business terms

商社中常使用的英语以下是一些常见的商社英语术语：1.Business Terms (商业术语): Corporation: 公司Partnership: 合伙企业Sole proprietorship: 独资企业Limited liability company (LLC): 有限责任公司Business plan: 商业计划Profit margin: 利润率Revenue: 收入Expenses: 费用Cash flow: 现金流Return on investment (ROI): 投资回报率2.Financial Terms (财务术语):Assets: 资产Liabilities: 负债Equity: 资本Balance sheet: 资产负债表Income statement: 损益表Cash flow statement: 现金流量表Budget: 预算Auditing: 审计Taxation: 税收Dividend: 股息3.Sales and Marketing Terms (销售与市场术语): Market research: 市场调查Target market: 目标市场Advertising: 广告Promotion: 促销Branding: 品牌塑造Customer relationship management (CRM): 客户关系管理Sales forecast: 销售预测Lead generation: 潜在客户生成Marketing strategy: 市场营销策略Product launch: 产品发布4.International Trade Terms (国际贸易术语):Import: 进口Export: 出口Trade agreement: 贸易协定Tariff: 关税Customs clearance: 海关清关Free trade: 自由贸易Letter of credit (LC): 信用证。

Commercial Terms商业术语Commerce /Business /Trade 商业Commercial circles /Business community 商界Commercial network 商业网Commercial district/ Business district 商业区Commercial /Trading/Shopping center 商业中心Commercial morality 商业道德Commercial law/Business law 商业法Commodity inspection 商品检验Commodity economy 商品经济Commodity circulation /Commodity turnover 商品流通Commodity stocks 商品库存Inventory 商品清单Transportation of goods 商品运输Commercial credit 商业信贷Outlet for goods 商品销售市场( Registered ) trademark (注册)商标Commodity /Goods /Merchandise 商品Businessman /Merchant /Dealer /Trade-man /Trader 商人Wholesale (Wholesaler) 批发(批发商)Retail(Retailer) 零售(零售商)Not for sale 非买品Sample 样品Free gift /Bestowal /Special offer 赠品Finished product 成品Semi-finished product 半成品Quality goods /product 优质商品High-priced goods/product 高档商品Substandard goods /product 等外品Low-priced goods 低档商品Shoddy goods 劣质商品Counterfeit /Fake 赝品Undergrade goods 次品Defective goods /Flawed goods 残缺商品Trail-produced product 试产商品Export goods withdrawn for sale on home market出口转内销商品Bargain-priced goods 特价商品Durable goods 耐用商品Unmarketable goods /Slow seller /Poor seller /Slow-selling goods 滞销商品Best seller/Fast seller / Salable item 畅销商品Out-of-stock commodity 脱销商品Dead stock 积压商品To overstock/keep long in the stock 积压Peak season 旺季Slack season /Off season 淡季Bargain day /Red tag day 特价日Source of supply/goods 货源Newly arrived 新到货In stock/To have or keeping in stock 有货Goods in stock/Spot goods /Spots 现货To take stock/Stock-taking 盘货Stock exhausted /Out of stock /Be all sold out 无货,售空,卖光In short supply/Not available 缺货Deliver order 交货Return of goods 退货Imported goods 进口货Ample stock/Large stock 库存量很大Light stock/small stock 库存量很少Price list /List of price 价目单,价目表Price tag 价格标签Actual price/Net price/ Firm price实价/固定价格Regular price/Original price 原价Current price/Prevailing price/Market price 时价(现行价格)Reduced price 折扣价Fixed price /Set price 固定价格One-price 不二价Value-pricing 按值定价Wholesale price 批发价Retail price 零售价Cost price 成本价Market price 市场价Preferential price 优惠价Red tag price 特价Floor price /Rockbottom price/Minimum price 最低价Maximum price 最高价Fleece 漫天索价Cost price 成本价。

商英（二）Business Terms 总结Unit 1Cargo n. things that are sent by ship, plane, train or truck 货物cost-cutting n. actions taken toreduce the costs of abusiness,government or otherorganization 成本削减customs n. a governmentdepartment thatcollects taxes on goodsthat people bring into acountry 海关departmental a. involving onedepartment of a largeorganization部门的dynamics n. the set of forces thatexist in a situation,especially a relationship,and that affect how itchanges or develops动态employee n. sb who is paidregularly to work for aperson or an organization雇员logistical a. related to thecommercial activity oftransporting goods tocustomers 物流的monitor vt. to regularly check sthor watch sb in order tofind out what ishappening 监督，监管，密切注视operational a. engaged in active operations 运营中的subgroup n. a small group of peoplewho form part of largergroup大集团下属的小集团，小团体shipping n. the business of carrying goods, especially in a ship 航运业unstructured a. not organized in a formal way 没有特定结构的withdraw vi. To no longer take part in sth 撤回internal communication theconversations thatbusinesseshave withtheir staffand thosethat stuffmembershave witheach other内部沟通Unit 2advertising n. advertisements ingeneral 广告hit list a list of people or things thatsb wants toget rid of计划消灭或打击的名单licence vt. give official permission todo business批准，颁发执照mass-market a. produced in largequantitiesto be soldto manycustomers销售量大的，畅销的per capita for each people 每人roll out to introduce a new productor service把…投入市场saturate vt. to offer much more of aproductthancustomerswant to buy是市场饱和starting-point n. sth that one usesas the firststage in adiscussion,learningprocess orotheractivity进一步发展的起点trial run an occasion when onetries sth forthe firsttime to findout if it willbesuccessful试运营，新系统测试swallow vt. to take control of asmallercompany orcountry 吞并Unit 3affiliated a. being joined in closeassociation附属的capitalization n. an estimation ofthe value ofa business资本化，资本额insurer n. a person or financialinstitutionthat sellsinsurance保险公司regulator n. an official responsiblefor controlandsupervisionof aparticularactivity orarea ofpublicinterests调整者，监管人员underwrite vt. to sign and acceptliabilityunder (aninsurancepolicy,especiallyfor ships),thusguaranteeing paymentin the eventof loss ordamage在（保险单，尤指船舶保险单）下方签署并承担责任untapped a. not yet used orexploited未开发利用的Unit 4ailing a. somewhat ill or prone toillness 生病的，境况不佳的pirate n. a person who copiesillegally sthprotectedbycopyright,especiallyin order tosell it 盗版者regular n. a customer who oftengose to thesame shop,restaurantor bar 老顾客undersell vt. to sell sth at a lowprice 低价出售Unit 5align vt. to give support publicly to agroup,politicalparty orcountry公开支持at record lows at the lowest point inhistory历史最低custom-fit a. made to a particularcustomer’sorder定制的devise vt. to invent a method ofdoing sth设计出，想出employee-centric a. geared toemployee’sneeds anddemands以员工为中心的host to organize and be in charge ofa meal orparty forguests主办retention n. the ability to keepworkers orcustomersfromleaving acompany挽留员工pay raise an increase in one’s salary加薪Unit 6account for to form a particularamount or part of agroup of people orthings（在数量、比例上）占address vt. to try to deal with a problem or question解决bottom line the amount of moneythat a business makesor loses账本底线broker n. someone whose job is toorganize business deals forother people 经纪人，代理人consolidation n. combination ofseveral smallcompanies ororganizations intoone large unit合并crisis-prone a. likely to be affected by a crisis易受危机影响的cross-border a. going across a border between two countries跨境的go out of business stop doing business permanently 停止营业，歇业outsourcing n. an arrangement inwhich work is done bypeople from outside thecompany外包。

外刊选读business terms合资企业joint venture企业家精神entrepreneurship增长boom衰退recession/ slump中国经济迅速发展boom崛起emerge as an important growth pole 通货紧缩deflation亚洲开发银行Asian Development Bank 猛增jump贸易顺差trade deficit移动电话mobile phone个人电脑personal computer破产的bankrupt购买力平价purchasing power parity跨国公司multinational供应链supply chain贸易环境trade environment全球化globalization自由浮动float freely提高购买力boost purchasing power货币升值revaluation提高生产率lift productivity增值appreciation利润margin电子产品electronics消除erase利润幅度profit margin竞争力competitiveness双边经济关系bilateral economic ties部门sector品种更多的商品 a wider range of goods 定价能力pricing power支配地位dominance电讯telecommunication贸易顺差trade surplus钉住peg with冲击impact/buffet企业businessLesson 2现场on the spot 样品间showroom创新的商品innovation good增长的销售额boost sales研究和开发research and development智囊团think tank劳动密集型的labour-intensive品牌brand倾销dump猛增soar便携式电脑laptop出口才干export prowess管理和经营的专门知识技能Managerial and operational expertise生产能力production capacity亚洲金融危机the Asian financial crisis规模效益economies of scales逐步停止[生产] phase out王牌the ace in the hole调查survey相当多的利润 a decent profit放松贸易限制loosen trade restrictions最高管理层top management达到设计和质量的标准to be up to current standards in industrial design and qualityLesson 3黑洞black hole世界工厂world’s workshop扩大生产expand production增加产量boost output给与享用……的权利[机会]To be given full access to专利patent收购acquisition合并consolidation使……并入…… Merge ....into ....[大宗的]收入revenue咨询公司consultancy向海外转移生产shift production overseas高端产品high-end product加入[世贸组织]accession to World Trade Organization服饰产品apparel采办procureLesson 3推动经济增长boost national economies复苏recovery新兴国家emerging nations去掉了通货膨胀因素地adjusted for inflation解除经济管制economic deregulation推动消费需求power consumer demand免税商店duty-free shop购买能力buying capacity零售retail消费品consumer good衡量标准按实际购买力估值的国内生产总值real gross domestic product工业化国家industrialized nations触发贸易保护主义情绪trigger protectionist sentiment急剧上升的价格zooming price初级产品commodities生活水平living standard财富的转移 a transfer of wealth标准.普尔500家股票价格指数Standard&Poor’s 500 index经纪公司brokerage股票市场stock market提高短期利率raise short-term interest rates抵消offset达到5年最高hit a five-year high均匀的分布be evenly distributed超过50% top 50%国有化nationalize对中国商品征收新的关税slap new tariffs on Chinese goods暴跌tumble美国联邦储蓄银行Fed紧缩信贷tighten credit依靠出口的发展中国家Export-dependent developing nations需求下降 a drop in demand 欧元区the Euro-zone尚可的经济增长率respectable economic growth rate经济呆滞—不景气economic slack金融状况monetary condition成为……的牺牲品fell victim to currency crises脆弱的资本逃离Be vulnerable to capital flightLesson 4萧条的sluggish替罪羊scapegoat竞争优势competitive advantage国际收支balance-of-payment购买力purchasing power降低通货膨胀率Hold down the inflation rate日趋疲软的美元A weakening dollar美国国库券Treasury security子公司subsidiary外部采办—外包outsourcing基础设施infrastructure资本设备capital equipment估值过低的undervalue货币currency操纵manipulate开发市场accession to WTO有活力的dynamic不断急剧下降to spiral downwards缺乏活力sluggish赤字red ink律师事务所law firm积极进取的占领市场Be more aggressive in capturing China’s growing market贸易壁垒trade barrier以出口为导向的增长export-led growth比较优势comparative advantage国际劳动分工international division of labor外刊选读business terms 单词汇总Lesson 5停滞的stagnant资本开支capital spending经济状况economic condition革新innovation财政政策fiscal policy货币政策monetary policy结构性改革structural reform经济体制的改革reform of economic system信息技术information-technology加速pickup新公司startup竞争强度competitive intensity加强竞争intensify competition推行改革introduce reform放宽规章制度relax regulation减少公共开支reduce public expenditures降低工资lower wages加速accelerate改组经济shake up the economy自由化liberalizationLesson 6建筑工地construction site兴旺发达的工业booming industry转移制造shift manufacturing电子元件electronic component数码显示digital display精巧的装置ingenious device品牌形象brand image转折点turning point日经225种股票指数在速度上超过…… Nikkei 225 stock index增加出口boost export增值产品value-added product数码相机液晶显示电视digital cameras, liquid crystal display TVs急剧增长spurt生产场地production site资本支出capital expenditure当代最先进的技术top-of-the-time technology摄像机video camera 突破breakthrough削减售价10% shave at least 10% off the sale price利用技术优势take advantage of our technological edge借助复苏的势头ride the momentum of the recovery经济好转Economy is picking up缺乏现金的cash-strapped十分畅销的商品big seller日本货物的廉价代用品cheap alternative to Japanese goods销售比……多outsell最新型的手机state-of-the-art mobile-phone handsets无限期地延长贷款期限Renew bank loans indefinitely给……补贴subsidize价格骤然下跌prices start to plummet提供贷款extend loans联合大企业[多种经营公司] conglomerate解雇职员to lay off huge numbers of its staff论资辈的提升制度seniority system基于业绩的提升制度merit-based system for advancement风险资本venture capital筹集资本capital-raising拆除壁垒dismantle barriers国内市场home marketLesson 7全球贸易谈判launch a new Round of global trade talks生计livelihood of millions经济减速economic slowdown市场力量market forces利益的分配the distribution of benefits调和世界贸易国家的不同利益Reconciling the divergent interests of the world’s trading nations成交to strike a deal服务业市场services market反倾销antidumping不公平的贸易补偿unfair trade remedies市场准入market access后续谈判follow-on negotiation取缔ban工业产品配额quotas on industrial products既得利益vested interests敏感的问题sensitive issue大量补助considerable subsidiesheavily subsidize farm sectors[条约]终止clause expire拖延谈判prolong negotiation食品安全food safety伪装了的贸易保护主义disguised protectionism反倾销调查anti-dumping investigation减少关税和配额the reduction of tariffs and quotas履行承诺fulfill commitment取消进口配额eliminate import quotas“北美自由贸易协定”the North American Free Trade Agreement降低对进口商品的壁垒lower barriers on imports优惠的税率favorable tariff rates代价高昂的extremely costly知识产权intellectual property决策decision-making先决条件precondition关税和贸易总协定the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Gatt)世贸组织总干事the WTO director-general处理国际贸易制度中不平衡的问题Tackle the imbalances in the international trading system强硬的立场take a hard line关税壁垒tariff barriers强劲的增长strong growthLesson 8时尚意识fashion consciousness纺织品textile服装garment 二十年连续地two decades in a row不断加剧的贸易保护主义Mounting trade protectionism额外的关税extra tariffs原产地控制place-of-origin controls非关税壁垒non-tariff撤销定额lift quotas提高工资hike wages人工成本labor costs重新安置生产relocate production中国制造的纺织机械China-made textile machinery日落工业 a sunset industry赢利很高的产业cash cow两位数的增长double-digit growth绿色壁垒green barriers环境友好型产品environmental friendly products污染环境pollute the environment造成危机人类健康的风险Pose risks to human health外资公司foreign-invested companies使产品达到国际健康和质量标准Bring products up to international health and quality standardsLesson 8外包订单outsourcing合资协议 a joint venture deal提高生产率和技术boost productivity and skills中国进入世贸组织China’s entry into World Trade Organization统治地位dominance传统的惯常做法traditional practices对东南亚国家的优势Southeast Asian countries一体化的供应链an integrated supply chain暴跌的价格tumbling prices迫使价格下降drive down prices高技术工人higher-skilled workers半自动化semi-automated电脑化系统 a computerized system提高工人的技术improve productivity外刊选读business terms 单词汇总断电blackout港口拥堵port congestion企业经常的经营管理费用overhead分散风险spread your riskLesson 9游说lobby能源安全energy security[石油]提炼厂oil refinery管道pipelines恐怖主义分子的攻击terrorist燃料和电fuels and electricity负担得起的价格affordable prices天然气natural gas享用电和液体燃料的机会access to electricity or liquid fuels地缘政治学的主题geopolitical theme维护开发油田的权利protect American access to oilfield世界上剩余的石油remaining oil全世界的石油产量worldwide oil production周期性回升cyclical recovery走强的价格strong prices价格暴涨the current price boom[经济增长]放慢slowdown多头bull需求的增长the fall in demand需求的下降the increase in demand美国经济的扩张与收缩the expansion and contraction in the US economy[价格]反弹rebound2007年的前景the 2007 outlook原油期货crude futures[价格]达到空前的高点a record high of把……作为目标target...as...供求状况supply and demand conditions供不应求的市场tight market[价格]表现最为强劲的商品strongest performers低水平的库存low level of inventories[库存]恢复到2004年4月曾经达到的水平Inventories are back at levels last seen in April 2004 [价格]同升同降rise and fall in unison[价格]涨落不定prices are often volatile天气波动weather fluctuations迫使[价格]上升prices are being driven up生物燃料biofuel industry把原材料增加了的成本转嫁给顾客Pass on the higher costs of raw commodities to consumers承受能力affordability总体的价格overall prices正在增长on the increase食品价格的飞涨food price inflation现货价格spot prices未加工的牛奶raw milk主食staple food联合国贸易和发展会议The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development人均收入per capita income城市人口urban populations核心消费（品）core consume价格持续的上升 a sustained rise in prices运输费用transportation costs削减援助cut back on aid给食品公司的股票价格降级Downgrade the share prices of food companies调低……的股票评级lower its equity ratings on ...价格像火箭一样地上涨Going up like a rocket提高价格以弥补成本的增加Raise prices to try to recover some of the cost increase 提高价格put up prices猖獗的通货膨胀rampant inflation。

MARKETING AND ADVERTISING TERMSAadditional markdownadditional markupadministrative controladvance orderadvertising agencyadvertising budgetadvertising effectivenessadvertising networkadvertising penetrationadvertising strategyaffiliated storeafter sales supportassociated buying officeauthorized dealerautomated teller machine (ATM)Bback orderbalance sheetbar codebill of ladingbrainstormingbrand decision modelbrand imagebrand indifferencebrand managementbrand loyaltybrand positioningbreak-even pointbuy-back allowancebuyer behaviorbuyers marketbuying criteriabuying habitsbuying motivesbuying periodCcash before delivery (C.B.D)cash in advance (C.I.A)centralized managementcertificate of originchannel of distributionclassificationclearance sale clearinghouse commercialization comparative advantage comparative advertising competitive advantage competitive environment concentrated marketing conglomerateconsumer awareness consumer behavior consumer buying behavior consumer choice model consumer durables consumer price index (CPI) consumer satisfaction consumerism contingency planning contract manufacturing convenience storecore benefitcore productcorporate culturecost analysiscountry of origin currency devaluation customer loyaltycyclical businessDdecentralized management deceptive advertising deceptive pricingdirect costsdirect marketing disposable income disposable personal income distribution center distribution channel distributorship diversification downsizingdurable goode-businesse-commerceeconomies of scale embargoemployee discountend userenvironmental analysis exchange control exclusive distribution external factorsexternal stimulusexternal threatsFface valuefact sheetfast food outletfinancial analystfixed exchange rate flagship storeflexible pricingfloating exchange rate foreign trade zones franchisefranchiseefranchisorfreight forwarderGglobal marketingglobal retailingglobal strategic partnerships gross profitgrowth objectivesHhard-sellhierarchy of needs horizontal competition horizontal diversification horizontal expansion horizontal integrationhot moneyhouse brand hypermarketin-store couponin-house marketingincentive planincentive travelindustrial productsinferior goodsinformation controlinfrastructureinnovation stageinstallment accountinstitutional advertisingintellectual propertyintroduction stageinventory controlinventory turnoverJjob descriptionjust-in-time (JIT)just-in-time inventory management system Kkickbackkey accountLlaunch controlletter of creditlist pricelobbyinglogistics managerMmarket coveragemarket economymarket expansion potential (MEP) market fragmentationmarket indexmarket indexmarket penetrationmarket positioningmarket potentialmarket researchmarket segmentationmarket sharemarket structuremarketing channelmarketing mixmarketing objectivesmarketing strategymass mediamultibrand strategymultilevel sellingNnational brandneed definitionneed recognitionnews releasenonprofit organizationOodd priceone price policyonline marketingopportunity costoptimization modelsorder entryorder processingordering proceduresorganization chartorganization structureorganizational behaviororiginal equipment manufacturer (OEM) Pparallel pricingpatronage discountplanned economyprice controlprice cuttingprice fixingprice guidelineproduct developmentproduct differentiationproduct life cycleproduct mixproduct positioningproduct qualityproduct repositioningproduct safetyproduction costproduction schedulingprofit analysisprofit maximization promotion mix promotional campaign protectionism protective tariffQqualitative dataquantity discountquotaRrandom model rationalizationraw materialsrebaterecessionred taperedemptionredemption ratereferral approach reinforcementrepeat salerepurchase rate resource allocation models revolving creditrisk analysisSsales demonstration sales forecastsales leadseasonal discount seasonal variations sellers market semimanufactured goods shelf lifesimulated test marketsoft goodssourcingspan of control specialty product stakeholder standardizationstaple goodstrategic alliances strategic planningTtarget market identificationtarifftelephone salestender offerterms of purchasetext adtrade balancetrade deficitUultimate userunfair competitionuniversal product code (UPC)Vvalue addedvalue-added taxes(VA T)variable costvending machinevertical integrationvertical mergerWweb directoryWorld Wide Webwarehouse retailingwaybillwholesale clubwholesale distributorZZIP codeFINANCIAL TERMS Aaccrued interestacquisitionamortizationannuityBbar chartbase currencybasis pointbear marketbearish marketbenchmarkbid priceblock tradingbond marketbond yieldbook valuebreak even point break-even analysis brokerage feebull marketbullish marketCcapital gaincapital lossclosing price Commodities common stock conversion right convertible bondDdividend yield Discounted Cash Flow Eearnings per share exchange risk extendable bondFfinancial leverage fundamental analysis Hhistorical chart historical volatility holding company horizontal mergerIindex fund institutional investor investment bankJjunk bondLleveraged buyout liquidationliquidityMmarket valuematurity date mortgage mutual fundNnet asset value net worthnon-voting share O outstanding stock Ppar value portfolio present value promissory note Rred chipsrisk management Ssettlement date soft market stock optionTTreasury Bonds Uunit trustVventure capital volatilityXyieldyield to maturity。

外贸函电（060）Ⅰ．Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:（每小题1分，共25％）1．We have established an irrevocable letter of credit______your favour with the Bank of China,Guandong．2．We are glad to enter ______ business relations with your corporation．3．We are awaiting your revised draft _ keen interest．4．Our foreign trade policy is based ______equality nad mutual benefit．5．We shall book a trial order with you,______ goods are competitive in price and of good quality．6．As we are heavily committed,we are sorry that we are not in a ______ to accept new orders．7．We prefer payment by D/P ______ draft at 60-day's sight．8．Your quotation happens to be exactly the same______ we have received from Australia．9．We hereby register a claim with you____ the basis of here,we can obtain a number of orders for you．10.Scince we are well connected______the department stores here,we can obtain a number of orders for you .11．_____ you know,this is a popular brand,which can see easily in our market．12．We hope that you wil look______ the cause of the defective goods．13．There is no question _getting the necessary import licence from our authorities．14．Please take the necessary steps ______delay．15．Your immediate reply should reach us not later ____ the end of this month．16．If the first shipment is satisfactory,we can______ with you some repeat orders．17．We hope this unfortunate incident wil not afect the friendly relations ______ us．18．Please cable us as soon as ______,giving us all necessary information．19．We wih to acknowledge receipt of your letter of March 15,______ reached us yesterday．20．In view of the long-stanging business relations______us,we wish to settles this dispute amicably．21．Risks other______ All Risks and War Risk can be covered if the extra pr－enium should be borne by the buyer．22．Please do everything necessary ______ as to enable us to send you the relevant documents at an early date．23．We trust the mentioned shipment will reach you ______ sound condition．24．As to chemical products we are well connected _____ the major producers in America．25．We are glad that in the past few years,______ joint efforts,have greatly promoted both business and friendship．答案： 1．in 2．into 3．with 4．on/upon 5．provided/if 6．position 7．to 8．as 9．on 10.with 11．as 12．into 13．about 14．without 15．than 16．place/book 17．between 18．possible 19．which 20．between 21．than 22．so 23．in 24．with 25．byⅡ．Choose the best answer:（每小题1分，共20％）1．We look forward to _ a trial order．A．receiving Breceive from you C．receipt D．receipt your2．We _ some brochurs _to illustratethe procucts we manufactured．A．enclose,to you B．enclose you,\ C．enclose,\ D．enclose,you3．If you will send us a catalog by air,we shall _very much．A．appreciate B．appreciating C．appreciation D．appreciae it4．We would like to take this tty establish business relations with you。

Business Termsact as an intermediary for introducing foreign capital and establishing domestic connecti ons 外引内联link total payroll with the performance of an enterprise 企业"工效挂钩"establish operational mechanisms of market economy, rule by law, democratic supervisi on and incorruptible government 建立市场经济、法制、民主监督和廉政"三个机制"serve as a medium for introducing advanced technologies, managerial expertise and qu alified professionals from outside 发挥技术窗口管理窗口和人才窗口的作用establish an unified, open market with orderly competition 形成统一、开放和竞争有序的市场rise of knowledge-based economy 知识经济的兴起optimum portfolio 最佳投资组合payback period of investment 投资回收期China's Opening and a win-for-all World 中国的开放与世界的共赢self-perfection and self-development of the socialist system 社会主义制度的自我完善和自我发展intensive processing 深加工greenmail 绿票欺诈high-yield, high-quality and high-return agriculture 三高农业（高产、高质、高效）simplify circulation and add more random checks 简化流通环节，增加随机检查actively in troduce capital, technology, competent professionals and managerial expertise form outsi de 积极引进外来资金、技术、人才和管理经验to impose charges and quotas and collect money without authorization 不合理收费、集资和摊派marginal productivity 边际生产力to ensure the continuity and stability of our basic line, principles and policies 保证基本路线和方针政策的连续性和稳定性to combine remuneration according to work with remuneration according to factors of pr oduction 把按劳分配和按生产要素分配结合起来policy of friendship and partnership with neighboring countries 以邻为善，以邻为伴put into practice the guidelines of the Party's Sixteenth National Congress and the Thir d Plenary Session of its Sixteenth Central Committee 贯彻落实党的十六大和十六届三中全会精神Business Termsa program of joint development,adjustment, cooperation and mergers 共建、调整、合作、合并debtor-in-possession (DIP) 债务人持有资产flight capital 外逃资本hedge 套期保值convert the land for forestry and pasture 退耕还林还牧overall national strength 综合国力diluted earning per share 摊薄每股收益moderately tight fiscal policy 适度从紧的财政政策real-time account settlement 实时达帐principles of self-administration, self-support and self-propagation 三自原则returns on eq uity (ROE) 权益回报率seek common ground on major questionwhile reserving differences on minor ones 求大同,存小异transformation of enterprise 企业转制restructuring of enterprise 企业改制chronic depression 慢性萧条virtuous circle 良性循环offshore market 离岸金融市场open-ended fund 开放式基金public bonds for construction 建设公债a principle of maintaining a basic balancebetween revenue and expenditures 财政收支基本平衡的原则scientific and technological enterprisesthat integrate scientific and technological developmentwith industrial and trade development 技工贸结合的科技型企业cast (shake, throw) off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity 脱贫致富Business Termscopyright licensing business 版权贸易exclusive right to purchase and sell 包购包销annexation and reorganization of enterprises 企业兼并重组guaranteed stock 保息股票retaliatory duty 报复性关税policy of tightening control over expenditure and credit 财政、信贷双紧方针balance alloc ation 差额拨款clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of enter prise from administration, and scientific management 产权明晰、权责明确、政企分开、科学管理long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, sincere treatment with each other and the sh aring of weal or woe 长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共wait to buy with cash in hand 持币待购fully utilize both domestic and international markets and resources 充分利用两个市场，两种资源steering committee 筹划指导委员会foster integration with the global economy 促进全球经济一体化sell at a price lower than the purchasing price 倒挂销售trickle-down economy 滴入式经济Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation 贸易和投资自由化和便利化T-bond discount loans 国债贴息贷款an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government 廉政、勤政、务实、高效政府bellwether 领头羊currency retention scheme 货币留成制度city specifically designated in the state plan 计划单列市Emancipate the mind, Seek truth from the facts, Keep pace with the times 解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进(转自： MOFCOM ）Business Termswindfall loss 意外损失vessel entry 船舶报关unscheduled call 意外停靠unqualified acceptance 无条件费兑unmarketable goods 滞销货vertical merge 垂直兼并proprietary brand 自主品牌ten thousands of villages and thousands of townships 万村千乡special campaign 专项活动rise of central China 中部崛起revitalize large and medium-sized state owned enterprises 搞活国有大中型企业in an easy position 头寸宽裕State Scientific and Technological Innovation System 国家科技创新体系junk financing 垃圾融资"bottleneck" restriction 瓶颈制约going on the track of sound progress 走上良性发展的轨道industrial added value 工业增加值plug up loopholes 堵塞漏洞high degree of autonomy 高度自治the household contract responsibility system 家庭联产承包责任制inflation-proof bank savings 保值储蓄management by objectives 目标管理Business Termspeople first 以人为本build well-off society in an all-around way 全面建设小康社会base for overseas labor service 外派劳务基地lead the people forward in solidarity and press ahead with the reform resolutely 团结奋进，坚定不移地推进改革开放governing and rejuvenating the country 执政兴国two-way investment 双方相互投资locomotive in modern economy 现代经济的火车头market vacuum 产业缺位peaceful evolution 和平演变non-performing Asset 不良资产register system 备案制度grey area measures 灰色区域措施withdrawal of currency from circulation 货币回笼decontrol of import and export 进出口权下放world multi-polarization and economic globalization 世界多极化、经济全球化fixed par of exchange 固定汇兑评价autarchy 闭关自守optimize the economic structure 优化经济结构gilt-edged bonds 金边债券underwrite 承购包销emancipate the mind, Seek truth from the facts, Keep pace with the times 解放思想、实事求是、与时俱进Report of the Working Party on the Accession of China 中国加入工作组报告书Business Termsmerchandise held up by Customs 卡关货物whole-journey nanny service 保姆式全程服务mitigate risks 规避风险a sustained, rapid and sound development 持续快速健康发展fraudulence, overlapping and redundancy, IPR infringement 骗展、重复展和侵权现象pilot projects 试点项目haphazard investment 盲目投资merger and acquisition and capital operation,certification and brand-name promotion,festival sponsorship, and risk management 并购与资本运作、认证与品牌推广、节庆赞助与风险管理housing project for low-income urban residents 安居工程gear…to the international conventions 把…与国际接轨Greater Far East Co-prosperity Sphere 大东亚共荣圈strengthening co-operation in various fieldsaccords with the common wishes andfundamental interests of people in the two countries 加强各项领域的合作符合两国人民的共同心愿和根本利益prevent an overheated economy 防止经济过热steady development for mutual benefitsand win-win outcomes 稳步发展互利双赢safeguard the interests of right holders 维护知识产权权利人利益substantive motion 实质性的动议firm determination, clear-cut attitudeand effective actions 决心是坚定的，态度是鲜明的，行动是有力的applicable tariff rate 适用税率take an objective view andapproach of development towards 客观的、发展的眼光encouraging independent innovation,strengthening independent research anddevelopment capacity,and boosting international competitiveness 鼓励自主创新，增强自主研发能力，提高国际竞争力hold water 站得住脚governments set up the stage,various departments cooperate andenterprise put in the show 政府搭台，部门推动，企业唱戏。

JAG MARKETSGENERAL BUSINESS TERMS基本交易条款(总则)1.1.在本基本业务条款中，除非上下文另有要求，下列术语具有特定含义且视具体情况适用于其单数或复数：“帐户”是指客户在JAG开立的交易帐户；“帐单”是指从帐户支取或存入帐户的交易定期报表；“账户汇总”是指某特定时间点客户证券投资组合、未结头寸、保证金要求、现金存款等等的报表；“代理商”是指代表他人以其自身名义从事交易的自然人或法人；“授权人” 是指经客户授权向JAG发出指令的人；“营业日”是指澳大利亚银行开门营业的一日；“CFD”和“CFD合约”是指投资者支付或获付相关证券或指数开盘价与收盘价之间的差额及其规定该差额的合约；“客户”是指具有JAG客户资格的交易方；“ 抵押物” 系指客户存放在JAG的任何证券或其他资产；“佣金、计费与保证金一览表”是指任何时候可适用于服务的、由JAG按现时情形决定的佣金、计费、保证金、利息和其他费率；“合同”是指为购销任何商品、证券、货币或其他金融工具或财产，包括任何期权、期货、CFD 或与此相关的其他交易，JAG与客户订立的无论口头的抑或书面的合同；“ 对手方” 系指JAG可通过其完成其各客户（包括客户）订立合同的银行和/或经纪人；“违约事件”具有第 16 条赋予其的含义；“内幕信息”是指倘若公开可能会对合同价格产生影响的未公布的信息；“外汇经纪人”是指为将客户引介到JAG，向该等客户提供建议或为该等客户与JAG间的交易实施提供经纪服务，由JAG和/或其客户向其支付酬劳的金融机构或顾问；“保证金交易”是指基于保证金而开立并维护的合同，与此对应的是基于买价的合同；“市场规则”任何证交所、票据交换所或其他组织或市场有关交易或合同的订立、实施或结算的规则、规范、习惯与惯例并包括该等证交所、票据交换所或其他组织或市场的决定、裁决或任何其他权力或职权的行使；“OTC”是指就商品、证券、货币或其他金融工具或财产，包括任何期权、期货、CFD 并非在法定的证券或商品交易所进行交易而通过JAG场外交易的合同，不论是否如第 12 条所述作为做市商抑或其他；“本人”是指为某交易一方的个人或法人；“JAG”是指JAG Markets Ltd及其所有的直接和间接的子公司、合作方以及关联方。

Above-the-line:In Marketing, relating to marketing expenditure on advertising in media such as press, radio, television, cinema, and the World Wide Web, on which a commission is usually paid to an agency.Absorbed Account:An account that has lost its separate identity by being combined with related accounts in the preparation of a financial statement.Absorbed Business:A company that has been merged into another company.Absorbed costs:The indirect costs associated with manufacturing, for example, insurance or property taxes.Absorption costing: An accounting practice in which fixed and variable costs of production are absorbed by different cost centers.Abusive tax shelter: A tax shelter that somebody claims illegally to avoid or minimize taxAccelerated cost recovery system: A system used in computing the depreciation of some assets acquired before 1986 in a way that reduces taxes.Accelerated depreciation:A system used for computing the depreciation of some assets in a way that assumes that they depreciate faster in the early years of their acquisition.Access bond:A type of mortgage that permits borrowers to take out loans against extra capital paid into the account, home-loan interest rates being lower than interest rates on other forms of credit. Account:A record of a business transaction. A contract arrangement, written or unwritten, to purchase and take delivery with payment to be made later as arranged.Accounting cost: the cost of maintaining and checking the business records of a person or organization and the preparation of forms and reports for financial purposes.Accounting insolvency:A the condition that a company is in when its liabilities to its creditors exceeds its assets.Account balance:The difference between the debit and the credit sides of an account.Accountant: One who is skilled at keeping business records. Usually, a highly trained professional rather than one who keeps books. An accountant can set up the books needed for a business to operate and help the owner understand them.Accounting period: A time interval at the end of which an analysis is made of the information contained in the bookkeeping records. Also the period of time covered by the profit and loss statement.Accounts payable: Money which you owe to an individual or business for goods or services that have been received but not yet paid for.Accounting rate of return: the ratio of profit before interest and taxation to the percentage of capital employed at the end of a period. Variations include using profit after interest and taxation, equity capital employed, and average capital for the period.Accounts receivable: Money owed to your business for goods or services that have been delivered but not yet paid for.Accounts receivable factoring: the buying of accounts receivable at a discount with the aim of making a profit from collecting them.Accrual basis: A method of keeping accounts that shows expenses incurred and income earned for a given fiscal period, even though such expenses and income have not been actually paid or received in cash.Actuary: A professional expert in pension and life insurance matters, particularly trained in mathematical, statistical, and accounting methods and procedures, and in insurance probabilities.Administrative expense:Expenses chargeable to the managerial, general administrative and policy phases of a business in contrast to sales, manufacturing, or cost of goods expense.Advertising: The practice of bringing to the public's notice the good qualities of something in order to induce the public to buy or invest in it.Agent: A person who is authorized to act for or represent another person in dealing with a third party. Amortization: To liquidate on an installment basis; the process of gradually paying off a liability over a period of time.Analysis:Breaking an idea or problem down into its parts; a thorough examination of the parts of anything.Annual report: The yearly report made by a company at the close of the fiscal year, stating the company's receipts and disbursements, assets and liabilities.Appraisal: Evaluation of a specific piece of personal or real property. The value placed on the property evaluated.Appreciation: The increase in the value of an asset in excess of its depreciable cost due to economic and other conditions, as distinguished from increases in value due to improvements or additions made to it.Arrears: Amounts past due and unpaid.Articles of Incorporation: A legal document filed with the state that sets forth the purposes and regulations for a corporation. Each state has different regulations.Assets: Anything of worth that is owned. Accounts receivable are an asset.Audiotaping: The act of recording onto an audiotape.Audit:An examination of accounting documents and of supporting evidence for the purpose of reaching an informed opinion concerning their propriety.Back-to-back loan: an arrangement in which two companies in different countries borrow offsetting amounts in each other's currency and each repays it at a specified future date in its domestic currency. Such a loan, often between a company and its foreign subsidiary, eliminates the risk of loss from exchange rate fluctuations.Back office: the administrative staff of a company who do not have face-to-face contact with the company's customers.Back pay: pay that is owed to an employee for work carried out before the current payment period and is either overdue or results from a backdated pay increase.Backup: a period in which bond yields rise and prices fall, or a sudden reversal in a stock market trend. Bad debts: Money owed to you that cannot be collected.Balance: The amount of money remaining in an account.Balanced budget: a budget in which planned expenditure on goods and services and debt income can be met by current income from taxation and other central government receipts.Balanced investment strategy: a strategy of investing in a variety of types of companies and financial instruments to reduce the risk of loss through poor performance of any one type.Balance of payments: a list of a country's credit and debit transactions with international financial institutions and foreign countries in a specific period.Balance of trade: the difference between a country's exports and imports of goods and services. Balance sheet: An itemized statement that lists the total assets and total liabilities of a given business to portray its net worth at a given moment in time.Ballpark: an informal term for a rough, estimated figure. The term was derived from the approximate assessment of the number of spectators that might be made on the basis of a glance around at a sporting event.Bank card: a plastic card issued by a bank and accepted by merchants in payment for transactions. The most common types are credit cards and debit cards, although smart cards have been introduced. Bank cards are governed by an internationally recognized set of rules for the authorization of their use and the clearing and settlement of transactions.Banker's draft: a bill of exchange payable on demand and drawn by one bank on another. Regarded as being equivalent to cash, the draft cannot be returned unpaid.Bank guarantee: a commitment made by a bank to a foreign buyer that the bank will pay an exporter for goods shipped if the buyer defaults.Bank statement: A monthly statement of account which a bank renders to each of its depositors. Bankruptcy: the condition of being unable to pay debts, with liabilities greater than assets.Barren money: money that is unproductive because it is not invested.Benchmarking:Rating your company's products, services and practices against those of the front-runners in the industry.Bill of entry:A statement of the nature and value of goods to be imported or exported, prepared by the shipper and presented to a customhouse.Bill of lading:A statement of the nature and value of goods being transported, especially by ship, along with the conditions applying to their transportation. Drawn up by the carrier, this document serves as a contract between the owner of the goods and the carrier.Bill of sale:Formal legal document that conveys title to or interest in specific property from the seller to the buyer.Black market:an illegal market, usually for goods that are in short supply. Black market trading breaks government regulations or legislation and is particularly prevalent during times of shortage, such as rationing, or in industries that are very highly regulated, such as pharmaceuticals or armaments.Board of directors:Those individuals selected to sit on an authoritative standing committee or governing body, taking responsibility for the management of an organization. Members of the board of directors are officially chosen by the shareholders, but in practice they are usually selected on the basis of the current board's recommendations. The board usually includes major shareholders as well as directors of the company.Board of Trustees:a committee or governing body that takes responsibility for managing, and holds in trust, funds, assets, or property belonging to others, for example, charitable or pension funds or assets.Bookkeeping:The process of recording business transactions into the accounting records. The "books" are the documents in which the records of transactions are kept.Bottom line: The figure that reflects company profitability on the income statement. The bottom line is the profit after all expenses and taxes have been paid.Brand: A design, mark, symbol or other device that distinguishes one line or type of goods from those of a competitor.Brand name:A term, symbol, design or combination thereof that identifies and differentiates a seller's products or service.Break-even:The point of business activity when total revenue equals total expenses. Above the break-even point, the business is making a profit. Below the break-even point, the business is incurring a loss. Budget:An estimate of the income and expenditures for a future period of time, usually one year. Business venture: Taking financial risks in a commercial enterprise.Capital: Money available to invest or the total of accumulated assets available for production.Capital account: the sum of a company's capital at a particular timeCapital allowance: the tax advantage that a company is granted for money that it spends on fixed assets.Capital appreciation: the increase in a company's or individual's wealth.Capital asset: an asset that is difficult to sell quickly. for example, real estate.Capital budget: a budget for the use of a company's money.Capital controls: regulations placed by a government on the amount of capital residents may hold.Capital equipment: Equipment that you use to manufacture a product, provide a service or use to sell, store and deliver merchandise. Such equipment will not be sold in the normal course of business, but will be used and worn out or consumed in the course of business.Capital gains (and losses): The financial gain made upon the disposal of an asset. The gain is the difference between the cost of its acquisition and net proceeds upon its sale.Capital goods: stocks of physical or financial assets that are capable of generating income.Capital inflow: the amount of capital that flows into an economy from services rendered abroad. Capitalism: an economic and social system in which individuals can maximize profits because they own the means of production.Capitalist: an investor of capital in a business.Capitalization: the amount of money invested in a company or the worth of the bonds and stocks of a company.Cash discount: A deduction that is given for prompt payment of a bill.Cash flow: The actual movement of cash within a business; the analysis of how much cash is needed and when that money is required by a business within a period of time.Cash receipts: The money received by a business from customers.Centralization: the gathering together, at a corporate headquarters, of specialist functions such as finance, personnel and information technology. Centralization is usually undertaken in order to effect economies of scale and to standardize operating procedures throughout the organization. Centralized management can become cumbersome and inefficient and may produce communication problems. Some organizations have shifted toward decentralization to try to avoid this.Certified Public Accountant: An accountant to whom a state has given a certificate showing that he has met prescribed requirements designed to insure competence on the part of the public practitioner in accounting and that he is permitted to use the designation Certified Public Accountant, commonly abbreviated as CPA.Chamber of Commerce: An organization of business people designed to advance the interests of its members. There are three levels: national, state and local.Chief Executive: the person with overall responsibility for ensuring that the daily operations of an organization run efficiently and for carrying out strategic plans. The chief executive of an organization normally sits on the board of directors. In a limited company, the chief executive is usually known as a managing director.Chief Executive Officer: the highest ranking executive officer within a company or corporation, who has responsibility for over-all management of its day-to-day affairs under the supervision of the board of directors. Abbr. CEOChief financial officer: the officer of the organization responsible for handling finds, signing checks, the keeping of financial records, and financial planning of the company.Choice: A decision to purchase that is based on an evaluation of alternatives.Clicks and brick: a business strategy that involves combining the traditional retail outlets with online commerce.Close corporation: a public corporation in which all of the voting stock is held by a few shareholders, for example, management or family members. Although it is a public company, shares would not normally be available for trading because of a lack of liquidity.Close-end credit: a loan, plus any interest and finance charges, that is to be repaid in full by a specified future date. Loans that have real estate or motor vehicles as collateral are usually closed-end.Collateral: property or goods used as security against a loan and forfeited to the lender if the borrower defaults.Co-signers: Joint signers of a loan agreement who pledge to meet the obligations of a business in caseof default.Commercial paper: uncollateralized loans obtained by companies, usually on a short-term basis.Commission: A percentage of the principal or of the income that an agent receives as compensation for services.Contract: An agreement regarding mutual responsibilities between two or more parties.Controllable expenses: Those expenses that can be controlled or restrained by the business person.Corporation: A voluntary organization of persons, either actual individuals or legal entities, legally bound together to form a business enterprise; an artificial legal entity created by government grant and treated by law as an individual entity.Cost of goods sold: The direct cost to the business owner of those items which will be sold to customers.Credit: Another word for debt. Credit is given to customers when they are allowed to make a purchase with the promise to pay later. A bank gives credit when it lends money.Credit line:The maximum amount of credit or money a financial institution or trade firm will extend to a customer.Current assets: Valuable resources or property owned by a company that will be turned into cash within one year or used up in the operations of the company within one year. Generally includes cash, accounts receivable, inventory and prepaid expenses.Current liabilities: Amounts owned that will ordinarily be paid by a company within one year. Generally includes accounts payable, current portion of long-term debt, interest and dividends payable.Debt:That which is owed. Debt refers to borrowed funds and is generally secured by collateral or a co-signer.Debt capital: The part of the investment capital that must be borrowed. Default: The failure to pay a debt or meet an obligation.Deficit:The excess of liabilities over assets; a negative net worth.Deficit financing:The borrowing of money because expenditures will exceed receipts.Deficit spending:government spending financed by borrowing rather than taxation.Deflation:a reduction in the general level of prices sustained over several months, usually accompanied by declining employment and output.Depreciation:A decrease in value through age, wear or deterioration. Depreciation is a normal expense of doing business that must be taken into account. There are laws and regulations governing the manner and time periods that may be used for depreciation.Desktop publishing: Commonly used term for computer-generated printed materials such as newsletters and brochures.Devaluation: a reduction in the official fixed rate at which one currency exchanges for another under a fixed-rate regime, usually to correct a balance of payments deficit.Development capital: finance for the expansion of an established company.Differentiated marketing: Selecting and developing a number of offerings to meet the needs of a number of specific market segments.Direct cost:Ma variable cost directly attributable to production. Items that are classed as direct cost include materials used, labor deployed, and marketing budget, and amounts spent will vary with output.Direct mail:Marketing goods or services directly to the consumer through the mall. Direct mail is one tool that can be used as part of a marketing strategy. The use of direct mail is often administered by third-party companies that own databases containing not only names and addresses, but also social, economic, and lifestyle information. It is sometimes seen as an invasion of personal privacy, and there is some public resentment of this form of advertising. This is particularly true of e-mailed direct mail, known derogatively as SPAM.Direct selling: The process whereby the producer sells to the user, ultimate consumer or retailer without intervening middlemen such as wholesalers, retailers, or brokers. Direct selling offers many advantagesto the customer, including lower prices and shopping from home. Potential disadvantages include the lack of after-sales service, an inability to inspect products prior to purchase, lack of specialist advice, and difficulties in returning or exchanging goods.Distribution channel: All of the individuals and organizations involved in the process of moving products from producer to consumer. The route a product follows as it moves from the original grower, producer or importer to the ultimate consumer.Distributor: Middleman, wholesaler, agent or company distributing goods to dealers or companies.Downsize:Term currently used to indicate employee reassignment, layoffs and restructuring in order to make a business more competitive, efficient, and/or cost-effective.。