (RWC) generated during dewatering of digested sewage sludge on centrifuges in conventional WWTP and municipal landfill leachate (LL), the pilot constructed wetlands for treatment of both types wastewater were designed and built. In the paper the conception, design and assumed treatment efficiencies of the pilot plants are presented. The water balance of the pilot treatment wetlands is presented and potential implications of water losses through evapotranspiration in case of treating wastewater with high concentrations of pollutants are discussed. Preliminary treatment results, obtained during the start-up period, showed good treatment effectiveness of BOD (74% for RWC and 84.5% for LL), while the effectiveness of ammonia nitrogen removal was below 20% for LL and from 48 to 59% for RWC.2009年文章Removal of organic matter and nitrogen in an horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetland under transientloadsGajewska, M (Gajewska, M.)Abstract:A monitoring campaign in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland under the influence of transient loads of flow-rate, organic matter, nitrogen and suspended solids showed an irregular removal of COD and TSS and lower both removal efficiencies and mass removal rates than the ones observed in other studies for similar operating conditions. This circumstance is associated to the presence of large amount of particulate organic matter from non-point sources. The mass removal rate of ammonia increased 39% as both the water and soil temperatures increased from weeks 1-8 to weeks 9-14. A good correlation between mass load and mass removal rate was observed for all measured parameters, which attests a satisfactory response of the bed under to transient loads.20 Years of Experience of Hybrid Constructed WetlandsExploitation in PolandGajewska, M (Gajewska, M.)Abstract:In this paper are presented the experience with constructed wetlands systems in Poland applied for treatment of domestic wastewater. Based on achieved results of monitoring objects was found that one-stage system ensure effective removal of organic matter expressed by BOD(5) and COD and total suspended solids. The average efficiency of BOD(5) removal was 76.4% for the range of loads from 15.0 to 115.0 kg O(2)/ha.day. It was proved that improper operation of the septic tanks resulted in clogging of the beds and was the main reason removal efficiency decreasing.In the last years vertical flow beds become more popular for individual household. However, the results of monitoring indicate high changes of pollutants efficiency removal. Operation monitoring of multistage (hybrid) constructed wetlands consistedof vegetation beds with horizontal and vertical flow of wastewater were fund more effective and stable in comparison with one-stage objects. The average efficiency removal of BOD(5) was 86.7% in range of loads between 21 divided by 123 kg O(2)/ha.day. While the average load of removed nitrogen was 7.8 kg O(2)/ha-day. A lot of investigated pilot and local communities HF-CW did not provide effective removal of ammonia nitrogen due to the lack of conditions for nitrification and sorptiotion. It was proved that only Hybrid Constructed Wetlands (HCW) provide efficient and stable either suspended solids and organic matter removal, in a wide loadings range: 1.5 divided by 17.0 g COD/m(2)day, irrespectively to the configuration applied. Up till now only 10% of operating CW systems are with VF-CW, although vertical flow beds seems to be very promising solution in rural areas due to better efficiency removal and less unit areas demand.Efficiency of contamination removal in growing andpost-growing seasons on hybrid hydrophyte sewage treatmentplantGajewska, M (Gajewska, M.)Abstract:It was proved that insufficient supply of oxygen in one stage constructed wetlands with horizontal flow caused low efficient of nitrification process. For that reason nowadays hybrid constructed wetland with mixed vertical and horizontal flow of sewage are highly recommended. In such system vertical bed has an very important role in oxygen support especially when sewage are dewatered on the bed periodically. The lack of knowledge concerning efficiency of contamination removal in growing and post-growing seasons in wetland make the authors to present the results of carried out research. It was determined that the analysed hybrid constructed hydrophyte plant in post-growing season was supplied with less amount of sewage with higher concentration of contaminations in comparison to growing season. Theefficiency of organic matter and phosphorus removal was similar in both seasons main difference was obtained for nitrogen compounds removal efficiency. The VF-CW bed in both seasons has very important role in aeration of sewage.The removal of nitrogen compounds in constructed wetlands inPolandGajewska, M (Gajewska, M.)Abstract:More than 100 constructed wetlands are in operation in Poland. Most of them are one-stage wetland systems with horizontal Subsurface flow. Constructed wetlands ensure efficient removal of organic matter (BOD5, CODCr) and suspended solids, but efficiency of nitrogen compound removal in many cases is insufficient.From 1995 to 2001 a study on the removal of contaminants in 11 individual pilot households as well as 4 local community plants equipped with one-stage horizontal flow bed and 4 local community equipped with hybrid reed wetland systems composed of HF-CW and VF-CW filters were carried out. The hybrid constructed wetlands ensure more stable removal rates of nitrogen in comparison with one stage systems. The removal of nitrogen takes place in VF beds and HF beds (denitrification) applied as the second and third stage of primary hybrid treatments. The removal of nitrogen was limited by efficiency of the nitrification process in VF beds in wetland systems.。
