Dynamic Business English_Unit1

International Business English国际商务英语Lesson 1 International Business第一课国际商务*International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.*International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The following are some major differences between the two.1). The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law.2). Different counties usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreign currency.3).Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behaviour etc. often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business.4). Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.*With the development of economic globalisation, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.*International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. This form of trade is also referred to as visible trade. Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. This type of trade is called invisible trade. Today, the contribution of service industries of the developed countries constitutes over 60% of their gross domestic products and account for an increasing proportion of world trade. *Another important form of international business is supplying capital by residents of one country to another, known as international investments. Such investments can be classified into two categories. The first kindof investments, foreign direct investments or FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.*The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates, while the country where the headquarters of the investor is located is called the home country. The second kind of investment, portfolio investment, refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.Stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds. Bonds are papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. The maturity period of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. Certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25 thousand US dollars *Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks, brand names, patents, copyrights or technology. Firms choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royaltyBesides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. However it is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection since the licensor may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement.*Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.*The franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with established products or services. Franchising is fairly popular especially in hotel and restaurant business.*Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.*Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. Sometimes bonusesbased on profitability or sales growth are also specified in management contracts.Government policies often have a lot to do with management contracts. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets*By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain, e.g. marketing, while contracting with foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. Such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages from production in host countries. However, loss of control over the production process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery.*For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Such projects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. Payment for a turnkey project may be made at fixed total price or on a cost plus basis. The latter way of payment shifts the burden of possible additional cost over the original budget onto the purchaser *BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for Build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operate a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project. Needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.*Some Words and Expressionscustoms area 关税区in compliance with 遵从，遵照conversion n.货币兑换visible trade 有形贸易resale n.转售invisible trade 无形贸易gross domestic product 国内生产总值for short 缩写为account for 占……比例headquarters n.总部trap n.陷阱，圈套portfolio investment 证券投资stocks n.股票bonds n.债券maturity n.（票据等）到期，到期日certificate of deposit 大额存单other than 而不是licensing n.许可经营franchising n.特许经营n.商标advisable adj.可行的，适当的patent n.专利royalty n.专利使用费，许可使用费，版税copyright n.版权licensor n.给予许可的人licensee n.接受许可的人franchiser n.给予特许的人franchisee n.接受特许的人logo n.标识，标记management contract 管理合同expertise n.专门知识bonus n.红利，奖金，津贴flat adj.一律的，无变动的contract manufacturing 承包生产value chain 价值链turnkey project 交钥匙工程BOT(Build, Operate, Transfer）建设，经营，移交Stand for 表示，代表variant n.变形，变体Lesson twoIncome Level and the World Market第二课收入水平和世界市场This lesson discusses the relation between the income level and the market potential, and the features of high income, middle income and low income markets.Special analyses are made on Triad, i.e. the markets of North America,European Union and Japan, as well as other markets that are closely related with China.The first two paragraphs mainly deal with GNP and GDP, two important concepts usedto indicate the total size of an economy. GDP, Gross Domestic Product, stresses the place of production while GNP, Gross National Product, on the ownership of production factors.GDP is used by most countries now where as GNP was more popular before the 1990s. The actual figures of a country’s GNP and GDP are, however, quite similar in most cases and we can use whichever figure that is available.TEXT:In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents. The concepts national income and national product have roughly the same value and can be used interchangeably if our interest is in their sum total which is measured as the market value of the total output of goods and services of an economy in a given period, usually a year. The differenceis only in their emphasis. The former stresses the income generated by turning out the products while the latter, the value of the product s themselves. Gross National Product, GNP, and Gross Domestic Product, GDP, are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s total income. GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. This term was used by most governments before the 1990s国民生产总值(GNP)是最重要的宏观经济指标,它是指一个国家地区的国民经济在一定时期（一般1年）内以货币表现的全部最终产品（含货物和服务）价值的总和。

New Dynamic English课程内容及学习重点Scope and Sequence: New Dynamic English Module 1Scope and Sequence: New Dynamic English Module 2Unit 1: Names and places1.Where do you come from? / Where are you from?2.Where do you live?3.Where is France/ Atlantic Ocean/ San Francisco?4.In which country do people speak Spanish?5.Please introduce one of your friends to me.6.Do you believe in UFO?Unit 2: Jobs and Families1.What’s your first/family name?2.What do you do? / What does she /he do?3.What do you want to be in the future and why?4.Where do you live? / Which floor do you live?5.Does Richard have a lot of money?Unit 3: Numbers and Time1.Count the numbers 1-1002.What’s your mobile / home / business phone number?3.What time is it now?4.What do you do at 10:00? / What does your father do at 10:00?5.When do you often go to work?6.What is forty-five minus/ plus/ multiply/divided by nineteen?Unit 4: Family Schedule1.When does Bob get up?2.How long does her lesson usually last? / How long does it take you to get to work?3.How do you go to school? / How does he go to school?4.How often do you go to school?5.Describe one of your family members to me.Unit 5: Matrix Vocabulary1.Which season comes after summer and before winter?2.Why is daytime in summer long? / Why is daytime in winter short?3.Describe the season using adjectives. / Which holidays are during that season? / What fooddo we eat in that season?ing adjectives and verbs to describe the weather. e.g.: It is rainy. --- It’s raining.5.Try to explain some word in English.Unit 6: Likes and Dislikes1.Can you play golf / tennis/ chess/ the piano/violin /guitar?2.What are your hobbies?3.What kind of sport / food/ activity do you like the best?4.Have student present examples of things and activities that they like and dislike, and theyshould describe each item with complete sentences.5.Make a list of things that they cannot do well and ask them to give the reasons.NEW DYNAMIC ENGLISHBeginner LevelModule 1Unit 1: Names and PlacesHello, Max and Kathy!This is Max. Hello I’m Max. Max is from the United States. Yes, that’s right. I come from the United States. This is Kathy. Hi I’m Kathy. Kathy comes from New York. Hello My Name is Kathy. Kathy is from New York. I’m from New York. I come from New York.This is Pierre. Pierre comes from France. He isn’t from United States. He doesn’t come from the United States. My name is Pierre. I’m come from France.What is your name? I’m Kathy. (My name is Kathy.)What is your name? My name is Max. What? My name is Max.(Could you say it again please?) My name is Max.Max? Yes, that’s r ight. Where are you from, Max? (Where do you come from, Max?)I’m from San Francisco. (I come from San Francisco.)San Francisco? Yes, San Francisco in California. I’m from San Francisco .I’ve lived in San Francisco all my life. How about you? I come from New York. New York? Yes, that’s right. I’m from New York. Kathy comes from New York. Who is that man over there? (Who’s that?)That is Pierre. (His name is Pierre.)Does he come from the United States? No he doesn’t He’s from France. (He comes from France.)Hello. My name is Pierre. I’m from Paris France. I’m not from U.S. (I don’t come from the U.S.)I’m French, not American.I’m never been to the U.S. Pierre is the one who comes from France.Max is from the United States. He doesn’t from the France. (Max comes from the United State. He isn’t from France) Hi, I’m Max. And I’m from the U.S.Kathy is from New York. (Hi, I’m Max. and I’m from the United States. Hello my name is Max, and I come from the United State. ) Kathy is from New York. (Kathy comes from New York.) She doesn’t(isn’t) from the France. I’m from New York. (I’m come from New York. I’m not from Paris.)Max and Kathy are from the U.S. (They both come from the United States.)They don’t come from France. (They are not from France.) Max comes from San Francisco, and Kathy is from New York. That’s right. Kathy and I are not from France. Y es, that’s right. I’m come from New York. (I’m from New York.) (Max and Kathy don’t come from France. They are not from France.)Here are three people. Two men and a woman. The person on the left is a man. The person in the middle is woman. Her name is Kathy. The person on the right is a man. His name is Pierre. Hello! My name’s Pierre. I’m come from Paris France.Where is France?Hello, my name is Pierre. I’m from Pa ris France Here’s a map of France. France is in Europe. Paris is in France. This man is from France, Which is in Europe. Max is comes from San Francisco California. San Francisco isn’t in Europe. San Francisco is in California. I’m come from the United States. I don’t come from France. The one on the left comes from the U.S. Hello, my name is Max and I come from the United States. (Hi I’m Max and I’m from the U.S.)The one on the right comes from Europe. His name is Pierre. I’m from Paris FranceLook this is a map of the world. Where is France Kathy? France is in Europe. The U.S. is here. The Atlantic Ocean is here, between the U.S. and Europe. France is in Europe. The U.S. is here. The Atlantic Ocean is here, between the U.S. and Europe. Oh I see. This is th e U.S. Yes, that’s right. Where is New York? It’s here.Who speaks English?Hello my name is Kathy. I come from New York. I speak two languages: English and Spanish.Here are four countries: the U.S, France, Spain and Australia. In these two countries, people speak English. In France, French people speak French. In Spain, Spanish people speak Spanish.I speak French and English. I don’t speak Spanish.In which country do people speak Spanish? In Spain, Spanish people speak Spanish.This man speaks French, but he doesn’t speak Spanish.This woman speaks Spanish, but she doesn’t speak French.What languages do you speak?I speak two languages: English and Spanish.Kathy speaks English and Spanish, but she doesn’t speak French.Which person is woman?The one on the left comes from the U.S.I come from San Francisco.Max and Kathy are from the U.S.The one on the right comes from Europe.They are not from France.I don’t come from FranceHe doesn’t come from the United States.San Fr ancisco isn’t in Europe.Look what’s that? I don’t know? What is it? Maybe it’s a UFO. That’s ridiculous. I don’t believe in UFOs. Greetings. My name is Zork. I speak your language, but I’m not from your world.Where is France? Which one comes from Europe? This man is from France, which is in Europe.Who isn’t from the U.S?Who comes from the U.S?Where are these three people from?Who is this?Who are these three people?Who doesn’t come from France?Kathy speaks English and Spanish. But she doesn’t speak French.In France, French people speak French.Unit 2 Jobs and FamilyRichard ChinThis is Richard Chin. His first name is Richard. His family name is Chin. He’s thirty years old. Richard is a teacher. He is a science and math teacher. (He teaches science and math)He likes his job. And students like him. Unfortunately his salary is low. (Unfortunately his salary isn’t very good)He has a lot of money. He doesn’t have much money. Richard is married. He and his wife have a child, a son. The child a boy is five years old. He and his family live in a small apartment in a large apartment building. Their live on the fourth floor of the building. Their apartment is on the fourth floor. He and his family live in an apartment building.Sara ScottThis is Sara Scott Her first name is Sara Her last name is Scott She is twenty-eight years old. Sara is a doctor. She works in a large hospital. She is a good doctor and she works hard. She has high salary. Sara isn’t married, but she has a boyfriend. Her boyfriend is a pilot. She lives in an expensive apartment. Her apartment is large and comfortable. Her younger sister Chris lived with her, Chris is a ballet dancer. She is twenty-four years old. She loves to dance, but she has to practice hard every day. She wants to be a great dance some day.Henry ThorntonThis is Henry Thornton. His first name is Henry. His family name is Thornton. His is thirty-five years old. His is thirty-five years old. Henry is a business man. He doesn’t work hard, but he has lots of money .His parents are rich. He has a large house. It’s a very expensive house. Henry isn’t married, but he is in love with somebody. Henry is a single; He likes a woman named Chris. Chris (She is) ballet dancer. Unfortunately she doesn’t like him. In fact, Henry isn’t very popular with woman.Unit 3: Numbers and Time0 nought; zero; O 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10ten11eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty21twenty-one 22twenty-two 23twenty-three30 thirty 32thirty-two40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety100one hundred1. 整数和小数的读法3.24可以读作three point twenty-four或three twenty-four。

1. Company Description●Ace CorporationThis is Ace Corporation.It was established in 1920, more than 75 years ago.Ace manufactures sporting equipment such as tennis rackets, tennis balls and fishing rods. (Ace is a sporting goods manufacturer.)It’s a well-managed company, and its products are well made.Its head office is in New York. It also has an office in Los Angeles.(Its main office is in New York, and there is another office in L.A..)Ace has two factories.Its main factory is in Chicago. The other factory is in Miami.Its head office has 300 employees. The L.A. office employs around 50.(Its head office in New York employs 300 workers, and the L.A. office has a staff of around 50 employees.)5,000 people are employed in the Chicago factory, and another 1,150 work in the Miami factory. (5,000 people work in the Chicago factory.)Ace’s main customers are general consumers.Its products are also sold to schools and other organizations.In recent years the company has done well.Sales and profits have both increased.Its main competitors are foreign companies from Europe and Asia. Because of its high quality products however, Ace has been successful.●United IndustriesThis is United Industries, an American company.(United Industries is an American company.)Its main products are rocket engines, satellites and aircraft parts.(It manufactures advanced products such as rocket engines, satellites and aircraft parts.)United was established in 1960 by a small group of engineers.(A small group of engineers started the company in 1960.)At that time it made rocket engines for other companies.In 1965 it started to make aircraft parts, including small jet engines.Since then it has opened up new factories and offices in Europe and Asia. United’s head office and main factory is in Seattle where it employs more than 15,000 workers.(United is based in Seattle, Washington, where its main factory is located.)It also has offices in Europe, Asia and other locations around the world. There are three factories.The main one is in Seattle, another is in Montreal, and the third is in London. United employs between 20~25,000 people.(United is a large company, employing almost 25,000 people.)2,000 employees work in the London factory.In Montreal, the company has 5,000 employees, including part-time workers. The two factories outside the US employ a total of around 7,000 workers.In recent years the company has done well.Sales and profits have both increased.United sells its products to many different countries.Some people don’t like United because some of its products are used for military purposes.Unfortunately, these kings of products are used too often.2. Work Experience●Jean NielsenThis is Jean Nielsen.Jean graduated from Columbia University in 1981. She majored in economics. In 1983 she got a job with Federal Motors.(Two years later, in 1983, Jean was hired by Federal Motors.)Jean worked in Personnel at Federal Motors for 7 years, until 1990.She left Federal Motors in 1990 and got a job with IBX.(In 1990 she quit her job at Federal Motors and joined IBX.)Jean quit her job at Federal Motors because she wanted a more interesting job. She was also offered a higher salary.At IBX she was hired as a Personnel Manager in one of their factories.As Personnel Manager she has many responsibilities.Jean is in charge of interviewing and hiring new employees.She also manages the company’s employee training programs.In her job, she also needs good communication skills.Jean has excellent communication skills, so she has done very well at IBX. Jean has worked/been at IBX since 1990.Jean likes her job and is planning to stay at IBX for a long time.At beginning of 1990, Jean Nielsen was an assistant manager.When Jean left the company at the end of 1990, she was replaced by Steve Gomez.Steve’s old position was filled by Bill Lee.Bill Lee transferred into Personnel from Sales.●Tom JonesThis is Tom Jones.Tom is a graduate of Stanford University.He graduated in 1988 with a degree in mathematics.Tom got a job with Federal Motors right after graduation.(Tom was hired by Federal Motors right after graduating from Stanford.) Tom has worked in the R&D Department since he joined the company in 1988. (Since he joined company in 1988, Tom has worked in Research and Development.)Tom is responsible for designing new automobile components.(For the past few years, Tom has been designing auto components.)Tom enjoys his work and often works late at the office.He is hoping to be promoted in the next year or two.Tom has been with Federal Motors for more than 10 years.He has worked very hard, and he has an excellent work record.Tom is responsible to his boss, Jim Nielsen.Jim Nielsen has been Tom’s boss since 1990.Jim started working at Federal Motors 3 years before Tom joined the company.In the future, Tom Jones will probably be promoted.●Federal MotorsThere were many important changes at Federal Motors in 1990.In Personnel, Jean Nielsen was an assistant manager at the beginning of the year.At the end of the year, Jean left Federal Motors and joined IBX.Jean’s position was filled by Steve Gomez, who joined the company in 1987.In the Production Division, 1990 was not a good year.In the factory, the work force was cut by more than 10%.At the beginning of the year, there were 2,000 workers in the factory.At the end of the year, there were 1,750 workers in the factory.There were also some important changes in the Sales Department.Dave Jackson, the Sales Manager, was fired because of a drinking problem. He missed meetings and often came to work late.He was replaced by Sonia Scott, who joined the company from outside.Ed Smith was transferred to Sales from Engineering to assist Ms. Scott. There were also changes in the R&D department.Jim Nielsen was promoted to General Manager.3. Manufacturing and Trade●YR1 RobotThis is the YR1. The YR1 is an industrial robot.(This is the YR1, an industrial robot.)Industrial robots have many uses.This kind of robot is usually used for high precision assembly or metal work. The YR1 is made by a Japanese company, Yamashita Ltd.Yamashita is located in Tokyo, Japan.(The first YR1 was made in Japan in 1997. The YR1 was developed by Yamashita Ltd, a Japanese company.)YR1 is used on assembly lines, such as this one at Federal Motors.Federal Motors makes cars. (Federal Motors manufactures cars.)The YR1 is used for welding cars on the assembly line.(At Federal Motors, the YR1 robot is used for welding cars.)Many YR1 robots have been sold to the automobile industry.(Federal Motors is an automobile company. it makes many kinds of motor vehicles, such as cars, trucks and vans. This is one of the assembly lines at Federal Motors, an automobile company located in the United States.)In 1997, 15 units were bought by Federal Motors.Those units are now being used to do the work that 60 workers used to do. The robots work faster than human workers and they make fewer mistakes. The automobile industry has bought many industrial robots, such as the YR1.In 1997, 5,000 YR1 were made by Yamashita.Of those 5,000 robots, 50% were sold in Japan.25% were sold in the US. 10% were sold in Europe.(50% of the 5,000 robots that were made in 1997 were sold in Japan. 25% were exported to the US. 10% were sold in Europe. The rest were exported to other markets around the world.)In 1997, 50% of the YR1s manufactured by Yamashita were exported to other countries.The rest were sold in the highly competitive domestic market.In the past few years, worldwide sales of the YR1 and other robots have rapidly increased.If free trade continues, Yamashita’s future looks good.●OA-X ComputerThis is the OA-X. The OA-X is a computer.(This is the OA-X, it is a computer designed to increase efficiency.)It comes with lots of useful software.It has many uses.(It is easy to use and it has a variety of uses.)Some of its uses include word processing, communications and spreadsheets. This is Ace Ltd, a sporting goods company, located in the USA.Ace is one of the companies which bought OA-X computers in 1998.At Ace, the OA-X is used for word processing, communications and spreadsheets.Ace is using the OA-X to cut costs and improve office efficiency. Advanced Technologies is the maker of the OA-X computer.(The OA-X is manufactured and sold by Advanced Technologies Incorporated.) (The OA-X is made by Advanced Technologies.)The OA-X computer is an American product.(The OA-X computer is an American product, though many of its component parts are imported.)Advanced Technologies is located in California, near San Francisco. (Advanced Technologies is based in California, just south of San Francisco.) The company has an excellent reputation.(The company has an outstanding reputation for quality.)In recent years however, its sales have suffered because of strong competition from Japan.It has excellent products and competitive prices.(It has a highly trained work force and it uses the latest technology in the manufacturing process.)It also provides outstanding customer support.As a result, its products are highly rated.In 1998, Advanced Technologies sold 10,000 units.(Worldwide sales of the OA-X totaled 10,000 units in 1998.)The selling price for each unit was about 2,000 dollars.Sales were good in the major international markets, however in Japan, sales were poor.75% of the units made in 1998 were sold in the United States.10% were sold in Canada and another 10% were sold in Europe.Only 2% of them were sold in Japan.The Americans complained, they said it was unfair.(The American said that this was because the Japanese markets were closed.) The Japanese said it was the American’s fault.(The Japanese said that the OA-X was poorly designed for the Japanese user. They said their market was open.)Without more facts, it is difficult to decide the real reason.Trade friction is a difficult issue for every one involved.4. Product Comparisons●The EpicThis is the Epic.(The Epic is an American car.)It’s built by Federal Motors, an American company.Federal Motors introduced this model 5 years ago and designed especially for commuters.Recently it has become very popular. Compared to last year, its sales are up by more than 20%.Its sporty design and excellent fuel efficiency have contributed to its success. Customer satisfaction ratings have put it on the top 10 for the past few years. Its advanced design and light weight are a product of the world’s most advanced engine technology.It’s the most fuel efficient car of any American made car.The Epic gets 44 miles per gallon on the highway and 32 miles per gallon in city traffic.It costs around $18,000. At $18,000, it is a good buy.It is well engineered, and is reported to be the most trouble free of any American made car.(In terms of quality and dependability, the Epic is considered to be the best made American car in its price range.)The Epic generally goes about 80,000 miles before it needs major repairs.(The Epic is built to last around 80,000 miles before problems begin to appear.) According to a recent study, fewer Epic owners had problems in the first six months of ownership than owners of any other car.It is also backed by an excellent warranty program.Its warranty covers all parts and labor for five years or 50,000 miles.As a result, it has proven to be a good choice for people who spend lots of time commuting to work each day.Five years ago, Federal Motors was losing a lot of money, and its market share was falling rapidly.Many of its cars had to be recalled for safety problems, and three were many customer complaints about quality.When the Epic was introduced, sales were slow at first because the public had lost confidence in Federal Motors.Gradually however, the car began to earn a good reputation, and sales improved. As a result, Federal Motors has been able to compete more successfully with foreign competitors.Their main challenge now is to improve their dealer network.Their sales people are often criticized for poor sales practices.●The SXThis is the Yamada SX.50% of the Yamada sold in the US are imported from Japan, the other half aremade in the US.The base price of the SX is around $14,000.It comes with a 36 month or 36,000 mile warranty.The SX is one of the biggest Japanese cars in its class. It has room for 5 big adults.In terms of fuel economy, the SX gets about 38 miles per gallon on the highway, which is better than average for its class.Auto industry studies indicate that the SX is trouble free for around 60,000 miles.An important sales point is that its maintenance and service costs are generally lower than the industry average.This is because Yamada has established a dealer network that provides the best service support in the industry.According to several surveys, the SX has been number one in customer satisfaction for 3 years.(For 3 years, it is one the top customer satisfaction rating in several surveys.) As a result, the SX is now the best selling car in the US.●The AriaThis is the Union Aria. It was first introduced into the US in the late 1980s by Union Motors, a European company.It’s a well built car, and it has a good reputation.(It’s a solid, well made car with a good reputation for passenger comfort and safety.)The Aria is paid about $28,000.It comes equipped with lots of standard features, such as AM/FM radio and air conditioning.The Aria has more passenger room than any other car in its class.It has plenty of room for a growing family.It gets 34 miles per gallon on the highway and 22 miles per gallon in the city. It comes with a powerful engine that can pull a boat or a trailer with ease. It’s rated high in terms of dependability.In generally goes about 60,000 miles before it needs any major repairs. Unfortunately, the cost of parts and services are higher than average.In terms of safety, the Aria has the best record of any car.In crash tests, the Aria has consistently outperformed all other cars.In general, its size, power, and excellent safety record make it a good family car.Though it’s an excellent family car, its sales have remained flat for the past few years.Some people say it’s too expensive, others say that its design is uninteresting. If sales don’t improve, major changes will have to be made.●A ComparisonLet’s compare these three automobiles.First, the Federal Epic is the most fuel efficient.(In terms of fuel economy, the Epic gets better mileage than either the Union Aria or the Yamada SX.)The Aria doesn’t get as many miles per gallon as the other two cars, but it’s bigger and its engine is more powerful.As you can see in this comparison, the Aria is the most expensive.(As for price, the Aria costs more than the other two.)It costs twice as much as the SX.The least expensive of these three cars is the SX.(Priced at $14,000, the SX is the least expensive of these three models.)It's about half the price of the Aria and nearly 25% less than the Epic.The Epic costs $4,000 more than the SX.As for size, the Aria is the biggest of the three.(In terms of size, the Aria is bigger than the other two.)The Epic, which seats 4 adults, is the smallest.The SX is larger than the Epic, but it has slightly less passenger room than the Aria.(The SX is bigger than the Epic, but it isn’t quite as big or powerful as the Aria.)In terms of low cost maintenance and durability, the Epic has the best record. It is very economical.It has a better performance record than either the Aria or the SX. Compared to both the other cars, it goes 20,000 more miles before it needs repairs.To summarize, each car has its advantages.The Aria may be the best buy for a growing family, though it's a bit expensive. For the commuter, the Epic is probably the best choice.Its fuel economy and excellent dependability give it the advantage.For buyers who like a low purchase price and who want a slightly bigger car, the SX is probably the best value.It isn’t as small as the Epic and it costs less。

商务英语/ 对公众说话/ 01应征面谈Introducing Yourself at an Interview找工作时的面试，正是应征单位决定是否要延揽应征者的依据。

在面试中，除需注意衣装合宜之外，得体出众的谈吐实为关键所在。

怎么样的谈话内容和态度，才能使你脱颖而出呢？英文正文Good morning. It's a pleasure for me to be here in front of you to present myself. My name is Jennifer Wong, and I am a candidate for the position of Overseas Sales Representative.My background and work experience are tailor-made for this position. I studied marketing as an undergrad here in Taiwan, and in 1985, I received my MBA from the University of Texas School of Business. For five years now, I have utilized my skills and knowledge as the Assistant Director of Exports for Magic Kitchen Supplies.Action Appliances is a forward-looking company. I am aware that you are expanding into new markets, particularly in the U.S. Thus you are going to need aggressive, take-charge sales representatives. At Magic Kitchen, during my five years there, we expanded our U.S. market share by 25%. This is just one example of my ability to go out there and sell products.A position with your company would be both a learning experience and a great opportunity. I look forward tobecoming part of the Action team. Thank you.中文翻译↑早安。

LESSON 1What’s in your Office?What Do You Think?This is the YK’s President Office. Your Department Head asked you to tell them in today’s meeting how the office looks like. How would you describe it?Let’s Try It!Read the dialogue with correct intonation and stress.David: I've got a new office now…Maria: That's great! Congratulations.David: I'll need a desk and some cabinets. How many cabinets are there in your office?Maria: I think there are four cabinets in my office.David: And do you have any furniture in your office? I mean other than the chair at your desk.Maria: Oh yes, I've got a sofa and two comfortable armchairs.David: Are there any tables in your office?Maria: Yes, I've got a table in front of the sofa.David: Is there a computer in your office?Maria: Oh yes, I keep a laptop on my desk next to the phone.David: Are there any flowers or plants in your office?Maria: Yes, there are a few plants near the window.David: Where's your sofa?Maria: The sofa is in front of the window, between the two armchairs.David: Thanks a lot for your help Janet. This gives me a good idea of how to arrange my office.Maria: My pleasure. Good luck with your decorating!It’s Your Turn!Try to give your opinion on the following situation:Describe in details what your office looks like.Useful Vocabulary:Armchaircabinetdeskdrawerequipmentfurniturehighlighterlaptoppaperclipstapler。

1. Company Description●Ace CorporationThis is Ace Corporation.It was established in 1920, more than 75 years ago.Ace manufactures sporting equipment such as tennis rackets, tennis balls and fishing rods. (Ace is a sporting goods manufacturer.)It’s a well-managed company, and its products are well made.Its head office is in New York. It also has an office in Los Angeles.(Its main office is in New York, and there is another office in L.A..)Ace has two factories.Its main factory is in Chicago. The other factory is in Miami.Its head office has 300 employees. The L.A. office employs around 50.(Its head office in New York employs 300 workers, and the L.A. office has a staff of around 50 employees.)5,000 people are employed in the Chicago factory, and another 1,150 work in the Miami factory. (5,000 people work in the Chicago factory.)Ace’s main customers are general consumers.Its products are also sold to schools and other organizations.In recent years the company has done well.Sales and profits have both increased.Its main competitors are foreign companies from Europe and Asia. Because of its high quality products however, Ace has been successful.- 1 -●United IndustriesThis is United Industries, an American company.(United Industries is an American company.)Its main products are rocket engines, satellites and aircraft parts.(It manufactures advanced products such as rocket engines, satellites and aircraft parts.)United was established in 1960 by a small group of engineers.(A small group of engineers started the company in 1960.)At that time it made rocket engines for other companies.In 1965 it started to make aircraft parts, including small jet engines.Since then it has opened up new factories and offices in Europe and Asia. United’s head office and main factory is in Seattle where it employs more than 15,000 workers.(United is based in Seattle, Washington, where its main factory is located.)It also has offices in Europe, Asia and other locations around the world. There are three factories.The main one is in Seattle, another is in Montreal, and the third is in London. United employs between 20~25,000 people.(United is a large company, employing almost 25,000 people.)2,000 employees work in the London factory.In Montreal, the company has 5,000 employees, including part-time workers. The two factories outside the US employ a total of around 7,000 workers.- 2 -In recent years the company has done well.Sales and profits have both increased.United sells its products to many different countries.Some people don’t like United because some of its products are used for military purposes.Unfortunately, these kings of products are used too often.- 3 -2. Work Experience●Jean NielsenThis is Jean Nielsen.Jean graduated from Columbia University in 1981. She majored in economics. In 1983 she got a job with Federal Motors.(Two years later, in 1983, Jean was hired by Federal Motors.)Jean worked in Personnel at Federal Motors for 7 years, until 1990.She left Federal Motors in 1990 and got a job with IBX.(In 1990 she quit her job at Federal Motors and joined IBX.)Jean quit her job at Federal Motors because she wanted a more interesting job. She was also offered a higher salary.At IBX she was hired as a Personnel Manager in one of their factories.As Personnel Manager she has many responsibilities.Jean is in charge of interviewing and hiring new employees.She also manages the company’s employee training programs.In her job, she also needs good communication skills.Jean has excellent communication skills, so she has done very well at IBX. Jean has worked/been at IBX since 1990.Jean likes her job and is planning to stay at IBX for a long time.At beginning of 1990, Jean Nielsen was an assistant manager.When Jean left the company at the end of 1990, she was replaced by Steve Gomez.- 4 -Steve’s old position was filled by Bill Lee.Bill Lee transferred into Personnel from Sales.●Tom JonesThis is Tom Jones.Tom is a graduate of Stanford University.He graduated in 1988 with a degree in mathematics.Tom got a job with Federal Motors right after graduation.(Tom was hired by Federal Motors right after graduating from Stanford.) Tom has worked in the R&D Department since he joined the company in 1988. (Since he joined company in 1988, Tom has worked in Research and Development.)Tom is responsible for designing new automobile components.(For the past few years, Tom has been designing auto components.)Tom enjoys his work and often works late at the office.He is hoping to be promoted in the next year or two.Tom has been with Federal Motors for more than 10 years.He has worked very hard, and he has an excellent work record.Tom is responsible to his boss, Jim Nielsen.Jim Nielsen has been Tom’s boss since 1990.Jim started working at Federal Motors 3 years before Tom joined the company.- 5 -In the future, Tom Jones will probably be promoted.●Federal MotorsThere were many important changes at Federal Motors in 1990.In Personnel, Jean Nielsen was an assistant manager at the beginning of the year.At the end of the year, Jean left Federal Motors and joined IBX.Jean’s position was filled by Steve Gomez, who joined the company in 1987.In the Production Division, 1990 was not a good year.In the factory, the work force was cut by more than 10%.At the beginning of the year, there were 2,000 workers in the factory.At the end of the year, there were 1,750 workers in the factory.There were also some important changes in the Sales Department.Dave Jackson, the Sales Manager, was fired because of a drinking problem. He missed meetings and often came to work late.He was replaced by Sonia Scott, who joined the company from outside.Ed Smith was transferred to Sales from Engineering to assist Ms. Scott. There were also changes in the R&D department.Jim Nielsen was promoted to General Manager.- 6 -3. Manufacturing and Trade●YR1 RobotThis is the YR1. The YR1 is an industrial robot.(This is the YR1, an industrial robot.)Industrial robots have many uses.This kind of robot is usually used for high precision assembly or metal work. The YR1 is made by a Japanese company, Yamashita Ltd.Yamashita is located in Tokyo, Japan.(The first YR1 was made in Japan in 1997. The YR1 was developed by Yamashita Ltd, a Japanese company.)YR1 is used on assembly lines, such as this one at Federal Motors.Federal Motors makes cars. (Federal Motors manufactures cars.)The YR1 is used for welding cars on the assembly line.(At Federal Motors, the YR1 robot is used for welding cars.)Many YR1 robots have been sold to the automobile industry.(Federal Motors is an automobile company. it makes many kinds of motor vehicles, such as cars, trucks and vans. This is one of the assembly lines at Federal Motors, an automobile company located in the United States.)In 1997, 15 units were bought by Federal Motors.Those units are now being used to do the work that 60 workers used to do. The robots work faster than human workers and they make fewer mistakes. The automobile industry has bought many industrial robots, such as the YR1.- 7 -In 1997, 5,000 YR1 were made by Yamashita.Of those 5,000 robots, 50% were sold in Japan.25% were sold in the US. 10% were sold in Europe.(50% of the 5,000 robots that were made in 1997 were sold in Japan. 25% were exported to the US. 10% were sold in Europe. The rest were exported to other markets around the world.)In 1997, 50% of the YR1s manufactured by Yamashita were exported to other countries.The rest were sold in the highly competitive domestic market.In the past few years, worldwide sales of the YR1 and other robots have rapidly increased.If free trade continues, Yamashita’s future looks good.●OA-X ComputerThis is the OA-X. The OA-X is a computer.(This is the OA-X, it is a computer designed to increase efficiency.)It comes with lots of useful software.It has many uses.(It is easy to use and it has a variety of uses.)Some of its uses include word processing, communications and spreadsheets. This is Ace Ltd, a sporting goods company, located in the USA.Ace is one of the companies which bought OA-X computers in 1998.- 8 -At Ace, the OA-X is used for word processing, communications and spreadsheets.Ace is using the OA-X to cut costs and improve office efficiency. Advanced Technologies is the maker of the OA-X computer.(The OA-X is manufactured and sold by Advanced Technologies Incorporated.) (The OA-X is made by Advanced Technologies.)The OA-X computer is an American product.(The OA-X computer is an American product, though many of its component parts are imported.)Advanced Technologies is located in California, near San Francisco. (Advanced Technologies is based in California, just south of San Francisco.) The company has an excellent reputation.(The company has an outstanding reputation for quality.)In recent years however, its sales have suffered because of strong competition from Japan.It has excellent products and competitive prices.(It has a highly trained work force and it uses the latest technology in the manufacturing process.)It also provides outstanding customer support.As a result, its products are highly rated.In 1998, Advanced Technologies sold 10,000 units.(Worldwide sales of the OA-X totaled 10,000 units in 1998.)- 9 -The selling price for each unit was about 2,000 dollars.Sales were good in the major international markets, however in Japan, sales were poor.75% of the units made in 1998 were sold in the United States.10% were sold in Canada and another 10% were sold in Europe.Only 2% of them were sold in Japan.The Americans complained, they said it was unfair.(The American said that this was because the Japanese markets were closed.) The Japanese said it was the American’s fault.(The Japanese said that the OA-X was poorly designed for the Japanese user. They said their market was open.)Without more facts, it is difficult to decide the real reason.Trade friction is a difficult issue for every one involved.- 104. Product Comparisons●The EpicThis is the Epic.(The Epic is an American car.)It’s built by Federal Motors, an American company.Federal Motors introduced this model 5 years ago and designed especially for commuters.Recently it has become very popular. Compared to last year, its sales are up by more than 20%.Its sporty design and excellent fuel efficiency have contributed to its success. Customer satisfaction ratings have put it on the top 10 for the past few years. Its advanced design and light weight are a product of the world’s most advanced engine technology.It’s the most fuel efficient car of any American made car.The Epic gets 44 miles per gallon on the highway and 32 miles per gallon in city traffic.It costs around $18,000. At $18,000, it is a good buy.It is well engineered, and is reported to be the most trouble free of any American made car.(In terms of quality and dependability, the Epic is considered to be the best made American car in its price range.)The Epic generally goes about 80,000 miles before it needs major repairs.(The Epic is built to last around 80,000 miles before problems begin to appear.) According to a recent study, fewer Epic owners had problems in the first six months of ownership than owners of any other car.It is also backed by an excellent warranty program.Its warranty covers all parts and labor for five years or 50,000 miles.As a result, it has proven to be a good choice for people who spend lots of time commuting to work each day.Five years ago, Federal Motors was losing a lot of money, and its market share was falling rapidly.Many of its cars had to be recalled for safety problems, and three were many customer complaints about quality.When the Epic was introduced, sales were slow at first because the public had lost confidence in Federal Motors.Gradually however, the car began to earn a good reputation, and sales improved. As a result, Federal Motors has been able to compete more successfully with foreign competitors.Their main challenge now is to improve their dealer network.Their sales people are often criticized for poor sales practices.●The SXThis is the Yamada SX.50% of the Yamada sold in the US are imported from Japan, the other half aremade in the US.The base price of the SX is around $14,000.It comes with a 36 month or 36,000 mile warranty.The SX is one of the biggest Japanese cars in its class. It has room for 5 big adults.In terms of fuel economy, the SX gets about 38 miles per gallon on the highway, which is better than average for its class.Auto industry studies indicate that the SX is trouble free for around 60,000 miles.An important sales point is that its maintenance and service costs are generally lower than the industry average.This is because Yamada has established a dealer network that provides the best service support in the industry.According to several surveys, the SX has been number one in customer satisfaction for 3 years.(For 3 years, it is one the top customer satisfaction rating in several surveys.) As a result, the SX is now the best selling car in the US.●The AriaThis is the Union Aria. It was first introduced into the US in the late 1980s by Union Motors, a European company.It’s a well built car, and it has a good reputation.(It’s a solid, well made car with a good reputation for passenger comfort and safety.)The Aria is paid about $28,000.It comes equipped with lots of standard features, such as AM/FM radio and air conditioning.The Aria has more passenger room than any other car in its class.It has plenty of room for a growing family.It gets 34 miles per gallon on the highway and 22 miles per gallon in the city. It comes with a powerful engine that can pull a boat or a trailer with ease. It’s rated high in terms of dependability.In generally goes about 60,000 miles before it needs any major repairs. Unfortunately, the cost of parts and services are higher than average.In terms of safety, the Aria has the best record of any car.In crash tests, the Aria has consistently outperformed all other cars.In general, its size, power, and excellent safety record make it a good family car.Though it’s an excellent family car, its sales have remained flat for the past few years.Some people say it’s too expensive, others say that its design is uninteresting. If sales don’t improve, major changes will have to be made.●A ComparisonLet’s compare these three automobiles.First, the Federal Epic is the most fuel efficient.(In terms of fuel economy, the Epic gets better mileage than either the Union Aria or the Yamada SX.)The Aria doesn’t get as many miles per gallon as the other two cars, but it’s bigger and its engine is more powerful.As you can see in this comparison, the Aria is the most expensive.(As for price, the Aria costs more than the other two.)It costs twice as much as the SX.The least expensive of these three cars is the SX.(Priced at $14,000, the SX is the least expensive of these three models.)It's about half the price of the Aria and nearly 25% less than the Epic.The Epic costs $4,000 more than the SX.As for size, the Aria is the biggest of the three.(In terms of size, the Aria is bigger than the other two.)The Epic, which seats 4 adults, is the smallest.The SX is larger than the Epic, but it has slightly less passenger room than the Aria.(The SX is bigger than the Epic, but it isn’t quite as big or powerful as the Aria.)In terms of low cost maintenance and durability, the Epic has the best record. It is very economical.It has a better performance record than either the Aria or the SX. Compared to both the other cars, it goes 20,000 more miles before it needs repairs.To summarize, each car has its advantages.The Aria may be the best buy for a growing family, though it's a bit expensive. For the commuter, the Epic is probably the best choice.Its fuel economy and excellent dependability give it the advantage.For buyers who like a low purchase price and who want a slightly bigger car, the SX is probably the best value.It isn’t as small as the Epic and it costs less。

1. Company Description●Ace CorporationThis is Ace Corporation.It was established in 1920, more than 75 years ago.Ace manufactures sporting equipment such as tennis rackets, tennis balls and fishing rods. (Ace is a sporting goods manufacturer.)It’s a well-managed company, and its products are well made.Its head office is in New York. It also has an office in Los Angeles.(Its main office is in New York, and there is another office in L.A..)Ace has two factories.Its main factory is in Chicago. The other factory is in Miami.Its head office has 300 employees. The L.A. office employs around 50.(Its head office in New York employs 300 workers, and the L.A. office has a staff of around 50 employees.)5,000 people are employed in the Chicago factory, and another 1,150 work in the Miami factory. (5,000 people work in the Chicago factory.)Ace’s main customers are general consumers.Its products are also sold to schools and other organizations.In recent years the company has done well.Sales and profits have both increased.Its main competitors are foreign companies from Europe and Asia. Because of its high quality products however, Ace has been successful.●United IndustriesThis is United Industries, an American company.(United Industries is an American company.)Its main products are rocket engines, satellites and aircraft parts.(It manufactures advanced products such as rocket engines, satellites and aircraft parts.)United was established in 1960 by a small group of engineers.(A small group of engineers started the company in 1960.)At that time it made rocket engines for other companies.In 1965 it started to make aircraft parts, including small jet engines.Since then it has opened up new factories and offices in Europe and Asia. United’s head office and main factory is in Seattle where it employs more than 15,000 workers.(United is based in Seattle, Washington, where its main factory is located.)It also has offices in Europe, Asia and other locations around the world. There are three factories.The main one is in Seattle, another is in Montreal, and the third is in London. United employs between 20~25,000 people.(United is a large company, employing almost 25,000 people.)2,000 employees work in the London factory.In Montreal, the company has 5,000 employees, including part-time workers. The two factories outside the US employ a total of around 7,000 workers.In recent years the company has done well.Sales and profits have both increased.United sells its products to many different countries.Some people don’t like United because some of its products are used for military purposes.Unfortunately, these kings of products are used too often.2. Work Experience●Jean NielsenThis is Jean Nielsen.Jean graduated from Columbia University in 1981. She majored in economics. In 1983 she got a job with Federal Motors.(Two years later, in 1983, Jean was hired by Federal Motors.)Jean worked in Personnel at Federal Motors for 7 years, until 1990.She left Federal Motors in 1990 and got a job with IBX.(In 1990 she quit her job at Federal Motors and joined IBX.)Jean quit her job at Federal Motors because she wanted a more interesting job. She was also offered a higher salary.At IBX she was hired as a Personnel Manager in one of their factories.As Personnel Manager she has many responsibilities.Jean is in charge of interviewing and hiring new employees.She also manages the company’s employee training programs.In her job, she also needs good communication skills.Jean has excellent communication skills, so she has done very well at IBX. Jean has worked/been at IBX since 1990.Jean likes her job and is planning to stay at IBX for a long time.At beginning of 1990, Jean Nielsen was an assistant manager.When Jean left the company at the end of 1990, she was replaced by Steve Gomez.Steve’s old position was filled by Bill Lee.Bill Lee transferred into Personnel from Sales.●Tom JonesThis is Tom Jones.Tom is a graduate of Stanford University.He graduated in 1988 with a degree in mathematics.Tom got a job with Federal Motors right after graduation.(Tom was hired by Federal Motors right after graduating from Stanford.) Tom has worked in the R&D Department since he joined the company in 1988. (Since he joined company in 1988, Tom has worked in Research and Development.)Tom is responsible for designing new automobile components.(For the past few years, Tom has been designing auto components.)Tom enjoys his work and often works late at the office.He is hoping to be promoted in the next year or two.Tom has been with Federal Motors for more than 10 years.He has worked very hard, and he has an excellent work record.Tom is responsible to his boss, Jim Nielsen.Jim Nielsen has been Tom’s boss since 1990.Jim started working at Federal Motors 3 years before Tom joined the company.In the future, Tom Jones will probably be promoted.●Federal MotorsThere were many important changes at Federal Motors in 1990.In Personnel, Jean Nielsen was an assistant manager at the beginning of the year.At the end of the year, Jean left Federal Motors and joined IBX.Jean’s position was filled by Steve Gomez, who joined the company in 1987.In the Production Division, 1990 was not a good year.In the factory, the work force was cut by more than 10%.At the beginning of the year, there were 2,000 workers in the factory.At the end of the year, there were 1,750 workers in the factory.There were also some important changes in the Sales Department.Dave Jackson, the Sales Manager, was fired because of a drinking problem. He missed meetings and often came to work late.He was replaced by Sonia Scott, who joined the company from outside.Ed Smith was transferred to Sales from Engineering to assist Ms. Scott. There were also changes in the R&D department.Jim Nielsen was promoted to General Manager.3. Manufacturing and Trade●YR1 RobotThis is the YR1. The YR1 is an industrial robot.(This is the YR1, an industrial robot.)Industrial robots have many uses.This kind of robot is usually used for high precision assembly or metal work. The YR1 is made by a Japanese company, Yamashita Ltd.Yamashita is located in Tokyo, Japan.(The first YR1 was made in Japan in 1997. The YR1 was developed by Yamashita Ltd, a Japanese company.)YR1 is used on assembly lines, such as this one at Federal Motors.Federal Motors makes cars. (Federal Motors manufactures cars.)The YR1 is used for welding cars on the assembly line.(At Federal Motors, the YR1 robot is used for welding cars.)Many YR1 robots have been sold to the automobile industry.(Federal Motors is an automobile company. it makes many kinds of motor vehicles, such as cars, trucks and vans. This is one of the assembly lines at Federal Motors, an automobile company located in the United States.)In 1997, 15 units were bought by Federal Motors.Those units are now being used to do the work that 60 workers used to do. The robots work faster than human workers and they make fewer mistakes. The automobile industry has bought many industrial robots, such as the YR1.In 1997, 5,000 YR1 were made by Yamashita.Of those 5,000 robots, 50% were sold in Japan.25% were sold in the US. 10% were sold in Europe.(50% of the 5,000 robots that were made in 1997 were sold in Japan. 25% were exported to the US. 10% were sold in Europe. The rest were exported to other markets around the world.)In 1997, 50% of the YR1s manufactured by Yamashita were exported to other countries.The rest were sold in the highly competitive domestic market.In the past few years, worldwide sales of the YR1 and other robots have rapidly increased.If free trade continues, Yamashita’s future looks good.●OA-X ComputerThis is the OA-X. The OA-X is a computer.(This is the OA-X, it is a computer designed to increase efficiency.)It comes with lots of useful software.It has many uses.(It is easy to use and it has a variety of uses.)Some of its uses include word processing, communications and spreadsheets. This is Ace Ltd, a sporting goods company, located in the USA.Ace is one of the companies which bought OA-X computers in 1998.Dynamic Business English(1- 4) Sherry Lv At Ace, the OA-X is used for word processing, communications andspreadsheets.Ace is using the OA-X to cut costs and improve office efficiency.Advanced Technologies is the maker of the OA-X computer.(The OA-X is manufactured and sold by Advanced Technologies Incorporated.)(The OA-X is made by Advanced Technologies.)The OA-X computer is an American product.(The OA-X computer is an American product, though many of its componentparts are imported.)Advanced Technologies is located in California, near San Francisco.(Advanced Technologies is based in California, just south of San Francisco.)The company has an excellent reputation.(The company has an outstanding reputation for quality.)In recent years however, its sales have suffered because of strongcompetition from Japan.It has excellent products and competitive prices.(It has a highly trained work force and it uses the latest technology in themanufacturing process.)It also provides outstanding customer support.As a result, its products are highly rated.In 1998, Advanced Technologies sold 10,000 units.(Worldwide sales of the OA-X totaled 10,000 units in 1998.)Dynamic Business English(1- 4) Sherry Lv The selling price for each unit was about 2,000 dollars.Sales were good in the major international markets, however in Japan, saleswere poor.75% of the units made in 1998 were sold in the United States.10% were sold in Canada and another 10% were sold in Europe.Only 2% of them were sold in Japan.The Americans complained, they said it was unfair.(The American said that this was because the Japanese markets were closed.)The Japanese said it was the American’s fault.(The Japanese said that the OA-X was poorly designed for the Japanese user.They said their market was open.)Without more facts, it is difficult to decide the real reason.Trade friction is a difficult issue for every one involved.Dynamic Business English(1- 4) Sherry Lv4. Product Comparisons●The EpicThis is the Epic.(The Epic is an American car.)It’s built by Federal Motors, an American company.Federal Motors introduced this model 5 years ago and designed especially forcommuters.Recently it has become very popular. Compared to last year, its sales are up bymore than 20%.Its sporty design and excellent fuel efficiency have contributed to its success.Customer satisfaction ratings have put it on the top 10 for the past few years.Its advanced design and light weight are a product of the world’s mostadvanced engine technology.It’s the most fuel efficient car of any American made car.The Epic gets 44 miles per gallon on the highway and 32 miles per gallon in citytraffic.It costs around $18,000. At $18,000, it is a good buy.It is well engineered, and is reported to be the most trouble free of anyAmerican made car.(In terms of quality and dependability, the Epic is considered to be the bestmade American car in its price range.)The Epic generally goes about 80,000 miles before it needs major repairs.Dynamic Business English(1- 4) Sherry Lv (The Epic is built to last around 80,000 miles before problems begin to appear.)According to a recent study, fewer Epic owners had problems in the first sixmonths of ownership than owners of any other car.It is also backed by an excellent warranty program.Its warranty covers all parts and labor for five years or 50,000 miles.As a result, it has proven to be a good choice for people who spend lots of timecommuting to work each day.Five years ago, Federal Motors was losing a lot of money, and its market sharewas falling rapidly.Many of its cars had to be recalled for safety problems, and three were manycustomer complaints about quality.When the Epic was introduced, sales were slow at first because the public hadlost confidence in Federal Motors.Gradually however, the car began to earn a good reputation, and sales improved.As a result, Federal Motors has been able to compete more successfully withforeign competitors.Their main challenge now is to improve their dealer network.Their sales people are often criticized for poor sales practices.●The SXThis is the Yamada SX.50% of the Yamada sold in the US are imported from Japan, the other half areDynamic Business English(1- 4) Sherry Lv made in the US.The base price of the SX is around $14,000.It comes with a 36 month or 36,000 mile warranty.The SX is one of the biggest Japanese cars in its class. It has room for 5 bigadults.In terms of fuel economy, the SX gets about 38 miles per gallon on the highway,which is better than average for its class.Auto industry studies indicate that the SX is trouble free for around 60,000miles.An important sales point is that its maintenance and service costs are generallylower than the industry average.This is because Yamada has established a dealer network that provides thebest service support in the industry.According to several surveys, the SX has been number one in customersatisfaction for 3 years.(For 3 years, it is one the top customer satisfaction rating in several surveys.)As a result, the SX is now the best selling car in the US.●The AriaThis is the Union Aria. It was first introduced into the US in the late 1980s byUnion Motors, a European company.It’s a well built car, and it has a good reputation.Dynamic Business English(1- 4) Sherry Lv (It’s a solid, well made car with a good reputation for passenger comfort andsafety.)The Aria is paid about $28,000.It comes equipped with lots of standard features, such as AM/FM radio and airconditioning.The Aria has more passenger room than any other car in its class.It has plenty of room for a growing family.It gets 34 miles per gallon on the highway and 22 miles per gallon in the city.It comes with a powerful engine that can pull a boat or a trailer with ease.It’s rated high in terms of dependability.In generally goes about 60,000 miles before it needs any major repairs.Unfortunately, the cost of parts and services are higher than average.In terms of safety, the Aria has the best record of any car.In crash tests, the Aria has consistently outperformed all other cars.In general, its size, power, and excellent safety record make it a good familycar.Though it’s an excellent family car, its sales have remained flat for the pastfew years.Some people say it’s too expensive, others say that its design is uninteresting.If sales don’t improve, major changes will have to be made.●A ComparisonLet’s compare these three automobiles.First, the Federal Epic is the most fuel efficient.(In terms of fuel economy, the Epic gets better mileage than either the Union Aria or the Yamada SX.)The Aria doesn’t get as many miles per gallon as the other two cars, but it’s bigger and its engine is more powerful.As you can see in this comparison, the Aria is the most expensive.(As for price, the Aria costs more than the other two.)It costs twice as much as the SX.The least expensive of these three cars is the SX.(Priced at $14,000, the SX is the least expensive of these three models.)It's about half the price of the Aria and nearly 25% less than the Epic.The Epic costs $4,000 more than the SX.As for size, the Aria is the biggest of the three.(In terms of size, the Aria is bigger than the other two.)The Epic, which seats 4 adults, is the smallest.The SX is larger than the Epic, but it has slightly less passenger room than the Aria.(The SX is bigger than the Epic, but it isn’t quite as big or powerful as the Aria.)In terms of low cost maintenance and durability, the Epic has the best record. It is very economical.It has a better performance record than either the Aria or the SX. Compared to both the other cars, it goes 20,000 more miles before it needs repairs.To summarize, each car has its advantages.The Aria may be the best buy for a growing family, though it's a bit expensive. For the commuter, the Epic is probably the best choice.Its fuel economy and excellent dependability give it the advantage.For buyers who like a low purchase price and who want a slightly bigger car, the SX is probably the best value.It isn’t as small as the Epic and it costs less。

Unit 1 GlobalizationPart I Business VocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. This part totals 20 points, one point for each sentence.1 There are too many examples in aviation and other _____ B _____ of what has happened to companies that have tried to do that.A sectionsB sectorsC segmentsD components2 It would not _______ A ________ earlier mistakes such as attempting to enter the train or boat-building business.A repeatB makeC recognizeD produce3 He is impressed, he says, by the way in which oil companies have ____ D _____ from losing national images.A obtainedB gotC reachedD benefited4 Royal Dutch/Shell is another group which manages to ______D_________ itselfas a local company in which it operates.A displayB exhibitC showD present5 When the Japanese tyre group Bridgestone entered the US market, it made an _________ C _______, buying the local production base of Firestone.A saleB purchaseC acquisitionD overpayment6 If a company wishes to enter the Chinese market, it usually looks for a local ________ D ________ who will cooperate in setting up a joint venture.A manB talentC managerD partner7 If you’re ______ C ______ don’t go to Oslo – it’s Europe’s most expensive city.A hardB hardyC hard upD hard down8 A survey has _______A_________ with some interesting information about the cost of living in our major cities.A come upB show upC put upD live up9 Meals at restaurants cost a _________ C ________ and drinks are very pricey.A expenseB priceC fortuneD fate10 Being kept waiting, being connected to voice mail or being passed on to someone else are all common ________ D _______.A flashesB firesC firecrackersD flashpoints11 Reasons for this are ________ B _________, according to Reed.A three piecesB threefoldC threeD triple12 Increasing numbers of transactions take place entirely by phone, from ___ D ____ insurance to paying bills.A doingB sellingC buyingD arranging13 As companies move towards ‘remote working’, the need for the right tone of voice _______ A _______ to every level of the organization.A extendsB stretchesC expandsD attaches14 However, globalization has brought problems in the compan y’s overseas plants, and this is having a bad ________ A _______ on its share prices.A effectB influenceC affectD consequence15 A journalist from the Eastern Economist Review suggested recently that the company could become the _______ B _______ of a takeover if it didn’t sort out its problems soon.A aimB targetC objectiveD purpose16 Although this helps to lower costs, the materials are often of poor quality. This has resulted in _______ C _______ orders.A placedB placingC cancelledD canceling17 Recently, a German distributor refused a D of 50,000 blouses.A dealB transactionC cargoD consignment18 When customers want last-minute changes to clothing, the plants cannot meet customers’ tight _______ D ______.A timesB periodsC datesD deadlines19 Its latest _______ B ______ were described by a famous fashion expert as ‘boring, behind the times and with no appeal to a fashion-conscious buyer’.A seriesB collectionsC sequencesD present20 Factory workers complain about their wages. They are often expected to work _______ C ________ without extra pay.A overB timeC overtimeD timelyPart II Phrase TranslationDirections: Directions: There are 20 Chinese phrases in this part. You are required to translate them into English and write down your translation on the Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, one point for each phrase.1 资本外逃fight of capital2 福利welfare benefits3 相互让步give-and-take4 国家形象national image5 航空航天公司aerospace company6 全球化公司global company7 就业问题employment problems8 生活水准living standard9 跨文化问题cross-cultural problems10 合资企业joint venture11 本地合伙人local partner12 许可协议licensing agreement13 通货膨胀率inflation rate14 市场调研market research15 远程办公remote working16 全球会议global conference17 股票价格share price18 顾客需求customers’ needs19 低价战略low-pricing strategy20 员工流动率staff turnoverPart III Sentence TranslationDirections: There are 10 sentences in this part. You are required to translate them into Chinese and write down your translation on the Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, two points for each sentence.1.There are too many examples in aviation and other sectors of what has happened to companies that have tried to do that.在航空业和其他行业中想要原地踏步而以失败告终的例子比比皆是2.People are much more likely to express anger over the phone, rather than in writing or face to face.和书信及面对面交流比起来，人们更容易在电话上发火。