语法4

第四节限定词一、限定词概述限定词（Determiner）是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示确定数量和非确定数量等限定作用的词类，主要包括1.冠词（a, an, the）、2.物主（代词）限定词（如my，her）、3.指示（代词）限定词（如such, this, those）、3.不定（代词）限定词（如all, both, no）、4.疑问限定词（如what, which, whose）、5. 关系限定词（如whose）、6.名词属格（如Tom’s, China）、7.数词等常见考点1.冠词（article）概述：冠词是置于名词之前说明名词所指的人或物的一种虚词，英语中有三个冠词，定冠词（the）；不定冠词（a/an）；零冠词冠词考点（易出题知识点）：1.1 不定冠词a与an的区别1.2 固定结构“a/an +n.A +of + a/an+ n.B”中，这一结构中前面的名词表示的是后面名词的性质或者是特征. 如amountain of a wave 滔天巨浪 a lion of a man 雄狮般勇猛的人1.3 用在复数抽象名词前表示单一概念或复数名词表整体概念（注意同主谓一致考点联系起来）如I have a good twenty dollars in my pocket. 我口袋里面有整整20美元。

Since you like steak so much, why don’t you order ______ steak?A.theB. anC. aD./Answer: C物质名词变为可数名词，a steak表示一份牛排。

1.4 定冠词的使用1.5 零冠词的使用2. 限定词与名词的搭配关系3.限定词与限定的之间的搭配关系3.2 多个限定词相遇时，其位置使用规则*基本规则：“前位+中位+后位”both the brothers all his two daughters (前+中+后)all other students (前+后) those last few minutes (中+后+后)*such做限定词有特殊规则：such+不定冠词（such位于前）当such 和其他的限定词（some, any, no, fall, few, another, other, many, one, two等）搭配时，such是后位限定词，如I’ve never seen such a dog.All such problems should be considered.4. 特殊限定词的使用4.1some 和any 的用法1）some, any与复数名词和不可数名词搭配，表“一些”some 和单数名词搭配表“某一”any与单数名词搭配表“任一”2）some一般用于肯定句中，也可以用在表示希望对方给出肯定回答的疑问句中any 多用语疑问，否定句，条件句，if/whether引导的从句3）固定搭配some day 来日some day or other 迟早not…any longer/more 不再at any rate/in any case 无论如何4.2no 的用法1）no可以修饰单数可数名词，复数名词和不可数名词，其意义相当于“not a “ “not any”, 所以no不能和a(n), any 连用。

第四章语法一、语法的内涵和研究范围1、语言结构和使用的规则性2、客观的规则和对客观规则的抽象3、对“语法”的多层次理智（1）语法的词的构成、变化和用词造句的规则。

（客观的，一种语言只有一套）。

（2）对客观语言结构规则的描写、说明和解释。

实际指语法学。

（有主观性。

不同专家可能有不同的系统）。

陆俭明《现代汉语语法研究教程》P12-13：语法是一种语言中由小的音义结合体组合成大的音义结合体所依据的一套规则。

4、大语法和小语法（1）凡是能够体现为语言结构的规则性的部分都是语法。

（大语法）包括语音学、语义学、词法学（形态学）、句活学所研究的对象。

（2）只限于词和句子的构造规则。

（小语法，本书的理解）（3）有的甚至只指句子的构造规则（句法学）。

二、语法规则1、语言结构（1）结构成分：音义结合体，如语素、词、短语、句子。

（2）结构方式：成分与成分的组合，如：成绩好——好成绩。

虚素“们、看、了、呢”与别的成分组合时，永远不会出现在句道：“第、初、问”与别的成分组合时，永远不会出现在句末。

［分布］2、语法单位的内涵即语法系统的组成部分，凡是能在组合的是位置上被替换下来的组合成分单位，如短语、句子，都是合义结合的。

3、组合规则和聚合规则（1）组合规则：语法单位的组合起来的规则，链条，现实的，存在于话语中。

（2）聚合规则：语法单位的归类的规则，仓库，潜在地，存在于人脑中。

例如：小学生的句型练习：游戏中的语词龙（组合规则）及其后接的多种可能性（聚合规则）。

三、语法单位的层级性教材中从大单位到小单位，是解构式［分解］：应该从小单位到达单位讲，建构式［组合］。

（一）句子1、概念：语言交际的基本表述单位。

陆俭明《现代汉语语法研究教程》P21：是语言中前后有较大停顿、伴有一定句谓、表示相对完整意义有音义结合体，是最大的语法单位。

2、句型：按语气分：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。

张涤华等《汉语语法修辞词典》：［补充，不讲］句类：（1）句子的类型。

一些名称Imperative mood祈使句request请求≈祈使句Subjunctive mood虚拟语气Dangling participle 虚悬分词Personal pronoun人称代词：包括属格和反身Generic reference 类指用法：定冠词a/an+名词单数”是表示“类指”/The + 名词复数Specific reference特指用法:定冠词the+名词单数或者加了定语修饰Pronoun代词Attributive后置定语Parenthesis插入语语法动名词做主语，常常表示泛指的一般行为或者概念，否定形式应把否定词放在动名词之前不定时作主语表示一次具体的行为1.语法一致原则（principle of grammatical concord）2.意义一致原则（principle of notional concord）3.就近原则（principle of proximity）单位名词（unit noun）：用来表示不可数名词的数量,即不可数名词的个体性；它也能与可数名词搭配,表示“一双”、“一群”等意义.集合名词（Collective noun）意指一种可用来指称一群对象的字，而这些对象，可以是人、动物、或是一群概念等事物。

举例而言，在英语中，“一群狮子”可称为“a pride of lions”，此时“pride”为一个集合名词。

限定词：限定词分为三种：1、前位限定词（pre-determiner）：all，both，half，分数词（one-third，one-fifth等）, 倍数词（double，twice，three times等），such；2、中位限定词（central-determiner）：冠词（a，an，the），指示代词（this，that，these，those），不定代词（some，any，either），否定词（no，neither），全称限定词（every，each），所有格（my，your，John's)；3、后位限定词（post-determiner）：基数词（three，200），序数词（first，second，300th，last），数量词及短语（many，much，little，few，plenty of，a lot of，a large number of）等。

第五节句子一、句子句子是由词或短语构成的语言使用单位。

句子能够表达一个完整的意思，在口头表达上有一个较长的停顿，在书面上用句号、问号或感叹号来表示。

二、句子的分类：按照结构，句子分为单句和复句。

1、单句：由一个词或一个短语构成的句子是单句。

2、复句：由两个或两个以上单句构成的句子是复句。

三、单句的分类：（一）、根据结构分为主谓句和非主谓句。

1、主谓句是由主谓短语构成的句子。

2、非主谓句是由单个词或非主谓短语构成的句子。

（二）、按照语气分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。

1、陈述句：述说一件事情，末尾的语调是平的，句末用句号，在意义上是告诉别人一件事情。

1）、肯定陈述：我有三本书。

我他是共青团员。

2）、强调陈述：你这样回答是很好的。

3）、否定陈述：你的说法不对。

/ 他不是新井中学的学生。

/ 他终于没来。

2、疑问句：提出一个问题，末尾的语气是上扬的，句末加句号，在意义上是询问别人一件事情。

1）、特指问：用“谁、什么、怎么、哪”等代词表示疑问，要求针对这些疑问代语来回答，句尾可以用“呢”。

如：那是谁的房间？他究竟说了些什么呢？2）、是非问：要求对提出的问题作出肯定或否定的回答，可以只用语调表示，也可以在句尾用“吗、啊”等。

如：你已经答应他了？你身体好吗？3）、选择问：提出并列的几个问题，要求选择其中的一个作出肯定的回答。

如你去呢，还是我去呢？4）、反复问：用肯定或否定相叠的方式来提问，要求作出肯定或否定的回答。

如：能不能再快一点？5）、反问句：既是一种语气，又是一种修辞方法。

其特点是无疑而问，答案隐含在问句之中。

如：难道你就只觉得它只是树？3、祈使句：表示要求或禁止的语气，末惊动的语调是下降的，可以带表示祈使的语气词，句末用句号或感叹号，在意义上表示要求别人一件事。

如：请把书递给我。

快走吧。

禁止吸烟！4、感叹句：表示自己的某种强烈的感情，末尾的语调是下降的，可以带表示感叹的语气词，句末用感叹号。

如：好球！太精彩了！北京的秋天多好啊！四、句子成分：短语的成分主要有主语、谓语、宾语、补语、定语、状语，短语带上语气语调就构成句子，构成句子的短语的成分也就是句子的成分。

一、附加疑问句 (2)二、比较句式 (2)三、倒装 (4)四、虚拟语句 (5)五、非谓语动词 (8)六、从属分句 (10)(一)状语从句 (10)(二)关系从句（定语从句） (13)(三)名词性从句 (14)一、附加疑问句附加疑问句由两部分组成，前面是一个陈述句，后面是一个简短问句，下面分析几种特殊的附加疑问句形式：1. 如果陈述部分是祈使句，附加疑问句部分一般使用will you, w on’t you例如：Pass me some salt, won’t you?递给我一些盐，好吗？2. 如果陈述部分的主语是this, that, these, those时，附加疑问句部分的主语为it或they例如：This is exciting, isn’t it?这很令人兴奋，不是吗？3. 如果陈述部分是一个复合句，则分两种情况：1) 一般情况下，附加疑问句部分的主语应与陈述部分的主语保持一致，例如：Mary said her son would come, didn’t she? 玛丽说她的儿子要来，不是吗？2) 但如果陈述部分的主语是第一人称，且谓语动词是suppose, think, believe等，附加疑问句的主语则应该与从句的主语保持一致，例如：I think he will come, won’t he?我认为他会来，不是吗？4. 如果陈述部分是there be存在句，附加疑问句部分的主语也应该用there例如：There are some books, aren’t there?有一些书，不是吗？5. 如果陈述部分中带有否定词或半否定词，如never，hardly，scarcely，seldom，no，none，no one，rarely，nowhere，nothing，nobody，few，little等，附加疑问句的谓语要用肯定形式例如:There are rarely extremes of cold or heat in Britain, are there？英国很少出现严寒或酷暑天气，是吗？二、比较句式1. 形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法1) 比较级修饰语(a) 比较级之前的副词修饰语常用many, much, far, a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot, somewhat, rather, etc.。

CET4语法考点全解析在准备英语四级考试的过程中，语法一直是考生们比较头疼的一个部分。

由于语法知识点众多，考试时往往容易混淆，因此，了解并掌握每个语法考点是非常重要的。

本文将对CET4考试中常见的语法考点进行全面解析，帮助考生在备考中有针对性地进行复习。

一、冠词冠词是英语中一种常见的虚词，包括定冠词“the”和不定冠词“a/an”。

定冠词“the”表示特指，常用于特定的人、事物或概念；不定冠词“a/an”表示泛指，常用于不特定的人、事物或概念。

在考试中，考生需要注意正确使用冠词，避免使用错误或遗漏。

二、时态英语时态是考试中的重要考点之一，主要包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时等。

考生需要根据句意和语境选择正确的时态，避免时态错误导致句子不通顺或不符合语法规则。

三、名词名词是英语中一种表示事物、人或概念的词汇，可分为可数名词和不可数名词。

在考试中，考生需要注意名词的单复数形式、所有格形式以及名词性从句的使用，避免在句子中出现名词错误。

四、动词动词是英语中一种表示行为或状态的词汇，主要包括一般动词、情态动词、动词的时态和语态等。

在考试中，考生需要注意动词的时态和语态的正确使用，避免主谓不一致或动词形式错误。

五、代词代词是英语中一种用来代替名词或其他词汇的词汇，包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词等。

在考试中，考生需要注意代词的正确使用，避免在句子中出现代词错误或误解。

六、连接词连接词是英语中一种用来连接句子、短语或词汇的词汇，包括并列连词、从属连词和连接副词等。

在考试中，考生需要注意连接词的使用，保持句子逻辑性和通顺性。

七、介词介词是英语中一种用来表示位置、方向或关系的词汇，包括时间介词、地点介词和方式介词等。

在考试中，考生需要注意介词的正确使用，避免在句子中出现介词错误或误解。

总结：通过上述对CET4语法考点的全面解析，考生可以更好地理解和掌握英语语法知识，提高语法水平和应试能力。

新目标（Go for it）版初中英语2020年暑期七升八年级衔接训练——语法4（填空题）一、语法填空1.A family of________ (mouse) are all in the kitchen now.2.These ________ usually go to the sea to catch fish every Sunday. (fish)3.How many ________ (child) does Mrs. Rice have?4.China is one of the strongest ________ (country) in the world.5.—How many ________(goose) are there on this farm?—About twenty.6.We have some flowers on both of the ________ (balcony).7.Don't eat too many sweets. It's bad for your________(tooth)8.Those________won't go fishing on windy days. (fisherman)9.Two________broke into the house last night. (thief)10.Doing sports is good for our minds and ________ (body).11.There were so many. ________ (sheep) on the farm in the past.12.There are four ________(tomato) in the box.13.________ (child) are very happy on that day.14.Many________(China) can speak English.15.Wash your ________ (foot) before you go to bed.16.Li Lei usually ________ (take) a bus to school. but this morning he ________(walk) to school.17.They________ (take) many photos in the zoo last weekend.18.He ________ his voice so that everybody could hear him.19.Billy ________ his arms above his head.20.They ________ (enjoy) themselves in the party last Sunday.21.My brother ________ (stay) at home last night.st year I ________ (go) to Shanghai.st night we ________ (see) a new movie in the cinema.24.Did you ________ (go) to the park last night?25.I ________ (have) a busy day last weekend.26.Yesterday he ________ (do) his homework at home.27.I ________ (hear) from my friend yesterday.28.When the teacher came into the classroom, all the students ________ (stand) up.29.I________ (not notice) the key on the small table just now.30.Yesterday I ________ (not have) any money for the taxi, so I ________ (walk) back to the hotel.答案解析部分一、语法填空1. mice解析：句意：一群老鼠现在都在厨房里。

Unit 4 I can play basketball语法精讲精练(含答案)一、“can”的用法。

解析：1.情态动词can意为“可以；能；会”，没有人称和数的变化，后接动词原形。

2.含有can的肯定句结构为“主语+can+动词原形(+其他).”，表示某人会做某事否定句结构为“主语+can’t+动词原形(+其他).”，表示某人不会做某事。

[例句] Helen can't fly a kite. 海伦不会放风筝。

3.含有can的一般疑问句结构为“Can+主语+动词原形(+其他)?”，用来询问某人是否会做某事。

其肯定回答为“Yes，主语+can.”，否定回答为“No，主语+can’t.”。

[例句]—Can you play football? 你会踢足球吗?—No,I can't. But I can play basketball.不,我不会。

但我会打篮球。

【跟踪练习1】一、根据所给图片提示填空。

第1题图第2题图第3题图第4题图第5题图1. Look!I can very well.2.—Don't in the classroom. —OK.3.—Can you ? —Yes, I can.4.—Let’s go and . —Great!二、单项选择。

()1.—Can he skate? — .A. Yes, I canB. Yes, she canC. Yes, he can()2.—Can you play football? — .A. No, I don’tB. No, I'm notC. No, I can't()3.—Can jump high? —Yes, can.A. Mike; sheB. Su Hai; sheC. Helen; he ()4. Lucy can't well.A. swimsB. swimmingC. swim三、按要求完成句子。

专题04 代词易错点解题方法（二）指示代词英语中把用来表示"这个、那个、这些、那些"等指示概念的代词称为指示代词。

常见的指示代词有：this 这个 that 那个these 这些those 那些such 如此的same 相同的疑问代词：疑问代词是指用来构成特殊疑问句的代词。

疑问代词有：what which who whom whose 。

疑问代词通常位于句首, 并在句子中担任一定的句子成分。

以疑问代词引导的间接疑问句可在复合句中当主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。

疑问代词本身在从句中又担任一定的句子成分。

不定代词：不是指明代替任何特定名词（或形容词）的代词叫做不定代词。

关键在练，我们来看例句：11. Tell _______ you like — it makes no difference to me.A. anyoneB. whoC. whoeverD. what【答案】C.【解析】容易从中文字面来理解而误选A或B。

最佳答案选C。

但若将A, B两项合起来，即用anyone who这样的形式则也可以。

选C，whoever 引导一个宾语从句，用作动词tell的宾语。

同样地，请看以下类似试题：(1) _____ comes is welcome.A. AnyoneB. WhoC. Anyone whoD. Everyone【答案】C.【解析】此题很容易误选A，因为从汉语意思来分析，可理解为“任何人来都欢迎”，但若选A，此句的结构是混乱的，句中有两个谓语动词comes 和is，但却只是一个句子。

此题应选C，anyone 是句子主语，who comes 是修饰anyone 的定语从句。

(2) _____ comes to see me, tell him I’m out.A. AnyoneB. WhoC. WhoeverD. Everyone【答案】C.【解析】此题很容易按汉语意思误选A，其实应选C。

专业英语四级考前恶补——语法词汇 (4) (1) beautiful, good looking, handsome,lovely,pretty这组词均含有“美丽” 、“漂亮” 、“可爱”的意思。

Beautiful 指能不仅给人带来感官上的快乐，而且通过感官产生思想和灵魂的愉悦，在同类词中层次。

She was even more beautiful than I had remembered.她比我记忆中的她更漂亮了。

good looking 不如 handsome, pretty 意思强烈，指一般的“好看”或“悦目”。

That good looking young man visited the house once or twice a week.那个长相不错的年轻人一星期光顾一两次。

handsome 通常是一种客观的不带感情色彩的评价。

一个人如被形容为handsome,是指此人外貌符合观察者的要求，但不激发更深层的感受。

He looked very handsome in his dark suit.他穿深色西装显得非常英俊。

lovely 比感官的快乐更进一步，是强调纯粹情感上的愉悦，指觉得某人或某物“可爱”。

Mary has two lovely daughters.玛丽有两个可爱的女儿。

pretty 也是“漂亮、可爱”的意思。

很少形容大而有影响力的事物，多形容事物不以其优秀、完美而以小巧、优雅、精致见长，使人容易接受并喜爱。

Her boyfriend believes that she is the prettiest girl in the town. 她男朋友觉得她是镇上最漂亮的女孩。

全真模拟试题1. Evidence came up ______ specific sounds are recognized by babies as young as six months old.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. whose2. I understand ______ preparation that staff must put in under pressure to meet the deadline.A. more than the enormous amount ofB. better than most the enormous number ofC. better than most the enormous amount ofD. fewer than the number of3. I’m sure your suggestion will ______ the problem.A.contribute to solvingB. be contributed to solveC. contribute to solveD. be contributed to solving4. In 1840, both Lucretian Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton resented ______ proper seating at the World’s Anti slavery convention in London because of their ***.A. refusingB. to be refusedC. being refusedD. having refused5. America will never again have as a nation the spirit of adventure as it______ before the West was settled.A. couldB. didC. wouldD. was6. You should have put the milk into the ice box, I expect it______ undrinkable.A. becameB. had becomeC. has becomeD. becomes7. It’s no good ______ him. He is always indifferent towards others’matters.A. to turn toB. turning toC. turn toD. turned to8.Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure ______ .A. than more on efficiencyB. and more on efficiencyC. and more efficiencyD.than efficiency9. She always put her medication on the top of the shelf lest the children ______ it by mistake.A. tookB. should takeC. had takenD. would take。

第四章句子成分一．句子成分的性质(一)配对性句子结构中的直接构成成分，往往是两两相对的，是同现的，相互依存的，这就是句子成分的配对性。

句子成分的配对性通常体现在，具有直接关系的句子成分之间往往是对应关系：句子成分配对性的特点是：具有配对关系的句子成分之间是同现的，相互依存的，离开了一方，另外一方也就无所谓存在了。

这一点，在前边的“语法概说”中，已经有所表述，这里不再讨论。

(二)应对性句子成分的应对性，指的是某些句子成分之间可以互易位置，而句子的意思基本不变。

汉语句子成分应对性通常体现在以下几种情况。

1.主—宾应对：主语、宾语互换位置而句子的意思基本不变。

如：①三个人坐一条凳子。

→一条凳子坐三个人。

②西昌通火车了。

→火车通西昌了。

③自古英雄出少年。

→自古少年出英雄。

2.定—中应对：句子中的定语和中心语互换位置而句子的意思基本不变。

如：①水汪汪的眼睛。

→眼睛水汪汪的。

②朵朵白云，阵阵春风。

→白云朵朵，春风阵阵。

3.状—中应对：句子中状语和中心语互换位置而句子的意思基本不变：①你错写了几个字。

→你写错了几个字。

②四周出奇地肃静。

→四周肃静得出奇。

③车子很慢很慢地开着。

→车子开得很慢很慢。

4.主—谓应对：句子中的主语、谓语互换位置而句子的基本意思不变。

如：①一斤白菜三元钱。

→三元钱一斤白菜。

②一张死契六十块大洋。

→六十块大洋一张死契。

上述各种应对关系的事实都是存在的，语法研究要做的是：进一步找到上述各种易位的条件二．主语、谓语(一)主语的语法构成总体上说，可以充当汉语主语的语言成分很多。

在汉语的词类中，除了副词、叹词和各种虚词之外，其他各类实词和词组都可以充当主语。

就此而言，汉语的“主语”似乎是比较讲究“民主”的——汉语的主语不是“名词性成分”的专利。

从具体情况来看，汉语主语通常由以下各种成分来充当。

1.名词性成分充当主语。

这是汉语最为常见的主语构成形式。

如：①他松了一口气。

②小王走了。

③母亲和宏儿都睡着了。

语法笔记4强调句◆分类◆1、助动词（do、does、did）+动词原形动词前+助动词，表示的确、务必、确实、一定I want to be thin.I do want to be thin.◆2、It is/was +被强调部分（主语、宾语、补语）+who/whom/that/+其他成分Tom found the pen in the classroom yesterday.强调主语：It was Tom who/that found the pen in the classroom yesterday.强调宾语：强调地点状语：强调时间状语：◆判断一个句子是否为强调句，去掉It +be…+引导词后，句子仍然成立。

Eg. It was the house…It was …◆3、主语从句也是一种强调句◆如何强调谓语？◆如何强调主语、宾语、状语？◆如何区别强调句与宾语从句？倒装句◆分类：完全倒装和部分倒装◆正常语序：I like apples. 主+谓完全倒装：Here comes the bus. 谓+主◆完全倒装的分类（一）There be 结构：be 动词可用exist,seem,appear,happen,rise,stand等There stands a beautiful palace at the foot of the hill.（二）副词：①在here,there,now,then等副词开头的句子里句式结构：副词+不及物动词+名词主语Here/There/Now/Then+come/be/go/lie/run+主语结构如果是人称代词，主语和谓语语序不变，不用倒装②表示方向的副词，out/in/up/down等置于句首，要用全部倒装，如果主语是人称代词，就不用倒装。

There goes the phone,and here she comes.③表示地点的介词词组：on the wall/under the tree/in front the house/in the middle ofthe room等在句首时。

语法（4）Exercise 10 Non-finite VerbsMultiple Choice1. __________ the experiment is not difficult.A) Having done B) Being doneC) To do D) Done2. __________ work means moving a body through a distance by a force.A) Having done B) DoneC) Doing D) Being done3. It is necessary __________ the book immediately.A) for him to return B) that he returnsC) his returning D) to him return4.It is no __________ arguing about it, because he will have never changed hismind.A) use B) helpC) time D) hope5.“Why were you so late for work today?”“__________ to the office was very slow this morning because of the traffic.”A) Driving B) To driveC) I drove D) That I drove6.“What’s made Ruth so upset?”“__________ three tickets to the folk music concert.”A) Lost B) LosingC) Because of losing D) Since she lost7.In a shop __________ customers.A) it is important pleasing B) it is important to pleaseC) there is important pleasing D) there is important to please8.Electrical energy __________ from the sun in a round-about way is the mostwidely used energy today.A) coming B) to comeC) come D) having come9.A __________ achievement of electronics is electronic computers.A) widely knowing B) being widely knownC) widely known D) having widely known10. Now the need __________ other people’s language is becoming greater andgreater.A) to learn B) learningC) to be learned D) being learned11. Some of the experiments __________ in the book are easy to perform.A) describing B) to be describedC) described D) to describe12.Electric charges __________ in a circuit can do work.A) flowed B) flowingC) having flowed D) being flowed13.The “picture writing” __________ long long ago is hard for us to understandtoday.A) drawing B) to be drawnC) to draw D) drawn14.The noise of desks __________ could be heard out in the street.A) opened and closed B) to be opened and closedC) being opened and closed D) having been opened and closed15.Statistics is a discipline __________ all the other sciences.A) affected B) affectingC) to be affected D) being affected16.Power stations employ __________ water to produce electricity.A) falling B) fallenC) filling D) filled17.The order __________ pumps will come from the control room.A) stopping to B) to stopC) stopped D) stops18.They found out a __________ soldier on the battlefield.A) wound B) woundedC) wounding D) being wounding19.“Who were those people with the banner?”“ A group __________ itself the League for Peace.”A) calling B) callsC) called D) is called20.I haven’t got a chair __________.A) to sit B) for to sit onC) to sit on D) for sitting21.It’s the __________ film I’ve ever seen.A) more interesting B) most interestingC) more interested D) most interested22.They tried to silence the __________ audience but in vain.A) exciting B) excitedC) to excite D) excite23.Galileo planned to __________ the problem, but failed to doso.A) solving B) have solvedC) be solved D) have been solved24.__________, he washed the cup and put it away.A) Having drank the coffee B) Drinking the coffeeC) Having drunk the coffee D) After drank the coffee25.__________all his homework, he went to bed.A) Doing B) He has been doingC) He had done D) Having done26.__________ in the fog, we were compelled to spend two hours in the forest.A) To lose B) LosingC) Lost D) Having lost27.The human body is composed of organs, each __________a definite job todo.A) have B) hasC) to have D) having28.__________ a fine day, we decided to go out on a picnic.A) Having been B) BeingC) What D) It being29.His parents __________ last week, the child has no one to look after him.A) having died B) diedC) dead D) having dead.30.Weather __________, the picnic will be held as scheduled.A) permits B) should permitC) will permit D) permitting31.There are four factories in our institute, __________.A)with each having over 100 workersB)each having over 100 workersC)which there are over 100 workersD)with each that has over 100 workers32.The lecture was so __________ that everyone went to sleep.A) boring B) boredC) tiring D) tired33.The teacher’s lecture on the past participle was three hours long and Frans felt very__________.A) boring B) boredC) boredom D) bore34.“You look pale today. What’s wrong with you”“I feel a little __________.”A) to be tired B) tiredC) tiring D) tires35.The news was __________ to us all.A) surprised B) to be surprisedC) surprising D) to surprised36.After a long walk on a hot day, one often feels __________.A) exhaustive B) exhaustingC) exhaust D) exhausted37.You should work this evening instead of __________ TV.A) watch B) you watchingC) you watch D) watching38.They forgot about __________ them to join us for lunch.A) us to ask B) us askingC) our asking D) we asking39.I really appreciate __________ to help me, but I am sure thatI will be able tomanage by myself.A) you to offer B) your offeringC) that you offer D) that you are offering40.He didn’t seem to mind __________ TV while he was trying to study.A) their watching B) them watchingC) that they watch D) them to watch41.It’s very kind __________ invite me to the party.A) from you to B) of you toC) by you to D) that you42.There are so many re staurant along the stree t that I’m not sure which one __________.A) to be eating at B) to eat atC) eating at D) for eating at43.“When does Jane want to see you?”“She expects __________ me the day after tomorrow.”A) to see B) seeingC) to be seeing D) to have seen44.I prefer __________ out with you rather than stay in by myself.A) go B) goneC) going D) to go45.He is beginning __________ his mistakes.A) see B) to seeC) seeing D) seen46.The students are all gone. Because of the bad weather , the teacher permittedthem __________ early.A) leave B) to being leavingC) to leaving D) to leave47.The terrible accident caused the man __________ hiseyesight.A) losing B) to losingC) to lose D) lost48.The nurse warned __________ the electric lamp.A) not to touch B) him not to touchC) him not touch D) him not touching49.“Why can’t you and Bill go to the movies tonight?”“We are __________ a history test tomorrow.A) supposed to having B) supposedly to haveC) supposed to have D) supposedly to having50.The sign said that unauthorized persons were prohibited __________ thatrestricted area.A) entering B) to enterC) not to enter D) from entering51.The man said he had seen the robbery __________ on the previous day.A) took place B) has taken placeC) take place D) was taking place52.A force can make a body __________ around a point.A) rotating B) rotateC) to rotate D) rotated53.It is quite amusing to watch other people __________ chess.A) to play B) playC) played D) be playing54.The team really looks good tonight because the coach had them __________every night this week.A) practice B) practicedC) to practice D) the practice55.She was often heard __________ the sad song when she was alone.A) sing B) to singC) singing D) sung56.Some who were famous in their own times would find it difficult _________.A) to achieve success B) achieve successfully todayC) successful today D) as being successful today57.Born into the rock era, he was a true pop fan, and found __________ naturaland necessary to sue rock music in a theatrical contest.A) both B) thatC) them both D) it both58.The electronic computer __________ for man to do millions of calculationsin a few seconds.A) makes this possible B) makes possible itC) makes it possible D) is made it possible59.In order to qualify for the job, __________.A)a high school diploma is needed.B)it is required that one has a high school diplomaC)one needs a high school diplomaD)a diploma from high school is necessary60.Dick won’t drive us to the station. He has __________ to take us all.A) too small a car B) a too small carC) very small a car D) such small a car61.I spoke to him kindly __________ him.A) not to frighten B) for not frighteningC) in order to not frighten D) so as not to frighten62.The brilliance of his satires was __________ make even his victims laugh.A) so as to B) so thatC) such as to D) such that63.She was __________ to understand all that. She is only five.A) too old B) not enough oldC) enough old D) not old enough64.He reached the airport __________ only __________ that the plane had justtaken off.A) exhausted ... learned B) to exhaust ... to learnC) exhausting ... learning D) exhausted ... to learn65.They are eager __________ the work assigned to them.A) taking part in B) take part inC) in taking part D) to take part in66.__________, we must have a good mastery of the ABC of physics.A) Starting with B) To start withC) To be starting with D) Started with67.The lab __________ next year will be more advanced than the old one.A) built B) being builtC) to be built D) to build68.The boy is too young to __________ in the house without a baby-sitter.A) be left B) be leavingC) leave D) leaves69.The pilot ordered the luggage __________ to lighten the plane.A) throw out B) to throw outC) thrown out D) to be thrown out70.Several of these washers and dryers are out of order and __________.A) need to be repairing B) repairing is required of themC) require that they be repaired D) need to be repaired71.The reading-room is __________only by the teachers of our university.A) to be used B) to useC) to have used D) otherwise72.Electrons are known __________ continuously.A) moving B) being movedC) to be moving D) to be moved73.Housewives complain that there is always plenty of housework __________.A) to do B) to be doneC) for one doing D) done74.Some stars in the sky are too far away from us __________.A) to see B) to have seenC) to seen D) for seeing75.I consider it an honor __________ to study here.A) to permit B) being permittedC) to have been permitted D) to have permitted76.Madame Curie is believed __________ radium.A) to discover B) discoveringC) to have discovered D) having discovered77.Curiously enough, she pretended __________ my name.A) to forget B) to have forgottenC) to be forgotten D) to have been forgotten78.Are you sure Miss Smith knows __________ the new equipment?A) the use B) to useC) of the use D) how to use79.The question under discussion is __________ a source of water.A) finding B) where findC) where to find D) to find80.__________ from t he sun’s rays is being studied.A) How best to get energy B) How get energy bestC) To get energy D) To get energy how81.“My girl friend’s in a bad mood.”“__________ give her some flowers?”A) Please B) Why notC) You should D) Why not to82.You have quite a temperature. You had better not __________ tonight.A) go out B) went outC) to go out D) gone out83.We would rather put the meeting off than __________ it without adequate preparation.A) to hold B) holdC) holding D) held84.Rather than __________ money in such a dishonest way, he would beg in the street.A) get B) gettingC) go D) to get85.We could do nothing __________ to come.A) beside wait for the doctor B) but wait for the doctorC) only to wait for the doctor D) but to wait for the doctor86.I __________ the truth of your remarks, although they go against my interest.A) cannot but admit B) cannot but admittingC) cannot help but to admit D) cannot help but admitting87.Molds cannot produce their own food __________ their nourishment from living on deadorganic matter or on other living matter.A) obtain B) obtainingC) but obtain D) is obtained88.Danny __________ he didn’t hear his mother calling.A) made to believe B) made it believe thatC) made believe D) made believing89.“Would you join us tonight?”“Oh, I __________ , but I have an appointment.”A) would love to do so B) would love toC) would love it D) would love to do90.As I have nothing to do now, I __________ with you.A) might as well to go B) might as well goC) could as well go D) should as well go91.“I’m sorry, were you speaking to me?”“Yes, I was. Would you please __________ in this room?”A) not to smoke B) no smokingC) not smoke D) no smoke92.I couldn’t afford to rent a ho use like that, __________ it.A) let alone to buy B) let alone buyC) to say nothing to buy D) say nothing of buying93.It’s quite necessary for us __________.A)reading more and having more practiceB)to read more and to have more practiceC)to read more and have more practiceD)to read more and having more practice94.The more important task is __________ the scientists’inventions and applying them toproduction.A) to improve B) improvingC) to be improved D) being improved95.“Is George really leaving the university?”“Yes, would you mind __________ to anyone?”A) not mentioning it B) not mention itC) not to mention it D) not to mentioning it96.After I left the lab, he continued __________ measurements there again.A) to make B) makingC) to be making D) make97.The government is believed to be considering __________ a law making it a crime to importand kind of weapon.A) to pass B) passedC) have passed D) passing98.With apples at 25 cents a pound, we couldn’t resist __________ four pounds.A) to take B) takingC) took D) have taken99.When Mary was told the whole story she ceased __________ in the film.A) interest B) interestedC) being interested D) to interest100.The government asked the people to be sure to avoid __________ anywater which had not been boiled.A) drinking B) having drunkC) drink D) not to be drunk。