英语长难句结构分析(含2019年高考全国1-3卷试题长难句)

科目:英语试卷名称2019年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试·全国卷Ⅰ知识点24(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·A) 话题:学生暑期工作词数:261 难度:★★Need a Job This Summer?The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs.The deadlines and what you need to apply depend on the program.Not a student? Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools availableto help people under 30 build skills,find a job or start businesses all year round.Jobs for YouthIf you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province,you could be eligible(符合条件)for this program,which provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.Who is eligible: Youth 15-18 years old in select communities(社区).Summer CompanySummer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of up to $3,000 to start and run their own summer businesses.Who is eligible: Students aged 15-29,returning to school in the fall.Stewardship Youth Ranger ProgramYou could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for eight weeks this summer.Who is eligible: Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire,but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.Summer Employment Opportunities(机会)Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program,students are hired each year in a variety of summer positions across the Provincial Public Service,its related agencies and community groups.Who is eligible: Students aged 15 or older.Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons with a disability.【文章大意】本文为应用文。

第一节、句子的成分（词性）1谓语1)谓语的成分Your mother must （be）very beautiful情态动词不能做谓语一定要具备时态有时态的实意动词（主谓宾结构）或系动词（主系表结构）充当谓语。

2)一句话当中能不能多？绝对不能，一句话当中只能有一个动词的存在，并且充当谓语，多余的动词全部都要变成非谓语动词。

独立主格（主语不一致）-分词作状语（）谓语只能是动词；动词只能做谓语，所以，我们需要把一句话当中所有不做谓语的动词全部变成不是动词，把动词变成不是动词，在动词后加v-ing主动，v-ed被动，to do目的，这三个有一个共同的名字叫非谓语动词，非谓语动词可以在句子中充当所有成分，除了谓语一句话当中有多个动词，选意思最重要的那个动词充当句子的谓语一句话当中只能有一个动词充当谓语，其他动词要变成非谓语动词3)一句话当中动词能不能少？（句子必须具备主谓）绝对不能，当一句话当中需要动词而又没有动词的时候，永远都加be动词，并且be动词没有意思。

非谓语动词充当主语时谓语动词用单数谓语的总结：一句话当中有且只能有一个有时太的实意动词或系动词的存在，并且充当谓语。

2主语1）主语的成分名词、代词（只替代名词的出现）、非谓语动词、从句（引导词加句子）2）主语能不能少？绝对不能，那一句话没有主语时应该怎么办呢？A.加it作为主语：必须和天气温度时间有关系哦B.There be“有”be=exist，remain，seem-有C.被动作文中所有用人称代词打头的句子，都可以考虑写成被动。

以下三种情况没有被动：a)当动词的后面有介词的时候，这个动词没有被动b)所有的系动词都没有被动c)当have翻译成有的时候，have没有被动D.人称代词不到万不得已千万不要用人称代词I、You、We如果有梦想，就应该会成功If there seems a dream,glories are supposed to be attained 3宾语1)宾语的成分名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句4表语1）表语的成分名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句、形容词、介词短语四、简单句在写作中的使用1.所有写不来的单词都可以写成自己会的词汇，反正老师也不知道我想表达的意思2.所有不来的长难句暂时先写成简单句，一定要保证语法正确越来越多的大学生自杀，这个事实表明我们应该关注这个话题了An increasing amount of university students killed themselves ，so we should care about the problem作业：第一章全部看一遍，15个练习题做完第一章练习题的后面第二节并列句一、什么是并列句？并列句：就是在两个句子中间加个连词二、常见的连词1.平行关系：and、not only…but alsoSimilarly、equally、likewise、at the same time2.转折关系：but、yet、while、whereasHowever、nevertheless、conversely、unfortunately、by contrast、on the contrary3.递进（顺承）关系：thenBesides、furthermore、moreover、additionally、subsequently4.因果关系：for；soThus、therefore、as a result、consequently5.选择关系：orAlternatively三、并列句在写作中的使用：写作中只要上下句之间有逻辑关系就一定要用逻辑关系词逻辑关系词：连词、副词、介词短语“，”不能连接两个句子，当使用副词，介词短语不能连接两个句子连词和其他的逻辑关系词的区别在于：连词的前面有没有“。

高考英语长难句分析探究纵观历年高考英语试题，可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。

不难理解，命题者在句子难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。

下面我们来了解长难句最常见的形式。

一、复合从句这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。

其实，不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。

主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如: I w ant a ticket.)或主系表结构(如:The man is a teacher.)。

而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。

这些从句都很常见，考生比较熟悉，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。

这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。

二、分隔结构为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。

考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。

此外，还有一些句子成分（一般是定语）过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。

三、成分省略在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。

省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。

成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。

例如在以than，as 引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。

四、改变语序改变语序主要指倒装句式。

这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子的意义表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。

长难句分析长难句分析“两步法”[Step1:预处理]①找出谓语动词并用下划线标注；谓语动词即所有的非谓语动词，包括主句的谓语和从句的谓语②给“三长”加括号，“三长”包括从句，介词短语，非谓语动词；三大从句：名词性从句：、、、形容词性从句：副词性从句：注意：一旦出现下一修饰成分，就把上一修饰成分结束掉，不管上一修饰成分是否以及结束③给“并列词”加方框，给“并列项”加三角；并列词：and、or、but、as well as并列项：A和B例如：A...and B...注意：因为修饰成分往往出现在被修饰成分的后面，找并列项时先找B后找A，B往往是并列词的右边最近的单词；再通过B去寻找A，因为A和B往往满足“结构相似、含义相近”，通俗来讲就是A和B往往很像[Step2:做直译]对每个括号进行翻译注意：每个括号里的第一个单词都像是一个“挂钩”，可以利用每个挂钩提问和回答问题，将一个个括号连接起来[Step3:调语序]如果没有英翻汉的题型可以不去做这一步长难句分析练习1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century,the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds,including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem,and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique（巴黎综合理工学院）.成分简析：2.It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use Internet-connected computers,although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced,the printers start working overtime.That is,the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.成分简析：3.Perhaps the best sign of how computer and Internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself,which sees printing as one of its most promising new market.成分简析：4.The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste.成分简析：5.Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese,these terms（术语）are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers.成分简析：6.Tales from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the programme and anyone who has a lively interest in their pet,whether it be a cat,dog or snake!成分简析：7.Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began.成分简析：8.But for all the texts that are written,stored and sent electronically,a lot of them are still ending up on paper.成分简析：9.With their shining brown eyes,wagging tails,and unconditional love,dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence,according to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA)（盆地治疗动物组织）in Salt Lake City.成分简析：10.Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name in1506,and settled in1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.成分简析：11.They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years,giving them plenty of time to build more than1000huge stone figures,called moat,for which the island is most famous.成分简析：12.Whereas（鉴于）a women’s closet female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage,it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.成分简析：13.We even have different word for some foods,meat in particular,depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked,which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming.while the upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating.成分简析：14.When Americans visit Europe for the first time,they usually find Germany more “Foreign”than France because the German they see on signs and ads seems much more different from English than French does.成分简析：15.The major market force rests in the growing population of white-collar employees,who can afford the new service,in other words,Shanghai’s car rental industry is growing so fast mainly due to the increasing number of white-collar employees.成分简析：16.The hot sun had caused the dough to double size and the fermenting yeast（发酵型酵母）made the surface shake and sigh as though it were breathing and it looked like some unknown being from outer space.成分简析：17.After all,what lively children wouldn’t settle for spending only half the day doing ordinary school work,and acting,singing or dancing their way through the other half of the day?成分简析：18.So when Ed arrived for our game not only with the bottom of his shirt gathered inside his trousers but also with a stomach you could hardly notice,I was so surprised that I was speechless,my cousin must have made an effort to get himself into shape.成分简析：19.Thirty years after being introduced to McCauley’s words,they still seem to me the best yardstick（准绳）,because they give us a way to measure ourselves rather than others.成分简析：20.But when John and his fellow soldier came in sight some of the people watching couldn’t help laughing at the one who couldn’t keep pace with the others as they march along.成分简析：长难句分析答案First(put forward)(by the French mathematician Pierre de Format)(in the seventeenth century),the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds,(including a French woman scientist)(who made a major advance)(in working out the problem),and (who had to dress)(like a man)(in order)(to be able)(to study)(at the Ecole Polytechnique).It is difficult(to measure the quantity)(of paper)(used)(as a result)(of use Internet-connected computers),although just about anyone(who works)(in an office)can tell you(that)(when e-mail is introduced),the printers start working overtime.That is,the growing demand(for paper)(in recent years)is largely due(to the increased use)(of the Internet).Perhaps the best sign(of)(how computer and Internet use pushes up demand)(for paper) comes(from the high-tech industry itself),(which sees printing)(as one)(of its most promising new market).The action group has also found acceptable paper(made)(from materials other)(than wood),such(as agricultural waste).Mostly(borrowed)(from English and Chinese),these terms are often changed(into forms) no longer(understood)(by native speakers).Tales(from Animal Hospital)will delight all fans(of the programme)and anyone(who has a lively interest)(in their pet),(whether it be a cat,dog or snake)!Newton is shown(as a gifted scientist)(with very human weaknesses)(who stood)(at the point)(in history)(where magic ended and science began).But(for all the texts)(that are written,stored and sent electronically),a lot of them are still ending up(on paper).(With their shining brown eyes,wagging tails,and unconditional love),dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners(needed)(for a beginning reader)(to gain confidence),(according to Intermountain Therapy Animals(ITA))(in Salt Lake City).(Discovered)(by the Portuguese admiral)(of the same name)(in1506),and(settled in 1810),the island belongs(to Great Britain)and has a population(of a few hundred).They had no connection with the outside world(for more)(than a thousand years),(giving them plenty)(of time)(to build more)(than1000huge stone figures),(called moat,)(for which the island is most famous).Whereas（鉴于）a women’s closet female friend might be the first(to tell her)(to leave a failing marriage),it wasn’t unusual(to hear)(a man say)(he didn’t know)(his friend’s marriage was)(in serious trouble)until he appeared one night(asking)(if he could sleep) (on the sofa).We even have different word(for some foods,meat)(in particular),(depending)(on) (whether it is still out)(in the fields)or(at home)ready(to be cooked),(which shows the fact)(that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming).while the upper-class Normans were doing most(of the eating).(When Americans visit Europe)(for the first time),they usually find Germany more “Foreign”(than France)(because the German)(they see)(on signs and ads)seems much more different(from English)(than French does).The major market force rests(in the growing population)(of white-collar employees),(who can afford the new service),in other words,Shanghai’s car rental industry is growing so fast mainly due(to the increasing number)(of white-collar employees).The hot sun had caused the dough(to double size)and the fermenting yeast made the surface(shake)and(sigh)(as though it were breathing and it looked like some unknown being)(from outer space).After all,what lively children wouldn’t settle(for)(spending only half the day)(doing ordinary school work),and(acting,singing or dancing)their way(through the other half) (of the day)?So(when Ed arrived)(for our game)not only(with the bottom)(of his shirt)(gatheredinside his trousers)but also(with a stomach)(you could hardly notice),I was so surprised (that I was speechless),(my cousin must have made an effort)(to get himself)(into shape).Thirty years(after)(being introduced)(to McCauley’s words),they still seem(to me)the best yardstick,(because they give us a way)(to measure ourselves)rather(than others).But(when John and his fellow soldier came)(in sight)some of the people(watching) couldn’t help(laughing)(at the one)(who couldn’t keep pace)(with the others)(as they march along).。

During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyedsharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.(非限制性定语从句 ) （ Para. 1 ）Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. (完全倒装句 )（ Para. 1 ）They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breakingrules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself. (非限制性定语从句 )（ Para. 1 ）The likables ’plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. (时间状语从句 ) （ Para. 2 ）Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein ’s studies showleasantunp consequences(.让步状语从句 ) （ Para. 3 ）Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked inelementary school, are “ most likely to engage in dangerous and risky behavior.(”定语从句 )（Para. 3 ）In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in statusbased on student surveys. (动词 -ing 短语作状语 ) （ Para. 4 ）We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over timetoward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. (倒装句 ) （ Para. 4 ）It clearly showed thatwhile likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.(宾语从句；让步状语从句 ) （ Para. 4 ）Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighborswant you on a play date — sharing, kindness, openness— carry over to lateryears and make you better able to relate and connect with others. (宾语从句；定语从句 ) （ Para. 5 ）Not onlyis likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. ( 倒装句 )（Para. 6 ）Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of lifeexperiences that help somebody gain anadvantage.(定语从句 ) （ Para. 6 ）D篇反馈小卷Para. 11. During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,whichallowed me to keep my high social status. （精准的汉语释义）___________2. My tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids came then. （句型转换；倒装）_________________________________________________________________________3.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breakingrules and playing jokes on others. I soon found myself among them. （句型转换；非限制性定语从句）_________________________________________________________________________Para. 21.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. （汉语释义） ___________2.M itch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into twocategories: the likable and the status seekers. （熟词生义；翻译句子）_________________________________________________________________________3.The likables plays’-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employedever after in life and work. （汉语释义）___________4.Then there ’ s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born ofpower and even dishonorable behavior. （汉语释义） ___________Para. 3studies’ show unpleasant 1. Although the cool kids may have seemed enviable, Dr.Prinsteinconsequences.（句型转换；用as 改写句子）_________________________________________________________________________2. Those who were highest in status in high school and those least liked inelementary school, are “ most likelyto engage in dangerous and risky behavior.（句型转”换；用 as well as 改写句子）_________________________________________________________________________Para. 41.I n one study, Dr. Prinstein __________ ( 调查 ) the two types of popularity in 235adolescents,scoring (汉语释义 ) the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status basedon student surveys. _____________2.W e found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward theirclassmates. But those who were high in status become more aggressive too. （句型转换；用 so 改写句子）_________________________________________________________________________3.I t clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment,high status has just the opposite effect on us. （翻译句子）_________________________________________________________________________ Para. 51. Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date（熟词生义）— sharing, kindness, openness — carry over （汉语释义）to later years and______________________ ( 使你能够更好地) relate and connect with others.Para. 61.I n analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein ______________________ (得出另一个结论). （完成句子）2.Likability is not only related to positive life outcomes, but alsoresponsible for those outcomes, too.（句型转换；倒装）_________________________________________________________________________3.“ Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of lifeexperiences that help somebody ______________________ ( 获得优势 ), ” he said（完.成句子）参考答案：Para. 11.花样年华2.Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids.3.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breakingrules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Para. 21.充分研究的2.把??分类；临床心理学教授米奇·普林斯坦将受欢迎的人分为两类：讨人喜欢的人和地位追求者。

2019年高考英语全国II卷语篇中出现的长难句：Reading A1.There was a bit of me that didn’t want to love thiswhen everyone else on the planet did, but the horror story is brilliant.过去虽然其他人都喜欢恐怖小说，但是我有点不太喜欢。

不过，这本恐怖小说倒是很出色。

2. It’s a real whodunit and the frustration when yourealise what’s going on is horribly enjoyable.它的情节扑朔迷离，当你意识到发生了什么时，沮丧就会成为一种可怕的享受Reading B1. I mention the single parentwith four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team thathis kids aren’t even on.我说起一位负责该活动的单亲家长，他有四个孩子；也谈到一位爸爸，即便他儿子没在那个球队，也给该球队执教。

2. I’m secretly relieved becauseI know there’s real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many.我暗自欣慰，因为我知道把志愿者责任感分享给许多人会有真正的影响力。

3. That relief is coupled witha deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more: Connectingto the community (社区) as you freely give your time, money, skills,or services provides a real joy.在欣慰的同时，也深刻理解了为什么同一拨人会不断回来参与更多的活动：当你自愿地提供时间、金钱、技能或服务时，参与社区活动会给予真正的快乐。

句子成分剖析（综合运用）目标：依照句子成分，学会剖析长难句背景：一些复杂的长难句一方面是限制考生快速理解文意、正确解题的“拦路虎”，另一方面又是彰显考生写作功底的“走秀台”，在某种程度上来说，对长难句的剖析与掌握已成为区分考生成绩好坏的“分水岭”。

其实，长难句其实不行怕，在正确区分句子成分的基础上，运用必定的“拆分”技巧，化繁为简、化长为短，其意立马展现。

所以，不论是从学语法的角度，仍是从英语综合修养的角度，都有必需学会这个方法。

Part 1: 知识点详解一、长难句的常有形式1．复合句这些句子常常较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得学生搞不清楚整个句子构造。

其实，不论句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分组成，即骨干和修饰成分。

骨干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾构造(如： I want a ticket.)或主系表构造 (如： The man is a teacher.)。

而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或增补骨干的作用，它既能够是单词，也能够是短语，更常有的则是从句，特别是定语从句和状语从句。

一般来说，复合句中的从句都是很常有的，学生比较熟习的，但好多时候不少考生疏不清单词、短语和从句之间的互相关系，这样会致使整个句子剖析杂乱。

这时，学生应经过认真剖析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的骨干，这样整个句子构造就清楚了。

[例 1] What Winter knows of the 19 yearold who saved his life is only that he diedin a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate hisorgans for transplantation (移植 )．[剖析 ] 此句的主语为“ What Winter knows of the 19yearold who saved his life，是”一个主语从句，此中主语从句里面又包括了一个由who 指引的定语从句； is 为骨干句的系动词，后边的that 指引两个并列的表语从句。

2019 年全国卷一---- 阅读B 篇高频词，长难句及原题【高频词及高考真句】（一）speech turnFor Canaan Elementary ' s second grade in Patchogue, ,Nt.oYd.ay is speech day, and right nowit ' s Chris Palaez turn. 's（二）trip nativeChris trip s on the “-ld, ”a pronunciation difficulty for many non- native English speakers.（三）conclusion invite praiseWhen he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invite s the rest of the class to praise him.（四）painful experienceLearning English as a second language can be a painful experience.中英连线】1. speech A. vt. & vi. 转动；转（身）；（使）变为vt. 到达，超过（某一时间或年龄）n. 转动；转弯，弯道；（依次轮到的）机会；（异乎寻常或意外的）转变2. turn3. trip4. native5. conclusion6. invite B. adj. 出生地的，本土的，本国的C. n. 结论，推论；结尾D. adj. 疼痛的，引起痛苦的E. n. 演说，发言；说话，言语F. vt. 赞扬，称赞n. 赞扬，表扬7. praise G. n. 旅行, 差错, 摔倒v. 轻快地走, 失足, 绊倒; 使跌倒, 使失败, 使犯错8. painfulH. n. 经验，实践；经历，阅历；（一次）经历vt. 体验（到），感受（到）；经历，遭受9. experience I. vt. 邀请；请求，征求答案】1-E 2-A 3-G 4-B 5-C 6-I 7-F 8-D 9-H【长难句分析】（1） . Whaley recalls （回想起）how （ at the beginning of the year, when called upon to read, Chris 主语谓语how引导的宾语从句宾语从句中的时间状语would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.）正常语序应为：Whaley recalls how Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom atthe beg inning of the year whe n called upon to read.句意：Whaley回想起年初的时候，当点名叫Chris起来朗读时，他就会找借口要去厕所。