Physical distribution-A

1. 实物分配（Physical Distribution）1935年美国销售协会的定义：“实物分配是包含于销售之中的物质资料和服务在⽣产场所到消费场所的流动过程中所伴随的种种经济活动。

”传统意义上的物流特点：①只重视商品的供应程忽视了与⽣产有关的调达物流；②是⼀种单向的物质流通过程，没有考虑回收与废弃物流；③是⽣产销售的附属⾏为，只着重商品的传递，忽视了物流的能动作⽤。

2. 现代物流（Logistics）（1）美国物流管理协会( CLM)定义1998年CLM对物流的最新定义是：“物流是供应链流程的⼀部分，是为了满⾜客户需求⽽对商品、服务及相关信息从原产地到消费地的⾼效率、⾼效益的正向和反向流动及储存进⾏的计划、实施与控制过程”。

该定义不仅把物流纳⼊了企业间互动协作关系的管理范畴，⽽且要求企业在更⼴阔的背景上来考虑⾃⾝的物流运作。

即不仅要考虑⾃⼰的客户，⽽且要考虑⾃⼰的供应商：不仅要考虑到客户的客户，⽽且要考虑到供应商的供应商；不仅要致⼒于降低某项具体物流作业的成本，⽽且要考虑使供应链运作的总成本最低。

总之，该定义反映了随着供应链管理思想的出现，美国物流界对物流的认识更加深⼊，强调“物流是供应链的⼀部分”；并从“反向物流”⾓度进⼀步拓展了物流的内涵与外延。

（2）《物流术语》（GB/T18354-2001）物流（logistics）：物品从供应地向接收地的实体流动过程。

根据实际需要，将运输、储存、搬运、包装、流通加⼯、配送、信息处理等基本功能实施有机结合。

3. 物流概念产⽣的动因分析国际物流学界对物流概念产⽣的动因有两种观点：⼀是经济因素；⼆是军事因素4.对现代物流的认识（1）对物流的常见的错误或者⽚⾯认识：①认为物流就是物资流通；②认为物流就是储运；③认为物流是⽣产销售活动的附属⾏为；④认为物流只属于流通领域，是流通运动的⼀个组成部分。

⑤将物流等同于“实物分配”。

（2）现代物流概念的特点①现代物流的宗旨是“以客户为中⼼”，强调满⾜顾客要求。

物流的概念及发展物流概念的产生与发展物流是一个十分现代化的概念,由于它对商务活动的影响日益明显越来越引起人们的注意.物流PhysicalDistribution一词最早出现于美国,1915年阿奇·萧在市场流通中的若干问题一书中就提到物流一词,并指出“物流是与创造需求不同的一个问题”.因为在本世纪初,西方一些国家已出现生产大量过剩、需求严重不足的经济危机,企业因此提出了销售和物流的问题,此时的物流指的是销售过程中的物流.在第二次世界大战中,围绕战争供应,美国军队建立了“后勤”Logistics理论,并将其用于战争活动中.其中所提出的“后勤”是指将战时物资生产、采购、运输、配给等活动作为一个整体进行统一布置,以求战略物资补给的费用更低、速度更快、服务更好.后来“后勤”一词在企业中广泛应用,又有商业后勤、流通后勤的提法,这时的后勤包含了生产过程和流通过程的物流,因而是一个包含范围更广泛的物流概念.因此,物流概念从1915年提出起PhysicalDistribution,经过70多年的时间才有定论Logistics,现在欧美国家把物流称作Logistics的多于称作PhysicalDistribution的.Logistics包含生产领域的原材料采购、生产过程中的物料搬运与厂内物流和流通过程中的物流或销售物流即PhysicalDistribution,可见其外延更为广泛.日本的物流概念是1956年直接从英文的PhysicalDistribution翻译而来,1956年日本派团考察美国的流通技术,引进了物流的概念.到了70年代,日本已成为世界上物流最发达的国家之一.目前国内外物流的概念很多,如有以下几种：“物流是一个控制原材料、制成品、产成品和信息的系统.”“从供应开始经各种中间环节的转让及拥有而达到最终消费者手中的实物运动,以此实现组织的明确目标.”“物质资料从供给者到需求者的物理运动,是创造时间价值、场所价值和一定的加工价值的活动.”“物流是指物质实体从供应者向需求者的物理移动,它由一系列创造时间价值和空间价值的经济活动组成,包括运输、保管、配送、包装、装卸、流通加工及物流信息处理等多项基本活动,是这些活动的统一.”物流术语的国家标准正在修订之中,当国家标准颁布实施时,我国对于“物流”的定义将得到统一.我国物流概念的引入及其特点物流概念主要通过两条途径从国外传入我国,一条是在80年代初随“市场营销”理论的引入而从欧美传入,因为在欧美的所有市场营销教科书中,都毫无例外地要介绍“PhysicalDistribution”,这两个单词直译为中文即为“实体分配”或“实物流通”,我们普遍接受“实体分配”的译法.所谓“实体分配”指的就是商品实体从供给者向需求者进行的物理性移动.另一条途径是“PhysicalDistribution”从欧美传入日本,日本人将其译为日文“物流”,80年代初,我国从日本直接引入“物流”这一概念至今.在物流概念传入我国之前,我国实际上一直存在着物流活动,即运输、保管、包装、装卸、流通加工等物流活动,其中主要是存储运输即储运活动.国外的物流业基本上就是我国的储运业,但两者并不完全相同,主要差别在于：1．物流比储运所包含的内容更广泛,一般认为物流包括运输、保管、配送、包装、装卸、流通加工及相关信息活动,而储运仅指储存和运输两个环节,虽然其中也涉及到包装、装卸、流通加工及信息活动,但这些活动并不包含在储运概念之中；2．物流强调诸活动的系统化,从而达到整个物流活动的整体最优化,储运概念则不涉及存储与运输及其他活动整体的系统化和最优化问题；3．物流是一个现代的概念,在第二次世界大战后才在各国兴起,而在我国储运是一个十分古老、传统的概念.物流的分类社会经济领域中的物流活动无处不在,对于各个领域的物流,虽然其基本要素都存在且相同,但由于物流对象不同,物流目的不同,物流范围、范畴不同,形成了不同的物流类型.在对物流的分类标准方面目前还没有统一的看法,主要的分类方法有以下几种：宏观物流和微观物流；社会物流和企业物流；国际物流和区域物流.在此,我们将采用第二种分类方法,对物流进行划分.1．社会物流社会物流是指超越一家一户的以一个社会为范畴面向社会为目的的物流.这种社会性很强的物流往往是由专门的物流承担人承担的,社会物流的范畴是社会经济大领域.社会物流研究再生产过程中随之发生的物流活动,研究国民经济中的物流活动,研究如何形成服务于社会、面向社会又在社会环境中运行的物流,研究社会中物流体系结构和运行,因此带有宏观和广泛性.2．企业物流从企业角度上研究与之有关的物流活动,是具体的、微观的物流活动的典型领域.企业物流又可以区分为以下具体的物流活动：1企业生产物流企业生产物流指企业在生产工艺中的物流活动.这种物流活动是与整个生产工艺过程伴生的,实际上已构成了生产工艺过程的一部分.企业生产过程的物流大体为：原料、零部件、燃料等辅助材料从企业仓库或企业的“门口”开始,进入到生产线的开始端,再进一步随生产加工过程一个一个环节地流,在流的过程中,原料等本身被加工,同时产生一些废料、余料,直到生产加工终结,再流至生产成品仓库,便终结了企业生产物流过程.过去,人们在研究生产活动时,主要注重一个一个的生产加工过程,而忽视了将每一个生产加工过程串在一起,使得一个生产周期内,物流活动所用的时间远多于实际加工的时间.所以企业生产物流的研究,可以大大缩减生产周期,节约劳动力.2企业供应物流企业为保证本身生产的节奏,不断组织原材料、零部件、燃料、辅助材料供应的物流活动,这种物流活动对企业生产的正常、高效进行起着重大作用.企业供应物流不仅是一个保证供应的目标,而且还是在最低成本并以最少消耗、最大的保证来组织供应物流活动的限定条件下,因此,就带来很大的难度.企业竞争的关键在于如何降低这一物流过程的成本,可以说是企业物流的最大难点.为此,企业供应物流就必须解决有效的供应网络、供应方式、零库存等问题.3企业销售物流企业销售物流是企业为保证本身的经营效益,不断伴随销售活动,将产品所有权转给用户的物流活动.在现代社会中,市场是一个完全的买方市场,因此,销售物流活动便带有极强的服务性,以满足买方的需求,最终实现销售.在这种市场前提下,销售往往以送达用户并经过售后服务才算终止,因此,销售物流的空间范围很大,这便是销售物流的难度所在.在这种前提下,企业销售物流的特点,便是通过包装、送货、配送等一系列物流实现销售,这就需要研究送货方式、包装水平、运输路线等,并采取各种诸如少批量、多批次、定时、定量配送等特殊的物流方式达到目的,因而,其研究领域是很宽的.4企业回收物流企业在生产、供应、销售的活动中总会产生各种边角余料和废料,这些东西回收是需要伴随物流活动的,而且,在一个企业中,如果回收物品处理不当,往往会影响整个生产环境,甚至影响产品的质量,也会占用很大空间,造成浪费.5企业废弃物物流企业废弃物物流是指对企业排放的无用物进行运输、装卸、处理等的物流活动.物流管理1．物流管理的定义和内容所谓物流管理是指在社会再生产过程中,根据物质资料实体流动的规律,应用管理的基本原理和科学方法,对物流活动进行计划、组织、指挥、协调、控制和监督,使各项物流活动实现最佳的协调与配合,以降低物流成本,提高物流效率和经济效益.物流管理的内容包括：1对物流活动诸要素的管理,包括运输、储存等环节的管理；2对物流系统诸要素的管理,即对其中人、财、物、设备、方法和信息等六大要素的管理；3对物流活动中具体职能的管理,主要包括物流计划、质量、技术、经济等职能的管理等.2．物流系统化系统化是现代物流管理的重要模式.对于企业来说,怎样建立所希望的物流系统是一个非常重要的问题.物流系统就是指在企业活动中的各种物流功能,随着采购、生产、销售活动而发生,使物的流通效率提高的系统.这种系统大致可由作业系统和信息系统两个系统组成见下图.作业系统就是在运输、保管、配送、装卸、包装等作业中,引入各种技术,以求自动化和效率化,同时,使各功能之间能完满地联接起来的系统.信息系统也称物流信息系统,在企业活动中与其他的功能——采购、生产、销售系统有机地联系起来,从而使从订货到发货的信息活动更完满化,从而提高物流作业系统的效率.物流系统的作用归纳起来有以下几点：将商品在适当的交货期内准确地向顾客配送；对顾客的订货要尽量满足,不能使商品脱销；适当地配置仓库、配送中心,维持商品适当的库存量；使运输、装卸、保管等作业自动化；维持适当的物流费用；使从订货到发货的信息流畅通无阻；把销售信息迅速地反馈给采购部门、生产部门和营业部门.物流系统化的内容主要有以下几项：1大量化随着消费的多样化,产品的多品种化,多数顾客往往要求频繁地订货预约,迅速交货.在接受订货的企业中,因为要尽可能地使发货的批量变大,采取最低限额订购制,以期降低成本.大型超市、百货店,从制造厂或批发商那里进货,把向各店铺个别交货的商品,由中间区域设置的配送中心集约起来,再大批量地送往各店铺,并按照顾客的订货量,采用减价供货制.2共同化主要在同一地区或同一业种的企业中,谋求物流共同化的情况比较多,尤其在大城市,由于交通过密,运输效率大大降低,积极参加共同配送的企业越来越多,各种销售业,面向百货店、大型超市的共同配送的例子举不胜举.不少小规模的企业,也共同出资建立“共同配送中心”,全面地使装卸、保管、运输、信息等物流功能协作化.3短路化过去,很多企业的商品交易过程是按照制造厂—一次批发—二次批发—零售商—消费者的渠道进行的,商品经由的各个阶段都有仓库.现在,销售物流可以不经由中间阶段,而直接把商品从制造厂送至二次批发或零售商,使物流路线缩短减少了商品的移动速度,压缩了库存量.4自动化企业在过去的运输、装卸、配送、保管、包装等物流功能中,引进了各种机械化、自动化的技术.在运输等方面,由于运用托盘、集装箱而发展起来的单位载荷制,提高了货物分拣机械化水平的技术；在保管方面,由于高层货架仓库发展为自动化仓库,大大提高了保管的效率.5信息化物流系统中的信息系统是指企业从订货到发货的信息处理结构.在企业活动中,信息是控制生产和销售系统的相结合的物流作业系统的组成部分,因此,物流信息的系统化、效率化是物流系统化必不可少的条件.近年来,由于计算机性能的提高,以及数据通信技术的进步和通信回路的开放,信息处理的速度大大提高了,远距离贸易双方的信息交换变得容易起来,有力地推进了物流信息的系统化,实现了从订货到发货的信息处理.在我国,由于物流业起步较晚,观念滞后,加之硬件老化、体制落后,难以形成信息化、规模化的现代物流模式.虽然近年来有物流的理论探讨和实践经验颇多,但很少有人将其与电子商务结合起来探讨如何卓有成效地在电子商务中开展物流活动.然而随着电子商务在我国的推广,传统的物流模式已难以满足新型商务活动的需求,如何将传统的物流模式转化为电子商务下的新型物流模式已成为我们面临的一个崭新课题.。

physical distribution名词解释(一)Physical Distribution1. 什么是Physical DistributionPhysical Distribution（物流分销）是指产品从生产地点到最终销售点之间的流动过程，包括运输、仓储、包装和配送等环节。

物流分销的高效运作，可以提高产品的可获得性、降低库存成本，并确保产品按时到达销售点。

2. 相关名词解释以下是与Physical Distribution相关的几个重要名词解释：运输（Transportation）运输是指将产品从一个地点转移到另一个地点的过程。

它可以包括道路、铁路、航空和水运等多种形式。

运输的选择应根据产品特性、运输距离和成本效益等因素进行合理配置。

例如：一家电子产品制造商使用卡车和航空运输，将产品从工厂运送到全国各地的销售点。

仓储（Warehousing）仓储是将产品存放在指定地点的过程，以满足供应链的需求。

仓储可以为产品提供合适的环境和保护，同时也能提高物流效率和减少库存风险。

例如：一个食品批发商在不同城市建立了多个仓库，以便在需求高峰期尽快配送产品到各个零售店。

包装（Packaging）包装是将产品放入适当容器中的过程，以便在运输和存储过程中保护产品的完整性和质量。

合适的包装可以减少损坏和浪费，并提高产品的品质和品牌形象。

例如：一家化妆品公司使用专业的包装材料和设计，确保产品在运输和上货过程中不受损坏，同时也增加了产品的吸引力。

配送（Distribution）配送是将产品从仓库或生产地点送达销售点的过程。

它涉及到路线选择、交通管理和最优化的配送方案，以确保产品按时到达目的地并满足市场需求。

例如：一家快递公司根据需求和运输距离，制定最佳的配送路线和送货时间窗口，以满足客户的要求。

库存管理（Inventory Management）库存管理是指为了满足市场需求，在物流分销中合理控制和管理库存的过程。

四川交通职业技术学院经济管理系毕业论文苏宁物流配送模式的选择分析年级：2011级学号：201114160姓名：专业：物流管理指导教师：职称：论文提交日期：2010年月日论文答辩日期:2010年月日论文答辩通过日期：2010年月日20 年月日目录1. 引言 (3)1。

1 选题的背景和意义 (3)1.1.1 选题的背景 (3)1.1.2 选题的意义 (3)1。

2主要内容 (4)1.3苏宁物流配送系统 (4)2。

配送的相关理论知识 (5)2。

1配送的概念 (5)2。

2配送与物流的关系 (5)2.3配送在物流系统中的地位和作用 (6)2.3.1 地位 (6)2.3.2 作用 (6)2。

4配送模式 (6)2.4 配送模式的种类 (6)2.5配送模式选择方法 (7)3. 苏宁配送模式的分析 (8)3。

1大型家电连锁企业配送模式现状 (8)3.2苏宁配送模式 (9)3.3苏宁配送模式的特点 (10)4. 苏宁配送模式的选择 (10)4。

1影响物流配送模式的因素 (10)4.2配送模式的选择程序 (11)4。

3对苏宁配送模式改进的建议 (12)5。

结论与不足 (13)5。

1结论 (13)5.2不足 (13)参考文献 (14)苏宁物流配送模式的选择分析1. 引言1.1 选题的背景和意义1.1.1 选题的背景苏宁长期以来一直坚持自建物流体系的配送模式，保证了物流配送的质量，提高了企业的服务水平，以“在正确的时间把正确的货物送到正确的地点”为最终目标不断为顾客提供优质快捷的物流配送服务。

苏宁物流是围绕营销，成为供应链的重要组成部分,物流的决策被纳入营销战略进行综合管理，形成协调的竞争战略，通过先进的物流信息系统、机械化作业平台和有效整合的物流网络，提供服务产品和物流解决方案。

物流是连锁经营的核心竞争力.苏宁点起在全国建立了区域配送中心、城市配送中心、转配点、全国三级物流网路体系，依托WMS、DPS、TMS、GPS等先进的信息系统,实现了长途配送、短途配送与零售配送到户的一体化运作，平均配送半径200公里，日最大配送能力80多万台，并率先推行准时制送货,24小时送货到户.以“网络集成化、作业机械化、管理信息化”为目标，苏宁电器在全国大力建设以“作业机械化”、“管理信息化”为特征的第三代物流基地。

PART IIIEXAMINATION QUESTIONSCHAPTER 1: LOGISTICS AND THE SUPPLY CHAINMultiple Choice Questions1.Logistics as a percentage of U.S. Gross Domestic Product is approximately (within2%):a.5%b.10%c.15%d.20%e.none of the above(b; p. 4)2.Logistics clearly contributes to ___________ and ___________ utility.a.time; placeb.form; timec.place; formd.possession; timee.none of the above(a; p. 4)3.___________ utility refers to the value or usefulness that comes from a customerbeing able to take possession of a product.a.timeb.placec.formd.possession(d; p. 4)4.___________ utility refers to having products available where they are needed bycustomers.a.possessionb.timec.placed.form(c; p. 5)5.All of the following terms have been used to refer to business logistics except:a.business logisticsb.industrial distributionc.logistics managementd.physical distributione.all of the above are correct(e; p. 5)6.“How well a company does what it says it’s going to do” represents ___________.a.efficiencyb.productivityc.leading edge logisticsd.effectiveness(d; p. 6)7.Every customer getting the same type and levels of logistics service refers to___________.a.tailored logisticsb.mass logisticsc.effectivenessd.efficiency(b; p. 7)8.Which of the following is not a reason for the increased importance of logistics?a.growing power of manufacturersb.reduction in economic regulationc.globalization of traded.technological advances(a; pp. 8–10)9.What logistics “outsider” developed the concept of the value chain?a.Donald Bowersoxb.Gus Pagonisc.Michael Porterd.Michael Hammer(c; p. 8)10.The ___________ approach indicates that a company’s objectives can be realized byrecognizing the mutual interdependence of major functional areas.a.supply chainb.systemsc.interfunctionalityd.total cost(b; p. 10)11.The movement and storage of materials into a firm refers to:a.physical distributionb.materials managementc.materials handlingd.inbound logistics(d; p. 10)12.The movement and storage of materials within a firm refers to:a.physical distributionb.inbound logisticsc.materials managementd.procurement(c; p. 10)13.Logistics managers use the ___________ approach to coordinate inbound logistics,materials management, and physical distribution in a cost efficient manner.a.total costb.supply chainc.mass logisticsd.interfunctional(a; p. 11)14.A cost trade-off is a situation where:a.all costs react according to their individual degrees of inflation in the economyb.all costs are reflected as a percentage variation from standard costsc.some costs increase, some decrease, and the net effect is that total costsdecreased.some costs are eliminated by efficient management controls(c; p. 13)15.The cash flow associated with holding inventory is known as inventory ___________.a.turnoverb.valuationc.stockd.float(d; p. 14)16.__________ refers to one location where customers can purchase products from twoor more brand-name retailers.a.intensive distributionb.co-brandingc.co-generationd.selective distribution(b; p. 14)17.Phantom freight refers to:a.paying more for transportation than the actual costte shipmentsc.shipments accepted by non-certified carriersd.freight that “disappears” in transit(a; pp. 15–16)18.Freight absorption refers to:a. a special rate to cover increasing fuel costsb.rates that are higher than other carriers chargec.the ability of cardboard to absorb moistured.transportation payments lower than the actual costs incurred to ship theproduct(d; p. 16)nded costs refer to:a. a product that is shipped via surface transportb. a product that is quoted cost on delivery (COD)c. a prepaid shipmentd. a price that includes both the cost of the product plus transportation to thebuyer(d; p. 15)20.___________ is the excess freight bill paid by customers who live near the shippingpoint.a.freight absorptionb.delivered pricec.phantom freightnded price(c; p. 15)21.In FOB origin pricing, all of the following are true except:a.prices quoted do not include transportation to the consigneeb.marketers can adopt uniform prices on a regional or national basisc.consignees must arrange for the transportation of the purchased productd.the seller always receives the same net from each sale(b; p. 15)22.___________ refers to a situation where the applicable charges are paid at the time ashipment is tendered to a carrier.a.freight prepaidb.freight absorptionc.phantom freightd.FOB origin(a; p. 16)23.___________ refers to charges being paid at the time of shipment delivery.a.freight absorptionb.freight yieldc.freight collectd.FOB destination(c; p. 16)24.The four basic components of the marketing mix include all of the following except:a.priceb.productionc.productd.place(b; p. 14)25.The most common interface between production and logistics generally involves:a.the use of plastic versus wood palletsb.the mode of transportationc.shipment pricingd.the length of production runs(d; p. 18)26.___________ refers to the delay of value-added activities such as assembly,production, and packaging to the latest possible time.a.building blocksb.deferralc.demurraged.postponement(d; p. 19)27.The ownership channel consists of all parties except:a.customersb.manufacturersc.wholesalersd.retailers(a; p. 19)28.The ____________ channel handles the physical flow of product.a.ownershipb.negotiationsc.logisticsd.promotions(c; p. 19)29.Which channel covers the movement of title to the goods?a.promotionsb.logisticsc.financed.ownership(d; p. 21)30.Which of the following is not part of the marketing channel?a.the logistics channelb.the negotiations channelc.the promotion channeld.the finance channele.all are part of the marketing channel(e; p. 19)31.Channel intermediaries:a.assume temporary ownership of the goodsb.fill nichesc.disappear as the market becomes organizedd.tend to lack focus(b; p. 24)32.Intermediaries in the marketing channel perform all of the following functions except:a.supply informationb.match buyers and sellersc.assume temporary ownership of the goodsd.develop and fill niches(c; pp. 23–24)33.The most costly logistics activity in many firms is ____________.a.industrial packagingb.warehousing managementc.order managementd.transportation management(d; p. 27)34.____________ is bringing together similar stocks from different sources.a.accumulatingb.assortingc.auditingd.allocating(a; p. 23)35.____________ refers to breaking a homogenous supply into smaller lots.a.sorting outb.allocatingc.accumulatingd.assorting(b; p. 23)True-False Questions1.Absolute and relative logistics costs in relation to Gross Domestic Product vary fromcountry to country. (True; p. 4)2.Logistics clearly contributes to time and form utility. (False; p. 4)3.The current definition of logistics, as promulgated by the Council of LogisticsManagement, suggests that logistics is part of the supply chain process. (True; p. 6)4.The purpose of logistics is to maximize customer service. (False; p. 7)5.Logistical principles apply only to for-profit organizations. (False; p. 7)6.Two of the five primary activities in the value chain are inbound logistics andoutbound logistics. (True; pp. 8–9)7.The key aspect of the total cost approach is to maximize customer satisfaction. (False;p. 13)8.The Internet has done little to improve logistical effectiveness and efficiency. (False;p. 9)9.Stock-keeping units (SKUs) are the same as line items of inventory. (True; p.10)10.Inbound logistics refers to the movement and storage of materials into a firm. (True; p.10)11.Inbound logistics is synonymous with materials management. (False; p. 10)12.Interfunctional logistics attempts to coordinate inbound logistics, materials manage-ment, and physical distribution in a cost efficient manner that supports anorganization’s customer service objectives. (False; p. 10)mon sense is one of the keys to being an effective logistics manager. (True; p.11)14.The key to the total cost approach is that all relevant cost items are consideredsimultaneously when making a decision. (True; p. 13)15.Logistics offers many companies an important route for creating marketingsuperiority. (True; p.14)16.Co-branding is a retailing strategy that is associated with place decisions. (True; p. 14)17.As a general rule, marketers prefer FOB origin pricing rather than FOB destinationpricing. (False; pp. 15–16)18.Phantom freight and freight absorption are associated with FOB origin pricing. (False;pp. 15–16)19.It is better for a logistics manager to be a generalist rather than a specialist. (False; p.27)20.Stockouts refer to a situation where a company is out of an item at the same time thatthere is demand for that item. (True; p. 18)21.Long production runs sometimes result in excessive inventory of products withlimited demand for them. (True; p. 18)22.Intermediaries assume ownership of goods while the y’re in the marketing channel.(False; p. 24)23.Channel members are usually more concerned about sellers’ needs than with buyers’needs. (False; p. 20)24.The negotiations channel is the one where buy and sell agreements are reached. (True;p. 21)25.There is no linkage between the promotions and logistics channel. (False; pp. 22–23)26.The most significant contribution that the logistics channel makes to the overallchannel process is the sorting function. (True; p. 23)27.The sorting function has four steps. (True; p. 23)28.The sorting function takes place between retailers and the consumer. (False; p. 23)29.A broker is a type of intermediary often associated with the negotiations channel.(True; p 24.)30.In channel negotiations, all parties are presumed to have equal bargaining strength.(False; pp. 20-21)31.Freight forwarders are the most common intermediary in the logistics channel. (True;p. 24)32.Returned products represent one type of activity in the logistical channel. (True; p. 27)33.The key to total cost analysis is to make sure that either transportation or inventorycosts are minimized. (False; p. 13)34.There are relatively few opportunities for employment in the logistics sector. (False; p.27)35.The logistics channel is the most important of the marketing channels. (False; p. 19)。

第七章电子商务物流与供应链在电子商务的任何一笔交易中，都包含了信息流、资金流、商流和物流。

物流在电子商务过程中起着举足轻重的作用。

电子技术的应用促进了物流的进展，不发达的物流又往往成为电子商务实践中的“瓶颈”。

7.1 物流概述7.1.1 物流概念的由来物流（Physical Distribution）中的Distribution一词最早出现出美国。

1921 年阿奇.萧在《市场流通中的若干问题》（Some Problem in Market Distribution）一书中提出“物流是与制造需要不同的一个问题”，并提到“物资通过时刻或空间的转移，会产生附加价值”。

那个地点，Market Distribution指的是商流；时刻和空间的转移指的是销售过程的物流。

1935年，美国销售协会最早对物流进行了定义：“物流（Physical Distribution）是包含于销售之中的物质资料和服务，与从生产地到消费地点流淌过程中伴随的种种活动”。

日本在1964年开始使用物流这一概念。

在使用物流那个术语往常，日本把与商品实体有关的各项业务，统称为“流通技术”。

1956年日本生产性本部派出“流通技术专门考察团”，由早稻田大学教授宇野正雄等一行7人去美国考察，弄清晰了日本以往叫做“流通技术”的内容，相当于美国叫做“Physical Distribution”（实物分配）的内容，从此便把流通技术按照美国的简称，叫做“P·D·”，从而“ P·D·”那个术语得到了广泛的使用。

1964年，日本池田内阁中五年打算制定小组平原谈到“P·D·”这一术语时讲，“比起来，叫做‘P·D·’不如叫做‘物的流通’更好。

”1965年，日本在政府文件中正式采纳“物的流通”那个术语，简称为“物流”。

1981年，日本综合研究所编著的《物流手册》，对“物流”的表述是：“物质资料从供给者向需要者的物理性移动，是制造时刻性、场所性价值的经济活动。

一、物流意识的萌生与物流定义的演变根据J·A·Lynn的著作记载，物流(Logistes)一词源于古希腊语(Logistike 或Logistes)，后来演变成拉丁语(Logista)和法语(Logistique)，最后又落脚于英语(Logistics)；另据R·H·Ballou的著作记载，物流(Logistics)的起源最早可追溯到1844年。

法国技术人员J·Depuit曾在自己的著书中强调重视供货管理功能，保持仓库保管与运输两者之间成本的均衡；1901年，约翰·格鲁威尔在美国政府的“工业委员会关于农产品配送报告”中提及配送的成本及其影响因素；此外，J·C·Johnson等教授在著作中谈到，1905年美国陆军少校C·D·Baker曾把物流(Logistics)称为：关于军队移动与供给的战争科学之一；R·H·Ball。

u还在著作中介绍：1912年A·W·5·haw、1922年(日本早稻田大学教授中西睦认为是1915年和1924年)F·E·clark等人也都从不同角度谈及了物流(Logistics)的重要性。

但以上这些只能说明这一时期萌生了物流意识，对物流的概念和定义的认识仅属于初期阶段。

行业团体最早给物流(Physical distribution．简称PD)下定义的是美国市场营销协会(AMA)，时间为1933年。

“物流是销售活动中所伴随的物质资料从产地到消费地的种种企业活动，包括服务过程”。

美国另一个权威行业团体，美国物流管理协议会(NCPDM)对物流(PD)至少下了三次定义。

1960年：“所谓物流，就是把完成品从生产线的终点有效地移动到消费者手里的广范围的活动，有时也包括从原材料的供给源到生产线的始点的移动”；1976年：“物流是以对原材料、半成品及成品从产地到消费地的有效移动进行计划、实施和统管为目的而将两种或三种以上活动的集成。

物流专业英语期中测试一I. Translate the following items into Chinese or English. 20points1. 原材料raw materials11. logistics channel物流渠道2. 产成品final product12. electronic data interchange电子交交换13. direct procurement直接采购3. 战略管理logistics stramanagement4. 售后服务after sales service14. transport facilities运输设备5. 条形码bar code 15. information flow信息流6. 利润率profit margin16. value-added services增值服务7. 物资运送physical distribution17. supply chain management供应链管8. 通用产品代码universal product18. warehousing仓储9. 电子商务electronic19. multinational companie跨国公司commerce10. 数据处理data processing20. just-in-time delivery及时交货II. Tell whether the following stetements are Ttrue or Ffalse, marking an “A”for true statements and a “B”. for false ones.10 pointsA 21. Logistics information management is defined as theinformation processing of collecting, reconciling,communicating, storage and utilizing of all the information generated from logistics operations.B 22. A third-party logistics provider will be in a position toconsolidate business from several companies and offerfrequent pick-ups and deliveries, whereas in-housetransportation can have the same function.A 23. According to a narrow definition, logistics informationmeans the information related to the logistics activities, such as transportation, storage, package, distributionprocessing etc.B 24. Direct procurement encompasses all items that are partsof finished products, such as raw materials, components and parts. Direct procurement, which is the focus in supply chain management, directly affects the production process ofmanufacturing firms.B 25. The first step in developing an effective procurementstrategy is volume consolidation through reduction in thenumber of customers.A 26. We usually segment market in different ways, such asgeographic, demographic, psychographic, andbehavioralistic ones.A 27. The most common approach, practiced in the commercialsector, deals with the business-oriented functions ofprocurement, material flow, transportation, warehousing,distribution, and related activities associated with supplychain management.B 28. Supply chain management deals with the management ofmaterials, information, and financial flow in a networkconsisting of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors,but not customers.A 29. A contract must be an agreement, but an agreement need notbe a contract.B 30. The four basic requirements of a contract are mutual assent,consideration, legality of object, acceptance.III. Complete each statement by choosing the best answer from thefour choices. 15pointsB 31. The UK Institute of Logistics and Transport _______“logistics” even more briefly as: the time-relatedpositioning of resource”.A. namedB. definedC. recognizedD. lookedB 32. I n a military sense, the term “logistics” encompassestransport organization, army _______ and materialmaintenance.A. logisticsB. replenishmentC. distributionD. managementA 33. _______ deals with the buying of goods and services thatkeep the organization functioning.A. PurchasingB. PackagingC. TransportationD. DistributionD 34. The logistics management takes into consideration everyfacility that has a an _______ on cost.A. policyB. reductionC. agreementD. impactB 35. Fierce competition in today’s market has forced businessenterprises to invest in and _______ on supply chain.A. putB. focusC. insistD.decideA 36. Logistics is related to the effective and efficient_______ of materials and information.A. flowB. useC. fluctuationD. floatA 37. Regardless of the size and type of enterprise, logisticsis essential and _______ continuous managementattention.A. requiresB. devotesC. stimulatesD. refusesC 38. The business of providing transport equipment, transportservices or other factors related to transport in mostnational economies is usually _______ to as logistictransport industry.A. mentionedB. calledC. referredD. regardedC 39. An efficient transportation system should providebusiness with easy _______ to materials and markets.A. methodB. wayC. accessD.channelA 40. The railways serving for rail transportation are _______of a series of traced paths which are bound with vehicles.A. composedB. includedC. madeD.consistedB 41. Maritime transportation can be considered as the most_______ mode for it is able to move large quantities of cargoover long distances.A. doubtfulB. effectiveC. expensiveD. time-consumingD 42. Supply chain information systems SCIS are the thread thatlinks logistics activities _______ an integratedprocess.A. inB. forC. ofD.intoB 43. In physical distribution, _______ is the final destinationof a marketing channel.A. profitB. customerC. productD.productionC 44. _______ is the science of ensuring that the right productsreach place in the right quantity at the right time tosatisfy customer demand.A. ManagementB. EconomicsC. LogisticsD.MarketingD 45. Now information is viewed as the key to successful supplychain management because “no product flows until _______flows”.A. waterB. deliveryC. logisticsD. informationIV. Complete the passage by choosing the best answer from the four choices. 10pointsSupply Chain ManagementIncreasingly, the 46 of multiple relationships across the supply chain is being referred to as “supply chain management”SCM. Strictly speaking, the supply chain is not a 47 of businesses with one-to-one, business-to-business relationships, but a networkof 48 businesses and relationships. SCM offers the opportunityto capture the synergy of intra-and inter-company integration and management. In that sense, SCM 49 with total business process excellence and represents a new way of 50 the business and relationships with other members of the supply chain.Thus far, there has been 51 little guidance from academic, which has in 52 been following rather than 53 businesspractice. There is a need to build theory and develop normative tools and methods for successful SCM 54 . The exploratory empirical findings reported here are part of a research effort to develop a normative model to guide future 55 . Executives can use the model to capture the potential of successful SCM.A 46. A. management B. marketing C. organizing D. definitionB 47. A. copy B. chain C. connection D. linkC 48. A. multilateral B. massive C. multiple D. variousD 49. A. keeps B. conforms C. solves D. dealsC 50. A. controlling B. leading C. managing D. planningB 51. A. really B. relatively C. formally D. largelyA 52. A. general B. all C. case D. formC 53. A. following B. spreading C. leading D. pullingB 54. A. theory B. practice C. research D. implementB 55. A. practice B. research C. inquiry D. investigationⅤ. Read the following passages and choose the best answer for each question. 30 pointsPassage oneSupply chain management is managing the flow of materials across the supply chain, i. e, form preparing the raw materials to supplying the end product to the consumer ,as well as the related counter flow of information, regarding controlling and recording of materials movement. Supply chain management refers to the managing of materials and products from source to the final users. Some of the activities in this system include:Sourcing;Purchasing;Manufacturing and its related activities of planning and scheduling;Distribution planning and management of warehouses;Inventory management;Inbound and outbound transaction;Linking all these with the customer services and marketing activities.These activities are the same as those of logistics and they illustrate the close relationship between logistics and supply chain management. Most organizations are simultaneously members of a number of supply chains. An organization in a chain purchases materials and services from a number of suppliers, converts them into a range of products that they sell to other organizations. Successful companies use their logistics competence to optimize their operations in managing the materials flow through their companies. But it will no longer be necessary or desirable for each supply chain member organization to only manage its logistics activities on an independent basis.However it is most unlikely for any one company that all the supply chains in the diagram will require formalized supply chain management processes It is a requirement for that organization to focus its supply chain efforts on those networks that are critical to the success of the company.Internal Supply ChainsThese are portions of the overall supply chains that exist within an individual organization, and they can be quite complex due to organizations which have international and multi-functionalbusinesses. .Your study of logistics has covered these aspects in great detail.External Supply ChainsExternal supply chains are the processes where internal supply chains can be extended to the total network that an organization finds itself in .The parts of the network to be focused upon by an individual company as mentioned above need to be carefully selected to maximize the benefit that working with them will achieve. Benefits of Supply Chain CooperationAll parties working together in a formal supply chain receive a number of benefits from joint working, these are:Establishing valuable contacts across the supply chain;Gaining insights into how other organizations conduct their business, enabling them to improve their own;Identifying opportunities for joint research to improve the outputs of the supply chain.However supply chains do not just happen. It requires a great deal of management effort and cooperation to achieve a successful supply chain. A number of principles need to be followed in order to achieve success and we will be discussing them in more detail in the notes .These seven principles are listed below:Supply chain management begins with the end consumer;Managers must cooperate to manage the total logistics chain; Interface management must be controlled through a single channel; Sales and operations planning must be integrated;Manufacturing and sourcing must be optimized to achieve flexibility and efficiency;Supply chain partners must focus in relationship management; Performance measures must be customer driven.A 56. Which of the following is the starting point and ending point of a supply chainA. Preparing the raw materials to supplying the end product to the consumer.B. Preparing the raw materials.C. Supplying the end product to the consumer.D. Manufacturing the raw materials.57. Which of the following is not included in supply chain managementA. sourcing DB. purchasingC. inventory managementD. looking for market58. Is it necessary for each supply chain member organization to only manage its Blogistics activities on an independent basisA. absolutely necessaryB. no longer necessaryC. without doubtD. without proof59. What is the difference between internal supply chain and external supply chainAA. External supply chains are the processes where internal supply chains can beextended to the total network that an organization finds itself in.B. External supply chains are the inbound transaction.C. Internal supply chains are the outbound transaction.D. Distribution planning60. Which of the following supply chain regulation is wrongBA .Interface management must be controlled through a single channel.B. Supply chain management begins with the first consumer.C. Sales and operations planning must be integrated.D. Performance measures must be customer driven.Passage TwoLogistics information systems LIS are the threads that link logistics activities into integrated process .The integration builds on four levels of functionality: transaction, management control, decision analysis, and strategic planning systems.The most basis level, the transaction system, initiates and records individual logistics activities. Transactionactivities include order entry, inventory assignment, order selection, shipping, pricing, invoicing, and customer inquiry. For example, customer order receipt initiates a transaction as the order is entered into the information system. The order entry transaction initiates a second transaction as inventory is assigned to the order .A third transaction is when generated to direct the materials handlings to select the order .A fourth transaction directs the movement, loading, and delivery of the order .The final transaction prints or transmits the invoice for payment. Throughout the process, order status information must be available when customers desire such information.The second level, management control, focuses on performance measurement and reporting. Performance measurement is necessary to provide management feedback regarding service level and resource utilization. Thus, management control is characterized by an evaluative, tactical, intermediate–term focus that evaluates past performance and identifies alternatives. Common performance measures include financial, customer service, productivity, and quality indicators. As an example, specific performance measures include transportation and warehousingcost per pound cost measure,inventory turnover asset measure,case fill rate customer service measure ,cases per labor hour productivity measure ,and customer perception quality measure . Another part defines these measures in detail and illustrates additional ones.The third level, decision analysis, focuses on decision applications to assist managers in identifying, evaluating, and comparing logistics strategic and tactical alternatives. Typical analyses include vehicle routing and scheduling, inventory management, facility location, and cost–benefit analysis of operational tradeoffs and arrangements.Decision analysis LIS must include database maintenance, modeling and analysis, and reporting components for a wide range of potential alternatives. Similar to the management control level, decision analysis is characterized by a tactical, evaluative focus .Unlike management control, decision analysis focuses on evaluating future tactical alternative, and it needs to be relatively unstructured and flexible to allow consideration of a wide range of options.The final level, strategic planning, focuses on information support to develop and refine logistics strategy. These decisions are often extensions of the decision analysis levelbut are typically more abstract, less structured, and long-term in focus .Examples of strategic planning decision include synergies made possible through strategic alliances, development and refinement of firm capabilities and market opportunities, as well as customer responsiveness to improved service .The LIS strategic planning level must incorporate lower-level data collection into a wide range of business planning and decision-making models that assist in evaluating the probabilities and payoffs of various strategies .In the past, most expenditure focused on improving transaction system efficiency, while these investments offered returns in terms of speed and somewhat lower operating costs. Expected benefits in terms of cost reductions have not always been materialized. However, recent LIS applications focus on management control, decision analysis, and strategic planning components.Newer LIS applications are also being developed in conjunction with reengineered processes instead of simply automating logistics flow. Enterprises are reengineering their logistics procedures to reduce the number of cycles and sequential activities..D 61. On what levels of functionality should the integration of information be builtA. Transaction and management controlB. Decision analysisC. Strategic planning systemsD. All the above is correct.D 62. The integration builds on four levels of functionality.Which of the following is not among the four levels offunctionalityA transactionB management controlC decision analysisD market presenceA 63. What is the function of performance measurementA. To provide management feedback regarding service leveland resource utilization.B. To move on to the next step.C. To make decisions about the future.D. To compete with others.A 64. What is the difference between management control and decision analysisA. Decision analysis focuses on evaluating futuretactical alternative, and it needs to be relativelyunstructured and flexible to allow consideration of awide range of options.B. Decision analysis is more abstract.C. Decision analysis is less structured.D. Decision analysis is long term in focus.C 65. Which of the following is not the characteristics of strategic planningA .more abstractB .less structuredC. short-term focusedD. extensions of the decision analysis levelPassage ThreeThe direct supply chain strategy is characterized as those supply chains where the most effective and efficient relationship is implemented through routine third-party logistics services. First, the full speculation strategy with a decentralized distribution system in this strategy group is characterized as those supply chains where distribution of products is decentralized and based for example on retail stores. Second, in the full postponement strategy, manufacturing and logistics operations are implemented after the customer order. This means that production is finalized in manufacturing sites, and after that products are distributed toretail stores. Thirdly, in the manufacturing postponement strategy, final production is executed in retail stores for example the final color of paint is mixed in retail stores. In all three cases, routine TPL services add most value. The transportation method depends on the type of product, i.e. whether it is functional or innovative. Functional products are defined as those that satisfy basic needs, are sold in retail stores and have stable predictable demand, with long lifecycles and often low profit margins. In contrast, innovative products enable higher margins, but demand is unpredictable and their lifecycle is short. The supply chain of functional products focuses on minimization of physical supply chain costs. On the other hand the supply chain of innovative products requires responsiveness to ensure that products reaching the markets match users’ needs; the suppliers, therefore, are chosen for their speed and flexibility. Regarding the use of routine logistics services, the type of product affects the mode of transportation. In the case of functional products, the chosen mode is based on cost minimization, i.e. low cost transportation modes e.g. rail, sea, truck. On the other hand, more expensive transportation modes e.g. air, overnight deliveries match better with innovative products aiming at supply chain flexibility and speed.66. What is the characteristic of direct supply chain strategyDA. A decentralized distribution system.B. A full postponement strategy.C. Final execution in retail stores.D. All of the above.67. Which one is not true about the functional productsCA. To satisfy basic needs and be sold in retail stores, havingstable predictable demand, with long life cycles.B. To focus on minimizing the supply chain costs.C. To ensure that products reaching the markets match users’ needs.D. To choose transportation mode is based on cost minimization.68. Which adds most valueDA. The full speculation strategyB. The full postponement strategyC. The manufacturing postponement strategyD. Routine TPL service69. Which one is not true about the innovative productsDA. Enable higher marginsB. Demand is unpredictableC. Lifecycle is shortD. Less flexibility70. Rail transportation belongs to A .A. Low cost transportation modeB. More expensive transportation modeC. Innovative productD. Functional productsVI. Write a composition according to the following instructions.15pointsFor this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic.The Effects of Logistics on People’s Lives。

专利名称：IN-PLANT PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION AREA LAYOUT CREATION DEVICE AND IN-PLANTPHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION AREA LAYOUTCREATION METHOD发明人：MATSUURA NOBUO,松浦 亘男,HONDATAKATOMO,本田 隆大,OGAWA TOMOJI,小川智司申请号：JP2014077868申请日：20140404公开号：JP2015200950A公开日：20151112专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an in-plant physical distribution area layout creation device and an in-plant physical distribution area layout creation method capable of efficiently, elaborately designing the layout of physical distribution areas in a plant.SOLUTION: An in-plant physical distribution area layout creation device for creating the layout of physical distribution areas in which components, products, or boxes storing the components or the products temporarily reside in a plant, identifies a magnitude of each physical distribution area based on a residence amount of the components, the products, or the boxes storing the components or the products residing in the physical distribution area calculated based on component information on the components or the products.申请人：TOYOTA MOTOR CORP,トヨタ自動車株式会社地址：愛知県豊田市トヨタ町１番地国籍：JP代理人：平木 祐輔,関谷 三男,石川 滝治,武村 直樹更多信息请下载全文后查看。

物流概念发展的三个阶段物流概念发展的三个阶段人们虽然长期对物流现象习以为常，但是一直到20世纪初以前，还没有“物流”这个概念。

物流的概念最早起源于20世纪初的美国。

从二十世纪初到现在近一个世纪的时间内，物流的概念的产生和发展经历了三个阶段：第一个阶段：物流概念的孕育阶段从20世纪初到20世纪50年代，这一个阶段是物流概念的孕育和提出阶段。

这一阶段的特点，一个是局部范围，主要是在美国;第二个是少数人，是几个人提出来的;第三是意见不统一。

主要有二种意见、二个提法：一是美国市场营销学者阿奇.萧(Arch W. Shaw)于1915年提出的叫做Physical Distribution的物流概念。

他是从市场分销的角度提出的。

二是美国少校琼西.贝克(Chauncey B. Baker)于1905年提出的叫做Logistics的物流概念。

他是从军事后勤的角度提出的。

应该说，这二个概念的实质内容是不一样的。

阿奇.萧是从市场营销的角度来定义物流，Physical Distribution，直译应该是“实体分配”，按中国人的语言习惯应该译成“分销物流”。

它实际上就是指把企业的产品怎么样分送到客户手中的活动。

而Logistics是后勤的意思，主要是指物资的供应保障、运输储存等。

这二种不同的概念，之所以都分别能存续下来，是因为它们都分别在各自的专业领域中得到了一定程度的响应、应用和发展。

还是因为这二个概念各自都在各自的专业领域中独立运用，二者之间没有发生冲突，也没有一个统一的物流学派来进行统一规范，也不需要得到社会广泛一致的公认。

因此这个阶段可以说是物流概念的孕育阶段，是市场营销学和军事后勤孕育了物流学。

第二个阶段：分销物流学(Physical Distribution)阶段第二个阶段：从20世纪50年代中开始到80年代中期，可以叫做分销物流学(Physical Distribution)阶段。

这一个阶段的基本特征，是分销物流学Physical Distribution 的概念发展而占据了统治地位，并且从美国走向了全世界，成为世界各国一致公认，形成了一个比较统一的物流概念，形成和发展了物流管理学，因而也形成了物流学派、物流产业和物流领域。

Physical DistributionPhysical distribution, also known as logistics, refers to the process of moving products from the manufacturer to the end consumer. It involves various activities such as transportation, warehousing, inventory management, packaging, and order fulfillment. The main objective of physical distribution is to ensure that the right product is delivered to the right place at the right time in the most efficient and cost-effective manner.Importance of Physical DistributionEffective physical distribution is crucial for businesses as it directly affects customer satisfaction and overall profitability. Here are some key reasons why physical distribution plays a vital role:1.Customer Service: Physical distribution ensures that products areavailable when and where customers need them. Timely delivery and accurate order fulfillment contribute to customer satisfaction and loyalty.2.Cost Efficiency: Efficient physical distribution helps minimizetransportation costs, reduce inventory holding costs, and optimize warehouse utilization. This leads to improved profitability forbusinesses.3.Market Expansion: An effective physical distribution networkenables companies to reach new markets and expand their customerbase. It allows businesses to deliver products across differentregions or even internationally.petitive Advantage: A well-managed physical distributionsystem can give a competitive edge to businesses by providingfaster delivery, better product availability, and superiorcustomer service compared to competitors.Components of Physical DistributionPhysical distribution involves several interconnected components that work together to ensure smooth product flow from production to consumption:1.Transportation: Transportation plays a crucial role in physicaldistribution as it involves moving goods from one location toanother. It includes various modes such as road transport, railtransport, air transport, water transport, or a combination ofthese depending on the nature of the products and distance to becovered.2.Warehousing: Warehousing involves storing products before theyare shipped to customers or retailers. It includes activities such as receiving goods, storing them in appropriate conditions(temperature-controlled if required), organizing inventory,picking and packing orders, and preparing them for transportation.3.Inventory Management: Effective inventory management is essentialto ensure the right level of stock is available at all times. Itinvolves forecasting demand, setting reorder points, monitoringstock levels, and implementing inventory control measures to avoid stockouts or excessive inventory.4.Packaging: Packaging plays a crucial role in protecting productsduring transportation and storage. It should be designed towithstand handling, protect against damage, and provide relevantproduct information. Effective packaging also helps optimize space utilization during transportation and warehousing.5.Order Fulfillment: Order fulfillment involves processing customerorders received through various channels such as online platforms or physical stores. It includes activities such as orderverification, picking products from the warehouse, packing them,labeling, generating shipping documents, and arranging fortransportation.6.Reverse Logistics: Reverse logistics deals with the movement ofproducts from consumers back to the manufacturer or retailer. Itincludes activities such as product returns, repairs, recycling,or disposal. Managing reverse logistics effectively is crucial for customer satisfaction and minimizing costs associated with returns.Challenges in Physical DistributionPhysical distribution faces several challenges that need to be addressed for efficient operations:1.Transportation Costs: Transportation costs can be significantdepending on the distance traveled, mode of transport used, fuelprices, and other factors. Businesses need to optimize theirtransportation network to minimize costs while ensuring timelydelivery.2.Inventory Management: Balancing inventory levels is a challengein physical distribution as holding excess stock ties up capitalwhile insufficient stock leads to stockouts and dissatisfiedcustomers. Advanced inventory management systems can help optimize inventory levels based on demand patterns.3.Warehouse Efficiency: Efficient warehouse operations are criticalfor timely order fulfillment and effective inventory management.Businesses need to ensure proper layout design, efficient storagesystems (such as racking), accurate picking processes (such asbarcode scanning), and effective use of technology (such aswarehouse management systems) to maximize efficiency.st-Mile Delivery: The last-mile delivery, i.e., the final legof the transportation process from the distribution center to theend consumer, can be challenging due to factors such as trafficcongestion, remote locations, or customer availability. Companiesare exploring innovative solutions like route optimizationsoftware and alternative delivery methods (such as drones orlockers) to overcome these challenges.5.Global Supply Chains: With businesses operating on a global scale,managing physical distribution across borders presents additionalchallenges such as customs regulations, language barriers,cultural differences, and longer lead times. Effectivecoordination and collaboration with international partners areessential for successful global physical distribution.ConclusionPhysical distribution plays a vital role in ensuring that products reach customers efficiently and on time. It encompasses various activitiessuch as transportation, warehousing, inventory management, packaging,and order fulfillment. By focusing on customer service, cost efficiency, market expansion, and gaining a competitive advantage, businesses can optimize their physical distribution network. Overcoming challenges related to transportation costs, inventory management, warehouseefficiency, last-mile delivery, and global supply chains is crucial for effective physical distribution operations. By addressing these challenges and continuously improving processes and technologies involved in physical distribution, businesses can enhance customer satisfaction and achieve sustainable growth.。

物流学121.3.2 物流科学的发展过程1．以“P.D”命名物流科学的时代P.D是Physical Distribution的简称。

物流的概念是在发展中形成的。

如前所述，物流科学是在世界经济进入大量生产、大量销售时期后，为了解决流通成本上升，在“二战”后期军事后勤保障研究的基础上形成的一门学科。

新学科成立的标志是提出了物流系统概念，界定了物流系统范围。

认为运输、仓储、装卸搬运的物流活动具有共同的特性，即为了改变物资的空间状态和时间状态，它们都是属于一个大系统的子系统，存在相互制约、相互关联的关系。

降低物流成本可以看作是系统优化目标。

要在降低成本方面取得最佳效果，必须从整体出发，引进系统工程科学的理论、方法进行系统优化。

由于新科学是在流通领域面世的，当时就以概念相近的P.D（Physical Distribution）为新学科的名称。

美国物流管理协会（NCPDM）1960年对P.D的定义是：“P.D是把完成品从生产线的终点有效地移动到消费者手里的广范围的活动，有时也包括从原材料的供给源到生产线的始点的移动。

”这个定义清晰地表明，现在所说的“生产物流”是不包含在当时所定义的物流系统之内的。

物理科学的研究成果很快在经济领域取得显赫成就，物流科学被认为是最有生命力的新学科之一。

20世纪60年代P.D的概念引进日本并被译为“物的流通”，日本著名学者平原直提出用“物流”一词代替“物的流通”将更为简洁，并且能够更深刻地表达其内涵。

在此以后“物流”一词迅速地被广泛使用，平原直也因此在日本被称作“物流之父”。

日本当时对物流的定义有多种说法，以林周二描述具有代表性：“物流是包含物质资材的废弃与还原，联结供给主体与需求主体，克服空间与时间距离，并且创造一部分形质效果的物理性经济活动。

具体包括运输、保管、包装、装卸搬运、流通加工等活动以及有关的信息活动。

”我国在1980年前后从日本引进物流概念并翻译了一些物流著作。

日本汉字“物流”非常符合中国汉语的直观性描述习惯，被直接引用为中国词语。