动名词讲解与练习

你听过英文语法有动词(verb)、名词(noun)；但你听过有动名词(gerund)吗？1. The girl is singing a song.2. The girl singing now is my sister.3. Singing is one of her hobbies(爱好).三个句子中都有singing。

第一个句子的singing是常见的现在进行式(Present Continuous)，是说眼下正在做什么；第二个句子的singing是现在分词(Present Participle)，它把sing这个动词转为形容词，但仍有动词的成份（哈哈，这么一说，要把你搞晕了吧:-) 。

关于分词，以后有空再谈OK？）。

好戏在后头，你看看第三个句子的singing到底是什么东东呀？原来就是我们的主角动名词(Gerund)了！憧矗瑂ing原本是个动词，可是现在它加上ing后，看来竟像是一个名词了。

一、名词性的动名词(Nominal Gerund)Nominal Gerund 可以加上定冠词(Definite article，如the)或不定冠词(Indefinite article，如a, an)，其他可加在动名词前的还有如：my, this, some, any, all, no 等等。

举例如下：1. The mellow(愉快地) singing of the birds announces the coming of spring.(singing前加定冠词the及形容词mellow；coming 前加the)2. We knew the robber was near when we heard a faint rustling(沙沙声) in the bushes.(rustling 前加不定冠词a及形容词faint)从上面的例子可看出如何将一个动词转成名词；但它和真正的名词还是有区别的，那就是没有单数或复数之分。

初中语法总结及练习〔九〕非谓语动词-动名词及分词动名词动名词同时具有____ 特性及____的特征，它的动词特征是它可有宾语和状语；它的名词特征是它可做主语、宾语。

动名词的形式：否定式为_________ doing, 完成式为____________，被动式为____________ /having been done□动名词可充当：主语(Seeing is believing);※谓语动词必须用___ 数形式;作表语(be+:注意比较His job is washing clothes/he is washing<现在分词> clothes)；作定语reading room ※动名词与所修饰的名词没有逻辑主谓关系，试比较missing<现在分词> bike);作补语I saw this robbing Peter to pay Paul.(我把这叫做拆了东墙补西墙); 作_______词、______ 词的宾语(如enjoy doing, look forward to doing)□动名词与不定式作直接宾语时在含义上的区别①forget doing/to do sth.②remember doing/to do sth. ③stop doing sth.和stop to do sth. ④regret doing sth. 表示“后悔过去做过的某一件事情” regret to do sth.意思是“对正在做的，或者是还未做的事情表示后悔”。

⑤want, need, require表示“需要”的意思时，后面常使用动名词或不定式的被动式。

This car needs repairing. →This car needs____________ (repair).□动名词的常用句型①go + doing sth. 去做……②be worth doing sth. ③can't help + doing sth. ④be used to + doing sth. ⑤It is no use(good)+doing sth. ⑥forgive sb. for doing sth./prevent sb. from doing sth.⑦without + doing sth. 没有做……就……She kept sitting there without saying to anybody.她一直坐在那里，默不做声。

【动名词】(一)动名词由动词加-ing构成，与现在分词的形式相同。

动名词有四种时态和语态形式，以动词teach为例，列表说明如下：1.动名词的一般时表示的动作，发生在谓语动词表示的动作的同时或者之后；We don’t allow smoking here.我们这儿不允许抽烟。

2.动名词的完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词的表示的动作之前；They forget having read the novel.他们忘了读过这部小说。

3.被动语态的动名词表示被动的意义；He likes being helped.他喜欢被帮助。

注：动名词的语态取决于动名词与其逻辑主语之间的关系。

动名词动作的发出者是其逻辑主语时，则用动名词的主动语态，若动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的承受者时，则用动名词的被动语态。

①Thank you for your coming.感谢你的到来。

（you为come的逻辑主语）②He escaped being killed in the battle.在那次战斗中他侥幸生还。

(逻辑主语he为kill所表示动作的承受者)4.动名词的否定式（由not加动名词组成）I have no excuse for not going.（二）动名词的句法功能动名词在句中起名词的作用，能够充当名词充当的成分。

1．作主语（单个的动名词、动名词短语做主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式）Reading is important in learning English.阅读在学习英语的过程中很重要。

2．作表语(动名词作表语时能与主语互换位置)Her job is teaching.=Teaching is her job.她的工作是教书。

My great happiness is serving the people.我最大的幸福是为人民服务。

3.作宾语（动名词可以作动词的宾语，也可以做介词的宾语）The teacher finished checking.老师已批改完了。

动名词一、动名词，即动词后加ing 的形式，即doing sth. 它的作用相当于一个名词，所以叫做“动名词”。

二、用法1、 作主语时， 谓语动词用单数（is/ helps….）例如： Eating vegetables is good for health.2、作宾语放在动词后： 动词的宾语（动宾）放在介词后：介词的宾语（介宾 ）①后+doing 的动词 ：有的动词尽管可以用两种结构，但意义明显不同，须认真加以区别：Stop, remember, forget, go on, try + to dodoingStop doing 停止正在做的事Stop to do 停下来去做另外的事go on doing 继续做原来正在做的事go on to do 接着去做另外的事remember doing 记得曾经做过的事（已经做了）remember to do 记得要去做某事（还没有做）forget doing 忘记曾经做过的事（已经做了）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（还没有做）try doing 尝试着去做某事try to do 设法去做某事例如：I forgot to close the door before I left the room.I forgot having closed the door.He tried to write better. (尽量努力地写)He tried writing with a brush. (用毛笔试着写)I couldn’t help finishing it. (不能不结束某事)I couldn’t help to finish it. (不能帮助结束某事)They left off fishing. (停止钓鱼)They left off to fish. (离开某处出发去钓鱼)I regret to say that there is no wine in the bottle. (对现在要发生的事表示遗憾、抱歉) I regret not taking your advice. (后悔)②介词后+doing :③用连词连接句子时，连词+ doingI turned off the light. I left the room. ( 用after 来连接) After turning off the light, I left the room. =I turned off the light before leaving the room.I went to school. I didn’t have breakfast. ( 用without 来连接) I went to school without having breakfast.He heard the news. He was shocked. (用when 来引导)When hearing the news, he was shocked.一、单项填空1.You must do something to prevent your house _______.A. to be broken inB. from being broken inC. to break inD. from breaking in2. I've enjoyed ________ with you.A. talkB. being talkC. to talkD. talking3. People appreciate ____with him because he has a good sense of humor.A. to workB. to have workedC. workingD. have working4. They are considering ____ before the prices go up.A. of buying the houseB. with buying the houseC. buying the houseD. to buy the house5. It is difficult to get used ____ in a tent after having a soft, comfortable bed to lie on.A. sleepB. to sleepingC. sleptD. to sleep6. He is very busy ____ his papers.A. to writeB. writingC. writeD. wrote7. The suspect at last admitted ____ stolen goods but denied ____ them.A. receiving...sellingB. to receive...to sellC. to receiving...to sellingD. to have received...to have sold8. She apologized for ____ to come.A. not being ableB. being not ableC. not to be ableD. not be able9. John regretted ____money to Peter because later John learnt that he never pays back.A. lendB. to lendC.lendingD. not to lend10. Please stop ____, boys, I have something important to ____ you.A. saying ...talkB. telling ... sayC. talking ...speakD. talking ... tell11. Tony, would you go and see if Sam has any difficulty ____ his tape recorder?A. to fixB. fixingC. for fixingD. fix12. Do you feel like ____ out or would you rather ____ dinner at home?A. going...to haveB. to go...to haveC. to go...havingD. going...have13. I don't mind ____ by bus, but I hate ____ in queues.A.to travel...standingB. having traveled...standingC. traveling...to standD. traveling...standing14. What about ____ double quantities of everything today?A. buyingB. buyC. boughtD. to buy15. Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ____ forher examination.A. to prepareB. to be preparedC. preparingD. being prepared16. It is no good ____ remember grammatical rules. You need to practice use whatyou have learned.A. trying to , usingB. to try to, useC. try to , useD. trying to, to use17. He is looking forward to ____ his holiday in Britain.A. spendB. have spentC. spendingD. spent18. He kept on _____ his lessons after a short break.A. to reviewB. reviewC. viewingD. reviewed19.It’s hard to image ______ in a place where there are no computers or mobile phones.A. to liveB. livingC. have livedD. live20.Would you mind my________the window?A. openB. to openC. openingD. have opened21. The drunk driver didn’t remember ______the lady after being caught.A. knocked downB. knocking downC. to knock downD. being knocked down二.填入所给词的适当形式。

动名词考点讲与练动名词是一种非谓语动词形式，是近几年的高考热点之一，常设考点如下：1．动名词作主语eg. C. 1.-What do you think made Mary so upset？-___ her new bicycle.（1997上海）A. As she lost B．Lost C．Losing D．Because of losing在下面的句型中，it是形式主语，v-ing形式作真正的主语。

1) It’s no use／good＋v-ing．It’s no good smoking, you’d better give it up．It’s no use arguing with him．2)It’s a waste of time / so nice/ foolish interesting / doing sth.It’s a waste of time waiting here.2. 动名词作宾语1）有些动词后只接动名词作宾语。

这类动词常见的有：admit，advise，finish, avoid，deny (抵赖) ,escape, delay，consider,dislike, mind, suggest，enjoy，miss , leave off (结束、省去) , practise，imagine，appreciate （感激）,risk(冒险), require (需要) 等等。

eg. D. Our monitor suggested _____a discussion of this subject. (85’)A．to have B．should have C．have D．Having2）有些动词和动词词组既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语，但意思不同。

这类动词及动词词组常见的有：stop，forget，remember，try，mean，go on，regret, can’t help 等等。

动名词动名词:是由动词原形+ ing 构成，同现在分词形式一样。

动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。

一. Structure：doingNegative：not doing二.时态和语态Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

（一般式）He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。

（被动式）We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。

（完成式）He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。

（完成被动式）1. 作主语2. 作宾语3. 作表语4. 作定语四、动名词的句法功能：1. 动名词作主语：当用动名词做主语时，谓语动词多用单数的形式。

动名词做主语多是考察在it 做形式主语的句式中，常考的句式为：It is/was + no good/ no use/ useless/ a waste/ worth/ worthwhile etc. + doing . 以及There is no +doing。

Talking like that is not polite.那样谈话不礼貌。

Learning from others is important .向别人学习很重要。

Putting on more clothes is not so good .多穿衣服不一定好。

动名词可以象动词不定式一样，用it 先行祠代替，而把动名词写在后面。

It's no use waiting here, let's go home. 在这儿等着也没用，我们回家吧。

It's very difficult climbing this mountain. 爬这座山很困难。

非谓语动词之动名词一定义动名词，就是动词后加ing 的形式，即doing sth. 它的作用相当于一个名词，因此叫做“动名词”。

动名词的否定形式在动名词前加not 。

二．动名词 ing 形式的变化规则。

1.一般在词尾直接加 ing 。

2.以不发音的 e 结尾的动词，去掉 e 再加 ing。

3.以重读闭音节结尾，末端只有一个辅音的动词，要双写最后一个字母后加ing。

4.少量以 ie 结尾的动词，变 ie 为 y，再加 ing 。

三作用一）作主语1.动名词用作主语，谓语动词用单数。

.Reading French is easier than speaking it.阅读法文比讲法语简单。

Talking to him is talking to a wall.和他说话等于对牛抚琴。

Smoking can cause cancer. 抽烟会致癌。

Growing roses is her hobby.种玫瑰是她的喜好。

2.有时 it 作形式主语，把动名词主语放在句子后边。

It ’ s nice seeing you again再.次见到你太好了。

It was tiring driving from morning till night.从早到晚开车很累人。

It ’ s a wonder meeting you here.在这里遇到你真是奇观。

It was a waste of time reading that book.看那本书是浪费时间。

3.动名词的复合构造作主语当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常能够在前面加上一个名词或代词的全部格，构成动名词的复合构造（这时，名词或代词的全部格做动名词的逻辑主语 ) 。

动名词的复合构造也能够在句中作主语。

注意比较下边两个句子的差别与联系：I don’ t mind smoking here.I don’ t mind his smoking here.注意：在口语中，假如动名词复合构造作宾语，此中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词全部格常用名词一般格来取代，但在句首做主语时不可以这样来取代。

动名词它是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非谓语动词，有时态和语态的变化。

动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。

其否定形式是在doing 前加上not。

动名词的用法如下：Reading is an art.Climbing mountains is really fun.①动名词作主语，有时用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。

It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.It is no use crying over spilt milk. 洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。

（即覆水难收）★It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.②动名词作主语可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。

Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。

Learning is important to modern life.学习对现代生活很重要。

③不定式与动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语时经常表示具体动作，而动名词作主语时经常表示抽象动作：Getting up early is a good habit.To get up early this morning made me sleepy.doing形式既可作及物动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。

doing可作动词的宾语，如：They went on walking and never stopped talking. doing也作介词的宾语，如：We are thinking of making a new plan.⑴. 能用doing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类，一类是只能用doing形式作宾语,另一类是既可用doing形式作宾语，也可用不定式to do作宾语。

①只能用doing形式作宾语的动词(这类动词只能用doing形式作宾语，不能用不定式作宾语。

动名词讲解与练习题1）作主语动名词是由动词变化而来，所以，动名词的意义往往是表示某个动作或某件事情。

例如：Walkingisgoodexercise.走路是很好的运动Exercisrs:1_______maycausecancer.吸烟可能导致癌症。

2_______toHangzhoubytraintakesabout16hours.?乘火车到杭州要16个小时。

动名词作主语时，对于一些比较长的动名词短语，一般采用"Itis…"例如：?It'snice_____withyou.?和你谈话很高兴。

It'snouse______withhim.?跟他争论没用。

?2）作定语?动名词作定语的情况并不是很普遍，一般只限于单个的动名词作定语，表示“用于……的”或表示“处于某件事情中的……”含义。

例如swimmingpool游泳池?Exercisrs1______room候车室2______water自来水3）作表语?动名词作表语的时候，特别要注意：不要与正在进行时混淆。

动名词作表语，表达的是“某件事”等。

例如：Theirtaskisexploringoilminesinthewest.（动名词）他们的任务是在西部探查油矿。

动名词作表语，容易与现在分词作表语相混淆。

记住：动名词做表语时，其主语常是物，而现在分词构成的进行时态的主语为人。

例如1Myjobis______(teach).2I’m_____(teach)English.4）作宾语.如：Ienjoyswimming.①appreciate，，consider，，，enjoy，finish，，giveup，imagine，，keep，，mind，miss，practise，putoff，，risk，can’thelp（情不自禁），can’t stand （无法忍受）等动词成词组后可以用动名词作宾语。

Exercises:1).Wouldyoumind_______quietforamoment?I'mtrying_______aform.A.keeping；fillingout???B.tokeep；tofilloutC.keeping；tofillout???D.tokeep；fillingout2)Weshouldpractice_______(speak)Englisheveryday.3)Thebabycould’thelp______(laugh)whenshesawhermother.4)Canyouimagine_______(live)ongtheislandalone?②forget，goon，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。

动名词与现在分词的区别三、动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态和语态如下：主动语态、被动语态、一般式writing、being written、完成式having written、having been written其否定形式是在doing前加上not1、动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。

如：I hate talking with such people. 我讨厌与这样的人说话。

2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。

如：I don‟t remember having met him before.3、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。

（1）它的一般式表示。

如：I don‟t like being laughed at in public. 在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。

（2）它的完成式表示。

如：I am very pleased at your having been honored with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。

（3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。

如：Excuse me for being late. 我来晚了请你原谅。

I don‟t remember ever meeting somewhere. 我记不得原来在什么地方见过。

Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。

（4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。

如：I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我曾被带到过这个动物园，可我忘了。

高中英语语法之动名词定义:动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。

它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰。

动名词有时态和语态的变化。

解释:动词的ing形式如果是名词,这个词称动名词。

特征:动词原形+ing构成,具有名词,动词一些特征一、动名词的作用动名词具有名词的性质,因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。

1、作主语Reading is an art.读书是一种艺术。

Climbing mountains is really fun.爬山真是有趣Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer.在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。

动名词作主语,有时先用it作形式主语,把动名词置于句末。

这种用法在习惯句型中常用。

如:It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk.覆水难收It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。

It was hard getting on the crowded street car.上这种拥挤的车真难。

It is fun playing with children.和孩子们一起玩真好。

There is no joking about such matters.对这种事情不是开玩笑。

动名词作主语的几种类型动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分。

在这里仅就动名词在句子中作主语的情况进行讨论。

动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况:1.直接位于句首做主语。

例如:Swimming is a good sport in summer.2.用it作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语置于句尾作后置主语。

动名词做主语时,不太常用it作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。

例如:It is no use telling him not to worry.常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。

第二讲动名词 +听力练习一．目展现。

仔察以下句子，注意划部分的用法。

1.Mr. Li enjoys collecting things.2.She practises playing the piano every morning.3.Li Ming finished doing his homework at 9 .4.He admitted stealing his own vase.5.They suggested going to the cinema.二．构原形 +ing （既拥有性又具闻名性，可作主但不可以作）. Smoking may cause cancer.三．用法1.作主 . Seeing is believing.2.作 . Did he admit breaking the vase3.作表 . My job is teaching.4.作定 . a teaching building▲四．常接名作的enjoy喜finish达成mind 介怀practicesuggest建admit承feel like想要be busy忙于be worth得look forward tokeep保持consider考deny否have fun玩的高兴期望what/how about怎么eg. He felt like going to the park with me.It is worth reading the book.五．接不定式和名均可，且含同样的like/love/hate/prefer/begin/start⋯eg. He likes to sing/singing.▲★六．接不定式和名均可，但含不一样1. remember/forget/regret to do sth.得/忘/懊悔去做某事（事情未生）remember/forget/regret doing sth.得/忘/懊悔做某事（作已生）eg. Remember to return my book to me tomorrow.I am sorry, but I remembered returning you the book yesterday.2.try to do sth.法做某事（努力做某事）try doing sth.着做某事eg. I ’ll try to finish it today.3. stop doing sth.停止做某事I was tired, let’s stop to have a rest.’t help doing sth.忍不住去做某事can’ t help to do sth.不可以帮助去做某事eg. He can ’t help crying when he heard the bad news.The medicine can ’t help to get rid of your cold.on doing sth.持续做同一件事情go on to do sth.持续做此外一件事情eg. I went on working all the night.He went on doing his homework after finish eating supper.★七．动名词用主动形式表被动含义doing ，含义相need/want/require三个表示“需要”的动词后既可接to do，也可接同，接 doing时是用主动式表被动含义。

动名词精讲精练核心知识：1. 含义：动词名词化2._________________(write) the book has taken up all his spare time._________________(receive) a new bike as her birthday present made little Tim so happy.________________(misunderstand) by others is always annoying.________________( operate) on made the patient free from danger of dying.固定句型：It’s no use ___________(cry) over spilt milk.It’s no good __________(talk) a lot without doing anything.2. 动名词（短语）用作宾语①下列动词后只能接动名词：consider; finish; practise; avoid; risk; suggest/advise/recommend; enjoy/appreciate; mind; allow/permit; admit; give up; delay; postpone; escape; excuse/pardon, miss; keep/insist on; imagine/fancy; can’t help/stand,考虑完成多练习, 避免冒险求建议。

面对喜欢和介意，允许承认或放弃。

推迟逃避不原谅，错过坚持要想象.He was in low spirits and even consider _____(go ) away.Practise __________( put ) your hand to the ground.I can’t help _________( persuade ) to buy that sweater.Don’t tell me you always escape _____( fine) because you have a fast sports car.He didn’t feel like ______( work ), so he suggested _____( spend ) the day in the garden.You certainly mustn’t miss _______( see ) the wonderful film.The man is lucky enough to escape ______________(punish)We appreciate ____________( help ) in our difficulties.Michael has delayed ______( write ) to her till today.The law forbids ______( sell )liquor to children.They all suggested ______( give ) more chances.Can you imagine ______( leave ) standing outside for a whole night.They built the banks to prevent the area from ______( flood).②下列动词短语接动名词：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, be accustomed to; pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。

动名词作为主语的句型转换练习1. 定义和基本句型动名词是将动词加上-ing形式构成的一种名词形式。

在句子中，动名词可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。

本练将重点练动名词作为主语的句型转换。

动名词作为主语的句型基本形式为："动名词+谓语"例如：- Smoking is harmful to health.（抽烟对健康有害。

）- Singing makes me happy.（唱歌让我快乐。

）2. 转换练2.1 将下列句子中的动名词作为主语的句型转换为"主语+谓语"的形式。

- Drawing cartoons is his hobby.（画漫画是他的爱好。

）转换为：He draws cartoons as a hobby.（他把画漫画当作一种爱好。

）- Gardening can be relaxing.（园艺可以令人放松。

）转换为：People can find relaxation in gardening.（人们可以在园艺中找到放松。

）2.2 将下列句子中的动名词作为主语的句型转换为"主语+谓语"的形式，并使用适当的形式变化。

- Running is good for your health.（跑步对健康有好处。

）转换为：You should run for the sake of your health.（你应该为了健康而跑步。

）- Singing in the shower can improve your mood.（在淋浴时唱歌可以改善你的情绪。

）转换为：You can improve your mood by singing in the shower.（你可以通过在淋浴时唱歌来改善情绪。

）2.3 将下列句子中的动名词作为主语的句型转换为"主语+谓语"的形式，并使用适当的形式变化以及宾语。

- Playing video games all day is not a good idea.（整天玩电子游戏不是一个好主意。

动名词一、动词的-ing形式由“动词原形+ing形式”构成，它既是现在分词形式，也是动名词形式。

v-ing能在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语，但不能单独作谓语。

其时态和语二、1.动词-ing形式作定语The sleeping baby looks very beautiful. (前置定语)这位正在睡觉的婴儿看起来太漂亮了。

The man sitting in the car is waiting for his daughter.(后置定语)坐在车里的男子正在等他的女儿。

The law being carried out is to ban drunken driving.(后置定语，强调正在被执行的法律)正在执行中的这则法律旨在禁止酒后驾驶。

(1)现在分词短语作定语时通常后置，而单个的分词作定语时可置于被修饰词的前面，也可置于被修饰词的后面。

(2)现在分词的完成时的主动及被动形式均不作后置定语。

2．动词-ing形式作状语。

(1)作时间状语。

Working in the office, the clerk heard an explosion from the street.在办公室工作时，这位职员听到街上发出了爆炸声。

Having finished her homework, the girl was busy with the thing she likes.完成了家庭作业，女孩就忙于做她喜欢做的事情。

动词-ing形式一般式常表示该动作与句子谓语动作同时发生，而动词－ing形式的完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动作之前。

(2)作原因状语。

Lacking enough money, they had to give up the plan.由于缺乏足够的资金，他们只好放弃这项计划。

(3)作条件状语。

Getting the chance to study abroad, he will try his best to improve himself.(4)作结果状语。