初中英语语法教学专题讲座被动语态
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初中英语语法教学专题讲座被动语态
初中英语语法教学专题讲座——被动语态
黄牛蹄中学田忠勤
一、语态是动词的一种形式,表示句子中主语和谓语动词的关系。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
只有及物动词才能用于被动语态。
有些短语动词,“动词+介词”、“动词+副词”、“动词+名词+介词”,其作用相当于及物动词,也有被动语态。
二、被动语态的基本结构:be+动词的过去分词
●动词的过去分词的构成:
1. 规则变化:(与动词的过去式的规则变化相同。
)
1)一般情况加-ed;
2)以e结尾只加-d;
3)辅音字母加y,变y为i,加-ed;
4)以重读闭音节结尾,而且末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加-ed 。
2.不规则变化:(详见不规则动词表)
温馨提示:不规则动词见一个记一个。
三、被动语态的时态:
●助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为系动词完全一样。
1.一般现在时的被动语态:am /is/ are +动词的过去分词
2.一般过去时的被动语态:was /were +动词的过去分词
3.一般将来时的被动语态:will be +动词的过去分词
am/is/are going to +be + 过去分词
4.现在进行时的被动语态:am /is /are +being +动词的过去分词
5.现在完成时的被动语态:have /has +been +动词的过去分词
6.情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+ be +动词的过去分词
●当一个句子中有两个助动词时,在变否定句和一般疑问句时,在
第一个助动词后加not变否定句,把第一个助动词提前到主语之前变一般问句。
四、被动语态的基本用法:
( 1 ) 需要强调动作的承受者,动作的承受者是谈话的中心时
The Great Wall is enjoyed by millions of people all over the world
English is widely spoken in the world now.
( 2 ) 不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者时
Mr. Wang is invited to the meeting today .
The problem is dealt with now .
( 3 )动作的执行者是泛指或不言自明时
(4)句中的主语不是人时
(5)当说话人需要强调客观时
It is said / reported / believed / well known / thought / suggested that…
It has been decided that…大家决定
It must be remembered that…务必记住的是
It is said that she was a beauty when she was young .
五、主动主动语态变被动语态的变法:
口诀:宾变主,主变宾,谓变be done , 时态不改变,be在人称和数上必须与被动语态的主语保持一致。
注:1.主动、被动的时态要一致。
2.主动、被动的句式要一致。
3.变成的被动语态的主语与谓语在单复数上保持一致。
主动语态转换为被动语态的步骤
1. 把原主动句中的宾语转换为被动语态的主语
2. 把动词改为被动语态形式即"be+过去分词"。
3. 原来主动语态句子中的主语,如果需要就放在by的后面以它的宾格形式出现(因为by 是介词,后面需跟宾格作介词的宾语。
)以指明做事的人或物,如果没有必要,可以省略。
4. 其它成分不变
5. 被动语态中"by+宾语"的省略
被动语态句式中的"by+宾语"表示及物动词所表示动作的执行者,但是在遇到以下情况时,表示动作执行者"by +宾语"常常被省略。
(1) 动作执行者不确定时
Paper is made from wood . Many people are killed in traffic accidents every year .
(2) 不必表明动作执行者时
English is also spoken as the second language as well as one of the official languages Football is played in most schools。
(3) 动作执行者为一般大众时
Both English and Spanish are spoken in this area.
六、主动语态不能变为被动语态的情况:
1. 当宾语是反身代词时The man introduced himself as Mr.Parker .
2. 当谓语是表示状态的及物动词时Does the pair of new shoes suit you?
We will have a meeting .
七.特殊情况的被动语态:
1.带双宾语的被动语态:
动词+ sb(间宾) +sth(直宾)
口诀:如遇双宾语,一般变间宾,若把直宾变,to /for 间宾连。
1).give/pass /show /bring/hand/leave/lend/send/write与介词to 搭配。
give sb sth —— sb +be given sth 或sth +be given +to sb .
2).buy/make/cook /do/sing与介词for 搭配。
buy sb sth —— sb +be bought + sth 或sth +be bought +for sb
He gave me a book
I ______ ______ a book by him. A book ____ ____ _____ me by
him .
My mother made me a cake .
I ____ _____ a cake by my mother A cake ____ ____ ____ me by my mother .
2.带省to 的不定式作宾补的被动语态:动词+ sb + do sth .
口诀:感使动词真叫怪,to来to去记心怀,主动语态to离去,被动语态to回来。
动词:make / let /have /see /hear /feel /watch
make sb do sth ----sb + be +made +to do sth
The boss made the workers work all day
The workers ____ ____ ____ work all day by the boss.
3. see /hear /notice /keep +sb +doing sth 句型中变被动语态时doing 不变。
I heard Tom singing just now Tom _____ _____ _____ by me just now .
4.以动词短语作谓语的主动语态变被动语态时,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
We should take care of the old . The old should ______ _____ _____ _____ .
八.注意事项:
1.有些及物动词或动词短语不能用于被动语态:
last ,have ,own ,fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,notice,watch,a gree wih,
arrive in /at,shake hands with,succeed in,suffer from,happen to,take part in,walk into,belong to ,suit…fine
2.不及物动词是没有被动语态:happen ,take place ,appear , hold (容
纳),appear,disappear,die,end,fail,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,sta nd,break out ,come ture,fall asleep,keep silence,lose heart
3.系动词是没有被动语态:l ook, feel ,sound ,smell ,taste ….
The dish tastes good .
4.有些词组没有被动语态:sell well , write well ,ride well ,drive well
This kind of skirt sells well.
5.need表示需要时,后面常接doing 形式表示被动意义,相当于to be done .
All the computers need repairing .=All the computers need _____ _____ _____ .
6.在too…to…及enough to …结构中有时表示被动意义。
The problem is too difficult to solve.
7.be well worth doing = be very worthy to be done。