英国文学史资料

英国文学史资料
一. Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages
Beowulf 贝奥武夫
The national epic of the Anglo-Saxons
Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.
e.g. Homer‟s Iliad and Odyssey
Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟
He is the father of English poetry.
It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.
A. Geoffrey Chaucer
B. Matin Luther
C. William Langland
D. John Gower
Writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.
The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》:
first time to use …heroic couplet‟ by middle Eng lish首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。

Medieval Ages‟ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)
Famous three：
King Arthur
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Beowulf
二、The Renaissance Period
A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:
1. New discoveries in geography and astrology
2. The religious reformation and economic expansion
3. Rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture
The most famous dramatists:
Christopher Marlowe
William Shakespeare
Ben Johnson.
Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599
The poets‟ poet.The first to be buried in the Poet‟s corner of Westerminster Abbey后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。

The Faerie Queene (for Queen Elizabeth) 《仙后》
Thomas More托马斯•莫尔1478~1535
One of the greatest English humanists
Utopia《乌托邦》
Francis Bacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626
Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist. 哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。

Writing style: brevity, compactness & powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man‟s reason.
Essays (famous quotas: <Of studies>)《随笔》
William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616
Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V；Richard II；Henry VIII
4 Comedies:
As You Like It《皆大欢喜》
Twelfth Night《第十二夜》
A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》
Merchant Of Venice 《威尼斯商人》
4 Tragedies:
Hamlet《哈姆莱特》
Othello 《奥赛罗》
King Lear《李尔王》
Macbeth《麦克白》
Shakespeare Sonnet:
154 <The Sonnets> Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg
A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.
三、The 17th Century
1. John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674
诗人、政论家
Epics:
Paradise Lost《失乐园》
Paradise Regained《复乐园》
Dramatic poem:
Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》
The Defence of the English People《为英国人民辩》
2. John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688
Puritan poet （清教徒派诗人）
The Pilgrim’s Progress: Religionary Allegory 《天路历程》：宗教寓言，
被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。

与但丁的《神曲》、与奥古斯丁的《忏悔录》并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。

3. John Donne
the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).
Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：The diction is simple; the imagery is from the actual, the form is frequently an argument with the poet‟s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）
Artistic features: 1.conceits or imagery 奇思妙喻
2. syllogism 三段论
Meditations《沉思录》
The Flea《虱子》
Songs and Sonnets
Holy Sonnets
四、The 18th Century：
Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。

A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy
The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality & science(the 18th century)
小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rose (realistic novel现实主义小说) Gothic novel：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century) (哥特式小说)
1. Alexander Pope亚历山大•蒲柏1688~1744
18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。

词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。

As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.... Eg. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalis m to England?
A. John Bunyan
B. Daniel Defoe
C. Alexander Pope
D. Jonathan Swift
An Essay on Criticism《批评论》
Artistic features: ing “heroic couplets”
The Rape of the Lock 《卷发遇劫记》
The Dunciad 《愚人记》
2. Samuel Johnson塞缪尔•约翰逊1709~1784
Dictionary = A Dictionary of English Language0 《英语大词典》
3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。

）
A Tale of a Tub 《木桶的故事》
The Battle of Books 《书战》
A Modest Proposal《一个小小的建议》
Gulliver’s Travels (fictional work) 《格列佛游记》
Four parts: Lilliput 《小人国》
Brobdingnag 《大人国》
Flying Island 《飞岛》
Houyhnhnm 《马岛》
4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660~1731
小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。

He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel.
Robinson Crusoe 《鲁宾逊漂流记》
It praises the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.
Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.
It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.
5. Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754
英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。

He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃儿汤姆•琼斯》
8. William Blake威廉•布莱克1757~1827
Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》：A happy and innocent world from children‟s eye.
Songs of Experience 《经验之歌》：A world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.
Include: The Chimney Sweeper
London
The Tiger
9. Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759~1796
The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century. Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗
A Red, Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》
Auld Long Syne 《往昔时光》
My Heart’s in the Highlands《我的心在那高原上》
五、The Romantic Period
The romantic period began in 1798 the pub lication of Wordsworth and Coleridge‟s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott‟s death.
Romanticism: It emphasize the special quality of each individual‟s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.
Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).
“The Lake Poets”, who lived in the Lake District. 湖畔诗人
William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey
1. William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850
与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。

The Lake Poets
①Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》：with Samuel Taylor Coleridge
②I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud
Theme: 1. Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance.
It is nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace”
2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet‟s mind while he is in solitude.
Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights.
In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely
daffodils and poet‟s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.
③The Solitary Reaper《孤独的割麦女》
④ The Prelude 《序曲》
⑤the Daffodils 《咏水仙》
2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834
The Lake Poets
①The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子颂》
②Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》
Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory
Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》：with William Wordsworth
3. George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824
“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.
拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。

内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。

恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。

Don Juan《唐•璜》
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记》
4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822
Poetic Drama：
Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》
Theme: the drama celebrates man‟s victory over tyranny and oppression
Queen Mab 《麦布女王》
A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》
The Necessity of Atheism 《无神论的必要性》
Lyrics:
Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》
To a Skylark《致云雀》
5. John Keats约翰•济慈1795~1821
“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。

Odes:
Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》
Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》
6. Jane Austen简•奥斯丁1775~1817
She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire.
Sense and Sensibility《理智与感情》
Pride and Prejudic《傲慢与偏见》
Emma《爱玛》
7. Walter Scott沃尔特•司各特1771~1832
Father of history novels历史小说之父”
Rob Roy 《罗伯•罗伊》
Ivanhoe 《艾凡赫》
六、The Victorian Period 1832-1900
Common sense and moral propriety, again became the predominant preoccupation.
Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events.
是英国19世纪小说繁荣时期最杰出的代表作家，影响遍及欧美以及世界各国。

他那富有社会批判意义的现实主义小说不仅使英国文坛焕然一新，而且对世界文学的发展也产生了深远的影响。

1. Charles Dickens查尔斯•狄更斯1812~1870
critical realist writer 批判现实主义小说家
①The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club《匹克威克外传》
②Oliver Twist 《奥利弗•特维斯特》（雾都孤儿）
③The Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》
④ A Christmas Carol 《圣诞颂歌》
⑤Dombey and Son《董贝父子》
⑥David Copperfield《大卫•科波菲尔》
⑦Bleak House《荒凉山庄》
Hard Times《艰难时世》
⑧ A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》
⑨Great Expectations 《远大前程》
⑩Our Mutual Friend 《我们共同的朋友》
2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉•麦克匹斯•萨克雷1811~1863
Vanity Fair 《名利场》or A Novel without a Hero
(The name is an excerpt from <The Pilgrim‟s Progress>by John Bunyan)
3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂•勃朗特1816~1855
Jane Eyre 《简•爱》
Professor《教师》
Shirley 《雪莉》
4. Emily Bronte艾米莉•勃朗特1818~1854
Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》
9. Thomas Hardy托马斯•哈代1840~1928
Wessex novels; novels of character and environment 小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。

Jude The Obscure 《无名的裘德》
The Return of the Native 《还乡》
Tess Of The D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》
Under The Greenwood Tree 《绿荫下》
Far From The Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》
七、1900~1950 The 20th Century
Playwrights：
Oscar Wilde
George Bernard Shaw
1. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡•王尔德1856~1900
The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art‟s Sake
4 Comedies:
An Ideal Husband 《理想的丈夫》
A Woman Of No Importance《一个无足轻重的女人》
The Importance Of Being Earnest 《认真的重要》
Novel:
The Picture Of Dorian Gray 《道林•格雷的画像》
Fairy Stories:
The Happy Prince And Other Tales《快乐王子故事集》
Modernists：（3 Novelists）
James Joyce
David Herbert Lawrence
Virginia Woolf
1. David Herbert Lawrence戴维•赫伯特•劳伦斯1885~1930
The Rainbow 《虹》
Women In Love 《恋爱中的女人》
Sons And Lovers 《儿子与情人》
Lady C hatterley’s Lover《查特莱夫人的情人》
2. James Joyce詹姆斯•乔伊斯1882~1941
stream-of-consciousness 爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物Ulysses《尤利西斯》
Dubliners《都柏林人》
Finnegans Wake《芬尼根的守灵》
A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man 《一个青年艺术家的肖像》
3. Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅•沃尔芙1882~1941
stream-of-consciousness 意识流小说的代表人物
Mrs Dalloway 《达洛维夫人》
To The Lighthouse《到灯塔去》。