[考研类试卷]语言学历年真题试卷汇编2.doc

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编23(总分：48.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、判断题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.Metonymy involves using the familiar to stand for the unfamiliar. (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.真√B.假解析：解析：转喻是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。

2.The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.（分数：2.00）A.真√B.假解析：解析：话语意义随着话语情境的变化而不同。

nguage acquisition refers to the process involved in creating and expressing meaning through language.（分数：2.00）A.真B.假√解析：解析：语言产出是一个通过语言来表达意义的过程。

4.Structural metaphor means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc. , as entities and substances.（分数：2.00）A.真B.假√解析：解析：实体隐喻是指人类以自身经验和生理实体为基础，把事件、行为、情感、思想等抽象概念转换为实体。

5.Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.（分数：2.00）A.真√B.假解析：解析：上位范畴是最具概括性的范畴，各成员没有足够的共性构成一个共同的完形。

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编10一、简答题1 In what way do we say English is an inflectional language?（厦门大学2006研)2 Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects.（大连外国语学院2008研)3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Immediate Constituent Analysis(IC Analysis)(北京交通大学2006研)4 Illustrate "Immediate Constituent Analysis".（大连外国语学院2008研)4 For each of the following pairs of sentences, discuss how the two sentences are different from each other.（南京大学2006研)5 A.His carelessness I can't bear.B. I can't bear his carelessness.6 A.A dagger killed the tourist.B. The tourist was killed with a dagger.7 A.A hurricane killed eight people.B. Eight people died in a hurricane.8 Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming the question "Does John like the book?"（南开大学2007研)9 What, in your view, makes a text a text, rather than a series of unconnected utterances? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching?(北外2006研)9 The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammaticality in each of the sentences.（南开大学2011研)10 * Jack put his ball.11 * I wonder Michael walked the dog.12 * Frank thinks himself is a superstar.13 What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?（中山大学2011研)14 Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.（人大2007研；南开大学2004研)15 Discuss sense, denotation and reference, using Chinese examples to illustrate your points.(北外2008研)16 Words are in different sense relations with each other. What sense relation is illustrated in each of the pairs of words below? Add one more example to each pair.(北航2008研)(a)casual - informal(b)intelligent - stupid(c)steal - steel(d)animal - dog17 For each of the following pairs of words, state the principal reason why they may not be considered to be synonyms:（浙江大学2005研)a. man boyb. toilet looc. determined stubbornd. pavement sidewalke. slim skinnyf. move run18 Put the following words in a hierarchical order(you can use a tree diagram if need be)and try to define at least two of them:(北师大2003研)crocodile, mammal, reptile, rabbit, primate, animal18 Study the following exchange and then answer the questions that follow.(南京大学2006研)"Take some more tea. " the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.I've had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more. "19 Why was Alice offended?20 What is the problem with the March Hare's remark? What is the linguistic issue involved here?21 Consider the following statements. When do we say Statement A entails Statement B? When do we say Statement A presupposes Statement B? Does Statement A necessarily entail Statement C? Why? Do Statements A and D both presuppose Statement B?Why?(南京大学2008研)A. Jack's brother has gone bankrupt.B. Jack has a brother.C. Jack's sibling has gone bankrupt.D. Jack's brother has not gone bankrupt.22 In each of the following sentences, the second part cancels some information given by the first part. However, this seems to result in quite acceptable utterances in group(l)andin very awkward utterances in group(2). Explain why.(北外2002研)Group(1)a．老张有三个小孩子，其实还不止三个。

中文系语言学概论2002年2002年科目429 语言学概论专业：语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学研究方向：以上专业所有方向一、简答题（每小题2分，共20分）1、简述现代汉语书面语和口头语的源头2、闽方言包括哪几个次方言？各以哪个地方的语音为代表？3、说明汉语音节的结构地点4、汉语拼音方案有哪些优点？5、简要说明调值和调类的关系6、-i[前]、-i[后]、ong、iong等韵母分别属于四呼中的哪一呼？7、词汇学中的义位和传统所说的义项有什么不同？8、说明谚语被认为是词汇的一部分的原因9、什么是独立语？简要说明独立语的类型10、举例说明主谓句的主要句型二、应用题（共56分）1、为下列词语注上汉语拼音（6分）创伤粗犷呆板解剖皈依桎梏2、下列成语中的汉字有正确的有错误的，把错误的改为正确（6分）负隅顽抗陈词烂调班门弄斧既往不究刚愎自用不孝子孙病入膏肓风声鹤唳一愁莫展各行其事悬梁刺骨趋之若鹜3、解释下列成语中划线的语素的意义（4分）汗流浃背开门揖盗如火如荼高屋建瓴4、分析下列合成词的结构（6分）容貌弃儿宪法梦想灰心霜降融化船只铅印瀑布响应权衡5、改正下列句中的错误（2分）江西名城南昌，毗邻巍峨的江西省人民政府办公大厦，有一座很不显眼的三层小楼，这就是江西省高级人民法院。

6、用直接成分分析法（框式图解）分析下列复杂词组（每小组3分，共六分）（1）这后一句话给祥林嫂很大的鼓励（2）屋里有人轻轻地哼着小调7、用六大成分分析法（加线法）分析下列单句（每小题3分，共6分）（1）我们往往容易把赢得荣誉的人的衣服的每一个皱折，都描绘得光彩夺目。

（2）把博物馆比作智慧的女神、博学的君子，我看很恰当。

8、用符号法分析下列复句（4分）如果你是一个真正的艺术家，那么无论是站在演出的舞台上，还是站在生活的大舞台上，你都会真正赢得人民的掌声。

9、指出下列句中用得好的词语并分析其修辞效果（每小题4分，共八分）（1）七斤嫂眼睛好，早望见今天的赵七爷已经不是道士，却变成光滑头皮，乌黑发顶；伊便知道这一定是皇帝坐了龙庭，而且一定需有辫子，而且七斤一定是非常危险。

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编3.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编3一、填空题1 Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component wordsand______.2 The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called______.3 A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the ______ of, or the______the utterance.（人大2004研)4 When a teacher says "The exam this year is going to be really difficult" , the sentence would have an______force.（清华2001研)5 There has been a maxim in______which claims that "You are what you say. "（中山大学2008研)6 The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by______.（中山大学2008研)7 Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of______. X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?8 Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the______.9 ______refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.（人大2007研)10 ______ is the information that the addresser believes isknown to the addressee, while ______is the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee.11 ______represents what the utterance is about; ______is what is said about it.12 "Linguistic relativity" was proposed by______and______.（清华2001研)13 Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, ______language.14 A speech______is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.15 A______language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.16 A linguistic______refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the "polite" society from general use.17 Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the______attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.18 In terms of sociolinguistics, ______is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person's language.19 In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, ______inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.20 ______is the mental process of classification, while______is the products of the preceding process.21 ______is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information.22 There are three aspects in basic-level categories; ______, ______and______.23 The type of language constructed by second or foreignlanguage learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as______.（中山大学2008研)24 Error is the grammatically incorrect form; ______ appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context.（中山大学2008研)25 In learning a second language, a learner will subconsciously use his L1 knowledge. This process is called language______.。

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编27一、填空题1 Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using______in language study.(中山大学2005研)2 In the Phases IV of CALL Development, instead of writing specific programs for language teaching, ______has adapted to language teaching by enabling students to compose and try out their own writings in a non-permanent form.3 MT can be divided into two types: ______and______.4 ______a collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech.5 ______refers to the use of machine (usually computers) to translate texts from one natural language to another.二、判断题6 MT may commit those errors that no human translators would commit, such as wrong pronouns, wrong prepositions, garbled syntax, incorrect choice of terms, plurals instead of singulars.（A）真（B）假7 Around 1960, computer software is greatly improved and the first programming languages appeared.（A）真（B）假8 CAL especially refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.（A）真（B）假9 Three types of knowledge are needed so that MT systems can be improved: semantics, pragmatics and common sense（A）真（B）假三、名词解释10 CAL(大连外国语学院2008研)11 CAI and CAL (武汉大学2008研)12 CALL (人大2006研)13 corpus linguistics (南开大学2004研)14 Concordance(北航2010研)15 Corpus四、举例说明题16 Read the following quote from Chomsky. What do you think about Chomsky's criticism and the revival of corpus linguistics? (中山大学2005研)It seems clear that the description which is of greatest psychological relevance is the account of competence, not that of performance, for anyone concerned with intellectual processes, or any question that goes beyond mere data arranging, it is the question of competence that is fundamental. . ..These rather obvious comments apply directly to study of language, child or adult. This it is absurd to attempt to construct a grammar that describes observed linguistic behaviour directly, . . . a direct record—an actual corpus—is almost useless as it stands, for linguistic analysis of any but the most superficial kind. . . .17 In what way are language and computer related, and how has their relationship affected language learning? (北外2010研)18 What is the relationship between MT and Human Translation?。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编2(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the 1it is associated with.（人大2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：meaning）解析：解析：（语言具有任意性，其所指与其形式没有逻辑或内在的联系。

)2.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as 1.（北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：displacement）解析：解析：（移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。

)3.By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of the 1level are composed of elements of the 2level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：primary）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：secondary）解析：解析：（双重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25一、填空题1 There has been a maxim in______which claims that "You are what you say". (中山大学2008研)2 The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by______. (中山大学2008研)3 ______were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.4 In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the______principle proposed by J. Grice.5 In Austin's How to Do Things with word, he first distinguishes performativesand______, later on Austin made a flesh start to distinguish ______,______and perlocutionary act.二、单项选择题6 The speech act theory was developed by______. (对外经贸2006研)（A）John Searle（B）John Austin（C）Levinson（D）G. Leech7 ______is using a sentence to perform a function. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）Perlocutionary act（B）An illocutionary act（C）A locutionary act（D）Speech act8 By saying "You have left the door wide open", a speaker might be performing the three acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary______. (西安交通大学2008研)（A）at the same time（B）one after another（C）two first and then the other（D）one first and then the other two9 The Illocutionary Act was developed by______. (西安交通大学2008研)（A）John Austin（B）Levinson（C）John Lyons（D）John Searle10 According to the conversation maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully. (西安外国语学院2006研) （A）quantity（B）quality（C）relevance（D）manner11 Which of the following is NOT one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? (对外经济贸易大学2006研) （A）the maxim of quantity（B）the maxim of quality（C）the maxim of manner（D）the maxim of strength12 Four categories of Maxims in Grice's Cooperative Principle include all the following except______.(大连外国语学院2008研) （A）Manner（B）Relation（C）Qualification三、简答题13 What are the major concerns of pragmatics? (人大2006研)14 How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers?Motorist: My car needs new exhaust system.Mechanic: I'll be busy with this other car all day. (浙江大学2005研)15 What are the four maxims of the co-operative principle? Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about; "Well, to be quite honest, I don't think she is ill today." (北二外2010研；上海交大2006研)16 Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theoryin that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or 言外之意 Chinese. (中山大学2005研)17 Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature can be drawn. (厦门大学2006研)(1) A: Can you tell me the secret? B: But John is there.(2) A: Let's go to the movies. B: I'll bring the Kleenex.(3) A: Would you drive a Mercedes?B: I wouldn't drive ANY expensive car.18 What's conversational implicature? (西安交大2008研)19 Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice's Cooperative Principle: (北二外2007研)A: Where is X?B: He's gone to the market. He said so where he left.20 In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations? (人大2006研)21 What is your understanding of Relevance Theory? (南开大学2009研)22 Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle. (南开大学2004研)A: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.四、名词解释23 Locutionary Act, Illocutinary Act and Perlocutionary Act(北航2010研；北交大2005研)24 Performatives(中山大学2008研)25 Conversational implicature (川大2010研；武汉大学2004研；北京交通大学2007研)26 Cooperative principle (北二外2010研；北京师范大学2003研)27 Violation of maxims (北交大2006研)28 Applied linguistics(中山大学201 1年研)五、举例说明题29 When a teacher says "It's so hot in here." during a class, what does she probably mean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation. (人大2002研)30 A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austin's Speech Act theory. What are they? Analyze the following conversation in the light of Speech Act theory. (北航2008研)Customer: Waiter! There's a fly in my soup.Waiter: Don' t worry, there's no extra charge.31 Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. The first said:“哎，几点了?”and the second said:“不好意思，打搅一下，请问您戴表了吗?”What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you make them? (北外2007研)32 Discuss the following advertisemen t extensively: “你不理财，财不理你”. (浙江大学2007研)33 What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue? Define, analize and explain the phenomenon. (北外2010研)甲：上车请买票。

汉语国际教育硕士汉语基础（现代汉语语音）历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 汉语语言学基础知识汉语语言学基础知识填空题1．普通话里的四声用五度标记法的调值表示应该是___________。

(北京师范大学2016)正确答案：55、35、214、51解析：表示相对音高，通常的做法是用“五度标记法”。

先用一根竖线作为比较线，分为四格，分别表示“高、半高、中、半低、低”五度，依次用“5、4、3、2、1”来表示。

普通话中四声的调值：阴平55(高gao[kau55])、阳平35(麻ma[ma35])、上声214(考kao[k‘au214])、去声51(字zi[ts‘51])。

知识模块：现代汉语语音2．“想一想”中的“一”的声调是___________。

(北京师范大学2015)正确答案：轻声解析：根据普通话的音调变化规律，“一”在相同的动词中间，读轻声。

知识模块：现代汉语语音3．现代汉语普通话中的去声的调值是___________。

(北京师范大学2015)正确答案：51解析：考查普通话调值。

普通话中的去声即我们平时所说的四声，其调值是51。

知识模块：现代汉语语音4．复韵母un的韵腹是___________。

(北京师范大学2015)正确答案：e解析：复韵母un属于带鼻音韵母，原韵母是uen，中间的“e”被省略，因此这个韵母的韵腹是“e”。

知识模块：现代汉语语音5．汉语辅音ng是舌面后、浊音、___________音。

(北京师范大学2015)正确答案：鼻解析：按照发音部位和发音方法对ng进行描述，ng属于舌面后、浊、鼻音。

知识模块：现代汉语语音6．u或ü开头的韵母属于四呼中的___________。

(北京师范大学2015)正确答案：合口呼解析：韵母为u或以u开头的韵母属于合口呼，如：ua、uo、uai、uei。

知识模块：现代汉语语音7．汉语中有___________个辅音声母。

(北京师范大学2015年)正确答案：21解析：汉语中共有22个辅音，ng不能用作声母，只能用作韵尾，因此辅音声母有21个。

汉语国际教育硕士（汉语基础）历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 汉语语言学基础知识汉语语言学基础知识填空题1．在春秋时代，汉族的民族共同语被称为“雅言”，从汉代起被称为_______。

(北京大学)正确答案：通语2．20世纪的_______运动，在口语方面增强了北京话的代表性。

(北京大学) 正确答案：国语运动3．北方方言可分为四个次方言：华北东北方言、西北方言、西南方言和_______。

(山东大学)正确答案：江淮方言4．汉族早在先秦时代就存在着汉民族共同语。

在春秋时代，这种共同语被称为“雅言”，从汉代起，称为“通语”，明代改称为_______。

(复旦大学) 正确答案：官话5．汉语有_______个方言区，苏州话属于_______方言区。

(上海外国语大学)正确答案：七吴6．现代汉语普通话以典范的现代的白话文著作为_______。

(苏州大学)正确答案：语法规范7．世界上使用人口最多的语言是_______。

(苏州大学)正确答案：汉语8．汉语在海外影响最大的三种方言是闽方言、_______和_______。

(苏州大学)正确答案：客家方言粤方言9．海外华人使用最多的方言之一是_______方言。

(上海大学)正确答案：粤语解析：客家方言、粤方言、闽方言通行于海外华人地区，美洲华人地区几乎90％以上通用粤语。

10．典型的吴方言是_______。

(上海大学)正确答案：苏州话11．普通话辅音_______只能充当韵尾不能作声母。

(厦门大学)正确答案：ng12．在普通话中，b是双唇、不送气、清、塞音，它的国际音标是_______。

(复旦大学)正确答案：[p]13．上声在非上声前面调值从214变成_______。

(复旦大学)正确答案：2114．现代汉语中d、t发音的不同之处在于，前者_______，后者_______。

(上海外国语大学)正确答案：不送气送气15．普通话鼻辅音中不能作韵尾的是_______。

语言学考试题一、选择题1. 下列哪个是语言学的基本研究对象？A. 数字B. 文字C. 语言D. 音乐2. 哪位学者提出了语言功能理论？A. #德维特B. 萨普尔斯C. 赫尔德D. #哈尔德格尔3. 语言学的分类方法通常可以分为几大类？A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 24. “语言符号”中包括哪些要素？A. 声音B. 符号C. 拼写D. A、B5. 在语法范畴中，“动宾关系”是指什么？A. 主语和谓语之间的语法关系B. 主语和宾语之间的语法关系C. 宾语和谓语之间的语法关系D. 主语和动词之间的语法关系二、填空题6. 语言学中研究音素的学科是---。

7. 没有逻辑意义的音节称为---。

8. 语音学的基本单位是---。

9. 下列哪个不是语言学的分支学科？10. 一种语言中声母、韵母和声调三者综合的组合称为---。

三、简答题11. 请简要说明音韵学和语音学的区别。

12. 什么是“方言”，方言和语言的关系是什么？13. 什么是语法，语法的作用是什么？14. “文字和语言的关系”是语言学中一个重要问题，请简述你对这个问题的理解。

15. 请简要介绍语言学的研究方法有哪些？四、论述题16. 语言是人类最重要的交流工具之一，请说明语言对个体和社会的重要性。

17. 语言学的发展历程是怎样的？过去、现在和未来的语言学会有怎样的发展趋势？18. 请解释语言与文化之间的关系，并谈谈语言多样性对世界文化的重要影响。

以上便是本次语言学考试题的全部内容，请同学们认真地完成每一道题目，祝大家取得优异的成绩！。

语言学基础考研试题真题一、选择题1. 中国古代语言学代表人物是：A. 晏殊B. 邵雍C. 王士禛D. 王先生2. 下列哪个不属于语音学的范畴：A. 语音结构B. 语音形态C. 语音运动学D. 语音声学3. 现代汉语的音韵学体系是由谁主持制定的？A. 邵雍B. 王士禛C. 范仲淹D. 周敦颐4. “研究语言的本质和规律，以及语言与人类思维、文化之间的关系”是属于哪个语言学分支的定义？A. 句法学B. 语音学C. 语义学D. 语用学5. 语音学中，将语言单位按照元音和辅音的基本区别分为两类，这种分类叫做：A. 音位学B. 语音学C. 认知语言学D. 语音形态学二、判断题1. 语言学的研究对象是语言的音、形、意、用四个方面。

（）2. 语音学是研究语言的目的、功能、性质以及语音在人类思维中的地位和作用。

（）3. 汉字是音旁与形旁的结合。

（）4. 双音节词是汉语中较少见的词语类型。

（）5. 语言学研究范畴之一的句法学主要研究句子的结构、分类和变化规律。

（）三、简答题1. 什么是语音学？2. 解释一下音素和音位。

3. 解释一下语言的形态学和句法学。

4. 用语音学术语解释音调和音高的关系。

5. 语义学的研究对象是什么？四、论述题请根据你所学的语言学基础知识，简要论述语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学以及音韵学的研究对象和方法，并论述它们对语言学研究的意义。

以上为语言学基础考研试题真题，希望能对语言学的学习和学术研究有所帮助。

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编10一、简答题1 In what way do we say English is an inflectional language?（厦门大学2006研)2 Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects.（大连外国语学院2008研)3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Immediate Constituent Analysis(IC Analysis)(北京交通大学2006研)4 Illustrate "Immediate Constituent Analysis".（大连外国语学院2008研)4 For each of the following pairs of sentences, discuss how the two sentences are different from each other.（南京大学2006研)5 A.His carelessness I can't bear.B. I can't bear his carelessness.6 A.A dagger killed the tourist.B. The tourist was killed with a dagger.7 A.A hurricane killed eight people.B. Eight people died in a hurricane.8 Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming the question "Does John like the book?"（南开大学2007研)9 What, in your view, makes a text a text, rather than a series of unconnected utterances? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching?(北外2006研)9 The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are required to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammaticality in each of the sentences.（南开大学2011研)10 * Jack put his ball.11 * I wonder Michael walked the dog.12 * Frank thinks himself is a superstar.13 What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?（中山大学2011研)14 Explain the seven types of meaning and use examples to illustrate your ideas.（人大2007研；南开大学2004研)15 Discuss sense, denotation and reference, using Chinese examples to illustrate your points.(北外2008研)16 Words are in different sense relations with each other. What sense relation is illustrated in each of the pairs of words below? Add one more example to each pair.(北航2008研)(a)casual - informal(b)intelligent - stupid(c)steal - steel(d)animal - dog17 For each of the following pairs of words, state the principal reason why they may not be considered to be synonyms:（浙江大学2005研)a. man boyb. toilet looc. determined stubbornd. pavement sidewalke. slim skinnyf. move run18 Put the following words in a hierarchical order(you can use a tree diagram if need be)and try to define at least two of them:(北师大2003研)crocodile, mammal, reptile, rabbit, primate, animal18 Study the following exchange and then answer the questions that follow.(南京大学2006研)"Take some more tea. " the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.I've had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, "so I can't take more. "19 Why was Alice offended?20 What is the problem with the March Hare's remark? What is the linguistic issue involved here?21 Consider the following statements. When do we say Statement A entails Statement B? When do we say Statement A presupposes Statement B? Does Statement A necessarily entail Statement C? Why? Do Statements A and D both presuppose Statement B?Why?(南京大学2008研)A. Jack's brother has gone bankrupt.B. Jack has a brother.C. Jack's sibling has gone bankrupt.D. Jack's brother has not gone bankrupt.22 In each of the following sentences, the second part cancels some information given by the first part. However, this seems to result in quite acceptable utterances in group(l)andin very awkward utterances in group(2). Explain why.(北外2002研)Group(1)a．老张有三个小孩子，其实还不止三个。

[考研类试卷]语言学历年真题试卷汇编121 索绪尔开创的描写语言学标志语言走向独立的道路。

(2009年北京语言大学考题)（A）正确（B）错误2 汉语中的“哥哥、弟弟”和“姐姐、妹妹”，英语中只用“brother”和“sister”就可以包括，这种语言的不同反映了不同民族的思维能力是不同的。

(2005年山东师范大学考题)（A）正确（B）错误3 汉语普通话中有zhuang这样的音节，因此汉语中有复辅音。

(2006年中国传媒大学考题)（A）正确（B）错误4 汉语中有“男生、女生、公牛、母牛”等词，由此可见，汉语中有“性”这种语法范畴。

(2005年山东师范大学考题)（A）正确（B）错误5 指出下面词的构成方式。

(2012年中国海洋大学考题)尖子念头老百姓西红柿进驻5 用变换分析法分析下面三个句子。

(2012年中国海洋大学考题)6 讲台上站着老师。

7 台上唱着戏。

8 后山上架着炮。

9 结合汉语例子，论述层次分析法的主要特点及其局限。

(2009年厦门大学考题)三、单项选择题下列各题的备选答案中，只有一个是符合题意的。

10 下列因素中，全部属于浊辅音的是( )。

(2006年中山大学考题)（A）[b p m]（B）[b d z]（C）[d t l]（D）[f v m]11 确定“忽然”是副词，“突然”是形容词，主要是依据( )。

(2005年中山大学考题) （A）词的意义（B）词的形态变化（C）词的句法功能（D）词的意义和形态变化12 下列不属于“转移”这种词义演变方式和途径的是( )(2006年中山大学考题) （A）英语中的“book”本来是一种树木的名称，现在用来表示写成的书。

（B）俄语中的“py”本来是各种武器的总称，现在只指“枪”。

（C）汉语的“豆”古代是一种盛食物的器皿，现在指豆类植物。

（D）“锑”是一种金属元素，元素符号是Sb，用在化工、电工和医药上，广州话用来指制造日用器皿的铝合金。

13 词汇意义为什么会有模糊性?这种模糊性为什么不会影响正常的言语交际?(2005年南开大学考题)五、多项选择题下列各题的备选答案中，至少有一个是符合题意的，请选出所有符合题意的备选答案。

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编28一、填空题1 The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as______. (中山大学2008研)2 ______is formed when the leaner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither. (中山大学2006研)3 Hymes' theory leads to notion/function-based syllables, and a step further,______syllabuses. (中山大学2005研)4 Error is the grammatically incorrect form; ______ appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context. (中山大学2008研)5 As a compromise between the "purely form-focused approaches" and the "purely meaning-focused" approaches, a recent movement called______seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning. (中山大学2011年研)二、单项选择题6 In Krashen's monitor theory, "i" in "i + 1" hypothesis of second language acquisition refers to ______. (对外经贸2006研)（A）interaction（B）interference（C）input（D）intake7 The______is a syllabus in which the language content is arranged in terms of speech acts together with the language items needed for them. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）structural syllabus（B）situational syllabus（C）notional syllabus（D）functional syllabus8 Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as______.（A）interference（B）interlanguage（C）fossilization（D）acculturation9 ______sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.（A）error analysis（B）performance analysis（C）contrastive analysis（D）discourse analysis三、简答题10 How do you understand interlanguage? (西安交通大学2008研)11 What are the four obvious barriers to adult 12 acquisition? (浙江大学2003研)12 Linguists have taken an internal and/or external focus to the study of language acquisition. What is the difference between the two?(北外201 1研)13 What is the difference between mistakes and errors?14 What are the distinctions between interlingual and intralingual errors?15 What are the different views of input hypothesis and interaction hypothesis on discourse's contribution to language acquisition?四、名词解释16 Applied linguistics (武汉大学2006研)17 Interlanguage (北外2010研；北航2010研；上海交大2005研)18 Contrastive analysis (北航2010研；浙江大学2004研)19 face validity (南开大学2011年研)20 Error Analysis (中山大学2011年研)五、举例说明题21 Krashen's Input Hypothesis and Language Learning.(北交大2006研)22 Explain one of the teaching approaches that you're familiar with and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. (浙江大学2004研)23 What do you think are the similarities and dissimilarities between learning a first anda second language? (北外2003研)24 What is communicative competence? How should we develop it in our foreign lauguage learning? (四川大学2009研)25 Read the following paragraphs and then answer four questions. (北外201 1年研) The idea behind the experiential vision of learning is that the use of the target language for communicative purposes is not only the goal of learning, but also a means of learning in its own right. This may clearly involve students using language which they may not have fully mastered, and contrasts with other more ' traditional' approaches which emphasize part practice (i. e., isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning)leading up in a more or less controlled manner to integrated language use for communicative purposes. An experiential approach to learning may therefore involve a degree of what Johnson (1982) refers to as an ' in at the deep end strategy'. Simply throwing learners into wholly uncontrolled and undirected language use is, of course, as dubious a strategy with respect to language learning as doing the same with someone who is learning to swim. For this reason, considerable effort has been devoted by methodologists, material writers, and teachers in recent decades to the way in which two sets of factors can be combined. One is the basic insight that language use can serve a significant role in promoting learning, and the other is the acknowledgement that use of the language needs to be structured in a coherent and pedagogically manageable way. The experiential vision of learning has evolved in a variety of ways since the 1960s and is now encountered in a number of differing forms. Nevertheless, most experiential approaches to learning rest on five main principles which were developed in the earlier days of the communicative movement, even if certain receive more attention in one variant than in another. These principles are the following: message focus, holistic practice, the use of authentic materials, the use of communication strategies, and the use of collaborative modes of learning. (Tudor 2001: 79)An analytical view of learning posits that according explicit attention to the regularitiesof language and language use can play a positive role in learning. Each language manifests a number of structural regularities in areas such as grammar, lexis and phonology, and also with respect to the ways in which these elements are combined to communicate messages. The question, therefore, is not whether languages have structural regularities or not, but whether and in which way explicit attention to such regularities can facilitate the learning of the language. An analytical approach to learning rests on a more or less marked degree of part practice, i. e. , isolating parts of the whole for explicit study and learning, even if its ultimate goal remains the development of learners' abilityto put these parts together for integrated, holistic use. At least, two main considerations lend support to an analytical approach to learning. First, in terms of learning in general , the isolation and practice of sub-parts of a target skill is a fairly common phenomenon. ... Second, explicit identification of regularities in a language has advantages which Johnson (1996: 83) refers to as 'generativity' and ' economy'. Mastering a regularity in a language gives learners access to the generative potential of this regularity in new circumstances. ... Explicit presentation or discovery of the structural regularities of a language can therefore represent a short-cut to mastery of this language and support learners' ability to manipulate these regularities for communicative purposes. (Tudor 2001: 86-7)1. What are the differences between experiential and analytical modes of language learning?2. What serves as the theoretical foundation for the experiential mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?3. What serves as the theoretical foundation for the analytical mode of language learning and what are its advantages and disadvantages?4. How would you balance the two modes of learning in your teaching or learning of a foreign language?26 How many types of data analysis have been employed in language acquisition research? How are these types of data analysis significant in SLA research?。

全国汉语国际教育硕士(语言学纲要)历年真题试卷汇编一、填空题1 .常用的文字输入方法有_______________ 、_______________ 、_______________ 、四类。

2.____________________ 作为符号，__________________________ 使之有了存在的必要，______________________ 使之有了存在的物质基础，从而能被感知。

3.__________________________ 文字的特点是要受特点的制约。

4.“五四"运动以来，通过翻译，汉语里增加了一些所谓“欧化句式”-这是语言结构规则的_______________ o二、判断题5.音素具有区别词的语音形式的作用。

()(A)正确(B)错误6.在世界语言中，分布最广的语系是汉藏语系。

()(A)正确(B)错误7.语言符号具有任意性的特点，但复合符号的组合不是任意的。

(中国人民大学考研试题)(A)正确(B)错误选择题…为题目类型8.在北京语音系统中，“(A)2/7/5(B)2/8/6(C)2/7/6(D)2/6/59.确定“忽然”是副词，“突然”是形容词，主要是依据()。

(A)词的意义(B)词的形态变化(C)词的句法功能(D)词的意义和形态变化10.英语的“sheep”和“ship”两个音节之间起区别作用的是()。

(A)调位(B)时位(C)重位(D)音质音位11 .英语“He seems sad”(他面有悲色)中的动词seems中的s表示的语法意义是()。

(A)性、数、格(B)时、体、态(C)时、体、格(D)数、时、人称12.人们说话时，常把/ ma ma /发成/ ma(A)同化(B)异化(C)弱化(D)脱落三、多项选择题13.从“我打破了花瓶”变换为“我把花瓶打破了”，使用了()的变换手法。

(A)删除(B)添加(C)替代(D)移位7、名词解释14.语言的标准变体、地域变体和社会方言15.异根式和零形式16.语音对应关系五、问答题17.动词重叠是现代汉语常见的语言现象，比较从下面能说和不能说的句子，试说说动词重叠成立和动词重叠句（动词重叠作谓语的句子）成立，各要求什么样的语义条件。