英语长难句结构分析（含2019年高考全国1-3卷长难句）
英语中句子最基本的句式只有五种，其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式转换而来。五种基本句式如下：
1主语+谓语（不及物动词）
2主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语
3王语+系动词+表语
4主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语
5主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语
此外还有特殊句式如there be-,强调句，倒装句等。
但是在真实的语言环境中，句子结构远非这么简单。复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂介词短语，还有各种复杂的定语和状语等修饰成分让句子变得异常复杂。高
考阅读理解、完型填空和语法填空经常出现结构复杂的长难句，影响考生对语篇文段的理解。另外，新高考将包括两个写作题：读后续写（概要写作）和应用文写
作。在评分标准中把“尽力使用较复杂语法结构” 视为是否得高分的标准之一。因此，学会分析长难句显得格外重要。
一个句子之所以成为长难句，就是因为句子各部分成分和结构复杂，具体说就是句中出现了复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂修饰语（介词短语、非谓语动词、定语和状语）以及各种从句等。下面分类解析：
、复杂主语
包括下列情形：含有连词如and, both...and..., either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but （also）, as well as非谓语动词做主语；主语从句充当主语；同位语结构做主语等。如：
Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “ mostlikely to engage （从事）in dangerous and risky behavior. （2019高考全国I 卷阅读理解D）（as well as 连接those who..与those least liked ...做
主语）
The gunners like to describe what they do as character-build ing, but we know that to wound an ani mal and watch it go through the agony（痛苦）of dying can make nobody happy.动词不定式to do结构做主语）
Connecting to the community （社区）as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides
a real joy. （2019高考全国U卷阅读理解B）（-ing形式做主语）
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can't forget that deep relati on ships would n't eve n exist if it were n'for casual conv ersati on. （2018全国H卷阅读理解D）（-ing形式做主语）
What you n eedis a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. （201 高考全国I 卷阅读理解B）（主语从句充当主语）
Shacklet on,a on etime British mercha nt-n avy officer who?had got to withi n 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908,?started?a bus in ess...（2016 全国甲卷阅读理解D）（同位语结构做主语）
、主谓之间被介词短语、定语从句或非谓语动词分隔
Mr. Robbins, together with his wife and children, is leaving London for Paris.
Some people?think?that ?the great Chinese scholar Confucius, ?who?lived from roughly 551 to 479 . ,?influenced?the development of chopsticks.（ 2016 全国丙卷语法填空）
Frank Hurley, a con fide nt and gifted Australia n photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.（2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解D）
According to the report's key findings, f he proportion（比例）who say they percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today. （2018全国卷H阅读C）
never' or hardly ever re rferfrom 8 perce nt of 13-year-olds and 9 The woman sitting at the desk, seeing my madness, sympathetically jumped up.
（2016全国甲卷完形填空）
三、复杂表语包括非谓语动词、表语从句等。
One （reason） was that I was amazed at the fact that a sick person could feel much
