3 ELECTROSTATICS

静电知识点摘要：静电现象是日常生活中常见的自然现象，涉及电荷的积累和转移。

本文旨在介绍静电的基本原理、产生方式、影响因素以及在科学和工业中的应用。

同时，还将探讨静电的防范措施，以减少其可能带来的不利影响。

1. 静电的基本概念静电（Electrostatics）是指静止电荷（即不随时间变化的电荷分布）所产生的电场和电势。

当物体表面积累了过量的电荷，而这些电荷又不能自由流动时，就会产生静电。

2. 静电的产生静电通常由以下几种方式产生：- 摩擦起电：两个不同材料的物体接触并相互摩擦时，电子可能从一个物体转移到另一个物体，导致电荷分离。

- 接触起电：两个物体接触时，电子也可能从一个物体转移到另一个物体。

- 压电效应：某些材料在受到机械压力时会产生电荷。

- 热电效应：温度变化导致材料内部电荷分布不均，产生静电。

3. 静电的影响因素影响静电产生和积累的因素包括：- 材料性质：不同材料的电子亲和力不同，影响电荷的转移。

- 接触面积：接触面积越大，电荷转移的机会越多。

- 湿度：高湿度环境下，空气中的水分子可以吸收或释放电荷，减少静电积累。

- 温度：温度的变化会影响材料的电荷分布。

4. 静电的应用静电在多个领域有广泛应用，包括：- 静电喷涂：利用静电力使涂料均匀附着在物体表面。

- 静电除尘：静电场吸附带电粒子，用于空气净化。

- 静电筛选：利用静电力分离不同电荷的颗粒。

- 静电印刷：在印刷过程中，静电力帮助将墨水转移到纸上。

5. 静电的防范措施由于静电可能导致电子设备的损坏或火灾爆炸等危险，因此需要采取适当的防范措施：- 增加湿度：在干燥环境中增加湿度，减少静电积累。

- 接地：通过导电材料将积累的静电安全地释放到地面。

- 使用防静电材料：在易产生静电的环境中使用防静电地板、工作台和包装材料。

- 穿戴防静电设备：如防静电手环、防静电服等。

6. 结论静电是自然界中普遍存在的现象，它既有有益的应用，也可能带来潜在的风险。

人体综合静电测试仪校准标准
人体综合静电测试仪应根据以下标准进行校准：
1. GB/T 1006-2008《纺织品静电感应法纺织品摩擦带电性能
的测定》
该标准规定了使用静电感应法测定纺织品摩擦带电性能的方法和要求。

2. GB/T 12753-2008《静电-测试方法和要求》
该标准规定了静电测试的方法和要求，包括电离体测试、带电纤维测试、带电物体测试等。

3. ANSI/ESD STM2.1-2006《表面电阻测试方法》
该标准规定了表面电阻测试的方法和要求，包括测试仪器的选择和使用方法。

4. ISO 20453:2017《Electrostatics - Test method for specific applications - Human body model (HBM) - Electrostatic discharge sensitivity testing of components》
该标准规定了人体模型（HBM）静电放电敏感性测试组件的
测试方法。

在进行人体综合静电测试仪的校准时，应根据上述标准中的要求进行相应的测试和验证，并确保测试仪器的准确性和可靠性。

校准过程应由专业的测试实验室或资质认证机构进行，并记录校准结果。

防静电国家标准及资料一、国家标准(GB,GB/T,GBJ)•GBJ 79-1985 工业企业通信接地设计规范•GB 6951-1986 轻质油品装油安全油面电位值•GB/T 6833.3-1987 电子测量仪器电磁兼容性试验规范静电放电敏感度试验•GB/T 11210-1989 硫化橡胶抗静电和导电制品电阻的测定•GB 12014-1989 防静电工作服•GB/T 1410-1989 固体电工绝缘材料体积电阻率及表面电阻率试验方法•GB 12158-1990 防止静电事故通用导则•GB/T 12582-1990 液态烃类电导率测定方法( 精密静电计法)•GB/T 12703-1991 纺织品静电测试方法•GB 13348-1992 液体石油产品静电安全规程•GB/T 14288-1993 可燃气体与易燃液体蒸气最小静电点火能测定方法•GB/T 50174-1993 计算机机房设计规范•GB 4385-1995 防静电鞋、导电鞋技术要求•GB/T 15463-1995 静电安全名词术语•GB/T 6539-1997 航空燃料与馏分燃料电导率测定法•GB/T 2439-2001 硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶导电性能和耗散性能电阻率的测定•GB/T 2887-2000 电子计算机场地通用规范•GB 6950-2001 轻质油品安全静止电导率•GB 4655-2003 橡胶工业静电安全规程二、国家军用标准(GJB)•GJB/Z 25-1991 电子设备和设施的接地、搭接和屏蔽设计指南•GJB 1649-1993 电子产品防静电放电控制大纲•GJB 2527-1995 弹药防静电要求•GJB 2605-1996 柔性热密封防静电阻隔材料规范•GJB 3007-1997 防静电工作区技术要求•GJB/Z 86-1997 静电放电防护包装手册•GJB/Z 105-1998 电子产品防静电放电控制手册三、电子行业标准(SJ,SJ/T)•SJ/T 10147-1991 集成电路防静电包装管•SJ 20154-1992 信息技术设备静电放电敏感度试验•SJ/T 10533-1994 电子设备制造防静电技术要求•SJ/T 10630-1995 电子元器件制造防静电技术要求•SJ/T 10694-1996 电子产品制造防静电系统测试方法•SJ/T 11159-1998 地板覆盖层和装配地板静电性能的试验方法国外静电相关标准ESD standardsESD S1.1:1998—Evaluation, acceptance, and functional testing of wrist straps.ESD STM2.1:1997—Resistance test method for electrostatic discharge protective garments. ESD STM3.1:2000—Ionization.ESD SP3.3:2000—Periodic verification of air ionizers.ESD S4.1:1997—Worksurfaces—Resistance measurements.ESD STM4.2:1998—Worksurfaces—Charge dissipation characteristics.ANSI/ESD STM5.1:2001—Electrostatic discharge sensitivity testing—Human body model. ANSI/ESD STM5.2:1999—Electrostatic discharge sensitivity testing—Machine model.ANSI/ESD STM5.3.1:1999—Charged device model (CDM)—Component level.ESD S6.1:1999—Grounding—Recommended practice.ANSI ESD S7.1:1994—Floor materials—Resistive characterization of materials.ANSI ESD S8.1:1993—ESD awareness symbols.ESD S9.1:1995—Resistive characterization of footwear.ESD SP10.1:2000—Automated handling equipment.ANSI ESD S11.11:1993—Surface resistance measurement of static dissipative planar materials. ESD STM11.12:2000—Volume resistance measurement of static dissipative planar materials. ANSI ESD S11.31:1994—Evaluating the performance of electrostatic discharge shielding bags. ESD STM12.1:1997—Seating-resistive characterization.ESD STM13.1:2000—Electrical soldering/desoldering hand tools.ANSI ESD S20.20:1999—Standard for the development of an ESD control program.ESD STM97.1:1999—Floor materials and footwear—Resistance in combination with a person.ESD STM97.2:1999—Floor materials and footwear voltage measurement in combination with a p erson.AFLCR 65-8:1998—Maintenance—Engineering and supply: Electrostatic discharge (ESD) control program.ANSI C63.14:1998—American national standard dictionary for technologies of electromagnetic co mpatibility (EMC), electromagnetic pulse (EMP), and electrostatic discharge (ESD)—Dictionary of EMC/EMP/ESD terms and definitions.ANSI C63.16:1993—American national standard guide for electrostatic discharge test methodologi es and criteria for electronic equipment.ANSI N322:1997—American national standard inspection, test, construction, and performance requ irements for direct reading electrostatic/electroscope–type dosimeters.ANSI T1.308:1996—Central office equipment—Electrostatic discharge immunity requirements. ASQ P672:1996—Auditing ESD and cleanroom processes.ASTM D257-78—Standard test methods for dc resistance or conductance of insulating materials.ASTM D991-83—Standard test method for rubber properties—Volume resistivity of electrically c onductive and antistatic products.ASTM D5077-90:1997—Standard terminology relating to electrostatic discharge (ESD) packaging materials.ASTM E1549-95:2000—Standard specification for ESD-controlled garments required in cleanroom s and controlled environments for spacecraft for nonhazardous and hazardous operations.ASTM F150-98—Standard test method for electrical resistance of conductive and static dissipativ e resilient flooring.ASTM F1812-97a—Standard test method for determining the effectiveness of membrane switch E SD shielding.Bellcore GR-1421-CORE:1995—Generic requirements for ESD-protective circuit packet containers. BS 6654:1985—Method for determination of the electrical resistivity of textile floor coverings.BS EN 100015-2:1994—Basic specification—Protection of electrostatic-sensitive devices—Require ments for low-humidity conditions.BS EN 100015-3:1994—Basic specification—Protection of electrostatic-sensitive devices—Require ments for cleanroom areas.BS EN 100015-4:1994—Basic specification—Protection of electrostatic-sensitive devices—Require ments for high-voltage environments.BS EN 1149-1:1996—Protective clothing—Electrostatic properties—Surface resistivity (test method s and requirements).BS EN 1149-2:1997—Protective clothing—Electrostatic properties—Test method for measurement of the electrical resistance through a material (vertical resistance).BS EN 1718:1999—Light conveyor belts—Test method for the measurement of the electrostatic field generated by a running light conveyor belt.DI-ATTS-80285B:1997—Engineering support data (ESD).DI-RELI-80669:1992—Electrostatic discharge (ESD) control program flag.DI-RELI-80671:1992—Handling procedures for electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitive items.EIA 471:1980—Symbol and label for electrostatic sensitive devices.EIA 541:1988—Packaging material standards for ESD-sensitive items.EIA 541:1990—Packaging of electronic products for shipment.EIA 545:1989—Electromechanical switch test method for electrostatic discharge (ESD).EIA 625—Handling electrostatic discharge sensitive (ESDS) devices.EIA-JEP 108—Distributor requirements for handling electrostatic discharge sensitive (ESDS) devic es.EOS/ESD EP102:1988—Electrostatic discharge and electronic equipment: A practical guide for de signing to prevent ESD problems.EOS/ESD EP103:1990—ESD program management: A realistic approach to continuous, measurabl e improvement in static control.EOS/ESD EP105:1995—ESD in silicon integrated circuits.ESD 1:2000—General practices for ESD control for MR and GMR heads.IEC 60801-2:1991—Electromagnetic compatibility for industrial-process measurement and control equipment—Electrostatic discharge requirements.IEC 61000-4-2:1995—Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4: Testing and measurement tec hniques—Section 2: Electrostatic discharge immunity test.IEC 61000-4-2:1999—Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4-2: Testing and measurement t echniques—Electrostatic discharge immunity test.IEC 61087:1991—Guide for evaluating the discharges from a charged surface.IEC 61340-1:1998—Electrostatics—Part 1: Guide to the principles of electrostatic phenomena (IE C/101/35/CD).IEC 61340-2-2 TR3:2000—Electrostatics—Part 2-2: Measurement methods—Measurement of charg eability.IEC 61340-2-3:2000—Electrostatics—Part 2-3: Methods of test for determining the resistance and resistivity of solid planar materials used to avoid electrostatic charge accumulation.IEC 61340-3-1:1998—Electrostatics—Part 3-1: Methods for simulation of electrostatic effects—Hu man body model (HBM)—Component testing (IEC/101/33/CD).IEC 61340-3-2:1998—Electrostatics—Part 3-2: Methods for simulation of electrostatic effects—Ma chine model (MM)—Component testing (IEC/101/34/CD).IEC 61340-4-1:1995—Electrostatics—Part 4: Standard test methods for specific applications—Section 1: Electrostatic behavior of floor coverings and installed floors.IEC 61340-4-3:1999—Test method for the characterization of electrostatic protective footwear (IE C document 101/62/CD).IEC 61340-5-1 TR2:1998—Electrostatics—Part 5-1: Protection of electronic devices from electrost atic phenomena—General requirements.IEC 61340-5-2 TR2:1999—Electrostatics—Part 5-2: Protection of electronic devices from electrost atic phenomena—User guide.IEC/PAS 62162:2000—Field-induced charged-device model test method for electrostatic discharge withstand thresholds of microelectronic components.IEC/PAS 62179:2000—Electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitivity testing human body model (HBM). IEC/PAS 62180:2000—Electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitivity testing machine model (MM).IEEE C62.38:1994 (R1999)—IEEE guide on electrostatic discharge (ESD)—ESD withstand capabi lity evaluation methods (for electronic equipment subassemblies).IEEE C62.47:1992—IEEE guide on electrostatic discharge (ESD)—Characterization of the ESD e nvironment.ISO/DIS 10605:2000—Road vehicles—Test methods for electrical disturbances from electrostatic discharge.ISO/TR 10605:1994—Road vehicles—Electrical disturbances from electrostatic discharge.JESD 22-A114-B:2000—Electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitivity testing human body model (HB M).JESD 22-A115-A:1997—Electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitivity testing machine model (MM).JESD 22-C101-A:2000—Field-induced charged-device model test method for electrostatic discharg e withstand thresholds of microelectronic components.MIL-PRF-87893B:1997—Workstation—Electrostatic discharge (ESD) control.QPL-87893-1:1995—Workstation electrostatic discharge (ESD) control.RAC SOAR 6:1986—ESD control in the manufacturing environment.SAE J551/15:1995—Vehicle electromagnetic immunity—Electrostatic discharge (ESD).。

ISO集装箱标准(ISO container standards) ANSI| BS| DIN| EN| GB| ISO| JIS| NF|DIC编中文名英文名Electrostatics -Part 4-4:Standard testmethods for静电4-specific专用的标准IEC验方applications -柔性中61340-4-4-2005散货集装Electrostatic(FIBC的静电学分classification offlexibleintermediate bulkcontainers (FIBC)Aircraft -Certified航空aircraft航空货ISO 10327-1995 container for air用合格的航空集规范和试cargo -Specification andtestingFreight thermal货物保温集装containers -ISO 10368-2006远程调节监Remote conditionmonitoringFreightcontainers -ISO 10374 AMD集装自动识Automatic1-1995 修1identification;Amendment 1Freightcontainers;ISO 10374-1991 集装自动识 automaticidentificationCounterbalanced以上长度平6m及6mISO 10525-1997衡重式货运集装箱trucks handlingfreight附加稳定搬运车containers of 6 m 性试(20ft)lengthand above -Additionalstability testsAircraft -Pressure航空货运集ISO 11242-1996equalization箱压力均衡要 requirements forcargo containersSeries 1 freightcontainers -货运集装箱系1Corner fittings -ISO 1161 AMD角配规修Specification;1-20071:45f集装 Amendment1:45ftcontainersSeries 1 freightcontainers;ISO 1161角系集装Technicalcorner fittings;技术技术要Corrigendumspecification;11-1990technicalcorrigendum 1Series 1 freight系集装角containers;ISO 1161-1984技术要 Corner fittings;SpecificationIndustrialvariable-reachtrucks - Part 2:伸缩臂式工业车AdditionalISO部:6及以stability tests13562-2-2001 长度货运集装箱for trucks车附加稳定性试 handling freightcontainers of 6 mlength and aboveISO单边负载叉Single sideloading fork-lift及6部分：搬13563-2-2001上长度集装箱的叉trucks - Part 2:Additional车的附加稳定性试stability tests for trucks handling freightcontainers of 6 mlength and aboveFreightcontainers -Straddle carriers货运集装货for freightISO 14829-2002 集装箱搬运用跨container稳定性的计 handling -Calculation ofstabilitySeries 1 freightcontainers;系集装技specification and要求与试testing; part 1:ISO 1496-1 AMD一般用途通general cargo1-1993 货物集装修containers for1:1AA1BB型general purposes;装 amendment 1: 1AAAand 1BBBcontainersSeries 1 freightcontainers -系集装技Specification andISO 1496-1 AMD要求与试testing - Part 1:2-1998 一般用途通General cargo货物集装修2 containers forgeneral purpose;Amendment 2Series 1 freightcontainers -系集装规Specification andISO 1496-1 AMD和试部testing - Part 1:3-2005 一般用途通用货General cargo集装修改3 containers forgeneral purposes;Amendment 3containers -系列1货运集装箱.Specification andISO 1496-1 AMD规范和试testing - Part 1:4-2006 一般用途的General cargo运集装修改4 containers forgeneral purposes;Amendment 4Series 1 freightcontainers -系集装技Specification and要求与试testing - Part 1:ISO 1496-1 AMD一般用途通General cargo5-2006货物集装修containers for5门端安全 general purposes;Amendment 5: Doorend securitySeries 1 freightcontainers;系集装技specification and要求与试ISOtesting; part 1:1496-1-1990一般用途通general cargo货物集装containers forgeneral purposesSeries 1 freightcontainers -系集装技Specification andISO 1496-2 AMD要求与试testing - Part 2:1-2006 保温集装Thermal改1containers;Amendment 1Series 1 freightcontainers -系集装技Specification andISO 1496-2Technicaltesting - Part 2:要求与测CorrigendumThermal保温集装1-1997 术勘1 containers;TechnicalCorrigendum 1ISO技集装系列．1496-2-1996要求与试验第2部containers -分:保温集装箱 Specification andtesting - Part 2:ThermalcontainersSeries 1 freightcontainers -Specification andtesting - Part 3:货运集装箱系1Tank containers规范和试for liquids,液体、气体和ISO 1496-3 AMDgases and压的干散料用液1-2006 pressurized dry集装修改1bulk; Amendment外部限纵1: Testing of the态 externalrestraint(longitudinal)dynamicSeries 1 freightcontainers -系集装技Specification and要求与试testing - Part 3:ISOTank containers液体、气体及1496-3-1995 for liquids,压干散货用罐式gases and装pressurized drybulkSeries 1 freightcontainers -Specification and系集装技testing - Part 4:要求与试ISO 1496-4 AMDNon-pressurized无压干散货1-1994 containers for装修1:1AAdry bulk;1BB型集装 Amendment 1: 1AAAand 1BBBcontainersISO 1496-4系集装技Series 1 freight要求与试Technicalcontainers - Specification and不加压的干Corrigendum1-2006 料集装箱 testing - Part 4:Non-pressurizedcontainers fordry bulkSeries 1 freightcontainers;系集装技specification and要求与试ISOtesting; part 4:无压干散货1496-4-1991non-pressurized装 containers fordry bulkSeries 1 freightcontainers;specification and系集装技testing; part 5:ISO 1496-5 AMD要求与试platform and1-1993 平台式和台platform-based式集装修1 containers;amendment 1: 1AAAand 1BBBcontainersSerie 1 freightcontainers -货运集装箱系1Specification andISO 1496-5 AMD规范和试testing - Part 5:2-1994 平台式和台Platform and式集装修改2 platform-basedcontainers;Amendment 2Series 1 freightcontainers;系集装技specification and要求与试ISOtesting; part 5:1496-5-1991平台式和台platform and式集装platform-basedcontainersIndustrial trucks工业车集装- SpecificationISO 15871-2000 搬运和抓斗臂操for indicator 用指示灯规lights forcontainerhandling andgrappler armoperationsSupply chainapplications of供应链应RFIISO 17363-2007RFID - Freight 货运集装containersFreightcontainers -货运集装电ISOElectronic seals密部18185-1-2007- Part 1:信协 CommunicationprotocolFreightcontainers -货运集装电ISOElectronic seals密部18185-2-2007- Part 2:用要 ApplicationrequirementsFreightcontainers -货运集装电ISOElectronic seals密部18185-3-2006- Part 3:境特 EnvironmentalcharacteristicsFreight货运集装containers -电ISO密Electronic seals部18185-4-2007据保 - Part 4: DataprotectionFreight货运集装containers -电ISO密Electronic seals部18185-5-2007理Physical 5:Part-layer包Packaging -非危险货ISO 21898-2004 用软的过渡性散Flexible 集装intermediate bulkcontainers(FIBCs) fornon-dangerousgoodsHooks for liftingfreight起重能3吨以containers of upISO 2308-1972 的货运集装箱吊to 30 tonnes基本要 capacity; BasicrequirementsSeries 1 freightcontainers -Handling andsecuring;Amendment 1:系集装装Twistlocks,ISO 3874 AMD1-2000latchlocks,修1 与加stacking fittingsand lashing rodsystems forsecuring ofcontainersSeries 1 freightcontainers -1货运集装箱系Handling andISO 3874 AMD搬运和固securing;2-20021BB修:1AAAmendment 2:集装Vertical tandemliftingSeries 1 freightcontainers -Handling and集装装系ISO 3874 AMDsecuring;3修改与加3-2005 Amendment 3:双垛轨道车操Double stack railcar operationsSeries 1 freight1货运集装箱系ISO 3874 AMDcontainers -修搬运和固4-2007Handling and4:45f集装securing -Amendment 4: 45 ftContainersSeries 1 freight系集装装containers -ISO 3874-1997与加 Handling andsecuringAir cargo -Non-certifiedcontainers for空运货用于容量飞行器底舱the lower deck ofISO 4118-2005 非适航审定的集large-capacity规范和试aircraft -Specification andtesting航空按空运Aircraft; AirISO 4128-1985 准型式制造的集mode modularcontainersFreightcontainers -集装代码、识ISO 6346-1995 Coding,和标 identificationand markingFreightcontainers;数货运集装ISO 6359-1982Consolidated data 摘要plateAir cargoequipment;base-restrained航空货运设certified型飞机底舱专用ISO 6517-1992 containers经合格审定的基exclusively for固定的集装 the lower deck ofhigh-capacityaircraftSeries 1 freight货运集装箱系1containers -ISO 668 AMD分类、尺寸和容Classification,1-2005修改1dimensions andratings;Amendment 1Series 1 freightcontainers -货运集装箱系1Classification,分类、尺寸和额ISO 668 AMDdimensions and 2-2005修改2:45'容ratings;集装Amendment 2: 45'containersSeries 1 freightcontainers -系集装ISO 668-1995 Classification,类、尺寸和额定 dimensions andratingsAircraft;Self-propelled航空装吊航gantry for货运集装箱和大lifting air cargoISO 6965-1982货物的自行式龙containers and起重功能要 outsize cargoes;FunctionalrequirementsAir cargo -Insulated航空货隔热container -ISO 8058-1999装热效率要 ThermalefficiencyrequirementsFreightISO 830containers -集装词Technical两Vocabulary;语言技术勘Corrigendum1Technical1-2001corrigendum 1Freightcontainers -ISO 830-1999 集装词Vocabulary集装FreightISO 8323-1985 联通用集装containers;Air/surface技术要求与试验(intermodal)general purposecontainers;Specification andtestsSeries 1 freightcontainers;系集装罐interfaceISO 9669 AMDconnections for修集装箱接1-1992 tank containers;节1:amendment 1:sections 3 and 4Series 1 freightcontainers;系集装罐ISO 9669-1990 interface集装箱接 connections fortank containersFreightcontainers;information集装与船载related toISO装箱有关的信9711-1-1990containers on部箱位坐board vessels;part 1: bay plansystemFreightcontainers -ContainerISO 9897集装集装箱equipment data备的数据交Technicalexchange (CEDEX)(CECEX)Corrigendum一般通- General代技术勘11-2001 communicationcodes; TechnicalCorrigendum 1Freight集装containers -集装箱备的数据交ContainerISO 9897-1997(CECEX)一般通equipment dataexchange (CEDEX)代- Generalcommunication codesFreight机ISO/PAS货运集装containers -17712-2006密Mechanical sealsSeries 1 freightcontainers -系集装装Handling andISO/TR与加 ISO 3874securing -15069-1997附的基本原 Rationale for ISO3874 Annex ASeries 1 freightcontainers -Rationale for系集装结structural test检验标准的基本ISO/TR 15070criteria;AMD 1-2005结修改1Amendment 1:一体化指Guidance onstructuralintegritySeries 1 freightcontainers -货运集装箱系1ISO/TR 15070Rationale for结构试验标准的AMD 2-2007structural test本原修改2criteria;Amendment 2Series 1 freight系集装结containers -ISO/TR检验标准的基本Rationale for15070-1996structural testcriteria中文名英文名编。

一、电学、静电学基本概念1、静电Electrostatic; static elecctricity一种处于相对稳定状态的电荷。

由于它所引起的磁场效应较之电场效应应可以忽略不计。

（静电可由物质的接触与分离、静电感应、介质极化和带电微粒的附着等物理过程而产生）二、2、静电学Electrostatics研究静电的相互作用及其所呈现的有关现象的学科三、3、静电场Electrostatic field静电荷在其周围空间所激发的电场。

它是一种特殊的物质，其最基本的特征是对位于该场中的其他电荷施以作用力。

且不随时间而改变。

四、4、静电位Electrostatic potential静电场的标量函数。

其梯度冠以负号等于电场强度。

静电场中某点的静电位值等于把单位正电荷从该点移动至无限远处静电场力所作的功，它亦等于单位正电荷在该点的电位能。

五、5、静电感应Electrostatic induction在静电场影响下引起物体上电荷重新分布的现象六、8、静电现象Electrostatic phenomenon由于带电体的静电场作用而引起的静电放电、静电感应、介质极化以及静电力作用等诸物理现象的统称。

七、10、电场强度Electric field strength描述静电场本身性质的物理量。

静电场中任一点的电场强度等于单位电荷在该点所受的作用力，其方向为单位正电荷在该点所受作用力的方向。

八、二、静电起电、静电积聚和静电消散1、(静电)起电(Electrostatic) eelecctrification使电介质或绝缘导体产生静电荷的过程。

2、摩擦起电triboelectrification用摩擦的方法使两物体分别带有等值异号电荷的过程。

3、冲流起电streaming Electrification液体类物质与固体类物质接触时，在接触界面形成整体为电中性的偶电层。

当此两物质作相对运动时，由于偶电层被分离，电中性受到破坏而出现的带电过程。

【例3－1】横截面为矩形的无限长槽由3块接地导体板构成，如图3－3所示，槽的盖板接直流电压100V，求矩形槽的电位分布。

解：这是二维平面场问题。

由于电位函数和电场强度之间关系为利用麦克斯韦方程和关系式，得到泊松方程式中，为介电常数，为体电荷密度。

由于所求区域内体电荷密度，得到拉普拉斯方程：其边界满足狄里赫利（Didchlet）条件：，，本题运用MA TLAB的偏微分方程工具箱（PDE Toolbox）进行数值求解。

在命令窗口中输入命令pdetool，打开PDE图形用户界面，计算步骤为：（1）网格设置：选择菜单Options下的Grid和Grid Spacing…，将X-axis linear Spacings 设置为［-1.5：0.2：1.5］，Y-axis linear Spacings取Auto。

（2）区域设置：选择菜单Draw下的Rectangle／Square 或按，画矩形。

（3）应用模式设置：在工具条中单击Generic Scalar下拉列表框，选Electrostatics（静电学）应用模式。

（4）输入边界条件：进入Boundary Mode或按，输入：1、左边界：狄里赫利（Diriehlet）条件：h＝1，r＝0。

2、右边界：狄里赫利（Dirichlet）条件：h＝1，r＝0。

3、上边界：狄里赫利（Dirichlet）条件：h＝1，r＝100。

4、下边界：狄里赫利（Dirichlet）条件：h＝1，r＝0。

（5）方程参数设定：点击打开PDE Spacification对话框，设介电常数epsilon为1，体电荷密度rho为0。

（6）网格剖分：点击按钮或选择菜单Initializc Mesh，加密网格再单击。

（7）图形解显示参数设置：点击菜单Plot下的Parameter或按，在Plot Selection 对话框中选择Color、Height（3-D plot）、Plot in x-y grid和Show mesh四项，并在Contour plot levels设置等位线条数，在Colormap 选择不同的色图后，点击按钮画出电位的三维曲面图；选择Color、Contour和Arrows三项，设置等位线条数和选择不同的色图参数后，点击按钮后画出电位的等位线和电场线分布图。

eggshell book paper 蛋壳表面状整饰书籍用纸elastic paper 伸性（牛皮）纸elastic cable paper 电缆纸elastic cable fitting paper 电缆芯衬纸electrical paper 电气用纸electrical discharge recording paper 放电记录纸electrical insulating paper 电（气）绝缘纸electrical electro-chemical sensitive recording paper 电化学感应记录纸electrical-chemical telephotographic paper 电化学传真纸electrical-conductive paper 导电纸electrical-fax paper 直接法静电复印纸，氧化锌静电复印纸electrical-graphic paper 电谱纸electrical-photographic paper 静电复印纸electrical-photographic copy paper 电子感光复印纸electrical-photographic printing paper 电子印刷纸electrical-photographic recording paper 电子记录纸electrical-recording paper 电子记录纸electrical-sensitive paper 电敏金属纸electrical-sensitizing recording paper 电感记录纸electrical-static copying paper 静电复写纸electrical-telephotographic paper 电传真原纸electrical-thermosensitive recording paper 电热感记录纸electrolytic paper 电解纸electrolytic paper(for electroph-oresis) 电泳纸electrolytic capacitor paper 电解电容器纸electrolytic recording paper 电解记录纸embossed paper 提花纸，压印浮雕纸，压花纸blotting 压花吸墨纸blotting cover paper 压花封皮纸blotting glassine paper 提花玻璃纸blotting printing paper 压花印刷纸emery paper 钢砂纸enamel(ed) paper 铜版纸enamel book paper 涂布书籍纸enameled blotting paper 粘附在蜡光纸上的吸墨纸enameled postcard 涂布明信片卡片纸enameled end bands paper 卷简纸端都保护用纸end paper 环衬纸end leaf paper 环衬纸end leaves 环衬纸end sheet 环衬纸engish opacity paper 英国式不透明纸engraver's proving paper 凹版印刷校样纸enrober paper 糖果杯纸envelope-lining tissue 信封衬里薄纸envelope manila 马尼拉信封纸envelope paper 信封纸erasable parchment bond 可擦性仿羊皮纸esparto paper 西班牙草浆制成的纸张etching paper 雕刻用纸excelsior tissue paper 刨花纸excelsior wrapper 木丝包袭纸exercise book paper 练习本用纸expandable paper 伸性纸express fiber paper 货物包装纸express paper 货物包装纸extensible paper 伸性（牛皮）纸extra high bulk book paper 超松厚度书籍纸extras 超令纸extra strong paper 超强统extrusion coated paper 挤压涂布纸eggshell board 蛋壳纸板eleatrical board 电气用纸板eleatrical insulating board 电绝缘纸板eleatrical press board 电气绝缘压榨纸板electro-insulating board for air medium 空气介质电绝缘纸板embossed hard board 提花纤维板embossing board 提花纸板excelsior board 木丝板esparto board 西班牙草浆纸板extrusion coater 挤压式涂布机e folute e极瓦楞纸波形数（每天30厘米，96+-3个）early stage of cooking 蒸煮初期early wood 早材earth flax 石棉ease of solubility 易溶性easily hydrolyzable lindage 易水解的结合键eastern arbor-vitae(thuja occidentalis l.) 香柏，西方金钟柏eastern black walnut(juglans nigra) 黑胡桃eastern hemlock (tsuga laricina k. koch) 美国落叶松eastern red cedar (juniperus virginiana l.) 铅笔柏ebonise 假鸟木eony(wood) (diospyros ebenum) 鸟檀，鸟木ecentric growth 偏心年轮ecentric spindle 偏心轴eclipsed from 重叠形eco filter eco 白液澄清器ecology 生态学economic analysis 经济分析economic feasibility 经济合理性，经济可行性economizer 省煤器；省油器eddy 涡流eddy current 涡流edge 棱，边，边缘edge crush test 边缘压溃试验edge curl 卷边edge cutter 切边器edge doctor 边刮刀edge effect 边缘效应edge grain （木材）纵断面edge guide 纸幅校正器edge protector 边缘护体edge runner 碾磨机，碾子edge tear 边缘撕裂度edge tearing resistance 边缘撕裂强度edgewise compression strength （纸板）边缘抗压强度edgings 边材；纸边eduction pipe 排气管eductor 喷射器，引射器effective alkali 有效碱effective drying surface 有效表面；有效面积effective surface 有效表面；有效面积effervescence 泡腾；起泡（沫）effeciency 效率effeciency of drying 干燥效率effluent 废水，排出污水effluent disposal 废水处理effluent treatment 废水处理effluent treatment plant 废水处理车间effulgence 光泽egg carton 蛋品包装纸盒egg trap 蛋品包装用塑料纸板eggshell rinish 粗装饰；蛋壳状装饰eight mo octave 八开eject valve 排渣阀ejetor 喷射器ekcothern 纸板制品商业名称（供厨房用）elaborated product 加工产品elapsed time counter 越时计数器elastic calender bowl 弹性压光辊elastic fiber 弹性纤维elastic modulus 弹性模量，弹性模数elastic strength 弹性强度elasticity 弹性；弹力；弹性力学elastomer 弹性体elder(samrucus) 接骨木（属）election bristol 选票用纸electric circuit 电路electric conductor 导电体electric connector 电气接插件electric controller 电控制器electric comverter 变压器；变频器；转化器electric data processing 电力处理数据electric discharge 放电electric drive 电力驱动（装置）electric eye 光电池；电眼electric fuse 电熔丝，保险丝electric impedance 阻（电）抗，电阻electric insulation 电绝缘electric moisture meter 电力湿度计electric motor 电动机electric plate precipitator 电板除尘器electric power 电力；电功率electric power distribution 电力分布electric relay 继电器electric resistance 电阻electric saw 电锯electric utility 电气设施electric valve 电动阀门electrical conductivity 电导率electrical double layer 双电层electrical dust precipitation chamber 电气除尘室electrical dust precipitator 电沉降净化器electrical engineering 电工学electrical fiber 电绝缘纤维electrical precipitator 静电除尘器electrical presspahn 电气用纸板electrical properties 电性质electrical repair shop 电气修理工段electrical resistivity 电阻率electrode 电极electrodialysis 电渗析electrofax 电子传真复印；电子传真复印纸eletrograph 电记录器；电版机；电传照像图electrokinetic potential 电动势，动电势electrolysis 电解electrolyte 电解质；电离质；电解液electrolytic cell 电解（电）池electrolytic dissociation 电离（作用）electrolytic printing 电解印刷electromagnetic field 电磁场electron diffraction 电子衍射electronic consistency regulator 电子浓度调节器electronic control 电子控制electronic dirt counter 尘埃度电子测定仪electronic equipment 电子装置electronic instrument 电子仪器electronic microgage 电子厚度计electronic microscope 电子显微镜electronic probe 电子探头electronic probe sensor 电子探头传感器electronic speed regulator 电子调速器electro-osmosis 电渗electrophoresis 电泳electrophoretic mass transfer technique 电泳质量传递技术electrophoretic mobility 电泳淌度electrophotography 静电摄影electro-precipitation 电沉降净化electro-reel 电动（轴式）卷纸机electro-static charge 静电装料electro-static coating 静电涂布electro-staticfacsimile system 静电传真系统electro static gravure printing 静电照相凹版印刷electro-static latent image 静电潜像electro-static precipitator 静电除尘器electrostatic printing 静电印刷electrostatic recording 静电记录electrostatic transfer 静电转写electrostatography 静电记录electrostatics 静电学elementary fibril 原细纤维，原纤维elevator 提升机elm(ulmus) 榆属；榆树elongation 伸长率elongation at rupture 裂断时伸长率elrepho reflectance meter elrepho 白度计eluant 洗提液eluate 洗出液elution 洗提elutriate 淘选，淘析，淘洗elutriation 淘析，淘洗elutriation method 淘选法elutriator 淘析器elutriator 嵌入；埋置；灌封embosser 压纹机，压花机embossing 压花，印花embossing calender 印花压光机embossing capacity 压花能力embossing machine 印花机embossing roll 印花辊embryo 胚emergency pump 备用泵emergency repair 紧急修理emergency valve 安全阀emery 金刚砂emission 放射；发射；辐射emission spectroscopy 放射光谱学empirical formula 经验式emptying 放料；放空emptying device 放料装置emptying door 放料门emptying valve 放料阀emulsification 乳化作用emulsifier 乳化器emulsify 乳化emulsifying agent 乳化剂emulsifying tank 乳化槽emulsion 乳胶，乳液emulsion breaker 乳胶分解剂emulsion xanthation 乳态黄酸酯化enamel 搪瓷encapsulated emulsion 微囊化encode 编码encrust 结壳end band 卷筒纸端部用保护纸end crush test 垂直抗压强度试验end product 成品end (surface)hardness 端面硬度end wall 侧壁；端墙endless chain log haul-up （无端）链条拉木机endless felt 无端毛毯endless wire 无端铜网endless woven felt 无端毛毯endosperm （种子）内胚乳endothermal 吸热的endothermic 吸热的endothermic reaction 吸热反应endurance test 耐久试验energy consumption 能量消耗；动力消耗energy transfer 能量传递engelmann's spruce 恩氏云杉engine dyeing 机内染色engine sizing 机内施胶english finish 低光泽低平滑度装饰english plane (platanus acerifolia) 英国悬铃木english reel 英国式卷纸机engraver's bristol 凹版厚纸engraving roll 刻花辊，雕刻辊engraving steel 雕刻板enolic hydroxyl 烯醇羟基enriched water 浓白水entanglement 交织entering reel 待裁切纸卷，待退纸卷enthalpy 焓，热函entomology 昆虫学entrainment 雾沫entrainmentn separator 雾沫分离器entrapped air 留截空气entropy 熵entry end 入口端envelope 信封；外壳；外套；包皮envelope cartridge 信封纸envelope machine 信封制造机envelope manila 马尼拉信封纸environment （周围）环境environmental pollution 环境污染environmental protection 环境保护environmental stress cracking 环境应力分裂enzymatically liberated lignin 酵素游离木素enzyme 酶，酵素enzyme converted corn starch 酶化玉米淀粉enzyme treated starch 酶处理淀粉enzymolysis 酶解ephemeral 一年生epibromohydrin 表溴醇，3-溴-1，2-环氧丙烷epichlorohydrin 表氯醇，3-氯-1，2-环氧丙烷epidermal tissue 表皮组织epidermis 表皮epidermis cell 表皮细胞epimanool 表甘露糖醇epins （木材）扭纹斑epithelial cell 分泌；细胞层；沟周细胞epithelial parenchyma 上皮薄壁细胞epithelium 上皮epoxy resin 环氧树脂epsom salt 七水合硫酸镁；泻盐（商业名称）equalization basin 稳定糖equalizing basin 稳定糖equilibrirm concentration 平衡浓度equilibrirm moisture 平衡湿度equilibrirm water 平衡水equipment 设备equivalent weight （化合）当量erasability 耐擦性能erasable parchment bond 耐擦高级羊皮纸erasing quality 耐擦性能erasure 耐擦性erect 安装eremacarsis 缓慢氧化；（木材露天堆放）慢腐侵蚀erkensator 立式离心除砂机erosion 腐蚀；侵蚀er-we-pa former er-we-pa 成形器escape pipe 排气管；放空管esparto 西班牙草essential oil 香精油ester 酯ester group 酯基ester number 酯化值ester value 酯化值esterification 酯化（作用）etched roll 蚀刻辊ethane 乙烷ethanol 乙醇ethanol lignin 乙醇木素ethanolamine 乙醇胺ether 乙醚ether extract 乙醚抽出物ether soluble substance 乙醚可溶物etherification 醚化（作用）ethyl acetate 醋酸乙酯ethyl acrylate 丙烯酸乙酯ethyl alcohol 乙醇ethyl amine 乙胺ethyl cellulose 乙基化纤维素ethyl group 乙基ethyl meraptan 乙硫醇ethylated starch 乙基化淀粉ethylation 乙基化（作用）ethylene 乙烯；乙撑；次乙基ethylene group 乙烯基；乙撑基；次乙基ethylene diamine 乙（撑）二胺，乙二胺 1，2ethyleneimine 乙（撑）亚胺，吖丙啶，氮丙环eucalyptus (eucalyptus) 桉树属eucalyptus (eucalyptus globulus) 蓝桉eugenol 丁子香粉eureca refiner eureca 磨浆机european ash (fraxinus excelsior) 欧洲白蜡树european beech(fagus sylvatica l.) 欧洲山毛榉european birch(betrla alba. l) 欧洲桦european chestnut (castanes sativa mill.) 欧洲粟european fir (abies pectinata) 欧洲白冷杉european hophorn beam (ostrya carpinifolia) 欧洲铁木european horse-chestnut(aesculus hippocustanum) 欧洲七叶树european larch(larix decidua) 欧洲落叶松european lime (tilia vulganis) 欧洲椴木european plane(platanus acerifolia) 英国悬铃木european yew (taxus baccata) 欧洲紫杉eutrophication 营养质量鉴定试验evacuate 抽空evaluation 评价，评定evaluation test 评价试验evaporate 蒸发evaporated liquor 蒸发液evaporating capacity 蒸发能力evaporation 蒸发作用evaporation area 蒸发面积evaporation feed liquor 蒸发器进料evaporator 蒸发器evaporator man 蒸发工evaporator room 蒸发工段evaporator tank 蒸发槽even-aged forest 同龄材even-edged stand 同龄幼树even-side 双面同性evener plate 匀浆板evener (roll) 匀浆辊evergreen oak(quercus ilex l.) 常绿楮，常青栎evolution 展开；演变；进化ewnn solution 酒石酸钠溶液excavator 挖掘机；挖土机excelsior 刨花excelsior cutting machine 木丝机excelsior plate 木丝板excelsior wrapper 木丝包装纸excess air 过剩空气excessive cutting 过量裁切exchange capacity 交换能力exchange reaction 交换反应exchanger 交换器excited state 激发态excrescence burl 异状瘤（树病）exhaust 抽空；排气；使疲劳exhaust end 排出端；卸料端exhaust fan 排风机exhaust gases 排出气体exhaust hood 排气罩exhaust steam 排出蒸汽exhaust valve 排气阀；放气阀exhauster 排气机exharstion 排气；抽空；疲劳exit end 出口端exothermic 放热的exothermic reaction 放热反应expand 扩张；膨胀；延伸expandable box 可伸纸盒expandable mandrel 可伸支架，可伸骨架expander roll 展毯辊；舒展辊expanding shaft 胀缩（卷纸）轴expajnsion 膨胀expansion shell type heater 膨胀壳式加热器expansion trap 膨胀式除水器expansiveness 膨胀性能expansivity 膨胀性expediting setting 快速凝固experimental beater 实验室打浆机experimental paper machine 试验纸机experimental station 试验站experimentation 实验工作，试验（方法）exploded fibers 爆炸法纤维explosion chamber 扩散室；爆炸室exposed bark pocket 外夹皮express mill wrapper 货物包装纸expulsion of water 脱水extender 伸长器，拉伸器extensibility 伸长性extensible 可伸长extension 伸展，扩建；伸出部分extensometer 伸长计exterior plywood 耐风化胶合板external bus 外汇流条，外部总线external fibrillation 表面细纤维化，表面纤细化，表面帚化external protective tissue 表面防护薄纸external screw 阳螺丝external treatment 厂外处理exlinction coefficient 消光系数extra hour work 加班extract 抽提，萃取extract of log wood 洋苏木浸青extraction 抽提，萃取extraction chamber 碎浆机（排浆区）extraction -free wood 无抽提物木材试料extractor 抽提器，提取器extraction plate （碎浆机）底部筛板extractive 抽提物；萃取物extractive-free wood 无抽提物木材试料extractor roll 分离辊，剥纸辊extraneous components 杂质extruder 挤压机extruding laminator 挤压裱糊机extruding machine 挤压机extrusion 挤压extrusion coating 挤压涂布extrusion die 挤压模extrusion head 挤压器端部，挤压头exudation 渗出exudation of resin 树脂渗出eye screw 环首螺丝elastic paper 伸性（牛皮）纸elastic cable paper 电缆线elastic cable fitting paper 电缆芯衬纸electrical paper 电气用纸electrical discharge recording paper 放电记录纸electrical insulating paper 电（气）绝缘纸electro-chemical sensitive recording paper 电化学感应记录纸electrolytic paper 电解纸electrolytic paper(for electrophoresis) 电泳纸electrolytic capacitor paper 电解电容器纸electrolytic recording paper 电解记录纸embossed paper 提花纸，压印浮雕纸，押花纸embossed glassine paper 提花玻璃纸embossed printing paper 压花印刷纸emery paper 钢砂纸enamel(ed) paper 铜版纸enameled blotting paper 粘附在蜡光纸上的吸墨纸end paper 环衬纸english opacity paper 英国式不透明纸engraver's proving paper 凹版印刷校样纸enrober paper 糖果杯纸envelope paper 信封纸electro-conductive paper 导电纸electro-fax paper 直接法静电复印纸，氧化锌静电复印纸electro-graphic paper 电谱纸electro-photographic paper 静电复印纸electro-photographic copy paper 电子感光复印纸electro-photographic printing paper 电子印刷纸electro-photographic recording paper 电子记录纸electro-recording paper 电子记录纸electro-sensitive metallic paper 电敏记录纸electro-static copying paper 静电复写纸electro-sensitizing recording paper 电感记录纸electro-telephotographic paper 电传真原纸electro-thermosensitive recording paper 电热感记录纸esparto paper 西班牙草浆制成的纸张etching paper 雕刻用纸exercise book paper 练习本用纸expandable paper 伸性纸extensible paper 伸性（牛皮）纸extrusion coated paper 挤压涂布纸electrographic process （复制）电显影法easy bleach pulp 易漂浆esparto pulp 西班牙草浆eucalyptus pulp 桉木浆exploded pulp 爆炸法纸浆export pulp 出口纸浆embossed cigarettetissue 罗纹卷烟纸electrolytic tissue 电解用薄纸envelope lining tissue 信封衬里薄纸excelsior tissue 高级薄纸external protective tissue 表面保护用纸ec embedded costs插入成本的缩写ecf elemental chlorine free无元素氯（漂白）的缩写edta ethylene eiamine tetraacetic acid乙二胺四乙酸的缩写epc experimental prismatic calcite实验棱镜方解石的缩写erv estimated replacement value预计取代值的缩写esp electrostatic precipitator静电滤尘器的缩写esp emergency shutdown procedure事故停机程序的缩写eva ethylene vinyl acetate乙烯乙酸乙烯酯的缩写espra empire state paper research associates国立造纸研究会的缩写evoh ethylene-vinyl alcohol乙烯-乙烯醇的缩写eurocell 欧洲林产品有限公司的司标。