Effects of Chemical Potential on Hadron Masses in the Phase Transition Region

应⽤化学专业英语第⼆版万有志主编版课后答案和课⽂翻译Unit 1 The Roots of ChemistryI. Comprehension.1.C2. B3. D4. C5. BII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1.The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty,and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2.Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and isalso an activity by which knowledge is generated.3.Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on asingle mundane planet.4.People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simplewhereas others are highly complex.5.Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistrythere is neither life nor death.6.Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects ofhuman life, although many of us are not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1.(a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation2.It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/and soforth/and otherwise.3.Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goes back toprerecorded times/predating recorded times.4.According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized that liquids canturn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.5.You must know the properties of the material before you use it.IV. Translation化学是三种基础⾃然科学之⼀，另外两种是物理和⽣物。

gre阅读a major chemicalA Major Chemical and Its Impact on the Environment and Human HealthIn our modern world, the use of chemicals is prevalent in various industries, ranging from agriculture to manufacturing. One such chemical that has gained significant attention is glyphosate. Glyphosate is a major herbicide widely used around the world. However, concerns have been raised regarding its impact on the environment and human health.Glyphosate, commonly known as Roundup, was first introduced in the 1970s as an effective herbicide for weed control. Its popularity soared due to its broad-spectrum activity and low toxicity to mammals. Farmers and gardeners embraced glyphosate as a convenient solution to eliminate unwanted plants. Nonetheless, recent studies have shed light on the potential adverse effects of glyphosate on the environment.One of the main concerns surrounding glyphosate usage is its impact on biodiversity. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide, meaning it targets both weeds and desirable plants. This poses a threat to non-target organisms, such as insects and birds, that rely on these plants for food and habitat. Moreover, studies have shown that glyphosate can persist in soil and water, potentially affecting aquatic ecosystems. The long-term consequences of this chemical on biodiversity are still being researched, but it is clear that its widespread use should be approached with caution.Another critical aspect to consider is the potential health risks associated with glyphosate exposure. Glyphosate has been classified as aprobable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). This classification has raised concerns among consumers and health professionals alike. Agricultural workers who come intodirect contact with glyphosate during application are at a higher risk of exposure. Nonetheless, residues of glyphosate have also been detected in food products, such as fruits, vegetables, and grains. This raises concerns about chronic exposure to low levels of glyphosate through the diet.Furthermore, the widespread use of glyphosate has led to the emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds. This phenomenon, known as herbicide resistance, poses a challenge for farmers. To combat these resistant weeds, higher doses of glyphosate or alternative herbicides are often used. This not only increases the overall chemical load in the environment but also contributes to the development of further herbicide resistance. It is a vicious cycle that requires alternative strategies for sustainable weed management.In response to these concerns, some countries have imposed restrictions on glyphosate usage. For instance, the European Union has imposed a ban on the use of glyphosate in public spaces and is considering further restrictions on agricultural use. These measures aim to protect the environment and human health, but they also highlight the need for alternative weed control methods.In conclusion, glyphosate is a major chemical with significant implications for the environment and human health. Its widespread use has raised concerns about its impact on biodiversity, its potential role in carcinogenesis, and the development of herbicide resistance. It isessential to balance the benefits of glyphosate with the potential risks and explore alternative strategies for sustainable weed management. As consumers and active participants in society, it is crucial to stay informed and advocate for responsible chemical usage to protect our environment and well-being.。

晋中初三英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What does the word "environment" mean?A. 环境B. 能源C. 经济D. 教育答案：A2. Which of the following is not a type of renewable energy?A. Solar energyB. Wind energyC. Nuclear energyD. Hydro energy答案：C3. According to the passage, which of the following is the most important?A. Protecting the environmentB. Developing technologyC. Saving energyD. Increasing production答案：A4. What is the main idea of the text?A. The importance of saving water.B. The importance of protecting the environment.C. The importance of renewable energy.D. The importance of reducing pollution.答案：B5. What does the author suggest we should do?A. Stop using fossil fuels.B. Use more renewable energy.C. Plant more trees.D. Recycle more materials.答案：B6. What is the best title for the passage?A. The EnvironmentB. Renewable EnergyC. Saving EnergyD. Protecting the Environment答案：D7. Which of the following is the correct order of the steps to solve the problem mentioned in the text?A. Identify the problem - Analyze the causes - Find solutions - Implement the solutionsB. Analyze the causes - Identify the problem - Find solutions - Implement the solutionsC. Find solutions - Identify the problem - Analyze the causes - Implement the solutionsD. Implement the solutions - Analyze the causes - Identify the problem - Find solutions答案：A8. What is the author's attitude towards the problem discussed in the text?A. OptimisticB. PessimisticC. NeutralD. Concerned答案：D9. What is the main purpose of the text?A. To informB. To persuadeC. To entertainD. To describe答案：B10. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using renewable energy mentioned in the text?A. Reduces pollutionB. Saves non-renewable resourcesC. Creates jobsD. Increases global warming答案：D二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The Earth's surface is about ________ covered by water. 答案：70%12. The average temperature of the Earth has risen by about ________ degrees Celsius in the past 100 years.答案：0.613. One of the main causes of air pollution is the burning of ________.答案：fossil fuels14. Recycling can help reduce ________ and save energy.答案：waste15. The use of public transportation can help reduce ________ emissions.答案：carbon16. Many countries are investing in ________ energy to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels.答案：renewable17. Planting trees can help absorb ________ dioxide from the atmosphere.答案：carbon18. The ozone layer protects the Earth from the harmful effects of ________ radiation.答案：ultraviolet19. Many animals are becoming endangered due to ________ habitat loss.答案：their20. Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs by ________ natural resources.答案：conserving三、阅读理解（每题2分，共30分）阅读下面的短文，然后回答问题。

Chemical potentialFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaIn thermodynamics, chemical potential, also known as partial molar free energy, is a form of potential energy that can be absorbed or released during a chemical reaction. It may also change during a phase transition. The chemical potential of a species in a mixture can be defined as the slope of the free energy of the system with respect to a change in the number of moles of just that species. Thus, it is the partial derivative of the free energy with respect to the amount of the species, all other species' concentrations in the mixture remaining constant, and at constant temperature. When pressure is constant, chemical potential is the partial molar Gibbs free energy. At chemical equilibrium or in phase equilibrium the total sum of chemical potentials is zero, as the free energy is at aminimum.[1][2][3]In semiconductor physics, the chemical potential of a system of electrons at a temperature of zero Kelvin is known as the Fermi energy.[4]Contents1 Overview2 Thermodynamic definitions2.1 Dependence on concentration (particle number)2.2 Dependence on temperature and pressure3 Applications4 History5 Electrochemical, internal, external, and total chemical potential6 Systems of particles6.1 Chemical potential of electrons in solids6.2 Sub-nuclear particles7 See also8 References9 External linksOverviewParticles tend to move from higher chemical potential to lower chemical potential. In this way, chemical potential is a generalization of "potentials" in physics such as gravitational potential. When a ball rolls down a hill, it is moving from a higher gravitational potential (higher elevation) to a lower gravitational potential (lower elevation). In the same way, as molecules move, react, dissolve, melt, etc.,they will always tend naturally to go from a higher chemical potential to a lower one, changing the particle number, which is conjugate variable to chemical potential.A simple example is a system of dilute molecules diffusing in a homogeneous environment. In this system, the molecules tend to move from areas with high concentration to low concentration, until eventually the concentration is the same everywhere.The microscopic explanation for this is based in kinetic theory and the random motion of molecules. However, it is simpler to describe the process in terms of chemical potentials: For a given temperature, a molecule has a higher chemical potential in a higher-concentration area, and a lower chemical potential in a low concentration area. Movement of molecules from higher chemical potential to lower chemical potential is accompanied by a release of free energy. Therefore it is a spontaneous process.Another example, not based on concentration but on phase, is a glass of liquid water with ice cubes in it. Above 0°C, an H2O molecule that is in the liquid phase (liquid water) has a lower chemical potential than a water molecule that is in the solid phase (ice). When some of the ice melts, H2O molecules convert from solid to liquid where their chemical potential is lower, so the ice cubes shrink. Below 0°C, the molecules in the ice phase have the lower chemical potential, so the ice cubes grow. At the temperature of the melting point, 0°C, the chemical potentials in water and ice are the same; the ice cubes neither grow nor shrink, and the system is in equilibrium.A third example is illustrated by the chemical reaction of dissociation of a weak acid, such as acetic acid, HA, A=CH3COO-.HA H+ + A-Vinegar contains acetic acid. When acid molecules dissociate, the concentration of the undissociated acid molecules (HA) decreases and the concentrations of the product ions (H+ and A-) increase. Thus the chemical potential of HA decreases and the sum of the chemical potentials of H+ and A- increases. When the sums of chemical potential of reactants and products are equal the system is at equilibrium and there is no tendency for the reaction to proceed in either the forward or backward direction. This explains why vinegar is acidic, because acetic acid dissociates to some extent, releasing hydrogen ions into the solution.Chemical potentials are important in many aspects of equilibrium chemistry,including melting, boiling, evaporation, solubility, osmosis, partition coefficient, liquid-liquid extraction and chromatography. In each case there is a characteristic constant which is a function of the chemical potentials of the species at equilibrium.In electrochemistry, ions do not always tend to go from higher to lower chemical potential, but they do always go from higher to lower electrochemical potential. The electrochemical potential completely characterizes all of the influences on an ion'smotion, while the chemical potential includes everything except the electric force. (See below for more on this terminology.)Thermodynamic definitionsThe fundamental equation of chemical thermodynamics for a system containing n constituent species, with the i-th species having N i particles is, in terms of Gibbs energyAt constant temperature and pressure this simplifies toThe definition of chemical potential of the i-th species, μi, follows by settingall the numbers N j, apart from N i, to be constant.When temperature and volume are taken to be constant chemical potential relates to the Helmholtz free energy, A.The chemical potential of a species is the slope of the free energy with respect to the number of particles of that species. It reflects the change in free energy when the number of particles of one species changes. Each chemical species, be it an atom, ion or molecule, has its own chemical potential. At equilibrium free energy is at its minimum for the system, that is, d G=0. It follows that the sum of chemical potentials is also zero.Use of this equality provides the means to establish the equilibrium constant for a chemical reaction.Other definition are sometimes used..Here U is internal energy, H is enthalpy and the entropy, S, is taken to be constant (see #History). Keeping the entropy fixed requires perfect thermal insulation, so these definitions have limited practical applications.Dependence on concentration (particle number)The variation of chemical potential with particle number is most easily expressed in terms relating quantities to their concentrations. The concentration of a species in a given volume, V, is simply N i / V, so chemical potential can be defined in termsof concentration rather than particle number. For species in solutionwhere μi std is the potential in a given standard state and a i is the activity ofthe species in solution. Activity can be expressed as a product of concentration and an activity coefficient, so if activity coefficients are ignored, chemical potential is proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of the species.For species in the gaseous state the variation is expressed aswhere f i is the fugacity. If the ideal gas law applies fugacity is equal to partial pressure and chemical potential is proportional to the logarithm of the partial pressure.Dependence on temperature and pressureThe Maxwell relationshows that the temperature variation of chemical potential depends on entropy. If entropy increases as the particle number increases, then chemical potential will decrease as temperature increases.Similarlyshows that the pressure coefficient depends on volume. If volume increases with particle number, chemical potential also increases as pressure increases. ApplicationsThe Gibbs–Duhem equation is useful because it relates individual chemical potentials. For example, in a binary mixture, at constant temperature and pressure, the chemical potentials of the two participants are related byEvery instance of phase or chemical equilibrium is characterized by a constant. For instance, the melting of ice is characterized by a temperature, known as the melting point at which solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium with each other. Chemical potentials can be used to explain the slopes of lines on a phase diagram by using the Clapeyron equation, which in turn can be derived from the Gibbs–Duhem equation.[5] They are used to explain colligative properties such as melting-point depression by the application of pressure.[6] Both Raoult's law and Henry's law can be derived in a simple manner using chemical potentials.[7]HistoryChemical potential was first described by the American engineer, chemist and mathematical physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs. He defined it as follows: If to any homogeneous mass in a state of hydrostatic stress we suppose aninfinitesimal quantity of any substance to be added, the mass remaininghomogeneous and its entropy and volume remaining unchanged, the increaseof the energy of the mass divided by the quantity of the substance addedis the potential for that substance in the mass considered.Gibbs later noted also that for the purposes of this definition, any chemical element or combination of elements in given proportions may be considered a substance, whether capable or not of existing by itself as a homogeneous body. This freedom to choose the boundary of the system allows chemical potential to be applied to a huge range of systems. The term can be used in thermodynamics and physics for any system undergoing change. Chemical potential is also referred to as partial molar Gibbs energy (see also partial molar property). Chemical potential is measured in units of energy/particle or, equivalently, energy/mole.In his 1873 paper A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces, Gibbs introduced the preliminary outline of the principles of his new equation able to predict or estimate the tendencies of various natural processes to ensue when bodies or systems are brought into contact. By studying the interactions of homogeneous substances in contact,i.e. bodies, being in composition part solid, part liquid, and part vapor, and by using a three-dimensional volume–entropy–internal energy graph, Gibbs was able to determine three states of equilibrium, i.e. "necessarily stable", "neutral", and "unstable", and whether or not changes will ensue. In 1876, Gibbs built on this framework by introducing the concept of chemical potential so to take into account chemical reactions and states of bodies that are chemically different from each other. In his own words, to summarize his results in 1873, Gibbs states:If we wish to express in a single equation the necessary and sufficientcondition of thermodynamic equilibrium for a substance when surrounded bya medium of constant pressure P and temperature T, this equation may bewritten:where δ refers to the variation produced by any variations in the stateof the parts of the body, and (when different parts of the body are indifferent states) in the proportion in which the body is divided betweenthe different states. The condition of stable equilibrium is that thevalue of the expression in the parenthesis shall be a minimum.In this description, as used by Gibbs, ε refers to the internal energy of the body,η refers to the entropy of the body, and ν is the volume of the body.Electrochemical, internal, external, and total chemical potentialThe abstract definition of chemical potential given above—total change in free energy per extra mole of substance—is more specifically called total chemical potential.[8][9] If two locations have different total chemical potentials for a species, some of it may be due to potentials associated with "external" force fields (Electric potential energy differences, gravitational potential energy differences, etc.), while the rest would be due to "internal" factors (density, temperature, etc.)[8] Therefore the total chemical potential can be split into internalchemical potential and external chemical potential:wherei.e., the external potential is the sum of electric potential, gravitational potential, etc. (q and m are the charge and mass of the species, respectively, V and h are the voltage and height of the container, respectively, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.) The internal chemical potential includes everything else besides the external potentials, such as density, temperature, and enthalpy. The phrase "chemical potential" sometimes means "total chemical potential", but that is not universal.[8] In some fields, in particular electrochemistry, semiconductor physics, and solid-state physics, the term "chemical potential" means internal chemical potential, while the term electrochemical potential is used to mean total chemical potential.[10][11][12][13][14]Systems of particlesChemical potential of electrons in solidsElectrons in solids have a chemical potential, defined the same way as the chemical potential of a chemical species: The change in free energy when electrons are added or removed from the system. In the case of electrons, the chemical potential is usually expressed in energy per particle rather than energy per mole, and the energy per particle is conventionally given in units of electron-volt (eV).Chemical potential plays an especially important role in semiconductor physics. For example, n-type silicon has a higher chemical potential of electrons than p-type silicon. Therefore, when p-type and n-type silicon are put into contact–called ap–n junction–electrons will spontaneously flow from the n-type to the p-type. This transfer of charge causes a "built-in" electric field, which is central to how p–n diodes and photovoltaics work. In the diode at equilibrium the chemical potential (internal chemical potential) varies from the p-type to the n-type side, while the total chemical potential (electrochemical potential) is constant throughout the diode.Chemical potential of electrons in solids is closely related to the concepts of work function, fermi level, electronegativity, and ionization potential. In fact, the chemical potential of an atom is sometimes said to be the negative of the atom's electronegativity. Likewise, the process of chemical potential equalization is sometimes referred to as the process of electronegativity equalization. This connection comes from the Mulliken definition of electronegativity. By inserting the energetic definitions of the ionization potential and electron affinity into the Mulliken electronegativity, it is seen that the Mulliken chemical potential is a finite difference approximation of the electronic energy with respect to the number of electrons., i.e.,where IP and EA are the ionization potential and electron affinity of the atom, respectively.As described above, when describing chemical potential, one has to say "relative to what". In the case of electrons in solids, chemical potential is often specified "relative to vacuum", i.e. relative to an electron sitting isolated in empty space. This definition is somewhat delicate, however, as not all points in the vacuum are equivalent.In practice, the electrochemical potential of electrons is even more important than the chemical potential. The electrochemical potential of electrons in a solid is called the Fermi level.Sub-nuclear particlesIn recent years, thermal physics has applied the definition of chemical potential to systems in particle physics and its associated processes. For example, in a quark–gluon plasma or other QCD matter, at every point in space there is a chemicalpotential for photons, a chemical potential for electrons, a chemical potential for baryon number, electric charge, and so forth.In the case of photons, photons are bosons and can very easily and rapidly appear or disappear. Therefore the chemical potential of photons is always and everywhere zero. The reason is, if the chemical potential somewhere was higher than zero, photons would spontaneously disappear from that area until the chemical potential went back to zero; likewise if the chemical potential somewhere was less than zero, photons would spontaneously appear until the chemical potential went back to zero. Since this process occurs extremely rapidly (at least, it occurs rapidly in the presence of dense charged matter), it is safe to assume that the photon chemical potential is never different from zero.Electric charge is different, because it is conserved, i.e. it can be neither created nor destroyed. It can, however, diffuse. The "chemical potential of electric charge" controls this diffusion: Electric charge, like anything else, will tend to diffuse from areas of higher chemical potential to areas of lower chemical potential.[15] Other conserved quantities like baryon number are the same. In fact, each conserved quantity is associated with a chemical potential and a corresponding tendency to diffuse to equalize it out.[16]In the case of electrons, the behavior depends on temperature and context. At low temperatures, with no positrons present, electrons cannot be created or destroyed. Therefore there is an electron chemical potential that might vary in space, causing diffusion. At very high temperatures, however, electrons and positrons can spontaneously appear out of the vacuum (pair production), so the chemical potential of electrons by themselves becomes a less useful quantity than the chemicalpotential of the conserved quantities like (electrons minus positrons).The chemical potentials of bosons and fermions is related to the number of particles and the temperature by Bose–Einstein statistics and Fermi–Dirac statistics respectively.See alsoActivity (chemistry)Chemical equilibriumElectrochemical potentialEquilibrium chemistryExcess chemical potentialFugacityPartial molar propertyThermodynamic equilibriumReferences1. ^ Atkins, Peter; de Paula, Julio (2006). Atkins' Physical Chemistry (8th ed.). OxfordUniversity Press. ISBN 978-0-19-870072-2. Page references in this article referspecifically to the 8th edition of this book.2. ^ Baierlein, Ralph (April 2001). "The elusive chemical potential"(/~bnikolic/teaching/phys624/PDF/chemical_potential.pdf).American Journal of Physics69 (4): 423–434. Bibcode:2001AmJPh..69..423B(/abs/2001AmJPh..69..423B). doi:10.1119/1.1336839(https:///10.1119%2F1.1336839).3. ^ Job, G.; Herrmann, F. (February 2006). "Chemical potential–a quantity in search ofrecognition" (http://www.physikdidaktik.uni-karlsruhe.de/publication/ejp/chem_pot_ejp.pdf) (PDF). European Journal of Physics27 (2): 353–371. Bibcode:2006EJPh...27..353J(/abs/2006EJPh...27..353J). doi:10.1088/0143-0807/27/2/018(https:///10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F27%2F2%2F018).4. ^ Kittel, Charles; Herbert Kroemer (1980-01-15). Thermal Physics (2nd Edition)(/?id=c0R79nyOoNMC&pg=PA357). W. H. Freeman. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-7167-1088-2.5. ^ Atkins, Section 4.1, p 1266. ^ Atkins, Section 5.5, pp 150-1557. ^ Atkins, Section 5.3, pp 143-1458. ^ a b c Thermal Physics (/books?id=c0R79nyOoNMC&pg=PA124) by Kitteland Kroemer, second edition, page 124.9. ^Thermodynamics in Earth and Planetary Sciences by Jibamitra Ganguly, google books link(/books?id=aD6TJAuCTVsC&pg=PA240). This text uses "internal","external", and "total chemical potential" as in this article.10. ^Electrochemical Methods by Bard and Faulkner, 2nd edition, Section 2.2.4(a),4-5.11. ^Electrochemistry at Metal and Semiconductor Electrodes, by Norio Sato, pages 4-5, googlebooks link (/books?id=olQzaXNgM74C&pg=PA4)12. ^Physics Of Transition Metal Oxides, by Sadamichi Maekawa, p323, google books link(/books?id=iyNzfufnkBgC&pg=PA323)13. ^The Physics of Solids: Essentials and Beyond, by Eleftherios N. Economou, page 140,google books link (/books?id=SyGsHxH071MC&pg=PA140). In this text, total chemical potential is usually called as "electrochemical potential", but sometimes as just "chemical potential". The internal chemical potential is referred to by theunwieldy phrase "chemical potential in the absence of the [electric] field".14. ^Solid State Physics by Ashcroft and Mermin, page 257 note 36. Page 593 of the same bookuses, instead, an unusual "flipped" definition where "chemical potential" is the totalchemical potential which is constant in equilibrium, and "electrochemical potential" is the internal chemical potential; presumably this unusual terminology was an unintentional mistake.15. ^ Baierlein, Ralph (2003). Thermal Physics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65838-1. OCLC 39633743 (https:///oclc/39633743).16. ^ Hadrons and Quark-Gluon Plasma (/books?id=SAlbKkdor1gC&pg=PA91&lpg=PA91), by Jean Letessier, Johann Rafelski, p91External linksChemical Potential (http://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/def_en/kap_2/advanced/t2_4_1.html)Chemical Potentials (http://www.phasediagram.dk/chemical_potentials.htm)Values of the chemical potential of 1300 substances (http://www.job-stiftung.de/index.php?id=54,0,0,1,0,0)G. Cook and R. H. Dickerson "Understanding the chemical potential", AmericanJournal of Physics 63 pp. 737-742 (1995) (/10.1119/1.17844) T. A. Kaplan "The Chemical Potential", Journal of Statistical Physics 122 pp.1237-1260 (2006) (/10.1007/s10955-005-8067-x)Retrieved from "/w/index.php?title=Chemical_potential&oldid=639133256"Categories: Physical chemistry Potentials Chemical thermodynamics Thermodynamic properties Chemical engineering thermodynamicsThis page was last modified on 22 December 2014, at 03:33.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the WikimediaFoundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.。

tpo61三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (13)背景知识 (15)阅读-2 (18)原文 (19)译文 (22)题目 (24)答案 (32)背景知识 (34)阅读-3 (39)原文 (39)译文 (42)题目 (45)答案 (53)背景知识 (54)阅读-1原文Physical Properties of Minerals①A mineral is a naturally occurring solid formed by inorganic processes. Since the internal structure and chemical composition of a mineral are difficult to determine without the aid of sophisticated tests and apparatus , the more easily recognized physical properties are used in identification.②Most people think of a crystal as a rare commodity, when in fact most inorganic solid objects are composed of crystals. The reason for this misconception is that most crystals do not exhibit their crystal form: the external form of a mineral that reflects the orderly internal arrangement of its atoms. Whenever a mineral forms without space restrictions, individual crystals with well-formed crystal faces will develop. Some crystals, such as those of the mineral quartz, have a very distinctive crystal form that can be helpful in identification. However, most of the time, crystal growth is interrupted because of competition for space, resulting in an intergrown mass of crystals, none of which exhibits crystal form.③Although color is an obvious feature of a mineral, it is often anunreliable diagnostic property. Slight impurities in the common mineral quartz, for example, give it a variety of colors, including pink, purple (amethyst), white, and even black. When a mineral, such as quartz, exhibits a variety of colors, it is said to possess exotic coloration. Exotic coloration is usually caused by the inclusion of impurities, such as foreign ions, in the crystalline structure. Other minerals —for example, sulfur, which is yellow, and malachite, which is bright green —are said to have inherent coloration because their color is a consequence of their chemical makeup and does not vary significantly.④Streak is the color of a mineral in its powdered form and is obtained by rubbing a mineral across a plate of unglazed porcelain. Whereas the color of a mineral often varies from sample to sample, the streak usually does not and is therefore the more reliable property.⑤Luster is the appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral. Minerals that have the appearance of metals, regardless of color, are said to have a metallic luster. Minerals with a nonmetallic luster are described by various adjectives, including vitreous (glassy) pearly, silky, resinous, and earthy (dull).⑥One of the most useful diagnostic properties of a mineral is hardness, the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching. This property is determined by rubbing a mineral of unknown hardness against one ofknown hardness, or vice versa. A numerical value can be obtained by using Mohs' scale of hardness, which consists of ten minerals arranged in order from talc, the softest, at number one, to diamond, the hardest, at number ten. Any mineral of unknown hardness can be compared with these or with other objects of known hardness. For example, a fingernail has a hardness of 2.5, a copper penny 5, and a piece of glass 5.5. The mineral gypsum, which has a hardness of two, can be easily scratched with your fingernail. On the other hand, the mineral calcite which has a hardness of three, will scratch your fingernail but will not scratch glass. Quartz, the hardest of the common minerals, will scratch a glass plate.⑦The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding is called cleavage. Minerals that possess cleavage are identified by the smooth, flat surfaces produced when the mineral is broken. The simplest type of cleavage is exhibited by the micas. Because the micas have excellent cleavage in one direction, they break to form thin, flat sheets. Some minerals have several cleavage planes, which produce smooth surfaces when broken, while others exhibit poor cleavage, and still others exhibit no cleavage at all. When minerals break evenly in more than one direction, cleavage is described by the number of planes exhibited and the angles at which they meet. Cleavage should not be confused with crystal form. When a mineral exhibits cleavage, itwill break into pieces that have the same configuration as the original sample does. By contrast, quartz crystals do not have cleavage, and if broken, would shatter into shapes that do not resemble each other or the original crystals. Minerals that do not exhibit cleavage are said to fracture when broken. Some break into pieces with smooth curved surfaces resembling broken glass. Others break into splinters or fibers, but most fracture irregularly.译文矿物的物理性质①矿物质是由无机过程形成的天然固体。

高三英语询问生态单选题50题1. During the scientific research on the wetland ecosystem, we found that ______ play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem.A. plants and animalsB. only plantsC. only animalsD. neither plants nor animals答案：A。

解析：在湿地生态系统中，植物和动物都对维持生态系统的平衡起着至关重要的作用。

选项B只提到植物，忽略了动物的作用；选项C只提到动物，忽略了植物的作用；选项D表示植物和动物都不起作用，这与事实相悖。

从语法角度看，这是一个简单的主谓宾结构，考查对主语内容的正确理解。

2. In the field study of the desert ecosystem, which of the following is an abiotic factor?A. CactusB. ScorpionC. SandD. Lizard答案：C。

解析：在沙漠生态系统中，沙子属于非生物因素。

选项A仙人掌是植物，选项B蝎子和选项D蜥蜴都是动物，它们都是生物因素。

从语法上看，这是一个特殊疑问句，考查对特殊疑问词which引导的句子的理解以及对生态系统中非生物因素概念的掌握。

3. A group of ecologists are researching a forest ecosystem. They noticed that ______ are the primary producers.A. fungiB. treesC. birdsD. insects答案：B。

解析：在森林生态系统中，树木是主要的生产者，它们通过光合作用制造有机物。

选项A真菌是分解者；选项C鸟类和选项D昆虫大多是消费者。

Passage 1No one prior to World War II more trenchantly analyzed the philosophical differences between utopians and realists than did E.H.Carr in his celebrated work, which, although published in 1939, did not have its impact in America until after World War II. Carr used the term utopians for idealists who placed emphasis on international law and organization and on the influence of morality and public opinion in the affairs of nations. He probably did not intend the more pejorative connotation that attached to the term utopians after World War II as naïve opponents of power politics expounded by realists. Indeed, since the end of the Cold War, the idealist concept of the harmony of national interests in peace has received new attention in a more recent neoliberal-neorealist debate.The failures of the League of Nations in the 1930s cast doubt on the harmony of interest in peace, which appeared to accord with the interests of satisfied, status-quo powers with democratic governments, but not with the perceived needs of revisionists, totalitarians, authoritarian states seeking boundary changes, enhanced status, greater power, and, especially in the case of Nazi Germany, revenge for the humiliation of the post-World War I settlement imposed by the Versailles treaty. Contrary to the utopian assumption, national self-determination did not always produce representative governments. Instead, the overthrow of the old monarchical order gave rise in many places, including Russia, to a more pervasive and oppressive totalitarian states. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany set the stage for Adolph Hitler’s invasion of Poland, the outbreak of World War II, the partition of Poland, and the absorption of Baltic states into the Soviet Union, all in flagrant contravention of the standards of international conduct set forth in utopian theory.1.Who took a strong analysis of the philosophical differences between utopians and realists?A.Adolph Hitler didB. E.H.Carr didC.Neorealist didD.Molotov did2.What did utopian mean in Carr’s opinion?A.Idealists who placed emphasis on international law and organization and on the influenceof morality and public opinion in the affairs of nations.B.Naïve opponents of power politics.C.Status-quo powersD.Revisionists.3.What is the consequence of national self-determination?A.Producing representative governments.B.Giving rise to a more pervasive and oppressive totalitarian states.C.Both A and BD.Sometimes A, sometimes B.4.What was the influence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939?A.to set the stage for Adolph Hitler’s invasion of PolandB.leading to the outbreak of World War IIC. a cause of the partition of PolandD.all of A,B and C5.Which one can serve as the title of this passage?A.Post-World War II RealismB.Post-World War II UtopiansC. E.H.Carr and the Crisis of World PoliticsD.The Influence of Versailles Treatypassage 2Beyond marking the seasons, the chief interests that actuated the Babylonian astronomer in his observations were astrological. After quoting Diodorus to the effect that the Babylonian priests observed the position of certain stars in order to cast horoscopes, Thompson tells us that from a very early day the very name Chaldean became synonymous with magician. He adds that "from Mesopotamia, by way of Greece and Rome, a certain amount of Babylonian astrology made its way among the nations of the west, and it is quite probable that many superstitions which we commonly record as the peculiar product of western civilization took their origin from those of the early dwellers on the alluvial lands of Mesopotamia. One Assurbanipal, king of Assyria B.C. 668-626, added to the royal library at Nineveh his contribution of tablets, which included many series of documents which related exclusively to the astrology of the ancient Babylonians, who in turn had borrowed it with modifications from the Sumerian invaders of the country. Among these must be mentioned the series which was commonly called 'the Day of Bel,' and which was decreed by the learned to have been written in the time of the great Sargon I., king of Agade, 3800 B.C. With such ancient works as these to guide them, the profession of deducing omens from daily events reached such a pitch of importance in the last Assyrian Empire that a system of making periodical reports came into being. By these the king was informed of all the occurrences in the heavens and on earth, and the results of astrological studies in respect to after events. The heads of the astrological profession were men of high rank and position, and their office was hereditary. The variety of information contained in these reports is best gathered from the fact that they were sent from cities as far removed from each other as Assur in the north and Erech in the south, and it can only be assumed that they were despatched by runners, or men mounted on swift horses. As reports also came from Dilbat, Kutba, Nippur, and Bursippa, all cities of ancient foundation, the king was probably well acquainted with the general course of events in his empire."1.What actuated the Babylonian astronomer?A.Marking the seasonsB.AstrologyC.Both A and BD.Neither of A and B2.Where, according to Thompson , did many superstitions of western civilization originatefrom?A.NinevehB.BabyloniaC.AssurD.Erech3.How was the social status of an astrologer at that time?A.Of high social statusB.Of middle social statusC.Of low social statusD.It wasn’t mentioned in the passage.4.How was the king acquainted with the general course of events in his empire?A.By periodical reports of astrology from the cities of the empire.B.By scientific reports from specialists.C.By rumorsD.By making a tour in disguise5.What does the author mainly talk about in this passage?A.astronomyB.physicsC.meteorologyD.astrologypassage 3Mr Malthus very correctly defines, "the rent of land to be that portion of the value of the whole produce which remains to the owner, after all the outgoings belonging to its cultivation, of whatever kind, have been paid, including the profits of the capital employed, estimated according to the usual and ordinary rate of the profits of agricultural stock at the time being."Whenever, then, the usual and ordinary rate of the profits of agricultural stock, and all the outgoings belonging to the cultivation of land, are together equal to the value of the whole produce, there can be no rent.And when the whole produce is only equal in value to the outgoings necessary to cultivation, there can neither be rent nor profit.In the first settling of a country rich in fertile land, and which may be had by any one who chooses to take it, the whole produce, after deducting the outgoings belonging to cultivation, will be the profits of capital, and will belong to the owner of such capital, without any deduction whatever for rent.Thus, if the capital employed by an individual on such land were of the value of two hundred quarters of wheat, of which half consisted of fixed capital, such as buildings, implements, &c. and the other half of circulating capital, -- if, after replacing the fixed and circulating capital, the value of the remaining produce were one hundred quarters of wheat, or of equal value with one hundred quarters of wheat, the neat profit to the owner of capital would be fifty per cent or one hundred profit on two hundred capital.For a period of some duration, the profits of agricultural stock might continue at the same rate, because land equally fertile, and equally well situated, might be abundant, and therefore, might be cultivated on the same advantageous terms, in proportion as the capital of the first, and subsequent settlers augmented.1.In Mr Malthus’ opinion, the rent of land and profits of the capital employed in cultivation__________________?A.have not been paid.B.have been paid.C.have been partially paidD.ought to be paid.2.What, according to Mr Malthus, is the correlation between the four parties: rent of land,outgoings necessary to cultivation, profit of capital and value of the whole produceA.outgoings necessary to cultivation = rent of land + profit of capital +value of thewhole produceB.profit of capital = value of the whole produce – rent of land – outgoings necessary tocultivationC.value of the whole produce = land of the rent + outgoings necessary to cultivation –profit of capitalD.profit of capital = value of the whole produce + rent of land – outgoings necessary tocultivation3.When does a cultivator have no profit under the following circumstances?A.The usual and ordinary rate of the profits of agricultural stock is together equal to thevalue of the whole produce.B.The whole produce is only equal in value to the outgoings necessary to cultivation.C. A cultivator takes first settling of a country rich in fertile landD.The land is not free.4.In the fifth paragraph, if, after replacing the fixed and circulating capital, the value of theremaining produce were fifty quarters of wheat, the neat profit to the owner of capital would be___?A.50%B.100%C.75%D.25%5.The author believes the profits of agricultural stock are ____?A.unsustainableB.sustainableC.sometimes sustainableD.depending on the weatherpassage 4While the laborer is confined to the culture of the soil on his own -account, because it is in that manner alone that he can obtain access to the wages on which he is to subsist, the form and amount of the Rents he pays are determined by a direct contract between himself and the proprietor. The provisions of these contracts are influenced sometimes by the laws, and almost always by the long established usages, of the countries in which they are made. The main object in all is, to secure a revenue to the proprietors with the least practicable amount of trouble or risk on their part.Though governed in common by some important principles, the variety in the minuter details of this class of Rents is of course almost infinite. But men will be driven in similar situations to very similar expedients, and the general mass of peasant rents may be separated into four great divisions, comprising 1st, Labor Rents, 2dly, Metayer Rents, 3dly, Ryot Rents (borrowing the last term from the country in which we are most familiar with them, India).These three will be found occupying in contiguous masses the breadth of the old world, from the Canary Islands to the shores of China and the Pacific, and deciding, each in its own sphere, not merely the economical relations of the landlords and tenants, but the political and social conditionof the mass of the people.To these must be added a fourth division, that of Cottier Rents, or Rents paid by a laborer extracting his own wages from the land, but paying his rent in money, as in Ireland and part of Scotland. This class is small, but peculiarly interesting to Englishmen, from the fact of its prevalence in the sister island, and from the influence it has exercised, and seems likely for some time yet to exercise, over the progress and circumstances of the Irish people.1.Why is the laborer confined to the culture of the soil?A.Only by that can he/she obtain access to wages for survival.B.Only by that can he/she obtain control over the proprietor.C.Only by that can he/she obtain profits of agricultural stock.D.Only by that can he/she get freedom.2. Which factors will influence the form and amount of the Rents a laborer pays?ws, long established usages and personal viewsws and long established usagesC.long established usages, personal views and advices from othersD.None of the above is correct.3. Why, according to the author, may the general mass of peasant rents be separated into four great divisions?A.Men will be driven in similar situations to very similar expedients.B.Men will be driven in similar situations to very different expedients.C.The general mass of peasant rents is not of one mind.D.The author likes to do so.4.Which of the four divisions is the smallest?A.Class of Labor RentsB.Class of Metayer RentsC.Class of Ryot RentsD.Class of Cottier Rents5.How do laborers pay their rents in class of Cottier Rents?A.in cerealsB.in moneyC.in laborD.All of the above mentioned.Passage 5Tea drinking was common in China for nearly one thousand years before anyone in Europe had ever heard about tea. People in Britain were much slower in finding out what tea was like, mainly because tea was very expensive. It could not be bought in shops and even those people who could afford to have it sent from Holland did so only because it was a fashionable curiosity. Some of them were not sure how to use it. They thought it was a vegetable and tried cooking the leaves. Then they served them mixed with butter and salt. They soon discovered their mistake but many people used to spread the used tea leaves on bread and give them to their children as sandwiches.Tea remained scarce and very expensive in England until the ships of the East India Company began to bring it direct from China early in the seventeenth century. During thenext few years so much tea came into the country that the price fell and many people could afford to buy it.At the same time people on the Continent were becoming more and more fond of tea. Until then tea had been drunk without milk in it, but one day a famous French lady named Madame de Sevigne decided to see what tea tasted like when milk was added. She found it so pleasant that she would never again drink it without milk. Because she was such a great lady her friends thought they must copy everything she did, so they also drank their tea with milk in it. Slowly this habit spread until it reached England and today only very few Britons drink tea without milk.At first, tea was usually drunk after dinner in the evening No one ever thought of drinking tea in the afternoon until a duchess found that a cup of tea and a piece of cake at three or four o’clock stopped her getting“a sinking feeling〞as she called it. She invited her friends to have this new meal with her, so tea-time was born.1. Which of the following introductions of tea into Britain is true?A) The Britons got expensive tea from India.B) Tea reached Britain from Holland.C) The Britons were the first people in Europe who drank tea.D) It was not until the 17th century that the Britons had tea.2. This passage mainly discusses.A)the history of tea drinking in BritainB) how tea became a popular drink in BritainC)how the Britons got the habit of drinking teaD)how tea-time was born3. Tea became a popular drink in Britain.A) in eighteenth centuryB) in sixteenth centuryC) in seventeenth centuryD) in the late seventeenth century4. People in Europe began to drink tea with milk becauseA)it tasted like milkB) it tasted more pleasantC)it became a popular drinkD)Madame de Sevinge was such a lady with great social influence that people tried to copy the way she drank tea5. We may infer from the passage that the habit of drinking tea in Britain was mostly due to the influence of.A)a famous French lady named Madame de SevigneB)the ancient ChineseC)the upper social classD)people in HollandPassage 6In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions of male superiority arehard to maintain. The pattern of sharing in tasks and in decisions makes for equality, and this in turn leads to further sharing. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than did their parents and to prepare more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation rather than by the “battle of the sexes〞.If the process goes too far and man’s role is regarded as less important - and that has happened in some cases–we are as badly of as before, only in reverse.It is time to reassess the role of the man in the American family. We are getting a little tired of “momism〞, - but we don’t want to exchange it for a“neo-popism 〞. What we need, rather, is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals.There are signs that psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit–not all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a woman’s place is the home. We are beginning, however, to analyze men’s place in the home and to insist that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child.The family is a cooperative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.Excessive authoritarianism has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is connected not only with a healthy democracy, but also with a healthy family.1. From the passage we know that the author is very concerned with the role that.A)parents play in bringing up their childrenB)men play in a familyC)women play in a familyD)equality plays in a family2. The author means to tell us that.A)a man’s place is in the homeB)a woman’s place is in the homeC)a woman should be equal to a manD)a man should have an equal share in family matters3. According to the author, a healthy family should be based on.A) cooperationC) momismB)authoritarianismD) neo-popism4. Who will benefit most from a family pattern of sharing in tasks and decisions?A)The children.C) The man.B)The woman D) The psychologist.5. We may safely conclude from the passage that.A)male superiority maintains a healthy familyB)equal rights and equal responsibilities are very essential to a healthy familyC)authoritarianism does no good to a healthy familyD)women should be equal to men.Passage 7As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through lift, being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.Stress is a natural part of everyday lift and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be .A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight" and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however little the stress is, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure to stress, that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives (it would be unwise to do so even if we could), we need to find ways to deal with it.1.People are finding less and less time for relaxing themselves because_____.a. they do not know how to enjoy themselvesb. they do not believe that relaxation is important for healthc. they are traveling fast all the timed. they are becoming busier with their work2.According to the writer ,the most important character for a good manager is his ________.a. not fearing stressb. knowing the art of relaxationc. high sense of responsibilityd. having control over performance3.Which of the following statements is true?a. We can find some ways to avoid stressb. Stress is always harmful to peoplec. It is easy to change the habit of keeping oneself busy with work.d. Different people can withstand different amounts of stress4.In Paragraph 3, "such a reaction" refers back to_______.a. "making a choice between 'flight' or 'fight'"b. "reaction to stress both chemically and physically"c. "responding to crises quickly"d. "losing heart at the signs of difficulties"5.In the last sentence of the passage, "do so " refers to ______.a. "expose ourselves to stress"b. "find ways to deal with stress"c. "remove stress from our lives"d. "established links between diseases and stress"Passage 8Manners nowadays in metropolitan cities like London are practically nonexistent. It is nothing for a big, strong schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the last remaining seat on the tube or bus, much less stand up and offer his seat to her.This question of giving up seats in public transport is much argued about by young men, who say that, since women have claimed equality, they no longer deserve to be treated with courtesy and that those who go out to work should take their turn in the rat race like anyone else. Women have never claimed to be physically as strong as men. Even if it is not agreed, however, that young men should stand up for younger women, the fact remains that courtesy should be shown to the old, the sick and the burdened. Are we really so lost to all ideals of unselfishness that we can sit there indifferently reading the paper or a book, saying to ourselves `First come, first served', while a grey-haired woman, a mother with a young child stands? Yet this is all too often seen.Older people, tired and irritable from a day's work, are not angels, either far from it. Many a brisk argument or an insulting quarrel breaks out as the weary queues push and shove each other to get on buses and tubes. One cannot commend this, of course, but one does feel there is just a little more excuse.If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems imperative, not only that communications in transport should be improved, but also that communication between human beings should be kept smooth and polite. All over cities, it seems that people are too tired and too rushed to be polite. Shop assistants won't bother to assist, taxi drivers growl at each other as they dash dangerously round corners, bus conductors pull the bell before their desperate passengers have had time to get on or off the bus, and so on and so on. It seems to us that it is up to the young and strong to do their small part to stop such deterioration.1.From what you have read, who are expected to improve their manners?A) who are physically weak or crippledB) who once lived in a prison-camp during the WarC) who live in big modern citiesD) who live only in small towns2.What is the writer's opinion concerning courteous manners towards women?A) Now that women have claimed equality, they no longer need to be treated differently from men.B) It is generally considered old-fashioned for young men to give up their seats to young women.C) "Lady First" should be universally practiced.D) Special consideration ought to be shown to them.3.On tubes or buses, according to the author, older people___ .A) often offer their seats to othersB) are treated better than younger people areC) are no more considerate to each otherD) from the Continent are more irritablemunication between human beings would be smoother if __.A) people were more considerate to each otherB) people were not so tired and irritableC) women were treated with more courtesyD) public transport could be improved.5.What is the possible meaning of the word "deterioration" in the last paragraph?A) Worsening of general situation.B) Lowering of moral standards.C) Declining of physical constitution.D) Spreading of evil conduct.Passage 9A study of art history might be a good way to learn more about a culture than is possible to learn in general history classes. Most typical history courses concentrate on polities, economies, and war, but art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions, and psychology. In addition, information about the daily activities of our ancestors-or of people very different from our own-can be provided by art. In short, art expresses the essential qualities of a time and a place, and a study of it clearly offers us a deeper understanding than can be found in most history books.In history books, objective information about the political life of a country is presented; that is, facts about politics are given, but opinions are not expressed. Art, on the other hand, is subjective: it reflects emotions and opinions. The great Spanish painter Francisco Goya was perhaps the first truly "political" artist. In his well-known painting The Third of May 1080, he criticized the Spanish government for its misuse of power over people. Over a hundred years later, symbolic images were used in Pablo Picasso's Guernica to express the horror of war. Meanwhile, on another continent, the powerful paintings of Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros-as well as the works of Alfredo Ramos Martinze-depicted these Mexican artists' deep anger and sadness about social problems.In the same way, art can reflect a culture's religious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art was almost the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings that depicted people and stories from the Bible. Although most people couldn't read, they could still understand biblical stories in the pictures on church walls. By contrast, one of the main characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and still is) its absence of human and animal images. This reflects the Islamic (伊斯兰教的) belief that statues are unholy. 1.More can be learned about a culture from a study of art history than from general history classes because art history_______ .A) shows us the religious and emotions of a people in addition to political valuesB) provides us with information about the daily activities of people in the pastC) gives us an insight into the essential qualities of a time and a placeD) all of the above2.Art is subjective in that__________ .A) a personal and emotional view of history is presented through itB) it can easily arouse our anger or sadness about social problemsC) it will find a ready echo in our heartsD) both B and C3.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A) Unlike Francisco Goya, Pablo Picasso and several Mexican artists expressed their political opinions in their paintings.B) History books often reveal the compilers' political views.C) Religious art remained in Europe for centuries the only type of art because most people regarded the Bible as the Holy Book.D) In the Middle East even today you can hardly find any human and animal images on church walls or religious buildings.4.The passage is mainly discussing __________.A) the difference between general history and art historyB) the making of art historyC) what we can learn from artD) the influence of artists on art history5.It may be concluded from this passage that_______ .A) Islamic artists had to create architectural decoration with images of flowers or geometric formsB) history teachers are more objective than artistsC) it is more difficult to study art history than general historyD) people and stories from the Bible were painted on churches and other buildings in order to popularize the BiblePassage 10If women are mercilessly exploited year-round, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; necklines are lowered or raised, and so on.No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smile at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by。

环境保护—备战高考英语话题通关精准练（词汇+阅读+写作）距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。

以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。

在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。

英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。

越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。

另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。

一：话题词汇过关1.ecosystem n.生态系统2.habitat n.栖息地3.vegetation n.植被4.energy n.能源5.resource n.资源6.surroundings n.环境7.pollution n.污染8.rubbish n.垃圾9.extinct adj.灭绝的10.endangered adj.濒危的11.deforestation n.森林采伐ndslide n.山体滑坡13.damage vt.破坏14.recycle vt.回收利用15.reserve n.保护区16.alternative adj.可替代的17.popularize vt.普及18.protect vt.保护19.beatify vt.美化20.save vt.节省21.area n.地区,面积22.ocean n.海洋23.ancient adj.古代的24.forest n.森林25.mountain n.山脉26.grow vi.生长27.balance n.& vt.平衡28.maintain vt.维持29.irreplaceable adj.不可替代的30.protect vt.保护31.well-managed adj.管理有方的32.observe vt.遵守33.reduce vt.减少34.recycle vt.循环35.long-lasting adj.持久的36.harmony n.和谐37.harmonious adj.和谐的38.forecast vt.预报;预告39.fuel n.燃料40.irrigate v.灌溉41.steady adj.稳固的;平稳的42.endanger vt.危害,使遭危险43.fearsome adj.令人恐惧的44.development n.开发45.pollution n.污染46.damaging adj.破坏性的47.drop vi.下降48.awful adj.可怕的,糟糕的49.smelly adj.有臭味的50.extinct adj.灭绝的51.extinction n. 灭绝52.phenomenon n. 现象53.conservation n. 保护；保存54.enormous/massive adj. 巨大的55.catastrophe n. 大灾难56.preserve vt.保护;保存;保留57.prevent vt.防止;预防58.recycle vt.回收;再循环59.reserve n.& v.储备;预定60.rubbish n.垃圾;废物61.ruin vt.毁坏62.burden v.(使)担负n.重担;负担63.meanwhile adv.同时64.poverty n. 贫穷65.emission n. 排放66.exposure n. 暴露；显露plicated/complex adj. 复杂的68.postpone vt.&vi. 推迟；延期69.dirty adj.脏的70.dust n.灰尘;尘土71.decline v.减少;下降;衰退;谢绝72.decrease v.减少;变小73.deliberately adv.蓄意地;审慎地74.dustbin n.垃圾箱75.threaten v.威胁76.litter vt.乱扔77.energy n.能源;能量78.resource n.资源二：话题短语表达过关1．seize the opportunity抓住机遇2．make policies制定政策3．take measures采取措施4．have an interview with采访5．carbon dioxide二氧化碳6．fossil fuel化石7．environmental problems环境问题8．greenhouse effect温室效应9．climate change气候变化10．set up regulations制定制度11．cut down砍倒;削减12．find the solution找到解决办法13．be thankful for对……心存感激14．at an unbelievable speed以令人难以置信的速度15．environmental protection环境保护16．have an impact on对……产生影响17．put...in danger置……于危险的境地18．large amounts of大量,许多19．draw one’s attention to 引起某人的注意20．play a major role起主导作用21．on the rise 在上升22．take the example of 例如23．advocate a low－carbon life 提倡低碳生活24．be faced with/face/come across/meet with all kinds of difficulties面对各种困难25．appeal to/call on people to make donations 呼吁人们捐赠26．be in danger of extinction/becoming extinct/dying out 处于灭绝的危险27．fight against pollution 与污染做斗争28．keep/break ecological balance 保持/破坏生态平衡29．environment-friendly products环保产品30．Only One Earth,Care and Share只有一个地球——一齐关心,共同分享31．sort the garbage 分类垃圾32．deal with rubbish properly正确处理垃圾33．make proper use of water resources 合理利用水资源34．raise the awareness of 提高……的意识三：话题句型练笔1：There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and warmer毫无疑问,地球正在变得越来越温暖2：Without this process,Earth could not sustain life.没有这个过程,地球就无法维持生命。

Unit 1 Sources of EnergyText APetroleumSentence structure analysis1. Instead of originating in accumulating woody matter, petroleum may be the product of the accumulating fattymatter of ocean organisms such as plankton, the myriads of single-celled creatures that float in the surface layer of the ocean. (Para.2) 石油，并不是来自于逐渐积聚的木质物质，而可能是来自于逐渐积聚的海洋生物的脂肪物质。

比如浮游生物：大量浮游在海水表层的单细胞生物。

这是一个简单句，主语petroleum，谓语动词may be，表语product，构成句子主干。

instead of 介词短语作状语，such as plankton是product一词的同位语，the myriads of single-celled creatures that float in the surface layer of the ocean是名词性短语，做plankton的同位语。

2. It is only necessary that the organisms settle down into the ooze underlying shallow arms of the ocean underconditions of oxygen shortage. (Para. 3) 生物有机体只需在缺氧的条件下沉积到海湾浅水处的淤泥里。

该句的框架为：it is +adj.+that从句，it做形式主语，真正的主语是that从句的内容。

现在分词短语underlying…做后置定语修饰ooze。

新课标英语高考试卷第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. What does the woman want to do?A. Go for a walk.B. Watch TV.C. Read a book.2. Where are the speakers?A. In a library.B. In a bookstore.C. In a classroom.3. How much will the man pay?A. 10.B. 15.C. $20.4. What is the man's favorite sport?A. Football.B. Basketball.C. Tennis.5. When will the meeting start?A. At 9:00.B. At 9:30.C. At 10:00.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。

6. What is the relationship between the two speakers?A. Husband and wife.B. Father and daughter.C. Brother and sister.7. What are they going to do this weekend?A. Go to the park.B. Visit their parents.C. See a movie.听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。

小学上册英语第五单元期末试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.ers open up in the morning and ______ at night. (有些花在早晨开放，晚上闭合。

) Some fru2.How many hearts does an octopus have?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. Four3.The _____ (栖息地) of many animals relies on plants.4.The ______ (自然环境) supports diverse plant life.5.The ______ helps with the development of bones.6.The _____ (卡通) is funny.7.The _____ (自然景观) features a variety of plant habitats.8.Natural disasters like earthquakes can cause ______ damage.9.What is 25 + 25?A. 40B. 50C. 60D. 70B10.The ________ was a series of wars fought between England and France.11.What do we call a group of wolves?A. PackB. SchoolC. FlockD. ClutchA12.The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither __________ nor created.13.The sun is shining ___. (brightly)14.What is the name of the famous American actress known for "A Star is Born"?A. Lady GagaB. Jennifer LopezC. Scarlett JohanssonD. Emma StoneA15.What do we call a person who studies the effects of climate change on agriculture?A. Agricultural ScientistB. Environmental ScientistC. BiologistD. EcologistA16.The chemical symbol for thorium is _______.17.What is the opposite of empty?A. FullB. LightC. HeavyD. ClearA18.My dad is a __________ (生意人).19.He can ________ (跑) fast.20.What do you call a young buffalo?A. CalfB. KitC. PupD. Cub21.I see a _____ frog by the pond. (small)22.I see a _______ (fox) in the forest.23.What do we call an animal that only eats plants?A. CarnivoreB. HerbivoreC. OmnivoreD. Insectivore24.What do we call the map line that measures distance north or south of the equator?A. LongitudeB. LatitudeC. MeridianD. EquatorB25.The __________ is a region known for its natural parks.26.What color do you get when you mix red and white?A. PinkB. PurpleC. OrangeD. Green27.What is the term for removing the outer layer of something?A. PeelingB. CuttingC. ChoppingD. SlicingA28. A hawk can spot prey from a great _______ (距离).29.What do we call the act of telling someone a story?A. NarrationB. StorytellingC. RecitingD. Reading30. A solution that resists changes in pH is called a ______ solution.31.What do we call a young female cat?A. KittenB. PuppyC. CubD. ChickA32.The capital of Armenia is __________.33.Which instrument has black and white keys?A. GuitarB. ViolinC. PianoD. DrumsC34.The duck quacks when it is _________. (高兴)35. A diverse garden can attract a wide variety of ______. (多样化的花园可以吸引各种动物。

九江2024年08版小学6年级下册英语第6单元暑期作业(含答案)考试时间：90分钟（总分:120）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力题：He plays with his _______ (toys).2、What do you call a series of connected numbers?A. SequenceB. SeriesC. PatternD. List答案: A3、What do we call the study of the past through artifacts?A. ArcheologyB. AnthropologyC. HistoryD. Sociology答案: A4、填空题：__________ (化学挑战) encourage innovative solutions to global issues.5、听力题：The main source of energy for chemical reactions in living things is ______.6、填空题：_____ (seedling) is a young plant.7、填空题：Many plants change color in ______ (秋天).8、听力题：The _____ is where all weather occurs on Earth.The force that holds atoms together in a molecule is a _______ bond.10、填空题：The roots of a plant are found _____ (在下面).11、听力题：The ________ (task) requires focus.12、What is the main ingredient in a sandwich?A. BreadB. RiceC. PastaD. Salad答案:A13、填空题：The _______ (The Space Race) ignited competition in scientific advancement.14、填空题：My ________ (玩具名称) is a great way to express my creativity.15、听力题：A force can change the _______ of an object.16、What do we call the person who plays music?A. ArtistB. MusicianC. ChefD. Author17、What is the name of the famous wall in China?A. Great WallB. Berlin WallC. Hadrian's WallD. Wall of China答案:A18、听力题：I have a _____ of bubble gum. (piece)19、填空题：I play _____ (棋) with my friends.20、填空题：The capital of Finland is _____.The _____ (植物教育活动) can engage young learners.22、听力题：The chemical symbol for rhodium is ______.23、填空题：The _____ (青蛙) sings on a warm summer night.24、填空题：A _____ (tropical) plant grows in warm climates.25、What is the largest organ in the human body?A. BrainB. SkinC. HeartD. Liver答案:B26、填空题：I have a toy _______ that can do tricks.27、听力题：My favorite drink is _____ (juice/water).28、What is the opposite of "big"?A. SmallB. LargeC. HugeD. Tall29、填空题：A ________ (运河) can connect two larger bodies of water.30、填空题：The __________ is a large city in China known for its skyline. (上海)31、填空题：A __________ (光谱分析) identifies substances based on their light absorption.32、听力题：A chemical reaction can produce heat, light, or _____.33、选择题：What do you call the process of turning liquid into gas?A. FreezingB. MeltingC. EvaporationD. Condensation34、What do we call the main ingredient in a salad?A. DressingB. LettuceC. CroutonsD. Cheese答案:B35、听力题：The process of making wine involves fermentation of _______.36、听力题：Australia is known for its _______ animals.37、填空题：The __________ (历史的印记) is indelible.38、填空题：The __________ (历史的传达) shapes our worldview.39、What is the value of 4 × 3 2?A. 10B. 11C. 12D. 14答案:B40、What is the capital of Spain?A. BarcelonaB. MadridC. SevilleD. Valencia答案: B41、听力题：She is _______ (climbing) the ladder.42、填空题：A crab has a hard ______ (外壳) for protection.43、听力题：The chemical formula for barium sulfate is __________.44、填空题：Herbal plants are often used in __________ (药物).45、填空题：The ________ was a famous treaty that ended military hostilities.46、听力题：The chemical formula for ethyl alcohol is ______.47、Which gas do we breathe in?A. OxygenB. Carbon DioxideC. NitrogenD. Hydrogen答案: A48、选择题：What is the name of the famous musician known as the "King of Pop"?A. Elvis PresleyB. Michael JacksonC. PrinceD. Madonna49、填空题：I enjoy making ________ (特别的食物) for holidays.50、What do you call a person who studies animals?A. BiologistB. ZoologistC. BotanistD. Ecologist答案: B. Zoologist51、What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. FlourC. RiceD. Salt答案:B52、听力题：The capital city of Vietnam is __________.53、What is the name of the famous ancient wonder located in Egypt?A. Lighthouse of AlexandriaB. Hanging Gardens of BabylonC. Great Pyramid of GizaD. Statue of Zeus答案:C54、听力题：The chemical symbol for phosphorus is ____.55、听力题：A __________ forms when molten rock cools slowly underground.56、听力题：They are _____ (making) cards.57、What do you call the sound a dog makes?A. MeowB. BarkC. RoarD. Quack58、填空题：I have a collection of toy ____ from around the world. (玩具名称)59、听力题：The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is ______.60、听力题：The chemical formula for ferric chloride is __________.61、填空题：The ________ (玩具名称) is soft and cuddly.62、What is the name of the famous red fruit that is often used in salads?A. TomatoB. PepperC. CucumberD. Lettuce答案: A63、填空题：The ________ was a significant trade route in Asia.64、填空题：The __________ (社会变迁) reflect shifting values and norms.65、听力题：The weather is _____ outside today. (nice)During photosynthesis, plants take in ______.67、听力题：The _______ of a flower can be very bright.68、听力题：The _____ is made up of stars, planets, and galaxies.69、听力题：The _____ is the study of the universe beyond Earth.70、填空题：Tulips bloom in ______ (春天).71、填空题：The ________ (覆盖层) protects the soil.72、What is the name of the famous mountain range in South America?A. HimalayasB. AndesC. RockiesD. Alps答案:B73、填空题：I like to eat ______ for lunch.74、听力题：The __________ is a significant site for archaeological studies.75、填空题：In ________, Columbus discovered America.76、听力题：__________ are substances that release hydroxide ions in solution.77、填空题：My favorite subject is _______ (数学).78、What do you call a group of wolves?A. PackB. FlockC. SchoolD. Pride答案:AI like to ______ with my cousins during the holidays. (play)80、听力题：A __________ is a reaction that produces new substances.81、What is the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. MississippiD. Yangtze82、What is the primary color of a blueberry?A. RedB. BlueC. GreenD. Yellow答案:B83、填空题：I like to go ______ (远足) to enjoy the beauty of nature.84、填空题：I love the smell of fresh _____ (香草).85、听力题：The sun is very ________ today.86、听力填空题：At school, I have many friends. We often play __________ together during recess. My best friend is __________. We enjoy __________ and __________ after school.87、What do we call a series of connected points?A. LineB. CurveC. ShapeD. Path88、What is the main source of energy for the Earth?A. WindB. WaterC. SunD. Coal答案: CI love to watch ________ (惊悚片) with friends.90、填空题：My dog enjoys playing with other ______ (狗).91、听力题：I want to learn how to ______ (play) the violin.92、听力题：The process of photosynthesis is crucial for ______.93、听力题：The Earth’s ______ is made up of solid rock and is where we live.94、Which sport is played with a bat and ball?A. BasketballB. SoccerC. BaseballD. Tennis答案:C95、填空题：The invention of the computer has changed the world of ________ (科技).96、What do you call the middle of a story?A. BeginningB. ClimaxC. EndingD. Rising action97、填空题：The ancient Egyptians used ______ (草纸) for writing.98、Which month comes after January?A. MarchB. FebruaryC. AprilD. May答案:B99、Which shape is round?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. Rectangle答案: C. Circle100、听力题：She is ___ (laughing/sobbing) at the joke.。

实 验 技 术 与 管 理 第37卷 第10期 2020年10月Experimental Technology and Management Vol.37 No.10 Oct. 2020ISSN 1002-4956 CN11-2034/TDOI: 10.16791/ki.sjg.2020.10.012不同浓度氯化钾对小鼠海马神经元膜电位的影响刘爱丽，谌 辉（天津医科大学 生物医学工程与技术学院，天津 300070）摘 要：基于静息膜电位对维持细胞正常状态的重要性，研究不同浓度氯化钾对小鼠海马神经元膜电位的影响。

利用全细胞膜片钳技术，记录4种氯化钾浓度（2.5、5、7.5、10 mmol/L ）下海马神经元膜电位的变化，以及动作电位的发放情况。

实验结果表明，随着氯化钾浓度的增高，膜电位不断发生去极化；并且在7.5和10 mmol/L 浓度时可诱发动作电位，10 mmol/L 浓度时诱发动作电位的频率明显升高（P <0.05）；与7.5 mmol/L 组相比，10 mmol/L 浓度KCl 诱发动作电位的幅值减小（P <0.01），最大上升斜率显著降低（P <0.01），最大下降斜率增大（P <0.05），而到达顶峰时长没有差异。

实验过程中，随着氯化钾浓度的升高，神经元兴奋性不断增强。

关键词：氯化钾；海马神经元；膜电位；动作电位；膜片钳中图分类号：R-332 文献标识码：B 文章编号：1002-4956(2020)10-0042-04Effect of different concentrations of potassium chloride onmembrane potential of hippocampal neurons in miceLIU Aili, SHEN Hui(School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China)Abstract: Based on the importance of resting membrane potential in maintaining the normal state of cells, this paper studies the effect of different concentrations of potassium chloride on membrane potential of hippocampal neurons in mice. The whole cell patch clamp technology is used to record the changes of membrane potential and action potential of hippocampal neurons under four concentrations of potassium chloride (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 mmol/L). The results show that with the increase of KCl concentration, the membrane potential is depolarized continuously, the action potential can be induced at 7.5 and 10 mmol/L, and the frequency of action potential induced by 10 mmol/L of KCl is significantly increased (P <0.05). Compared with 7.5 mmol/L group, the amplitude of action potential evoked by 10 mmol/L of KCl concentration is decreased (P <0.01), the maximum rising slope is significantly decreased (P <0.01), and the maximum decline slope is increased (P <0.05), but there is no difference in the duration of reaching the peak. During the experiment, the excitability of neurons is continuously enhanced with the increase of potassium chloride concentration.Key words: potassium chloride; hippocampal neuron; membrane potential; action potential; patch clamp由于细胞膜两侧离子的不均匀分布，导致膜两侧存在一定的电位差，称为膜电位（membrane potential ）[1]。

小学上册英语第1单元期中试卷考试时间：90分钟（总分:110）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：I love to cook ______ with my dad.2. 选择题：What is the largest organ in the human body?a. Heartb. Brainc. Skind. Liver答案:c3. 选择题：What is the name of the famous Italian city known for its canals?A. FlorenceB. VeniceC. RomeD. Milan答案: B4. 选择题：Which fruit is yellow and curved?A. AppleB. BananaC. OrangeD. Grape答案:B5. 听力题：Chemical processes can be influenced by ______ and temperature.6. 听力题：The chemical formula for potassium chloride is _______.What sport do you play with a bat and ball?A. FootballB. BaseballC. BasketballD. Tennis8. 填空题：I love my _____ (毛绒玩具) for cuddles.9. 听力题：His favorite movie is a ________.10. 听力题：The chemical symbol for zinc is _____.11. 选择题：Which of these is a farm animal?A. DogB. CowC. EagleD. Cat12. 选择题：What do we call the process of taking care of someone?A. NurturingB. NeglectingC. AbandoningD. Ignoring答案: A. Nurturing13. 选择题：What is the term for a baby pigeon?A. ChickB. SquabC. HatchlingD. Puff答案:B. Squab14. 听力题：My favorite subject is _____ (math/science).15. 填空题：I like to share my ____ with my friends. (玩具名称)What is 6 + 7?A. 12B. 13C. 14D. 15答案: B17. 选择题：What is the name of the famous landmark in the USA?A. Statue of LibertyB. Washington MonumentC. Golden Gate BridgeD. All of the above答案: D. All of the above18. 选择题：How many letters are in the word "apple"?A. FourB. FiveC. SixD. Seven19. 听力题：The dog is ___ (chasing) its tail.20. 听力题：An ant can carry objects many times its own ______.21. 选择题：What do we call the process of a caterpillar turning into a butterfly?A. MetamorphosisB. GerminationC. EvolutionD. Pollination答案:A22. 选择题：How many legs does a spider have?A. SixB. EightC. TenD. Four23. 听力题：The ______ loves to teach children.A mineral’s ______ refers to its shiny or dull appearance.25. 听力题：A _______ is made up of two or more different elements.26. 选择题：What do we celebrate on December 25th?A. HalloweenB. ThanksgivingC. ChristmasD. New Year27. 听力题：A _______ can be used to demonstrate the effects of gravity on different objects.28. 听力题：Chemical energy is stored in the _____ of molecules.29. 听力题：The chemical symbol for chlorine is _______.30. 填空题：My sister loves _______ (跳舞).31. 填空题：She is _______ (非常聪明).32. 选择题：What is the main ingredient in cereal?A. MilkB. GrainsC. SugarD. Fruit33. 选择题：What is the name of the famous desert in Africa?A. SaharaB. GobiC. MojaveD. Atacama34. 填空题：The ________ was a prominent figure in the fight for justice.I want to learn how to ________ (编织).36. 选择题：What do we call the time when the sun is highest in the sky?A. DawnB. NoonC. DuskD. Midnight答案: B. Noon37. 听力题：The process of photosynthesis converts sunlight into __________.38. (88) is a famous mountain in Japan. 填空题：The ____39. 选择题：What do we call the main meal of the day?A. BreakfastB. LunchC. DinnerD. Snack答案:C40. 填空题：We made a fort out of ______.41. 选择题：What do we call a baby cat?A. KittenB. PuppyC. CubD. Foal答案:A42. 听力题：The _______ can be a source of food for many cultures.43. 填空题：The _____ (gardenia) has a sweet fragrance.44. 听力题：The chameleon blends into its _____.Acids taste ______.46. 填空题：I love building with my ________ (乐高) sets every weekend.47. 选择题：What do we call the movement of the earth around the sun?A. RotationB. RevolutionC. OrbitD. Spin48. 填空题：My dad works in _______.49. 选择题：What is the capital of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KievD. Minsk50. 填空题：I saw a raccoon in the _________. (垃圾桶)51. 填空题：I love to ______ (与朋友一起) study.52. 选择题：Which of these is a type of fish?A. EagleB. SalmonC. LizardD. Mouse答案: B53. 填空题：I have a toy _______ that makes funny sounds.54. 听力题：Astronomical observations have been made for thousands of ______.55. 选择题：What is the capital of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KazanD. Vladivostok答案:A56. 填空题：The trees in the _______ provide shade and a peaceful place to sit.57. 听力题：Heat can cause a substance to ______.58. 填空题：A hedgehog curls into a _______ when scared.59. 填空题：The walrus has long _________ (獠牙).60. 填空题：The _____ (猴子) swings from tree to tree.61. 听力题：I put my _____ (toys/books) away.62. 选择题：What is the name of the toy that you can pull apart and put back together?A. PuzzleB. LegoC. Action FigureD. Doll答案:B63. 选择题：What do you wear on your head?A. ShoesB. ShirtC. HatD. Pants答案:C64. 听力题：He is very ___. (tall)65. 填空题：We had a _________ (玩具交换) at school, and I got a new _________ (玩具).66. 听力题：Oxygen is necessary for ________.67. 选择题：In which direction does the sun rise?A. WestB. SouthC. EastD. North答案:C68. 填空题：My brother is always __________ (积极的) even when things are tough.69. 填空题：The garden is ________ (美丽).70. 填空题：A vulture plays an important role in cleaning up ________________ (环境).71. 听力题：The _______ point is the temperature at which a liquid turns to a gas.72. 填空题：My favorite stuffed animal is a ________ (小熊), and I hug it every night when I go to ________ (睡觉).73. 填空题：The __________ (历史的成就展示) celebrate human ingenuity.74. 听力题：The chemical symbol for antimony is ______.75. 选择题：What is the name of the famous monument in Washington, D. C. ?A. Lincoln MemorialB. Washington MonumentC. Jefferson MemorialD. White House76. 选择题：What is the capital of Russia?A. MoscowB. St. PetersburgC. KievD. Warsaw77. 听力题：My aunt enjoys baking ____ (pies).78. 填空题：I will visit my ________ (祖父母) this weekend.79. 填空题：The tiger roars loudly in the _________ (丛林).80. 填空题：I will _______ (去) the store later.81. 选择题：Which fruit is known for being tropical?A. AppleB. BananaC. CherryD. Strawberry答案:B82. 听力题：A reaction that produces energy is called an ______ reaction.83. 选择题：Which of these is a primary color?A. GreenB. PurpleC. RedD. Orange答案:C84. 填空题：The _______ (Fall of the Roman Empire) was caused by various internal and external factors.85. 听力题：The _____ is the closest star to Earth.86. 填空题：The _____ (小火车) goes round and round.87. 听力题：The girl sings very ________.88. 听力题：The main component of fertilizers is _____.89. 选择题：Which animal is known as man's best friend?A. CatB. DogC. HorseD. Fish答案:B90. 选择题：What do we call the process of making something from raw materials?A. ProductionB. ManufacturingC. CreationD. Construction答案: B91. 选择题：What do we call the sound a sheep makes?A. MooB. QuackC. BaaD. Neigh答案:C92. 听力题：The first President of the United States was _______ Washington.93. 填空题：The blue jay is a striking ________________ (鸟).94. 听力题：She has a ___ (big/small) dog.95. 填空题：The city of Istanbul is located in ________ (伊斯坦布尔位于________).96. 选择题：What is the capital of Bolivia?A. SucreB. La PazC. Santa CruzD. Cochabamba97. 选择题：What do you call a baby cat?小猫叫什么？A. PuppyB. KittenC. CubD. Chick答案: B98. 听力题：In chemistry, a spectrometer is used to analyze _____.99. 听力题：Birds lay ______ in nests.100. 填空题：I enjoy ______ (与同龄人合作) on projects.。

泸州“PEP”2024年10版小学三年级英语第5单元寒假试卷考试时间：80分钟（总分:120）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、填空题：A _____ (palm) tree is found in warm places.2、填空题：The _____ (农场) produces many fruits and vegetables.3、填空题：The first successful joint transplant was performed in ________.4、填空题：The porpoise is related to the _______ (海豚).5、填空题：My sister enjoys ________ (跳舞).6、填空题：The scientist studies the effects of _____ (污染) on ecosystems.7、What do you call the place where ships dock?A. HarborB. PortC. MarinaD. Wharf答案:B8、How many legs does a spider have?A. SixB. EightC. TenD. Twelve答案: B. Eight9、填空题：A ________ (山脉) can stretch for thousands of miles.10、填空题：The process of changing from a liquid to a gas is called __________ (蒸发).11、填空题：The _____ (花蕾) opens to reveal blossoms.12、Which animal is known for its ability to change colors?A. ChameleonB. FrogC. LizardD. Snake13、填空题：I like to watch the ________ grow taller.14、What color is the sky on a clear day?A. GreenB. BlueC. YellowD. Red15、填空题：My _________ (玩具火箭) is ready for launch!16、What is the main fruit used to make cider?A. OrangeB. GrapeC. AppleD. Cherry答案:C17、听力题：The _______ can provide beauty to any landscape.18、填空题：I want to _______ (买) a toy.19、Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. EarthB. MarsC. SaturnD. Jupiter答案:B20、What is the name of the fairy tale character who had magical hair?A. CinderellaB. RapunzelC. Sleeping BeautyD. Belle答案: B21、填空题：I like to watch _______ in the sky (我喜欢看天上的_______).22、听力题：I drink _____ (水) every day.23、 Zimbabwe was an important center in ________ (非洲). 填空题：The Gulf24、填空题：My family has a tradition of ________ (团聚) during holidays.25、听力题：The ______ is a part of a plant that produces flowers.26、听力题：I want to ________ (learn) English.27、听力题：The ______ is known for her unique style.28、听力题：The clock shows ___ o’clock. (three, fast, jump)29、What do you call a baby dog?A. KittenB. PuppyC. CubD. Calf答案:B30、听力题：The chemical formula for sodium acetate is ______.31、听力题：The weather is _____ today. (nice)32、What is the main ingredient in bread?A. RiceB. WheatC. CornD. Oats答案:B33、听力题：Satellites orbit the Earth to provide ______.34、选择题：What do we put on our heads when it’s sunny?A. ShoesB. HatC. GlovesD. Scarf35、填空题：Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg __________ (演讲) during the Civil War.36、What is the main purpose of a teacher?A. To entertainB. To educateC. To superviseD. To judge答案: B. To educate37、What animal is known for having a long neck?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. KangarooD. Zebra答案:B38、听力题：Many _______ can have multiple uses.39、What is 4 + 4?a. 7b. 8c. 9d. 10答案:b40、填空题：The leaves change _______ in the fall.The dog is ________ (听话).42、听力题：A mixture that contains two or more phases is called a _______ mixture.43、听力题：The ______ is known for its long neck and spots.44、填空题：My brother writes stories about ____.45、What is the name of the famous American monument that honors Abraham Lincoln?A. Jefferson MemorialB. Washington MonumentC. Lincoln MemorialD. Mount Rushmore答案:C46、听力题：I can ______ (jump) rope very well.47、填空题：I like to play hide and seek with my ________ (玩具名称).48、What is the name of the famous mountain range in South America?A. RockiesB. AndesC. HimalayasD. Alps答案:B49、填空题：The _______ (Great Society) aimed to eliminate poverty in the US.50、填空题：Many plants have adapted to survive in extremely ______ conditions.(许多植物已适应在极端条件下生存。

青岛“PEP”24年小学六年级英语第4单元真题考试时间：80分钟（总分:140）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力题：The _____ (雨伞) is red.2、听力题：The amount of matter in an object is its ______.3、What do we call the part of a plant that produces flowers?a. Rootb. Stemc. Leafd. Blossom答案:d4、What is 10 7?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4答案:C5、Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. VenusB. MarsC. SaturnD. Jupiter答案:B6、听力题：The chemical property of a substance describes its ability to undergo a _____ (chemical change).7、听力题：A neutron is found in the _____ of an atom.The chemical formula for nitric acid is ______.9、选择题：What is the main language spoken in Spain?A. SpanishB. FrenchC. ItalianD. Portuguese10、What is the opposite of happy?A. SadB. AngryC. ExcitedD. Tired11、听力题：The ancient city of Rome is known for its _______.12、选择题：What do we call the time when the sun rises?A. DawnB. NoonC. DuskD. Midnight13、填空题：I have a special ______ (盒子) where I keep all my treasures. It is very ______ (珍贵).14、听力题：My sister is a ______. She loves to play the flute.15、听力题：__________ reactions involve the release of energy.16、听力题：A ____ has a long tail and loves to climb trees.17、填空题：My _______ (猫) likes to chase shadows.18、填空题：Each toy has its own special ____. (特点)19、听力题：The sun is ___. (shining)A greenhouse provides an ideal ______ for growing plants year-round.(温室提供了一年四季种植植物的理想环境。

昆明“PEP”2024年10版小学3年级英语第4单元全练全测(含答案)考试时间：80分钟（总分:140）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 选择题：What do we call a person who studies history?A. HistorianB. ArchaeologistC. AnthropologistD. Sociologist答案：A2. 听力题：The chemical name for water is __________.3. 选择题：Which planet has the highest mountain?A. VenusB. MarsC. EarthD. Jupiter4. 听力题：Chemical reactions may require catalysts to proceed at a reasonable ______.5. 填空题：The forecast says it will be __________ tomorrow. (多云的)6. 填空题：The city of Nairobi is famous for its ________ (野生动物园).7. 填空题：The _____ (生长) of plants is affected by weather.The cake is very ________.9. 选择题：Which of these is a planet in our solar system?A. SunB. MoonC. EarthD. Star答案: C10. 选择题：What is the time when the sun rises called?A. MorningB. NoonC. EveningD. Night答案: A11. 填空题：My uncle is a __________. (作家)12. 填空题：A ____(cartogram) represents data through geographic maps.13. 听力题：The chemical symbol for chromium is _____.14. 听力题：The garden is ___. (beautiful)15. 选择题：What do we call the act of making a choice?A. DecisionB. OpinionC. ProposalD. Suggestion16. 填空题：My dog loves to splash in ______ (水) when it rains.17. 听力题：A mixture that has a variable composition is called a _______ mixture.18. 听力题：The _____ (电梯) is out of order.What do you call an animal that eats plants?A. CarnivoreB. HerbivoreC. OmnivoreD. Predator答案:B20. 听力题：The chemical symbol for silver is ______.21. 听力题：A __________ is a large area known for its culture and history.22. 听力题：A __________ can influence agricultural practices.23. 填空题：We visit the ______ (科学实验室) for hands-on activities.24. 听力题：She has a red ___ . (hat)25. 填空题：It feels nice to sit outside when it’s ______ (温暖的).26. 填空题：The ________ (文化活动) bring joy to the community.27. 选择题：What is the name of the famous clock tower in London?A. Big BenB. Eiffel TowerC. Leaning TowerD. Tower of London答案: A28. 听力题：The snowman is ______ (big) and round.29. 填空题：A _____ (乌龟) can pull its head into its shell.30. 填空题：The parrot can mimic _______ (人类的声音).A covalent bond involves the sharing of ______ between atoms.32. 填空题：My ________ (玩具) has a special place in my heart.33. 填空题：Gardeners should be aware of the specific ______ needs of their plants. (园丁应该意识到他们植物的具体需求。

吉林2024年02版小学六年级英语第6单元测验试卷考试时间：80分钟（总分:120）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、What do you call a person who performs in a circus?A. AcrobatB. ClownC. JugglerD. All of the above答案:D2、听力题：She is _______ (learning) to play the guitar.3、听力题：My sister enjoys participating in ____ (theater).4、填空题：The __________ (叶子) turn yellow in fall.5、What is the capital of Chad?a. N'Djamenab. Moundouc. Sarhd. Abeche答案:a6、听力题：The chemical properties of a substance can change during a _____ reaction.7、听力题：A __________ is a piece of land that projects into a body of water.8、填空题：In a solution, the substance in the greatest amount is called the _______. (溶剂)9、选择题：What is the capital of France?A. BerlinB. ParisC. RomeD. Madrid10、填空题：The _____ (猴子) likes to play and tease its friends.11、听力题：The chemical symbol for lanthanum is ______.12、填空题：The __________ is a large island nation in the Pacific Ocean. (日本)13、What do we call a story that is told through pictures?A. ComicB. NovelC. BiographyD. Folktale答案:A14、听力题：The _______ of sound can vary in different environments.15、填空题：The tarantula spins _______ (网) to catch prey.16、What is the name of the largest land animal?A. RhinoB. ElephantC. HippoD. Giraffe答案:B17、What is the smallest planet in our solar system?A. EarthB. MarsC. MercuryD. Venus答案:C18、How many planets are in our solar system?A. EightB. NineC. TenD. Eleven19、What do we call the process of making something ready for use or consumption?A. PreparationB. ProductionC. ProcessingD. Creation答案:C20、填空题：A _____ (种植者社区) can support each other’s efforts.21、填空题：The ________ grows in water and floats.22、填空题：A snake can ______ (爬) up trees.23、What do you call the place where you buy food?A. SchoolB. StoreC. ParkD. Library答案: B24、听力题：Sediment is made up of tiny pieces of ______, minerals, and organic matter.25、填空题：My _____ (邻居) has a rabbit that hops around in the yard.我邻居有一只在院子里跳跃的兔子。