合同翻译(二)合同翻译(二)合同翻译(二).在翻译的过程中，我们必须忠于原文，不得做与原文有出入的翻译，若有不慎，就会带来难以预估的法律责任.1、分析通读全文并研究其结构，做到全面理解、掌握内涵，并从宏观上了解合同原文的总体精神和篇章结构.要充分理解合同文本的第一步就是要对合同的体裁和种类进行分类.不同的体裁和种类的合同有不同的章法可循.英文合同种类繁多，只有了解合同种类、吃透条款的内涵，才能保证译文的质量.2、理解翻译前要读懂原文.合同文件十分枯燥、乏味，句子长、术语多，理解上颇费功夫.所以耐心读懂合同原文至关重要.理解合同文件中的规约用语.here: hereafter, hereby, herein, hereof, hereto, hereunder,hereupon, herewith, hereinbefore, hereinafter;there: thereafter, thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereon, thereof.这些词汇的共同特点是使文体更具庄重感，同时意义确定，能将复杂的含义集中到一个简洁的表达里，在合同文件中使用这些词，可以避免重复、误解和歧义，使行文庄重严谨.理清合同文件中的句子结构合同类法律文件的起草者为了使行文完整严密，不造成曲解、误解，往往选择使用结构复杂的长句，句序变化大，从句的插入手法多，经常使用被动语态和否定提前等.在翻译时，一定要理顺句子之间的逻辑结构，注意行文的条理性及严谨性.3. 表达在分析和理解的基础上，要用目的语将原文内容表达出来. 译者对原文的理解程度、翻译技巧、翻译手法和风格等都决定着翻译的质量.在合同翻译中绝不能提笔就译，草率行事.词语是构成合同文本的基本单位，是翻译合同文件的基础.所以选词是关键.4. 校正校正是翻译活动的最后一关.在准确表达的前提下，力求使译文的格式和文体符合合同规范的要求.在校正的过程中要注意的问题是细节，如合同中的重要条款、细节部分（如合同的标的物和关于货币的支付形式）以及容易被忽略的细微之处是否有漏译或错译等.商务合同语篇特色语体正式、严肃、稳重；措辞严密准确；固定行文程式，以符合合同行业规范；多用长句、被动语态、名词化结构；语言特点：主题突出、指称直接、逻辑性强、限定详尽、指向明确.合同词汇特征1、专业词汇丰富.2、用语正式规范3、使用旧体词.4、使用缩略语1、专业词汇丰富.经贸合同种类繁多，涉及贸易、技术、法律等学科.而专业词汇是用来准确表达科学概念的词汇，具有丰富的内涵和外延.为了准确描述合同双方的权利和义务，合同中往往使用法律类的专业术语.商务合同种类商品交易（货物买卖、设备进出口、包销、代理、寄售、易货、补偿贸易等）劳务服务（工程承包、工程合作、劳务合作、来料加工、承揽、加工装配等）科研（技术开发、技术合作、技术引进与输出、技术转让、技术许可实施）投资（合资经营企业、合作经营企业、合作生产、商标使用许可）资金融通（商业信用贷款、银行信用贷款、补偿贸易贷款、技术引进贷款、设备进口贷款、工程项目贷款、开发基金贷款、协议基金贷款、专项贷款）其他：保证、保险、委托、租赁、职工劳动、培训、广告、仲裁、经营管理.2、用语正式规范国际贸易合同属于法律文体，是规范程度较高的一种文体，其用语保守，经常使用正式程度很高的书面语言，以体现合同的正规、庄重和严肃.例：要约可以撤回，撤回要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要约同时到达受要约人.The offer may be withdrawn, if, before or at the same time when an offer arrives, the withdrawal notice reaches the offeree.例：The Appendix hereto shall, through the contract period, be deemed to be construed as part of this Contract.整个合同期间，本合同的附件应被解释为合同的一部分.3、使用旧体词旧体词均为副词，一般是here, there,或where与in, on, after, of 等介词结合构成复合词.使用旧体词不仅可以使合同语言更为简练、规范、严肃，文体更为正式庄重、严谨，而且避免了用词重复和文句冗长.4、使用缩略语国际贸易合同中的缩略语主要为首字母缩略词和简短词，其中，价格、支付及包销方式大多以首字母缩略词形式出现.B/L: bill of lading 提单CIF: coast, insurance, and freight到岸价格、保险费加运费D/D: demand draft 即期汇票FOB: free on board 船上交货价格，离岸价格M/T: mail transfer 信汇，邮汇T/T: telegraphic transfer电汇计量单位及相关名称通常以简短词形式出现：CM: centimeterKG: kilogramMA: maximumNo: numberPC: pieceT: ton同一个首字母缩写词可指代不同的短语：P.O.D. 既可指交货地点（place of delivery），也可指目的港、卸货港（port of destination; port of discharge）大小写不同,意义不同：SC：sales contract销售合同Sc: scilicet.亦即，换句话说书写形式不同，但指代同一意义：C.O., C/O均指cash order 现金汇票，现金订货用词选择：同义词的选择：根据单词的内涵进行选择.例：在合同有效期内，双方对合同产品涉及的技术如有改进和发展，应相互免费将改进和发展的技术资料提供给对方.Within the validity term of the Contract, both parties shall provide each other with the improvement and development of the technology related to the Contract Products free of charge.(provide: give sb. sth. free of charge. supply不明确)例：改进和开发的技术，其所有权属于改进和开发的一方. The improved and developed technology shall be owned bythe party who has improved and developed the technology. (belong to, possess)本细则的解释权属于中华人民共和国财政部.The right of interpreting the detailed rules and regulations resides in the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China.根据搭配关系进行选择例：合资经营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国的法律.observe根据合同的文体进行选择-正式、约定俗成买方须于销售确认书第三条所规定日期之前开出本批交易的信用证.否则，售方有权不经通知取消确认书，或接受买方对本销售确认书未履行的全部或一部，或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔.The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim forlosses sustained, if any.例：Party A shall not be required to pay at once/forthwith any royalties in default on the part of Party B to the Delivery of Technical Documentation.如乙方在技术资料的交付方面违约，不应要求甲方立即支付任何专利权使用费.缔约各方确认并同意，一旦条件符合，合资经营公司便立即成立.如果许可方允许任何第三方在任何地方使用本专利或相应的专利，及有关特许产品的生产、使用和销售的许可证，而且其条件比本协议规定的条件更优惠，许可方应立即以书面形式将这些优惠许可的细节通知被许可方，被许可方有接受相同优惠条件的选择权.例：If the Licensor allows/grants any other license under the Patent or their other responding patents to any third party in connection with the manufacture, use and sale of the licensed products in any place under such conditions as aremore favorable to a licensee than those provided herein, the licensor shall promptly/forthwith inform/notify the Licensee in written form of the details of such other license and the licensee has the choice/option to adopt equally favorable conditions.一词多义的处理根据词性确定词义例：所报价格包括累进佣金，按FOB价（free on board离岸价格）为基础计算，每订单在10打及以上时佣金为2%，30打及以上时为3%.乙方受制造厂家的委托购买钢板，因此本合同将取代以前的一切承诺.例：The time limit for inspection and claim is 60 days after discharge of the cargo at the port of destination.检验与索赔的期限为货物卸至目的港后60天.Party B agrees that the expiration of this license shall not discharge Party B from its obligation.乙方同意在许可证到期时并不免除乙方应尽的义务.董事会任命的总经理负责履行合营公司的日常职权.根据专业确定词义例：The invoice shall be subject to the usual trade discounts allowed by the Consignor.发票须按照发货人所给予的通常批发折扣开立.The Buyer shall lodge a 90-day note in Bank of China, Taiyuan Branch for discount.买方将把一张90天的期票提交中国银行太原分行贴现.Our end-users consider the Voltmeter to be unfit from application and claim that the instrument be replaced by you with a sound one.我方(终端)用户认为该电量计不适于使用，要求你方用一只好的替换.仪器The board of directors may authorize any agent or agents to enter into any Contract or execute and deliver any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation. 董事会可授权任何代理人以公司名义并代表公司签订合同或签发单据.正式单据或文件A party to an instrument may authorize an agent to endorsethe instrument but must specify the principal-agent relationship on the instrument.票据当事人可以委托其代理人在票据上签章，但应当在票据上注明其代理关系.结算业务中票据总称The ocean freight and transfer charges from the interior points to the port of shipment shall be paid by the Buyer.该项海运费及从内地发货点至装船口岸的中转费均须由买方支付.运费This freight must be carefully handled when loading.货物装卸时必须小心搬运.The premium rates vary with differed interests insured and with different destinations, routes and carrying periods of insurance.保险费率随保险货物的不同而变化，也随目的地、航线和保险责任有效期的不同而变化.（insurance interest: 被保险的货物，保险标的物；保险利益）If the Buyer fails to pay any amount when due, the Buyer shall be liable to pay to the Seller overdue interest on suchunpaid amount from the due date until the actual date of payment at the rate of five per annum. Such overdue interest shall be paid upon demand of the Seller.如果买方未能按期支付到期款项，那么，买方应支付卖方从到期之日起算至实际支付之日止的年利率为5%的过期利息.一经卖方提出，买方应支付该过期利息.根据词的搭配关系确定词义In case of any request by either party, the party having possession of the desired records may deliver the appropriate records to the requesting party.如遇任何一方提出要求，拥有所需记录资料的一方可将合适的记录递交给提出要求的一方.The price difference should in no case be as big as USD 25 per metric ton.价格的差额决不会大到每公吨25美元.In the case of an order for more than 6000 pieces, Party B allows a special discount of 6%.对于数量在6000件以上的订单，乙方愿给予6%的特别折扣.Upon the arrival of the goods at the place of delivery theBuyers claim an allowance of USD 350 on account of inferior quality.货物运抵交付地点后，由于货物质量不佳，买方要求索赔350美元.赔偿费Both Party A and Party B shall make a liberal allowance for such unforeseen circumstances arising during transit.甲乙双方应充分考虑到运输中所发生的意外情况.The part of the contract price shall be paid in USD by way of an irrevocable Letter of Credit against presentation by Contractor to the negotiable bank.合同价格要由承包人在议付银行以不可撤销的信用证方式用美元支付.negotiable amount 可议付金额negotiable bill of lading 可转让提单negotiable certificate of deposit 可转让定期存单negotiable instrument 可流通/转移票据易混淆的词的处理书写基本近似，但意义不同的词.Party B shall request his bankers to open an irrevocable letter of credit in Party A’s favour upon receipt of Party A’sconfirmation of this order.一旦收到甲方关于此项订货的确认，乙方即要求其银行开立以甲方为受益人的不可撤销的信用证.Our goods that we offer you are much in favour on the European Continent.我方向你方报盘的货物在欧洲大陆颇受好评.The Borrower agrees to transfer to the lender the right to accept and substitute other assigned accounts subsequent to this date, in lieu of accounts this day assigned.借款人同意向出借人转让收取和兑取自即日起的一后各项应收帐款的权利，用以取代今天的各项应收帐款.accept a cheque in lieu of cash接受支票替代现金机械设备应成为合资公司的独占财产，不存在任何留置权、任何费用和索赔等情况.(free and clear 没有义务或牵连)同一概念但表达不同权利义务关系的词The Contract Price set forth in this Contract shall not include any withholding tariff and any charges imposed on the contractor by the government in New Zealand.合同中规定的合同价格不应包括新西兰政府向承包人征收的扣缴关税和任何费用.The China Corporation shall bear all relevant taxes and levies imposed upon the personnel by the Chinese Government, whereas the Employer shall bear the same imposed upon the personnel by the Government of the Project-host Country.中国公司应负责缴纳中国政府对人员所征收的一切税金；雇主应负责缴纳项目所在国政府对人员所征缴的一切税金.The price quoted above do not include any taxes, duties, impost and any other charges of any kind which may be levied in China.以上所报价格并不包括在中国境内所征收的各种税款、关税、进口税以及其他各种费用.tax & levies （政府所征的）一切税金tariff 关税（tax to be paid for importing & exporting）GATT duty 关税（tax to be paid for importing）impost （进口）税（但不一定是通过海关所征的税）表示不同法律关系但意义近似的词例：当事人一方有另一方不能履行合同的确切证据时，可以中止履行合同，但是应当通知另一方.The Party shall terminate its performance of the contract if it has conclusive evidence that the other party is unable to perform the contract. However, it shall inform the other party of such termination.由于发生地震、台风、水灾、火灾、战争及其他无法预见并且对其发生和后果均不能防止或避免的不可抗力事件，导致直接影响合同的履行或者不能按约定的条件履行时，遇有上述不可抗力事件的一方应立即将事件情况书面通知对方，并在其后15日内，提供事件详情及全部或部分合同不能或需要延期履行的理由的有效证明文件，此项证明文件应由事件发生地区的公证机构出具.按照事件对履行合同影响的程度，由双方协商决定是否解除合同，或者部分免除履行合同的责任，或者延期履行合同.Should either of the parties to the Contract be prevented from executing the Contract by Force Majeure, such as earthquake, typhoon, flood, fire, war and other unforeseen events, and their happenings and consequences are unpreventable and unavoidable, the presented party shall notify the other party by a written notice without any delay, and within 15 days thereafter provide the detailedinformation of the events and a valid document for evidence issued by the relevant public notary organization for explaining the reasons of its inability to execute or delay the execution of all or part of the Contract. Both parties shall, through consultations, decide whether to terminate the Contract or to exempt part of the obligation for implementation of the Contract or whether to delay the implementation of the Contract according to the effects of the events on the performance of the Contract.乙方将其50万美元的定期存款单移交甲方占有，将该单证作为债权的质押凭证.Party B shall deliver his certificate of fixed deposits of USD 500,000 to Party A for possession and take the said fixed deposits as mortgage of the obligatory right.借款合同中的担保条款.乙方将存款移交给甲方作为担保属于担保方式中的“质押”，而且是一种“权利质押”.PledgeMortgage 也表示用财产担保，但该担保方式是以不转移财产的占有向债权人担保.涉外合同的翻译方法句子长是英语合同的特点之一.这些句子结构复杂，逻辑性强，翻译起来相当困难.在长句的英译汉实践中，我们应记住英汉在句法结构上的差异；英语注重结构形式，严禁而序列性强；汉语注重表达意思，形散而神不散.这就需要译者弄清英语原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心骨架成分，分清于发层次，然后分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系，再按汉语的特点表达出来.1、顺序而译.即按照原文的顺序组织译文.在经贸合同中，当英语长句陈述的是一连串的动作并按发生的事件或逻辑关系排列时，此类长句与汉语的表达方式比较一致，可按原文的顺序译出.pro rata basis.如果公司的经营规模比双方原来预期的规模有大幅度缩减，或公司持续遭受严重亏损，导致双方商定的业务计划中所未能与其的盈余保留负数，或在任何相关法律允许或双方一致同意的情况下，双方可以协议按原有出资比例减资.该句逻辑关系非常清楚，即三个假设条件，一个结论，表达顺序与汉语一致，因此，可按照原文的语序进行翻译.2、逆序而译.英语长句按照英语语法习惯和顺序进行表达，与汉语的语序有可能完全相反.为了符合汉语的表达，可以根据情况逆向翻译.The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to force majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit.在制造或装船运输过程中，因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时，卖方不负责任.原文的行文方式是把信息的重心放在句首，先表明卖方的免责事项，接着再规定什么原因引起的不能交货或延迟交货才会免责.而按照汉语的思维习惯往往是先谈原因再讲结果，因此翻译时应采用逆译的方法将原文表示的免责条件移到前面.3、重组而译.由于英语和汉语在表达上的不同，因此在翻译时无法在译文中按照原文的顺序翻译或体现原文面貌在某些情况下，就需要对原文进行仔细分析，采用不同的处理措施进行重组，把英语原文翻译成符合汉语合同表达习惯又忠实原文的汉语合同.买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同. 这是以英文开头的固定套语表达，在译成汉语时必须将句子拆分按照汉语合同的习惯表达.4、断句而译.英语习惯于用长句表达比较复杂的概念，而汉语则不同，常常使用若干短句进行叙述.为此，可将英语的长句拆开翻译，将英语长复合句翻译成汉语短小精悍的句子.为使意思连贯，有时还可以适当增加词语.分译的目的是化整为零，消除译文的阻塞；分译后的译文必须连贯，有整体感.Either Party may terminate the Contract in case of failure on the part of the other Party to fulfill or perform any of its obligations hereunder and in the event that such failure remains unremedied sixty (60) days after the service of a written notice described in Article X below by the non-defaulting Party to the other Party specifying the failure in question and requiring it to be remedied.如果一方未完成或未履行其在本合同项下的任何义务，而且未按照下述第X条规定在另一方向其送达书面通知，指出其违约行为并要求其予以改正后六十（60）天内，其仍未予以改正，另一方则可以终止本合同.原文是合同中有关期限和终止的条款，按照先讲结论（即合同任一方具有的权利）然后再列举行使此权利的条件的顺序行文，而汉语的行文习惯往往是先条件后结论，所以译文在整体上应采用逆序的译法.涉外经贸合同的基本格式和条款的翻译合同Contract日期Date合同号码Contract No.买方The Buyer卖方The Seller商品名称数量Quantity单价Unit Price总值Total Value包装Packing生产国别Country of Origin支付条款Terms of Payment保险Insurance装运期限Time of Shipment装运条款Terms of Shipment起运港Port of Loading目的港Port of Destination索赔Claims不可抗力Force Majeure仲裁Arbitrationhereby: by means of, by reason of, 特此，因此，兹常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用.一般置于主语后，紧邻主语.This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between ______ Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and ______ Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on _______ (Date), in ______ (Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through a amicable consultation.本合同双方，________公司（以下称甲方）与_______公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利的原则上，通过友好协商，于____年___月___日在中国_____（地点），特签订本合同.We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件.hereof: of this 关于此点；在本文件中.在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的…”时使用.如表示本合同条件、条款时，可以说“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”, (of this Contract); 表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”(of this Works);一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻.Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays (if required by the carrier) supply and take delivery of the goods, provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方均应昼夜，包括星期日和假日（如承运人需要），无间断地提供和提取货物.货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应承担赔偿责任.If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.仲裁员因回避或者其他原因不能履行职责的，应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员.In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.本法施行前制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法规定相抵触的，以本法为准.hereto: to this 在此上；至此在表示上文已提及的“本合同的….”“本文件的…”时使用.表示“本合同双方”，可以说“the Parties hereto”；表示“本协议附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”一般置于要修饰的名词后面，与之紧邻.All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁.仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力.仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外.If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the matter in question. The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.乙方如需查核甲方的账目时，应在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款规定开出的书面通知后10天之内通知甲方，其具体的查账内容和程序详见本合同附件4.本协议各方同意，一方对于有关生产及装配许可证产品或部件所作的改进、修正、更新发明或设计均应立即全部通知另一方.The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own expense and its own name, file application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps to protect the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong to the Party in question.开发改进的一方可以自付费用并以自身名义申请专利或采取其他必要的法律保护程序，由此产生的专利将属于该方所有..The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.合同期满时，双方之间发生的未了债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续支付未了债务.买方buyer卖方seller项目名称Project name地址address电话telephone传真fax联系人contact person详细货物清单detail supply list合同价格contract value序号item 型号model 尺寸size, dimension 数量amount, 单价unit price 总价total price 备注remark 货物运费freight 合同总额（含安装费与税金）contract amount incl. VAT & installation Value-added tax增值税付款条件payment conditions, payment terms交货地点delivery place发货期delivery time安装条款installation clause验收条款inspection clause保证条款guarantee clause不可抗力条款force majeure clause违约条款breach clause其他条款miscellaneous clause买卖双方信息buyer and seller informationa long-term contract 长期合同A short-term contract 短期合同完成合同Contract for future delivery 期货合同Contract for goods 订货合同Contract for purchase 采购合同Contract for service 劳务合同Labor contract 劳动合同Contract note 买卖合同（证书）Contract of arbitration 仲裁合同Contract of carriage/carriage contract 运输合同Passenger carriage contract 客运合同Cargo carriage contract 货运合同Technology contract 技术合同Technology development contract 技术开发合同Technology transfer contract 技术转让合同Technical consulting contract 技术咨询合同Technical service contract 技术服务合同Safekeeping contract 保管合同Warehousing contract 仓储合同Agency appointment contract 委托合同Trading-trust contract 行纪合同Brokerage contract 居间合同Multi-modal carriage contract多式联运合同Contract of employment 雇佣合同Contract of insurance 保险合同Contract of sale 销售合同Sales contract 买卖合同Contract for supply of power, water, gas or heat 供电、水、气、热合同Gift contract 赠与合同Contract for loan of money 借款合同Leasing contract 租赁合同Financial leasing contract 融资租赁合同Contracts of hired work 承揽合同Contracts for construction project 建设工程合同Contract life 合同有效期A nice fat contract 一个很有利的合同A written 书面合同An executory contract 待执行合同Breach of contract 违反合同Cancellation of contract 撤销合同Contract parties 合同当事人Contract period (term) 合同期限Contract price 合同价格Contract provisions/stipulations 合同规定Contract sales 订约销售Contract terms (clause) 合同条款Contract wages 合同工资Contractor 订约人，承包人Contractual claim 根据合同的债权Contractual damage 合同引起的损害Contractual dispute合同上的争议Contractual guarantee 合同规定的担保合同收入Contractual liability/obligation 合同义务Contractual practice/usage 合同惯例Contractual specifications 合同规定Contractual-joint-venture 合作经营，契约式联合经营Copies of the contract 合同副本Originals of the contract 合同正本Execution of contract/performance of contract 履行合同。
