Unitlogistics

Reference KeysChapter OneUnit One What is Logistics？Listeningt PracticeⅠ. Listen to the sentences three times and fill in the blanks with what you exactly heard.1. logistics potential, benefit, advantage2. improve, efficiency, locating3. process, flow, consumers4. view, unseen5. part, supply chain, efficient, effective, origin, consumption Ⅱ.Listen to the passage three times and fill in the blanks with what you exactly heard. deal with logistics department. around the world the point of origin deal with suppliers. located inⅢ.Listen to the dialogues three times and choose the right answer to each question. 1. A. 2. C. 3. A. 4. C 5. DVocabulary BuildingⅡ.Now combine the words in Column A with Column B to make right collocations. Example : supply chain.A Bconsumer collectingmaterial controllinginventory handlinginformation routingtransport responseComprehension ExercisesⅠ.Comprehension questions.1 For examples, transportation, distribution, warehousing and so on.2.Yes, it is. For example, everything we buy from retail stores is moved by all modes of transport.3. Transportation, warehousing, order processing, inventory controlling, routing, information collecting, material handling and so on.4.No, they are interrelated to each other. We should integrate them to achieve maximum profit.Ⅱ. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.我认为现代物流是世界上最令人兴奋的领域之一。

物流术语英汉对照基本概念术语∙物品Article∙物流Logistics∙物流活动Logistics activity∙物流作业Logistics operation∙物流模数Logistics modulus∙物流技术Logistics technology∙物流成本Logistics cost∙物流管理Loglstics management∙物流中心Logistics center∙物流网络Logistics network∙物流信息Logistics information∙物流企业Loglstics enterprise∙物流单证Logistics documents∙物流联盟Logistics alliance∙供应物流Supply logistics∙生产物流Production logistics∙销售物流Distribution logistics∙回收物流Returned logistics∙废弃物物流Waste material logistics∙绿色物流Environmental logistics∙企业物流Internal logistics∙社会物流External logistics∙军事物流Military logistics∙国际物流International logistics∙第三方物流（Third-party logistics）∙第四方物流（Fourth party logistics）∙定制物流Customized logistics∙虚拟物流Virtual logistics∙增值物流服务Value-added logistics service ∙供应链Supp1y chain∙条码Barcode∙电子数据交换Electronic data interchange ∙有形损耗Tangible loss∙无形损耗Intangible loss[编辑]物流作业术语∙运输Transportation∙联合运输Combined transport∙直达运输Through transport∙中转运输Transfer transport∙甩挂运输Drop and pull transport∙集装运输Containerized transport∙集装箱运输Container transport∙门到门Door-to-door∙整箱货Full container load∙拼箱货Less than container load∙储存Storing∙保管Storage∙物品储备Article reserves∙库存Inventory∙经常库存Cycle stock∙安全库存Safety Stock∙库存周期Inventory cycle time∙前置期（或提前期）Lead time∙订货处理周期0rder cycle time∙货垛Goods stack∙堆码Stacking∙搬运Handling／carrying∙装卸Loading and unloading∙单元装卸Unit loading and unloading ∙包装Package／packaging∙销售包装Sales package∙定牌包装Packing of nominated brand ∙中性包装Neutral packing∙运输包装Transport package∙托盘包装palietizing∙集装化Containerization∙散装化In bulk∙直接换装Cross docking∙配送Distribution∙共同配送Joint distribution∙配送中心Distribution center∙分拣Sorting∙拣选0rder picking∙集货Goods collection∙组配Assemb1y∙流通加工Distribution processing∙冷链Cold chain∙检验Inspection[编辑]物流技术装备与设施术语∙仓库warehouse∙库房Storehouse∙库房Depot∙自动化仓库Automatic Warehouse∙立体仓库Stereoscopic Warehouse∙虚拟仓库virtual warehouse∙保税仓库Bonded Warehouse∙出口监管仓库Export supervised warehouse∙海关监管货物Cargo under custom’Ssupervision ∙冷藏区Chill space∙冷冻区Freeze space∙控湿储存区Humidity controlled space∙温度可控区Temperature controlled space∙收货区Receiving space∙发货区Shipping space∙料棚Goods shed∙货场Goods yard∙货架Goods shelf∙托盘Pallet∙叉车Forklift truck∙输送机Conveyor∙输送机Conveyor∙箱式车Box car∙集装箱Container∙换算箱Twenty-feet equiva1ent unit∙特种货物集装箱Specific cargo container∙全集装箱船Full container ship∙铁路集装箱场Railway container yard∙公路集装箱中转站Inland container depot∙集装箱货运站Container freight station∙集装箱码头Container terminal∙国际铁路联运International through raiIway transport∙国际多式联运International multimodal transport∙大陆桥运输Land bridge transport∙班轮运输Liner transport∙租船运输Shipping by chartering∙船务代理Shipping agency∙国际货运代理International freight forwarding agent∙理货Tally∙国际货物运输保险International transportation cargo insurance ∙报关Customs declaration∙报关行Customs broker∙进出口商品检验Commodity inspection[编辑]物流管理术语∙物流战略Logistics strategy∙物流战略管理Logistics strategy management∙仓库管理Warehouse management∙仓库布局warehouse layout∙库存控制Inventory control∙经济订货批量Economic order quantity∙定量订货方式Fixed-quantity system∙定期订货方式Fixed-interval system∙ABC分类管理ABC classification∙电子订货系统Electronic order system∙准时制Just in time∙准时制物流Just-in-time logistics∙零库存技术Zero-inventory Technology∙物流成本管理Logistics cost control∙物料需求计划Material requirements planning MRP∙制造资源计划Manufacturing resource planning MRP∙配送需求计划Distribution requirements planning DRP∙配送资源计划Distrlbution resource planning∙物流资源计划Logistics resource planning∙企业资源计划Enterprise resource planning∙供应链管理Supp1y chain management∙快速反应Quick response∙有效客户反应Efficient customer response∙连续库存补充计划Continuous replenishment program∙计算机辅助订货系统Computer assisted ordering ∙供应商管理库存Vendor managed inventory∙业务外包Outsourcing。

UNIT I LOGISTICS第一单元物流PART ⅠThe Definition of LogisticsPART Ⅰ物流的定义The introduction of Logistics物流简介[Para1]“Logistics” is a term, which originates from both the army an d French. According to the French, the Baron of Jomini, who of Swiss origin who had served in Napoleon’s army before joining the Russians and who later founded the Military Academy of St. Petersburg, first used the term in the early 19th century. So in a m ilitary sense, the term ‘logistics’ encompasses transport organization, army replenishments and material maintenance.“物流”或“后勤”一词其实源于军队，对其词义解释亦有多个不同版本，根据法国人阐述之词义，该词早于十九世纪初被祖文尼男爵率先采用。

祖文尼是一名原藉瑞士的军官，他在投奔俄罗斯军队之前在拿破伦军中服役，其后一手创立“圣彼得堡军事学院”。

就军事意识而言，物流管理―词意即运输编制、军队补给和物料保养。

[Para2] In the business world however, the concept of “logistics” was applied solely to “Material Replenishment Programs” (MRP) and was confined to the manufacturing sector at the beginning. Therefore the extension of the concept to involve company operations is a relatively new one and the earliest usage dates back to the 1950s in the USA.然而在商务界中，“物流管理”的概念仅仅用于“物料需求计划”，并且最初是在制造业的部门开始使用。

物流专业英语unit4 Logistics StrategyPart1 单词讲解【1】Instantaneous [ˌɪnstən'teɪniəs]1.adj. 瞬间发生的,即刻的 happening at onceEg:1.Relief was instantaneous.痛苦的消除是瞬间的事2.The reaction of the audience was instantaneous.观众即刻有了反应。

【2】proximity [prɒk'sɪməti]1.N.[U]nearness接近，附近Eg：1.Their house is in close proximity to ours.他们的房子很接近我们的。

2.The sum is in close proximity to the amount of revenue.总数接近岁入之值。

【3】foster ['fɒstə]1. vt. 培养,促进 help the growth or developmentEg：People who cannot have a baby of their own sometimes foster (a child)不能生育的人有时领养别人的(孩子).2.vt. & vi. 收养,养育 take care or bring up a child that is notlegally one's ownEg：It is very important to foster an interest.培养一种兴趣是十分重要的。

【4】variation [ˌveəri'eɪʃn]1.N. [C] [U] 变化,变动(的程度) (degree of) the fact of varying Eg:Finally, the cherry in Fujian Wuyi Mountain should be treated as a new variation of Cerasus subhirtella in taxonomy. 最后，建议在分类学关系上将福建武夷山野生早樱做为大叶早樱新变种处理。

物流术语基础术语物品 goods物流 logistics物流活动 logistics activity物流管理 logistics management供应链 supply chain供应链管理 supply chain management服务 service物流服务 logistics service一体化物流服务 integrated logistics service 物流系统logistics system第三方物流 the third party logistics物流设施 logistics establishment物流中心 logistics center配送中心 distribution center分拨中心 distribution center物流园区 logistics park物流企业 logistics enterprise物流作业 logistics operation物流模数 logistics modulus物流技术 logistics technology物流成本 logistics cost物流网络 logistics network物流信息 logistics information物流单证 logistics documents物流联盟 logistics alliance物流作业流程 logistics operation process企业物流 internal logistics供应物流supply logistics生产物流production logistics销售物流 distribution logistics社会物流 external logistics军事物流 military logistics项目物流 project logistics国际物流 International logistics虚拟物流 virtual logistics精益物流 lean logistics反向物流reverse logistics回收物流 return logistics废弃物物流 waste material logistics货物运输量 freight volume货物周转量 turnover volume of freight transport军事物资 military material筹措 raise军事供应链 military supply chain军地供应链管理 military supply chain management军事物流一体化 integration of military logistics and civil logistics 物流场 logistics field战备物资储备 military repertory of combat readiness全资产可见性 total asset visibility配送式保障 distribution-mode support作业服务术语托运 consignment承运 carriage承运人 carrier运输 transportation道路运输 road transport水路运输 waterway transport铁路运输 railway transport航空运输 air transport管道运输 pipeline transport门到门服务 door to door service直达运输 through transportation中转运输 transfer transportation甩挂运输 drop and pull transport整车运输 transportation of truck-load零担运输 sporadic freight transportation联合运输 combined transport联合费率 joint rate联合成本 joint cost仓储 warehousing储存 storing库存 inventory库存成本 inventory cost保管 storage仓单 storage invoice仓单质押融资 Warehouse receipt hypothecating/ Depot bill pledge库存商品融资Inventory Financing仓储费用 warehousing fee订单满足率 fill rate货垛 goods stack堆码 stacking配送 distribution拣选 order picking分类 sorting集货 goods consolidation共同配送 joint distribution装卸 loading and unloading搬运 handling carrying包装 package/packaging销售包装 sales package运输包装 transport package流通加工 distribution processing检验inspection增值物流服务 value-added logistics service定制物流customized logistics物流客户服务 logistics customer service物流运营服务 logistics operation service物流服务质量 logistics service quality物品储备 goods reserves缺货率 stock-out rate货损率 cargo damages rate商品完好率 rate of the goods in good condition基本运价freight unit price理货 tally组配 assembly订货周期 order cycle time库存周期 inventory cycle time技术与设施设备术语标准箱 twenty-feet equivalent unit (TEU)集装运输 containerized transport托盘运输 pallet transport货物编码 goods coding四号定位 four number location零库存技术 zero-inventory technology单元装卸 unit loading & unloading气力输送法 pneumatic conveying system生产输送系统 production line system分拣输送系统 sorting & picking system自动补货 automatic replenishment自动存储取货系统 automated storage & retrieval system (AS/RS) 集装化 containerization散装化 in bulk托盘包装 palletizing直接换装 cross docking物流系统仿真 logistics system simulation冷链cold chain自营仓库 private warehouse公共仓库 public warehouse自动仓库 automated storage & retrieval system 立体仓库 stereoscopic warehouse交割仓库 transaction warehouse交通枢纽 traffic hinge集装箱货运站container freight station (CFS)集装箱码头 container terminal控湿储存区 humidity controlled space冷藏区 chill space冷冻区 freeze space收货区 receiving space区域配送中心 regional distribution center (RDC) 公路集装箱中转站 inland container depot铁路集装箱场 railway container yard专用线 special railway line基本港口 base port周转箱 container叉车 fork lift truck叉车属具 attachments of fork lift trucks托盘 pallet称量装置 load weighing devices工业用门 industrial door货架 goods shelf重力货架系统 live pallet rack system移动货架系统 mobile rack system驶入货架系统 drive-in rack system集装袋 flexible freight bags集装箱 container特种货物集装箱 specific cargo container集装单元器具 palletized unit implants全集装箱船 full container ship码垛机器人 robot palletizer起重机械 hoisting machinery牵引车 tow tractor升降台 lift table (LT)输送机 conveyors箱式车 box car自动导引车 automatic guided vehicle (AGV)自动化元器件 element of automation手动液压升降平台车scissor lift table零件盒 working accessories条码打印机 bar code printer站台登车桥 dock levelers信息术语条码 bar code商品标识代码 identification code for commodity产品电子编码 Electronic Product Code (EPC)EPC序列号 serial number对象名称解析服务 object name service (ONS)对象分类 object class位置码 location number (LN)贸易项目 trade item物流单元 logistics unit全球贸易项目标识代码 global trade item number应用标识符 application identifier (AI)物流信息编码 logistics information code自动数据采集 automatic data capture (ADC)自动识别技术auto identification条码标签 bar code tag条码识读器 bar code reader条码检测仪 bar code verifier条码系统 bar code system条码自动识别技术 bar code auto ID射频标签 RFID tag射频识读器 RFID reader射频识别 radio frequency identification (RFID) 射频识别系统 RFID systemEPC系统 EPC system数据元 metadata报文 message实体标记语言 Physical Markup Language (PML)电子数据交换 electronic data interchange (EDI)电子通关 electronic clearance电子认证 electronic authentication电子报表 e-report电子采购 e-procurement电子合同 e-contract电子商务 e-commerce (EC)电子支付 e-payment地理信息系统 geographical information system (GIS)全球定位系统global positioning system (GPS)智能交通系统 intelligent transportation system (ITS) 货物跟踪系统 goods-tracked system仓库管理系统 warehouse management system (WMS)销售时点系统point of sale (POS)电子订货系统 electronic order system (EOS)计算机辅助订货系统 computer assisted ordering (CAO)拉式订货系统 pull order system永续存货系统 perpetual inventory system虚拟仓库 virtual warehouse物流信息系统 logistics information system (LIS)物流信息技术 logistics information technology物流信息分类 logistics information sorting分布式的网络软件 savant管理术语仓库布局 warehouse layoutABC分类管理 ABC classification安全库存 safety stock经常库存 cycle stock库存管理 inventory management库存控制 inventory control供应商管理库存 vendor managed inventory (VMI)定量订货制 fixed-quantity system (FQS)定期订货制 fixed-interval system (FIS)经济订货批量 economic order quantity (EOQ)连续补货计划 continuous replenishment program (CRP)联合库存管理 joint managed inventory (JMI)前置期 lead time物流成本管理 logistics cost control物流绩效管理 logistics performance management物流战略 logistics strategy物流战略管理 logistics strategy management物流质量管理 logistics quality management物流资源计划 logistics resource planning (LRP)供应链联盟 supply chain alliance供应商关系管理 supplier relationships management (SRM) 准时制 just in time (JIT)准时制物流 just-in-time logistics有效客户反应 efficient customer response (ECR)快速反应 quick response (QR)物料需求计划 material requirements planning (MRP)制造资源计划manufacturing resource planning (MRPⅡ)配送需求计划 distribution requirements planning (DRP)配送资源计划distribution resource planning (DRPⅡ)企业资源计划 enterprise resource planning (ERP)协同计划、预测与补货collaborative planning，forecasting and replenishment (CPFR)服务成本定价法 cost-of-service pricing服务价值定价法 value-of-service pricing业务外包 outsourcing流程分析法 process analysis延迟策略 postponement strategy业务流程重组 business process reengineering(BPR)物流流程重组 logistics process reengineering有形损耗 tangible loss无形损耗 intangible loss总成本分析 total cost analysis物流作业成本法 logistics activity-based costing效益悖反 trade off国际物流术语多式联运 multimodal transport国际多式联运 international multimodal transport国际航空货物运输 international airline transport国际铁路联运 international through railway transport班轮运输liner transport租船运输 shipping by chartering大陆桥运输 land bridge transport保税运输 bonded transport转关运输Tran-customs transportation报关 customs declaration报关行 customs broker不可抗力 accident beyond control保税货物 bonded goods海关监管货物 cargo under custo m’s supervision拼箱货 less than container load (LCL)整箱货 full container load (FCL)通运货物 through goods转运货物 transit cargo自备箱shipper’s own container到货价格 delivered price出厂价 factory price成本加运费cost and freight (CFR)出口退税 drawback过境税 transit duty海关估价 customs ratable price等级标签 grade labeling等级费率 class rate船务代理 shipping agency国际货运代理 international freight forwarding agent无船承运业务 non vessel operating common carrier business无船承运人 NVOCC non vessel operating、common carrier索赔 claim for damages理赔 settlement of claim国际货物运输保险 international transportation cargo insurance 原产地证明 certificate of origin进出口商品检验 commodity inspection清关 clearance滞报金 fee for delayed declaration装运港船上交货 free on board (FOB)进料加工 processing with imported materials来料加工 processing with supplied materials保税仓库 boned warehouse保税工厂 bonded factory保税区 bonded area保税物流中心 bonded logistics center保税物流中心A型 bonded logistics center of A type保税物流中心B型 bonded logistics center of B type融通仓 financing warehouse出口监管仓库 export supervised warehouse出口加工区 export processing zone定牌包装 packing of nominated brand中性包装 neutral packing提单(海运提单) bill of lading。

Unit 5 LogisticsStart with E-commerce Journey with E-commerce Forward with E-commerceSTART WITH E-COMMERCELogistics for different goodsJOURNEY WITH E-COMMERCE•Practical Reading Delivery services •Intensive Reading Modern logistics in the era of e-commerce •Comparative Reading Inbound logistics vs. outbound logistics •Extensive ReadingLogistics: the secret ingredient of China’s e -commerceFORWARD WITH E-COMMERCE•Further Practice Compare logistics services•My learning logUNIT 5LogisticsLEARNING OBJECTIVEAfter studying this unit, you’ll be able to:• choose appropriate logistics for different goods• know the delivery services a courier company may provide• know the diverse forms of modern logistics in e-commerce transactions• distinguish inbound logistics from outbound logistics• understand why logistics is so developed in ChinaSTART WITH E-COMMERCEChoose appropriate logistics for the following goods.☐1cold chain logistics ☐2medical logistics ☐3international logistics ☐4alcohol logistics ☐5chemical logistics ☐6large-sized commodity logistics A FEDCBC A FDE BPractical ReadingJOURNEY WITH E-COMMERCEEstablished in2005,our company now manages more than50,000professional delivery men covering over300cities,and we are dedicated to fulfilling our motto of“being your reliable friend”and giving the best possible price to our clients.The following text details the services we provide.1Ordinary deliveryCommodities that can be delivered through ordinary delivery include daily necessities,processed foods, documents and so on.Within three days,we guarantee that you will receive your delivery.This service is provided in any of our express stations.As for the cost,delivering anything less than1kg will cost you10to20yuan.If your delivery weighs more than1kg,extra fees will be charged.Delivery services—From the official website of a courier company2Delivery of large-sized commoditiesThis service will help you deliver large-sized commodities from one city to another at a very reasonable cost.So what constitutes a large-sized commodity? Actually,anything that exceeds a weightof20kg will be classified into this category.For example,office equipment, household appliances,furniture,and even vehicles are included as common large-sized commodities.Please note that the delivery time is slightly longer than thatof our ordinary delivery.译Practical Reading3Cold chain logisticsDo you want to buy vegetables,fruits,seafood as well as fresh meat online?Then you definitely need our cold chain logistics!With specially designed stay-fresh packaging and a special delivery channel,the nutritional value and full flavor of the food will be retained,and you will receive an order which is perfectly fresh. Compared with other delivery types,the maximum weight is20kg in one order.If the commodities you send weigh more than20kg, another order will be required.4Delivery of international commoditiesMore than160countries and regions are covered by this kind of delivery service.Tomeet customer needs for cross-border online shopping,we have maintained stable cooperation with many popular overseas shopping websites.As international delivery usually takes a longer delivery time,clientscan search the status of their commoditieson our international information platform.译—From the official website of a courier companyPractical Reading译—From the official website of a courier company5Extra servicesTo give our clients the best possible experience,we also provide extra services.Firstly,the privacy of our clients is well protected.Any personal information will not be present on the packaging.Secondly,to protect the environment,we call on all our clients to reuse packaging boxes,and coupons will be given out to encourage the reuse of packaging.Thirdly,you can place an order on your mobile phone,choosing the appropriate time for the delivery man to deliver the order.For those who can’t receive their orders on the same day,we promise to keep them for you,free of charge,for three days.Reading comprehension Read the text and complete the dialog. 1E:Hi Laura,this is Emily.Could you do me a favor?As I will move to Shanghai next month,some of my personal goods need to be sent before I leave.I don’t know what type of delivery service I should choose.L:Well,I see.I think we can search for some information on the official website of the courier company.Look,here’s an introduction to their delivery services.What do you want to deliver?E:Some skincare products,furniture and other things.L:It says you can deliver1daily necessities,processed foods and documents through2_____________________.Your skincare products can be delivered in this form.E:That’s great!What about furniture?Can I use ordinary delivery too?L:I don’t think so.It says commodities with the weight3 _________________should be sent through delivery of large-sized commodities.And it says the4____________ is slightly longer than that of ordinary delivery.E:I see!I also have frozen foods to be sent,but I worry about the preservation of them during the delivery.?L:Well,the company provides5_____________.With specially designed stay-fresh packaging and a special delivery channel,the nutritional value and full flavor of the food will be retained.E:That’s very considerate.Recently I wanted to buy a new rice cooker from an overseas shopping website.Can I choose this courier company?L:Maybe.They say that they maintain6________________ with many popular foreign shopping websites.You can go to check out whether they cooperate with the website you shop on.E:How convenient it is!What else should I know about the delivery service?L:Here,check“Extra services”.They call on clients to7 ___________________.In this way,you may get a coupon. E:OK,I get it.That’s all my questions.Thank you very much for your help,Laura!L:You’re welcome!(Emily wants to deliver some commodities to another city. She asks her friend Laura for help.)ordinary deliveryof over 20kgdelivery time cold chain logisticsstable cooperationreuse packing boxesTask 2 Group discussion Read the following questions and share your answers with your group members.21 How often do you use online shopping websites?2 What kind of commodities do you usually purchase online?1What do you care about most when choosing a delivery service?____________________________________________________________________2Which courier company do you use most often in your daily life? Why?____________________________________________________________________3 Will the level of delivery service affect your choice of online shopping platforms?____________________________________________________________________Practical ReadingWords & Phrases课Practical ReadingWordsmaximum adj. 最大值的，最大限度的motto n. 格言，座右铭necessity n.必需品reuse v. & n. 再使用，重复使用Phrasescold chain logistics 冷链物流courier company 速递公司delivery man 送货员processed food 加工食品Practical Reading课配送服务——快递公司用户手册作为中国最大的快递服务公司之一，我司以向客户提供最好、最便捷的快递服务为荣。

Unit One LogisticsPart One TextThe Nature and Importance of LogisticsWhat is logistics?Logistics is defined as the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient and cost-effective flow and storage of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements⒈More simply, it is the science (and art ) of ensuring that the right products reach the right place in the right quantity at the right time to satisfy customer demand⒉The UK Institute of Logistics and Transport defines it even more succinctly as: ―the time-related positioning of resource‖⒊. It has also been defined as ―the management of inventory in motion and at rest.‖⒋Its marketing discipline encompasses a warehousing, distribution and information management. It has also includes international supply chain management and added-value/pre-retailing services.Logistics is the universal thread or ―pipeline‖ that plans and coordinates the delivery of products and services to customers all over the world. Logistics professionals manage and coordinate activities in this global pipeline to ensure an effective and efficient flow of materials and information from the time a need arises until it is satisfied and beyond. Some of the many activities involved in logistics include:customer service, warehousing, inventory control, transportation, materials handling, forecasting, purchasing and strategic planning⒌The goal of these logistics activities is to satisfy the needs of the ultimate consumer—you. Simply stated, logistics managers ensure that the right product, in the right quantity, in the right condition, is delivered to the right customer at the right place, at the right time, at the right cost⒍A more comprehensive definition of logistics adopted by the Council of Logistics Management(CLM) includes inbound, outbound, internal, and external movements⒎Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption t o meet customers’ requirements.Logistics is a challenging and important activity because it serves as an integrating or boundary spanning function .It links suppliers with customers and it integrates functional entities across a company. With the ever-growing competition in today’s market place it becomes necessary for a firm to use its resources to focus on strategic opportunities. This includes several internal factors like management style, culture, human resources, facilities and several external factors like technology, globalization and competition. This is where the concept of logistics plays a major role, i. e. it helps to leverage certain advantages the firm has in the marketplace.Logistics is involved every time you purchase a pro duct, whether it’s food, medicine, or clothing. It doesn’t matter how you shop—at a store, by mail order,through direct sales, or via the Internet—you are being served by the logistics pipeline. The items you purchase have been transported from manufacturers near and far to get to you—and logistics professionals have managed each of these journeys.Consider the last shirt that you purchased. The cotton may have been grown and processed in Georgia. Then it was shipped to South Korea where it was spun into fabric. The bolts of fabric were sent to Guatemala for cutting and assembly. The completed shirt was then transported to the U.S. retailer that sold it to you. And, that’s not all! The buttons, thread, packaging and labels all went through similar international logistical paths to become part of your shirt as well.Every product in your home has in some way been touched by this incredible field ⒏Pick up a soft drink, styling gel, a computer, or a CD player and consider the path each of these items has travel ed to get to you. You’ve been depending on logistics all of your life to provide the best that the world has to offer⒐How important is logistics?Logistics has a huge impact on the domestic and global economy. Logistics facilitates market exchanges, provides a major source of employment, and is a major purchaser of assets and materials⒑. In the process of these activities, organizations in the United States spend nearly $800 billion on logistics each year—up from $678 billion in 1990. That is nearly three times the combined annual revenues of General Motors, IBM, and Proctor & Gamble! Worldwide, more than $1.4 trillion is spent annually on logistics and the amount will grow with the continued expansion of the global marketplace.Logistics is of critical importance to human survival. The logistics system provides the continuous availability of food, water, medicine, and other key materials that you need to survive⒒. A prime example is the food you ate at your last meal. It’s very likely that the materials used to prepare that meal came quite a distance…perhaps from the other side of the planet! In order for that meal to fulfill your needs, you were dependent on logistics professionals to provide safe storage and transportation of those items.Logistics greatly impacts our quality of life.The logistics industry employs people worldwide, providing a cost-effective means of distributing goods locally and globally. The more affordable the goods, the higher the standard of living for you⒓Consider the last pair of athletic shoes that you purchased. They were probably manufactured in Southeast Asia, yet the exact pair (the right size, color, and style) that you wanted was available for purchase the day you walked into the store⒔Logistics affects our success in a wide variety of endeavors.Logistics greatly impacts activities other than the flow of industrial and consumer products. Here are just a few examples:Relief organizations like the American Red Cross Disaster Service and the International Red Cross provide logistics support in life-threatening situations such as floods, hurricanes, and earthquakes. They operate like a huge mobile warehouse, setting up temporary facilities and shelters on a moment’s notice to efficiently distribute food, supplies, and equipment to disaster victims.The U.S. military relies on logistics to determine the feasibility of a mission—whether it is military or humanitarian in nature. Logistics also provides the flexibility to move personnel, equipment, and supplies wherever they are needed in the world. Major productions like rock concerts and sporting events also require logistics. More than $25 million was spent on logistics for the Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia. During the Games, more than 1,200 logistics staff members were needed to receive, set up, resupply and recover assets at 143 competition venues, training facilities and other sites⒕What is the role of logistics in the organization?Logistics is critical to the success of every organization. Once considered an important, behind-the-scenes operational activity, logistics is now recognized as a strategic tool for creating customer value and loyalty. Companies like Wal-Mart, Coca Cola, and Nike attribute a great deal of their success to their global logistics systems. They realize that integrating activities within the organization and across the logistics pipeline, building strong relationships with product suppliers, and working with customer-focused logistics service providers are all critical to building a competitive advantage through logistics.The scope of opportunities for logistics professionals is expanding. Logistics managers are involved in boundary and organization-spanning teams, strategic planning, alliance building, and a host of other activities that directly impact the success of their organizations worldwide. Because these roles are expanding, a career in logistics management can lead in many directions—including to the top of the company!Who works in logistics management?The demand for logistics managers at all levels is excellent.The Collegiate Employment Research Institute reports that logistics is a field with more positions than graduates each year. The Wall Street Journal reports that senior logistics management talen t is also in short supply. As logistics managers’ roles and value have grown, the need for well-educated, talented professionals with a diverse array of skills has emerged.The increasing importance of analytical, strategic, and technological activities also makes logistics an attractive career to more people. As a result, the number of minorities and women entering the field of logistics directly from high school, college, and from other fields is increasing rapidly. Another factor which contributes to the changing face of logistics is the value that organizations are placing on diversity today ⒖. Successful organizations realize that diversity gives them an edge in the highly competitive global marketplace⒗. As a result they are recruiting a variety of people from all walks of life for their logistics management positions. This strategy is highlighted here by two companies:“It makes good business sense to have a workforce that reflects the marketplace at large⒘. We recognize the value that a diverse management team brings to our company—the ability to reach out to the entire world.‖―We recruit f rom a wide pool because we need all the skills that are out there. The bottom line is that our organization wants people with excellent skills, regardless of their ethnic background, gender, or age.”According to recent surveys, women and minorities are discovering logistics and enrolling in degree programsacross the nation. For example, at the University of Nevada-Reno, 45 percent of graduates are female, compared to zero just six years ago. The number of women and minorities in logistics management positions and professional organizations is on the rise as well.Clearly, logistics is a discipline worthy of attracting the best and the brightest people from all walks of life. Anyone with the education, skills, and drive to succeed can build a prosperous career in logistics managementWhat kinds of organizations employ logistics managers?Logistics involves so many critical business activities that nearly every Fortune 500 and Global 500 company can be considered a potential employer for logistics managers. The same can be said for smaller public and private companies around the world. From the largest automobile manufacturers to the smallest zipper producers, any company that purchases and/or sells products has a need for logistics professionals to manage the flow of product and information locally, nationally, and internationally. Service firms like hospitals and restaurant chains like McDonald’s must also manage logistics activities. Here is a sample of the types of businesses and organizations that you could work for as a logistics manager.Words and Expressions:alliance [əˊlaiəns] n. a close association of nations or other groups, formed toadvance common interests or causes:. 联盟；联合analytical [,ænəˊlitikəl] adj. of or using analysis 分析的；解析的array [əˊrei] n. an impressively large number, as of persons or objects:大量；令人瞩目的大数量，如人或物：(an array of heavily armed troops, an array of spare parts大批全副武装的部队, 大批零配件)availability [ə．veiləˊbiliti] n. ability that sth can be used or obtained 可用性；可得性；有效性；实用性bolt [bəult] n. quantity of cloth, etc wound in roll 一匹；一卷discipline [ˊdisiplin] n. 1. a branch of knowledge or teaching. 学科；科目；知识或教学的分支 2. control obtained by enforcingcompliance or order. 规律；纪律encompass [inˊkʌmpəs] vt. 1. to constitute or include: 构成，包括2.to enclose;envelop. 包围；包装endeavor [inˊdevə] n. attempt，effort 努力；尽力feasibility [．fi:zə`biləti] n. practicability possibility 可行性; 可能性；现实性gel[ʤel] n. semi-solid jelly-like substance 凝胶；冻胶；形成(肉、鱼、果子等的)冻humanitarian [hju(:)．mæni`teəriən] n. one who is devoted to the promotion of humanwelfare and the advancement of social reforms; aphilanthropist.人道主义者：献身于人类福利的提高和社会改革的进步的人；慈善家hurricane [`hʌrikən, -kin] n. storm with a violent wind 飓风；龙卷风；暴风(雨)inbound, [`inbaund] adj. bound inward; incoming: 归航的；开回的inventory [ˊinventəri] n.the quantity of goods and materials on hand; stock. 存货总值；库存；存货,leverage [`li:vəriʤ] vt 1. to supplement (money, for example) with leverage.补充（如金钱）支持 2. to affect as if by leverage: 杠杆作用；好象通过杠杆作用进行影响outbound [`autbaund] adj. outward bound; headed away: 向外去的, 向外开的：recruit [ri`kru:t] vt. to supply with new members or employees.招收；补充：retailer[ri:ˊteilə] n. tradesman who sells by retail零售商人,succinctly [səkˊsiŋktli] adv. briefly, clearly, concisely 简明地；简洁地；简便地spin [spin] v. to draw out and twist (fibers) into thread. 纺织；纺纱victim [`viktim] n. one who is harmed or killed by another:受害人；牺牲者；牺牲品zipper [`zipə] n. a fastening device consisting of parallel rows of metal, plastic,or nylon teeth on adjacent edges of an opening that areinterlocked by a sliding tab.拉链an array of an impressively large number of 大量的at large as a whole, in general 全部的；整个的；全体的behind-the-scenes out of sight of the audience；behind the stage 在台后；在幕后boundary spanning function across-boundary function 跨边界作用in short supply. not plentiful; scarce 不充裕；供应不足on a moment’s notice very soon 一会儿；立刻；马上organization-spanning team across-organization team 跨组织团队to conform to agree or be consistent with 与相符合；与相一致to focus on to concentrate 集中于to have(make) an impact on to have an effect (influence) on 对有（产生）影响Special Terms:added-value/pre-retailing services 增值/零售前服务customer service 客户服务distribution and information management. 配送与信息管理forecasting 预测in-process inventory 在制品库存在制品inventory control 库存控制materials handling 物料搬运purchasing and strategic planning 采购和战略计划supply chain management 供应链管理transportation 运输warehousing 仓储Notes to the Text:1. Logistics is defined as the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient and cost-effective flow and storage of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements⒈物流被定义为：是为了满足顾客要求而对原材料、在制品库存、产成品及相关信息从起源地到消费地的有效率的、成本有效益的流动和储存进行计划、执行和控制的过程。

物流术语?基础术语物品 goods物流 logistics物流活动 logistics activity物流管理 logistics management供应链 supply chain供应链管理 supply chain management服务 service物流服务 logistics service一体化物流服务 integrated logistics service 物流系统logistics system第三方物流 the third party logistics物流设施 logistics establishment物流中心 logistics center配送中心 distribution center分拨中心 distribution center物流园区 logistics park物流企业 logistics enterprise物流作业 logistics operation物流模数 logistics modulus物流技术 logistics technology物流成本 logistics cost物流网络 logistics network物流信息 logistics information物流单证 logistics documents物流联盟 logistics alliance物流作业流程 logistics operation process 企业物流 internal logistics供应物流supply logistics生产物流production logistics销售物流 distribution logistics社会物流 external logistics军事物流 military logistics项目物流 project logistics国际物流 International logistics虚拟物流 virtual logistics精益物流 lean logistics反向物流reverse logistics回收物流 return logistics废弃物物流 waste material logistics货物运输量 freight volume货物周转量 turnover volume of freight transport 军事物资 military material筹措 raise军事供应链 military supply chain军地供应链管理 military supply chain management军事物流一体化 integration of military logistics and civil logistics物流场 logistics field战备物资储备 military repertory of combat readiness全资产可见性 total asset visibility配送式保障 distribution-mode support作业服务术语托运 consignment承运 carriage承运人 carrier运输 transportation道路运输 road transport水路运输 waterway transport铁路运输 railway transport航空运输 air transport管道运输 pipeline transport门到门服务 door to door service直达运输 through transportation中转运输 transfer transportation甩挂运输 drop and pull transport整车运输 transportation of truck-load零担运输 sporadic freight transportation 联合运输 combined transport联合费率 joint rate联合成本 joint cost仓储 warehousing储存 storing库存 inventory库存成本 inventory cost保管 storage仓单? storage invoice仓单质押融资 Warehouse receipt hypothecating/ Depot bill pledge 库存商品融资Inventory Financing仓储费用? warehousing fee订单满足率 fill rate货垛 goods stack堆码 stacking?配送 distribution拣选 order picking分类 sorting集货 goods consolidation共同配送 joint? distribution装卸 loading and unloading搬运 handling carrying包装? package/packaging销售包装? sales package运输包装 transport? package流通加工 distribution processing检验inspection增值物流服务 value-added logistics service定制物流customized logistics物流客户服务 logistics customer service物流运营服务 logistics operation service物流服务质量 logistics service quality?物品储备 goods reserves缺货率 stock-out rate货损率 cargo damages rate商品完好率 rate of the goods in good condition基本运价freight unit price理货 tally组配 assembly订货周期 order cycle time库存周期 inventory cycle time技术与设施设备术语标准箱 twenty-feet equivalent unit (TEU) 集装运输? containerized transport托盘运输 pallet transport货物编码 goods coding四号定位 four number location零库存技术 zero-inventory technology单元装卸? unit loading & unloading气力输送法 pneumatic conveying system生产输送系统 production line system分拣输送系统 sorting & picking system自动补货 automatic replenishment自动存储取货系统 automated storage & retrieval system (AS/RS) 集装化? containerization?散装化? in bulk托盘包装 palletizing直接换装 cross docking物流系统仿真 logistics system simulation冷链cold chain自营仓库 private warehouse公共仓库 public warehouse自动仓库 automated storage & retrieval system立体仓库 stereoscopic warehouse交割仓库 transaction warehouse交通枢纽 traffic hinge集装箱货运站container freight station (CFS)?集装箱码头 container terminal控湿储存区 humidity controlled space?冷藏区 chill space冷冻区 freeze space收货区 receiving space区域配送中心 regional distribution center (RDC) 公路集装箱中转站 inland container depot?铁路集装箱场 railway container yard专用线 special railway line基本港口 base port周转箱 container叉车 fork lift truck?叉车属具 attachments of fork lift trucks托盘 pallet?称量装置 load weighing devices工业用门 industrial door货架 goods shelf重力货架系统 live pallet rack system移动货架系统 mobile rack system驶入货架系统 drive-in rack system集装袋 flexible freight bags集装箱 container特种货物集装箱 specific cargo container 集装单元器具 palletized unit implants 全集装箱船 full container ship码垛机器人 robot palletizer起重机械 hoisting machinery牵引车 tow tractor升降台 lift table (LT)输送机 conveyors箱式车 box car自动导引车 automatic guided vehicle? (AGV)自动化元器件 element of automation手动液压升降平台车scissor lift table零件盒 working? accessories条码打印机 bar code printer站台登车桥 dock levelers信息术语条码 bar code商品标识代码 identification code for commodity 产品电子编码 Electronic Product Code (EPC) EPC序列号 serial number对象名称解析服务 object name service (ONS)对象分类 object class位置码 location number (LN)?贸易项目 trade item物流单元 logistics unit全球贸易项目标识代码 global trade item number 应用标识符 application? identifier (AI)物流信息编码? logistics information code自动数据采集 automatic data capture (ADC)自动识别技术auto identification条码标签 bar code tag条码识读器 bar code reader条码检测仪 bar code verifier条码系统 bar code system条码自动识别技术 bar code auto ID射频标签 RFID tag射频识读器 RFID reader射频识别 radio frequency identification? (RFID)射频识别系统 RFID systemEPC系统 EPC system数据元 metadata报文 message实体标记语言 Physical Markup Language (PML)电子数据交换 electronic data interchange (EDI)电子通关 electronic clearance电子认证? electronic authentication电子报表? e-report电子采购? e-procurement电子合同? e-contract电子商务? e-commerce (EC)电子支付? e-payment地理信息系统 geographical information system (GIS)全球定位系统global positioning system (GPS)智能交通系统 intelligent transportation system (ITS) 货物跟踪系统 goods-tracked system仓库管理系统 warehouse management system (WMS)销售时点系统point of sale (POS)电子订货系统 electronic order system (EOS)计算机辅助订货系统 computer assisted ordering (CAO) 拉式订货系统 pull order system永续存货系统 perpetual inventory system虚拟仓库 virtual warehouse物流信息系统 logistics information system (LIS)物流信息技术 logistics information technology物流信息分类 logistics information sorting分布式的网络软件 savant管理术语仓库布局? warehouse layoutABC分类管理 ABC classification安全库存 safety stock经常库存 cycle stock库存管理 inventory management库存控制 inventory control供应商管理库存 vendor managed inventory (VMI)定量订货制 fixed-quantity system (FQS)定期订货制 fixed-interval system (FIS)经济订货批量 economic order quantity (EOQ)连续补货计划 continuous replenishment program (CRP) 联合库存管理 joint managed inventory (JMI)前置期 lead time?物流成本管理 logistics cost control物流绩效管理 logistics performance management物流战略 logistics strategy物流战略管理 logistics strategy management物流质量管理 logistics quality management物流资源计划? logistics resource planning (LRP)供应链联盟? supply chain alliance供应商关系管理 supplier relationships management (SRM) 准时制 just in time (JIT)?准时制物流 just-in-time logistics?有效客户反应 efficient customer response (ECR)快速反应? quick response (QR)?物料需求计划 material requirements planning (MRP)制造资源计划manufacturing resource planning (MRPⅡ)配送需求计划 distribution requirements planning (DRP) 配送资源计划? distribution resource planning (DRPⅡ)企业资源计划? enterprise resource planning (ERP)协同计划、预测与补货collaborative planning，forecasting and replenishment (CPFR)服务成本定价法 cost-of-service pricing服务价值定价法 value-of-service pricing业务外包 outsourcing流程分析法 process analysis延迟策略 postponement strategy业务流程重组? business process reengineering(BPR)物流流程重组? logistics process reengineering有形损耗 tangible loss无形损耗 intangible loss?总成本分析 total cost analysis物流作业成本法 logistics activity-based costing效益悖反 trade off国际物流术语多式联运 multimodal transport国际多式联运 international multimodal transport国际航空货物运输 international airline transport国际铁路联运 international through railway transport 班轮运输liner transport?租船运输 shipping by chartering大陆桥运输 land bridge transport保税运输 bonded transport转关运输Tran-customs transportation报关 customs declaration报关行 customs broker不可抗力 accident beyond control保税货物 bonded goods海关监管货物cargo under custom’s supervision拼箱货 less than container load (LCL)整箱货 full container load (FCL)通运货物 through goods转运货物 transit cargo自备箱shipper’s own container到货价格 delivered price出厂价 factory price成本加运费cost and freight (CFR)出口退税 drawback过境税 transit duty海关估价 customs ratable price等级标签 grade labeling等级费率 class rate船务代理 shipping agency国际货运代理 international freight forwarding agent无船承运业务 non vessel operating common carrier business 无船承运人 NVOCC non vessel operating、common carrier索赔 claim for damages理赔 settlement of claim国际货物运输保险 international transportation cargo insurance 原产地证明 certificate of origin进出口商品检验 commodity inspection清关 clearance滞报金 fee for delayed declaration装运港船上交货 free on board (FOB)进料加工 processing with imported materials来料加工 processing with supplied materials保税仓库 boned warehouse保税工厂 bonded factory保税区 bonded area保税物流中心 bonded logistics center保税物流中心A型 bonded logistics center of A type保税物流中心B型 bonded logistics center of B type 融通仓 financing warehouse出口监管仓库 export supervised warehouse出口加工区 export processing zone定牌包装 packing of nominated brand中性包装? neutral packing提单(海运提单) bill of lading。

新世纪商务英语第二版阅读教程2：叶兴国unit11答案Unit11Part I Background Information“物流”的英文是logistics,原意是“军事后勤保障”。

二战后，物流的概念被广泛运用于经济领域。

所谓物流，是指从原材料和零部件的采购、装卸运输、转运生产、包装、贮存、配送、销售到最终将商品送达用户手中的整个过程所涉及的各个环节中物品移动的流程形态。

物流活动包括用户服务、需求预测、订单处理、配送、存货控制运输、仓库管理、工厂和仓库的布局与选址、搬运装卸、采购、包装、情报信息。

现代意义上的物流发端于二十世纪五六十年代，成熟于七八十年代，只有不到半个世纪的发展史，但是物流产业被认为是国民经济发展的动脉和基础产业，其发展程度成为衡量一国现代化程度和综合国力的重要标志之一。

在当今的信息时代，随着电子商务的不断发展，全球物流产业有了新的发展趋势。

物流业已经成为经济全球化过程中最重要的话题之一。

现伐物流服务的核心目标是在物流全过程中以最小的综合成本来满足顾客的需求。

我国的物流产业正处于高速增长的上升阶段，存在着巨大的市场潜力与广阔的发展前景。

Part II Notes to the TextsText A Supply-Chaining1.I had never seen what a supply chain looked like in action until I visited Wal-Martheadquarters in Bentonville,Arkansas.我从来没看过供应链实际的运作，直到我去参观了阿肯色州班多维尔的沃尔玛总部。

2.These little conveyor belts fed into a bigger belt,like streams feeding into a powerful river.这些小传送带通向一个较大的传送带，就像溪流汇合成大河。

Unit 1 introduction to logisticsText 1 What Is Logistics[Para 1]1The Definition of Logistics(物流的概念)There are various definitions of different edition．But in general，there are mainly two types of definition in practice．In Chinese Logistics Terms，logistics means the physical movement goods from the supplier to the receiver．Based on practical need，integrated organically the variety of the basic functional activities including transportation，storage，loading And unloading, handling，package，distribution，information management，etc．The Council of Logistics Management has adopted the following definition of logistics：Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans，implements，and controls the efficient，effective flow and storage of goods，services，and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet customers’requirements．[Para 2]The Importance of logistics(物流的重要性)Since the beginning of human civilization，there has been the “move”of the goods，SO we should say，“Logistics is anything but a newborn baby．”However，when it comes to modern logistics，most professionals in the business consider it one of the most competitive and exciting jobs，invisible as itis．“Logistics is a unique global pipeline that operates 24 hours a day，seven days a week and 52 weeks a year，planning and coordinating the delivery of products and service to customers all over the world．’’[Para 3】Importance of Logistics Management物管的重要性In practice，logistics refers to the systematic management of the various activities required from the point of production to the customers．However，logistics management means different things to different organizations．In today’S volatile economic environment，logistics management is becoming more important than ever before．Getting the right amount of goods to the right place at the right time is critical, especially in an age when budgets are tight and customers’demands are unpredictable．[Para 4】Development of Logistics Management(物流管理的发展)Logistics management has evolved over the last three decades from the narrowly defined distribution management to the integrated management and to the global supply chain．The mission of logistics management is to plan and coordinate all activities to achieve desired levels of delivered service and quality at the lowest possible cost．In order to succeed in today’S global marketplace，companies must be ever cognizantof these trends and develop a logistics management strategy that capitalizes on the best-of-breed technology solution available today，So that they can meet the demands of their customers today and be well prepared for the future．Text 2 Activities in Logistics SystemA logistics system can be made up of many different functional activities，some of which are described briefly below．[Para 1】Customer Service(客户服务)In a broad sense，customer service is the output of the entire logistics system．It involves making sure that the right person receive the right product with the right quantity at the right place at the right time in the right condition at the right cost．At present，many logistics companies may have a customer service department that handle complaints，special orders，damage claims，returns，billing problems，etc．[Para 2】Demand Forecasting(需求预测)Demand forecasting estimates the need for precise amount of products and services that customers will require in the future．The logistics system can ensure the right products or services are available to meet those requirements．It involves in forecasting how much should be ordered from its suppliers，and how much of finished products should be transported ineach market．[Para 3] Transportation(运输)Transportation refers to the physical movement of goods from one place to another place．It includes specific activities such as selecting the transport mode，choosing the particular route，selecting the right carrier，and complying with various local transportation regulations．Transportation is usually the most costly logistics activity．It may account for 40％一60％of a company’S total logistics cost．[Para 4] Warehousing(仓储)Warehousing is an integral part of every logistics system．It plays an important role in providing a desired level of customer service at the lowest possible total cost．It refers to places where goods can be stored for a particular period of time．Generally，the greater the time lags between production and consumption，the larger the level of warehousing required．[Para 5】Inventory Management(库存管t11)Inventory management deals with balancing the cost of maintaining additional products on hand against the risk of not having those items when the customer wants them．This task has become more complex as firms have gradually lowered inventory levels．[Para 6] Packaging(包装)Industrial packaging focuses on protecting the product while it is being transported and stored．It conveys important information to inform the customer and provide protection during storage and transport．In a marketing sense，the package acts as a form of promotion or advertising．Its size，weight，color，and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge about the product．[Para 7】Procurement(采购)Procurement is the purchase of materials and services from outside to support the firm’s operations from production to marketing，sales and logistics．It includes the selection of supply source location，timing of purchases，price determination，quality control and many other facets．[Para 8] Material Handling(物资搬运)Material handling is a broad sense concerning all short—distance movements of raw materials，work in process，or finished goods within a factory or warehouse．As material handling tends to add costs rather than value to logistics systems，managers tend to minimize the number of handling whenever possible．[Para 9] Information Management(信息管理)Information links all areas of the logistics systemtogether．Information processing is becoming increasingly automated，complex，and rapid．It is critical t0 the efficient [Para 10]Other Logistics Activities(其他物流活动)Other activities such as waste disposal，return goods handling，etc．are also important．Logistics managers have to consider the social costs associated with waste disposal．The handling of returned goods，often referred to as reverse distribution，is an important part of the logistics process．Text3 Main Logistics Documents[Para 1】Introduction to Logistics Documents(物流单据介绍) Logistics documents refer to all documents involve in the course of logistics. Generally speaking，logistics documents contain two kinds of documents：cargo documents and transport documents. They are applied for various purposes in the whole process of transport of goods. The following paragraphs are introduction to bill of lading, air waybill, packing list, commercial invoice, insurance policy and certificate of origin.[Para 2】Bill of Lading(提单)One of the most important documents in maritime is the bill of lading(abbreviated to B／L)．It is used primarily in international sales of goods where the carriage of goods is by sea. It must be presented at the port of final destination by theimporter in order to claim goods. A B/L is nearly always prepared on a pre-printed form. Whatever its form，a B／L may contain some main elements，such as quantity of goods，accurate cargo description and condition, date of the B／L, names of shipper and consignee, party to be notified ,name of vessel, ports of loading and discharge，terms and conditions of carriage and payment of freight.The functions of the maritime B／L can be classified into three categories:·a receipt for the goods shipped·evidence of the contract of carriage·document of title for the goods[Para 3】Air Waybill(空运运单)An air waybill is a form of B／L。