Chaotic Resonance Theory, a New Approach for Pattern Storage and Retrieval in Neural Networ

Below is given annual work summary, do not need friends can download after editor deleted!!!!!! Welcome to visit againXXXX annual work summaryDear every leader, colleagues:Look back end of XXXX, XXXX years of work, have the joy of success in your work, have a collaboration with colleagues, working hard, also have disappointed when encountered difficulties and setbacks. Imperceptible in tense and orderly to be over a year, a year, under the loving care and guidance of the leadership of the company, under the support and help of colleagues, through their own efforts, various aspects have made certain progress, better to complete the job. For better work, sum up experience and lessons, will now work a brief summary.To continuously strengthen learning, improve their comprehensive quality. With good comprehensive quality is the precondition of completes the labor of duty and conditions. A year always put learning in the important position, trying to improve their comprehensive quality. Continuous learning professional skills, learn from surrounding colleagues with rich work experience, equip themselves with knowledge, the expanded aspect of knowledge, efforts to improve their comprehensive quality.The second Do best, strictly perform their responsibilities. Set up the company, to maximize the customer to the satisfaction of the company's products, do a good job in technical services and product promotion to the company. And collected on the properties of the products of the company, in order to make improvement in time, make the products better meet the using demand of the scene.Three to learn to be good at communication, coordinating assistance. On‐site technical service personnel should not only have strong professional technology, should also have good communication ability, a lot of a product due to improper operation to appear problem, but often not customers reflect the quality of no, so this time we need to find out the crux, and customer communication, standardized operation, to avoid customer's mistrust of the products and even the damage of the company's image. Some experiences in the past work, mentality is very important in the work, work to have passion, keep the smile of sunshine, can close the distance between people, easy to communicate with the customer. Do better in the daily work to communicate with customers and achieve customer satisfaction, excellent technical service every time, on behalf of the customer on our products much a understanding and trust.Fourth, we need to continue to learn professional knowledge, do practical grasp skilled operation. Over the past year, through continuous learning and fumble, studied the gas generation, collection and methods, gradually familiar with and master the company introduced the working principle, operation method of gas machine. With the help of the department leaders and colleagues, familiar with and master the launch of the division principle, debugging method of the control system, and to wuhan Chen Guchong garbage power plant of gas machine control system transformation, learn to debug, accumulated some experience. All in all, over the past year, did some work, have also made some achievements, but the results can only represent the past, there are some problems to work, can't meet the higher requirements. In the future work, I must develop the oneself advantage, lack of correct, foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, for greater achievements. Looking forward to XXXX years of work, I'll be more efforts, constant progress in their jobs, make greater achievements. Every year I have progress, the growth of believe will get greater returns, I will my biggest contribution to the development of the company, believe inyourself do better next year!I wish you all work study progress in the year to come.。

高三英语学术研究方法创新思路探讨单选题30题及答案1. In academic research, a hypothesis is a(n) _____.A. proven factB. educated guessC. random thoughtD. unimportant idea答案：B。

在学术研究中，假设是有根据的推测。

选项A，假设不是已被证实的事实；选项C，假设不是随机的想法；选项D，假设在学术研究中很重要，不是不重要的想法。

2. A research question in academic studies should be _____.A. broad and vagueB. narrow and specificC. unanswerableD. unrelated to the topic答案：B。

学术研究中的研究问题应该是具体且有针对性的。

选项A，宽泛和模糊的问题不利于深入研究；选项C，无法回答的问题没有研究价值；选项D，与主题无关的问题不符合要求。

3. In academic research, data collection is often done through _____.A. guessingB. imaginationC. observation and surveysD. making assumptions答案：C。

在学术研究中，数据收集通常通过观察和调查进行。

选项A，猜测不能用于数据收集；选项B，想象不能作为数据收集的方法；选项D，做假设不是数据收集的方法。

4. A literature review in academic research is mainly to _____.A. show off one's knowledgeB. find existing research on the topicC. fill up pagesD. repeat what others have said答案：B。

TOEFL托福阅读真题整合托福阅读真题1__ 31Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability —rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The construction of apartments in the United States.(B) Causes and effects of rent control(C) The fluctuations of rental prices(D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States.2. The word They in line 9 refers to(A) the tenants(B) their leases(C) places(D) rent controls.3. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica,California?(A) rapid population growth(B) inflation(C) economic conditions during wartime(D) record-high housing prices4. The phrase roll back in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) credit(B) measure(C) vary(D) reduce5. The word stimulating in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) experimenting with(B) identifying(C) estimating(D) encouraging6. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to(A) protect tenants(B) promote construction(C) increase vacancy rates(D) decrease sales of rental units7. The word depressed in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) saddened(B) created(C) lowered(D) defeated8. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements?(A) San Francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.(B) Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housing units(C) Luxury apartments are rarely built when there is rent control(D) There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.9. According to the passage , which of the following cities does NOT currently have rent controls?(A) Santa Monica(B) Dallas(C) San Francisco(D) New York City10. The word stringent in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) straightforward(B) strict(C) expanded(D) efficient11. According to the passage , which of the following is NOT exempt from rent control?(A) Luxury apartments(B) Commercial development(C) Moderately priced apartments(D) Office space.__ 31 BDCDD ACBBB C托福阅读真题232By 1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to this time had been introduced into the American colonies through books and prints, European visitors andimmigrants, and traveling colonists who brought back copies (and a few original) of old master paintings and acquaintance with European art institutions.By the outbreak of the Revolution against British rule in 1776, the status of the artists had already undergone change. In the mid-eighteenth century, painters had been willing to assume such artisan-related tasks as varnishing, gilding teaching, keeping shops, and painting wheel carriages, houses, and signs. The terminology by which artists were described at the time suggests their status: limner was usually applied to the anonymous portrait painter up to the 1760's; painter characterized anyone who could paint a flat surface. By the second half of the century, colonial artists who were trained in England or educated in the classics rejected the status of laborer and thought of themselves as artists. Some colonial urban portraitists, such as John Singleton Copley, Benjamin West, and Charles Wilson Peale, consorted with affluent patrons. Although subject to fluctuations in their economic status, all three enjoyed sufficient patronage to allow them to maintain an image of themselves as professional artists, an image indicated by their custom of signing their paintings. A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens andHamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.Although the colonists tended to favor portraits, they also accepted landscapes, historical works, and political engravings as appropriate artistic subjects. With the coming of independence from the British Crown, a sufficient number of artists and their works were available to serve nationalistic purposes. The achievements of the colonial artists, particularly those of Copley, West, and Peale, lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste — a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) European influence on colonial American painting(B) The importance of patronage to artist(C) The changing status of artists in the American colonies in the eighteenth century(D) Subjects preferred by artists in the American colonies in theeighteenth century.2. The word outbreak in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) cause(B) beginning(C) position(D) explanation3. The word undergone in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) led to(B) transformed(C) preferred(D) experienced4. According to the passage , before the American Revolution the main task of limners was to(A) paint wheel carriages(B) paint portraits(C) varnish furniture(D) paint flat surfaces5. I t can be inferred from the passage that artists who were trained in England(A) considered artists to be superior to painters(B) barely painted portraitists(C) were often very wealthy(D) imitated English painters6. The word consorted in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) made decisions(B) studies(C) agreed(D) associated7. The word sufficient in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) adequate(B) temporary(C) friendly(D) expensive8. According to the passage , artists such as Copley, West and Peal signed their paintings(A) increased the monetary value of the paintings(B) made it more difficult for other artists to copy the paintings(C) supported the artists' image of professionalism(D) distinguished colonial American artists from European artists9. The author mentions James Bowdoin III and William Byrd in line 17 as examples of which ofthe following?(A) Art gallery owners who displayed only European art(B) Art collectors who had a profound influence on American attitudes toward art(C) Artists who gave financial support to other artists(D) Patrons whose helped to encourage artisans to become artists10. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree?(A) Countries that have not had a political revolution are unlikely to develop great art.(B) The most successful art collectors are usually artists themselves.(C) The value of colonial American paintings decreased after the Revolution.(D) Colonial artists made an important contribution to the evolving culture of the new nation.__ 32 CBDBA DACBD托福阅读真题3__ 33Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing auniversity to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember.On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long- range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.(B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions(C) Research on how people make decisions(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) introductory(B) changeable(C) beneficial(D) fundamental3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) relevant(B) preceding(C) insightful(D) responsive4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?(A) Listing the consequences of each solution(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution(C) Deciding which consequences are most important(D) Writing down all possible solutions5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that(A) has the fewest variables to consider(B) uses the most decision worksheets(C) has the most points assigned to it(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 bymeans of(A) describing a process(B) classifying types of worksheets(C) providing historical background(D) explaining a theory7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds atonce (lines 17-18) to explain that(A) most decisions involve seven steps(B) human mental capacity has limitations(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) creative(B) satisfactory(C) personal(D) concise9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage(A) Proponents (line 5)(B) Optimal (line 5)(C) Variables (line 17)(D) Long-range goals (line 25)10. The word it in line 24 refers to(A) worksheet(B) problem(C) distinction(D) decision11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to。

Queer Theory, An IntroductionAnnamarie JagoseIndeed, as an intellectual model, queer has not been produced solely by lesbian and gay politics and theory, but rather informed by historically specific knowledges which constitute late twentieth-century western thought. Similar shifts can be seen in both feminist and post-colonial theory and practice when, for example, Denise Riley (1988) problematises feminism‟s insistence on “women” as a unified, stable and coherent category, and Henry Louis Gates (1985) d enaturalises “race.” Such conceptual shifts have had great impact within lesbian and gay scholarship and activism and are the historical context for any analysis of queer.Both the lesbian and gay movements were committed fundamentally to the notion of identity politics in assuming identity as the necessary prerequisite for effective political intervention. Queer, on the other hand, exemplifies a more mediated relation to categories of identification. Access to the post-structuralist theorisation of identity as provisional and contingent, coupled with a growing awareness of the limitations of identity categories in terms of political representation, enabled queer to emerge as a new form of personal identification and political organisation. “Identity” is pro bably one of the most naturalised cultural categories each of us inhabits: one always thinks of one‟s self as existing outside all representational frames, and as somehow marking a point of undeniable realness. In the second half of the twentieth century, however, such seemingly self-evident or logical claims to identity have been problematised radically on a number of fronts by such theorists as Louis Althusser, Sigmund Freud, Ferdinand de Saussure, Jacques Lacan and Michel Foucault. Collectively, their work has made possible certain advances in social theory and the human sciences which, in the words of Stuart Hall, have effected “the final de-centring of the Cartesian subject.” Consequently, identity has been reconceptualised as a sustaining and persisten t cultural fantasy or myth. To think of identity as a “mythological” construction is not to say that categories of identity have no material effect. Rather it is to realise--as Roland Barthes does in his Mythologies (1978)--that our understanding of ourselves as coherent, unified, and self-determining subjects is an effect of those representational codes commonly used to describe the self and through which, consequently, identity comes to be understood. Barthes‟s understanding of subjectivity questions that seemingly natural or self-evident “truth” of identity which derives historically from RenèDescartes‟ notion of the self as something that is self-determining, rational and coherent.Reconsidering Karl Marx‟s emphasis on the framework of constraints or hi storical conditions which determine an individual‟s actions, Louis Althusser has argued that we do not pre-exist as free subjects: on the contrary, we are constituted as such by ideology. His central thesis is that individuals are “interpellated” or “called forth” as subjects by ideology, and that interpellation is achieved through a compelling mixture of recognition and identification. This notion is important for any thorough examination of identity politics, because it demonstrates how ideology not only positions individuals in society but also confers on them their sense of identity. In other words, it shows how one‟s identity is already constituted by ideology itself rather than simply by resistance to it.Like the Marxist structuralist approach to subjectivity, psychoanalysis makes culturally available a narrative that complicates the assumption that an identity is the natural property of any individual. Sigmund Freud‟s theorisation of the unconscious further challenges the notion that subjectivity is s table and coherent. In establishing the formative influence of important mental and psychic processes of which an individual is unaware, the theory of the unconscious has radical implications for the common-sense assumption that the subject is both whole and self-knowing. Furthermore, interpretations of Friud‟swork--particularly by the French psychoanalyst, Jacques Lacan-- establish subjectivity as something which must be learned, rather than as something which is always already there. Subjectivity is not an essential property of the self, but something which originates outside it. Identity, then, is an effect of identification with and against others: being ongoing, and always incomplete, it is a process rather than a property.In some influential lectures on structural linguistics which he delivered in 1906-11, Ferdinand de Saussure argues that language does not so much reflect as construct social reality. For Saussure, language is not some second-order system whose function is simply to describe what is already there. Rather, language constitutes and makes significant that which it seems only to describe. Moreover, Saussure defines language as a system of signification that precedes any individual speaker. Language is commonly misunderstood as the medium b y which we express our “authentic” selves, and our private thoughts and emotions. Saussure, however, asks us to consider that our notions of a private, personal and interior self is something constituted through language.The theories of Althusser, Freud, Lacan and Saussure provide the post-structrualist context in which queer emerges. The French historian Michel Foucault has been more explicitly engaged in denaturalising dominant understandings of sexual identity. In emphasising that sexuality is not an essentially personal attribute but an available cultural category--and that it is the effect of power rather than simply its object--Foucault‟s writings have been crucially significant for the development of lesbian and gay and, subsequently, queer activism and scholarship. To say this is not to claim that there is literally a causal connection between Foucault‟s work and queer practice and theory. Yet, as Diana Fuss observes, Foucault‟s work on sexuality resonates with “current disputes amongst gay theorists and activists over the meaning and applicability of such categories as …gay‟, …lesbian‟, and …homosexual‟ in a post-structuralist climate which renders all such assertions of identity problematic”.Foucault‟s argument that sexuality is a discursive produc tion rather than a natural condition is part of his larger contention that modern subjectivity is an effect of networks of power. Not only negative or repressive but also productive and enabling, power is “exercised from innumerable points” to no predetermined effect (Foucault, 1981). Against the popular concept that sex both exists beyond power relations and yet is repressed by them, Foucault (1979) argues that power is not primarily a repressive force:In defining the effects of power by repression, one accepts a purely juridical conception of the power; one identifies power with a law that says no; it has above all the force of an interdict. Now, I believe that this is a wholly negative, narrow and skeletal conception of power which has been curiously shared. If power was never anything but repressive, if it never did anything but say no, do you really believe that we should manage to obey it? What gives power its hold, what makes it accepted, is quite simply the fact that it does not simply weigh like a force which says no, but that it runs through, and it produces things, it induces pleasure, it forms knowledge, it produces discourse; it must be considered as a productive network which runs through the entire social body much more than as a negative instance whose function is repression.In Foucault‟s analysis, marginalised sexual identities are not simply victims of the operations of power. On the contrary, they are produced by those same operations: “For two centuries now, the discourse on sex has been multiplied rather than rarefied; and if it has carried with it taboos and prohibitions, it has also, in a more fundamental way, ensured the solidification and implantation of an entire sexual mosaic” (Foucault, 1981). This emphasis on the productive and enabling aspects of power profoundly alters the models by which traditionally it has been understood. Consequently, Foucault‟s revaluation of power has significantly affected much lesbian and gay analysis.Since he does not think that power is a fundamentally repressive force, Foucault does not endorse such liberationist strategies as breaking prohibitions and speaking out. Indeed, because the idea of modern sexual repression is widely accepted, Foucault speculates that the discursive critique of oppression, far from correctly identifying the mechanisms of power, “is …in fact part of the same historical network as the thing it denounces (and doubtless misrepresents) by calling it …repression.‟” Foucault questions the liberationist confidence that to voice previously denied and silenced lesbian and gay identities and sexualities is to defy power, and hence induce a transformative effect. As Foucault takes a resolutely anti-liberatory position on this matter he is sometimes read--perhaps unsurprisingly given the common currency of what he critiques as “the repressive hypothesis”--as advocating political defeatism.Yet Foucault also argues that “where there is power, there is resistance,” a resistance “coextensive with [power] and absolutely its contemporary” (Fouca ult, 1988). Like power, resistance is multiple and unstable; it coagulates at certain points, is dispersed across others, and circulates in discourse. “Discourse” is the heterogeneous collection of utterances that relate to a particular concept, and thereby constitute and contest its meaning--that “series of discontinuous segments whose tactical function is neither uniform nor stable.” Just as he cautions against thinking that power demarcates only hierarchical relations, so Foucault insists that discourse is not simply for or against anything, but endlessly prolific and multivalent: “we must not imagine a world of discourse divided between accepted discourse and excluded discourse, or between the dominant discourse and the dominated one; but as a multiplicity of discursive elements that can come into play in various strategies.”When describing the relation between discourses and strategies, and demonstrating how a single discourse can be used strategically for oppositional purposes, Foucault specifically instances how the category of homosexuality was formed in relation to structures of power and resistance. The rise of the homosexual as a “species” exemplifies the polyvalent capacities of discourse:There is no question that the appearance in nineteenth-century psychiatry, jurisprudence, and literature of a whole series of discourses on the species and subspecies of homosexuality, inversion, pederasty, and “psychic hermaphrodism” made possible a strong advance of social controls into this area of “perversity;” but it also made possible the formation of a “reverse” discourse: homosexuality began to speak in its own behalf, to demand that its legitimacy or “naturality” be acknowledged, often in the same vocabulary, using the same categories by which it was medically disqualified.Discourse, then, is entirely within (yet not necessarily in the service of) the mechanisms of power. Foucault‟s analysis focuses on discourse as a mode of resistance, not to contest its content but in order to particularise its strategic operations. In so far as homosexuality is one of his key examples, Foucault regards sexual identities as the discursive effects of available cultural categories. Challenging commonly held understandings of power and resistance, his work has obvious appeal for lesbian and gay--and subsequently queer--theory and practice. Although Foucault treats the “author” as a textual effect rather than a real presence, his public identity as a gay man may well have facilitated the gay studies inspired by his work..。

empirical◙adj. [usually before noun]• based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories• 以实验(或经验)为依据的；经验主义的:»empirical evidence / knowledge / research实践经验的证明；从实际经验中获得的知识；以实验为基础的研究»an empirical study经验式研究【OPP】theoretical♦empirically/ -kli / adv.:»Such claims need to be tested empirically.这类断言需要实践来检验。

formulationnoun1.[mass noun] the action of creating or preparing something•创建或准备某物的动作the formulation of foreign policy外交政策的制定■[count noun] a particular expression of an idea, thought, or theory2. a material or mixture prepared according to a formuladeductive◙adj. [usually before noun]• using knowledge about things that are generally true in order to think about and understand particular situations or problems• 演绎的；推论的；推理的:»deductive logic / reasoning演绎逻辑/推理--› compare inductive(1)presence◙noun1. [U] (of a person 人) the fact of being in a particular place• 在场；出席:»He hardly seemed to notice my presence.他似乎没有注意到我在场。

学术英语写作杨新亮课文翻译In recent years there has been considerable interest in explorin g the nature of expert performance across domains ( e.g.,Ericsson, Hoffman,Charness,Feltovich.2006;Ericsson Williams, 2007).For example,scientists with an interest in sports have analyzed the perceptualcognitive skills underpinning anticipation in this domain and identified how these processes are acquired through prolonged engagement in practice (for reviews, see Hodges, Huys, Starkes, 2O 07: Williams Ford. 2008 : Williams Ward, 2007 ).The scientific study of skill acquisition has along history in experimental psychology,dating back to the early st udies of Bryan and Harter (1899).In more recent times, Poulton (19 57) was the firstto systematically discriminate between different types of anticipati on judgements using experimetal methods common to this discipl ine. The scientific study of anticipation as a field of inquiry in its ow n right in sport psychologyhas a much shorter history, emergingprimarily in 1970s ( far a historical overview, see Williams. Davids. Williams, 1999).The majority of sport psychologists work in multi_d isciplinary departments where research in traditional discipline area s,such as physiology. psychology. and biomechanics, often develops somewhat independently of academic endeavour within the main disciplines themselves. The empirical findings that have been reported on anticipation in the field of sport psychology could therefore contribute to the generation of new knowledge on this topic in the parent discipline area, and part icularly in applied cognitive psychology.近年来，在探索专家性能的跨域的性质得到了相当大的兴趣（例如，爱立信，霍夫曼，feltovich查尼斯， 2006；爱立信威廉姆斯，2007）。

What Is a Scientific Theory?In order to talk the mature of the universe and to discuss questions such as whether it has a beginning or an end, you have to be clear about what a scientific theory is. I shall take the simple-minded view that a a theory is just a model of the universe, of a restricted part of it, and a set of rules that relate quantities in the model to observations that we make, It exists only in our minds an does not have any other reality (whatever that night mean). A theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements: It must accurately describe a large class of observations on the basis of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. For exampl e, Aristotle’s theory that everything was made out of four elements, earth, air, fire, and water, was simple enough to qualify, but it did not make any definite predictions. On the other hand, Newton’s theory was proportional to a quantity called their mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Yet it predicts the motions of the sun, the moon, and the planets to a high degree of accuracy.Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis: you can never prove it. No matter how many times the results of experiments, agree with some theory, you can never be sure that the next time the result will not contradict the theory. On the other hand, you can disprove a theory by finding even a single observation that disagrees with the predictions of the theory. As philosopher of science Karl Popper has emphasized, a good theory is characterized by the fact that it makes a number of predictions that could in principle be disproved or falsified by observation. Each time new experiments are observed to agree with the predictions the theory survives, and our confidence in it is increased; but if ever a new observation is found to disagree, we have to abandon or modify the theory. At least that is what is supposed to happen, but you can always question the competence of the person who carried out the observation.In practice, what often happens is that a new theory is devised that is really an extension of the previous theory. For example, very accurate observations of the planet Mercury revealed a small difference between its motion and the predictions of Newton’s theory of gravity. Einstein’s general theory of relativity predicted a slightly different motion from Newton’s theory. The fact that Einstein’s predictions matched what was seen, while Newton’s did not, was one of the crucial confirmations of the new theory. However, we still use Newton’s theory for all practical purposes because the difference between its predictions and those of general relativity is very small in the situations that we normally deal with. (Newton’s theory also has the great advantage that it is much simpler to work with than Einstein’s!)The eventual goal of science is to provide a single theory that describes the whole universe. However, the approach most scientists actually follow is to separate the problem into two parts. First, there are the laws that tell us how the universe changes with time. (If we know what the universe is like at any one time, these physical laws tell us how it will look at any later time.) Second, there is the question of the initial state of the universe. Some people feel that science should be concerned with only the first part; they regard the question of the initial situation as a matter for meta-physics of religion. They would say that God, being omnipotent, could have made it develop in a company way he wanted. That may be so, but in that case he also could have made it develop in a completely arbitrary way. Yet it appears that he chose to make it evolve in a very regular way according to certain laws. It therefore seems equally reasonable to suppose that there are also laws governing the initial state.It turns out to be very difficult to device a theory to describe the universe all in one go. Instead, we break the problem up into bits and invent a number of partial theories. Each of these partial theories describes and predicts a certain limited class of observations, neglecting the effects of other quantities, or representing them by simple sets of numbers. It may be that this approach is completely wrong. If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution by investigating parts of the past. The classic example again is the Newtonian theory of gravity, which tells us that the gravitational force between two bodies depends only on one number associated with each body, its mass, but is otherwise independent of what the bodies are made of. Thus one does not need to have a theory of the structure and constitution of the sun and the planets in order to calculate their orbits.Today scientists describe the universe in terms of two basic partial theories –the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. They are the great intellectual achievements of the first half of this century. The general theory of relativity describes the force of gravity and the large-scale structure of the universe, that is , the structure on scales from only a few miles to as large as a million million million (1 with zeros after it) miles, the size of the observable universe. Quantum mechanics, on the other hand, deals with phenomena ion extremely small scales, such as a millionth of a millionth of an inch. Unfortunately, however, these two theories are known to be inconsistent with each other – they cannot both be correct. One of the major endeavors in physics today, is the search for a new theory, and we may still be a long way from having one, but we do already know many of the properties that it must have.o什么是科学理论?为了谈宇宙的成熟和讨论这样的问题是否有一个开始或结束,你必须清楚科学理论是什么。

高三英语学术研究方法创新不断单选题30题1.In academic research, a thorough literature review is ______ essential step.A.anB.aC.theD./答案：A。

本题考查冠词的用法。

“essential”是以元音音素开头的单词，所以用“an”。

“a”用于辅音音素开头的单词前；“the”表示特指；“/”即零冠词，此处需要一个不定冠词来表示“一个”的意思，且“essential”以元音音素开头，所以选“A”。

2.______ successful academic research requires careful planning and dedication.A.AB.AnC.TheD./答案：D。

本题考查零冠词的用法。

“successful academic research”在此处是泛指学术研究，不是特指某一项学术研究，也不是可数名词单数需用不定冠词修饰的情况，所以用零冠词“/”。

3.At the heart of academic research is ______ pursuit of knowledge.A.aC.theD./答案：C。

本题考查定冠词的用法。

“the pursuit of knowledge”表示“对知识的追求”，是特指的概念，所以用“the”。

4.Researchers need ______ accurate data to draw valid conclusions.A.anB.aC.theD./答案：D。

本题考查零冠词的用法。

“data”在此处是不可数名词，且不是特指某一特定的数据，所以用零冠词“/”。

5.______ innovation is crucial in academic research.A.AnB.AC.TheD./答案：D。

本题考查零冠词的用法。

“innovation”在此处是泛指创新，不是特指某一个创新，也不是可数名词单数需用不定冠词修饰的情况，所以用零冠词“/”。

高一英语科学探索方向多元单选题50题及答案1.Scientists carry out experiments to _____.A.prove a theoryB.create a theoryC.doubt a theoryD.ignore a theory答案：A。

解析：科学家进行实验的目的是为了证明一个理论。

选项B“create a theory”是创建理论，通常不是通过实验直接创建。

选项C“doubt a theory”是怀疑理论，实验不是为了单纯怀疑。

选项D“ignore a theory”是忽视理论，与实验目的不符。

2.The first step in a scientific experiment is to _____.A.collect dataB.form a hypothesisC.analyze resultsD.publish findings答案：B。

解析：科学实验的第一步是形成一个假设。

选项A“collect data”是收集数据，在形成假设之后进行。

选项C“analyze results”是分析结果，在收集数据之后。

选项D“publish findings”是发表发现，是实验的最后一步。

3.In an experiment, the variable that is changed by the scientist is called _____.A.independent variableB.dependent variableC.control variableD.constant variable答案：A。

解析：在实验中，由科学家改变的变量被称为自变量。

选项B“dependent variable”是因变量，是随着自变量的变化而变化的变量。

选项C“control variable”是控制变量，保持不变以确保实验的准确性。

选项D“constant variable”是常量变量，也是保持不变的变量。

高三英语学术研究方法创新思路单选题30题1. In academic research, a hypothesis is a(n) ______ that needs to be tested.A. ideaB. factC. resultD. example答案：A。

本题考查学术研究中“hypothesis（假设）”的概念。

选项A“idea（想法、主意）”符合“hypothesis”需要被测试的特点；选项B“fact（ 事实）”是已经确定的，无需测试；选项C“result（ 结果）”是研究得出的，不是先提出的；选项D“example（ 例子）”与“hypothesis”的概念不符。

2. When conducting research, collecting data is an important step. Which of the following is NOT a common way of collecting data?A. InterviewsB. GuessingC. ObservationsD. Surveys答案：B。

本题考查学术研究中收集数据的常见方法。

选项A“Interviews（ 访谈）”、选项C“Observations（ 观察）”和选项D“Surveys 调查）”都是常见的数据收集方式；选项B“Guessing（ 猜测）”不是科学的收集数据的方法。

3. The purpose of a literature review in academic research is to ______.A. show off one's reading skillsB. summarize existing knowledge on a topicC. copy other people's researchD. make the research longer答案：B。

托福听力tpo67 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (5)答案 (7)译文 (8)Lecture2 (10)原文 (10)题目 (13)答案 (17)译文 (17)Lecture3 (19)原文 (19)题目 (23)答案 (26)译文 (26)Lecture1原文Professor: Now we've said that animal behavior patterns involve an interplay between an animal and its environment. In particular, behavior patterns can change as an animal becomes adapted to its environment. We can see the results of this in the way that animals have developed different types of feeding behavior. Animals are generally classified as a generalist feeders and specialist feeders. Now, um, these terms are used in a variety of ways. At times, they're used to refer to an animal's range of habitats. I've also seen them used to describe the number of foraging techniques that are used by an individual or species.Um, but for our purposes, we're going to use them to refer to the range of food items that are eaten by a species. So a generalist feeder is a species that eats a wide variety of foods during its lifetime. And a specialist is a species that feeds on a highly restricted number of foods. A good example of a generalist would be a rat. Rats are notorious for eating just about anything that's available, whether it's a plant or an animal. At the other end of the spectrum, we have the koala which eats only the leaves of eucalyptus trees.Okay, now there are advantages to each. For a generalist, If 1 type of food isn't around, it can feed on another that's more abundant. On theother hand, the advantage of being a specialist is that the animal is well adapted to its food. You could say that specialists are feeding masters, their consumption, even their digestive system is just so finely tuned. For instance, take the koala. The eucalyptus leaves that it feeds on, don't contain much protein. What's more, the leaves contain compounds that are poisonous to most species? But the koalas digestive system has adapted to handle this. It's liver deactivates, the poisonous compounds, and its digestive system is designed to extract the maximum amount of nutrients from the leaves.So it's not a question of which strategy is better. The real question is, what determines how selective animal species are in what they eat? Well, the answer may lie in a concept called optimal foraging. The idea is that natural selection favors animals whose feeding behavior has the lowest cost to benefit ratio. That is you want to get the best healthiest food you can. And you want to do it as quickly as possible. And as easily as possible.Now, in a natural environment, no animal forage in an absolutely optimal manner. But, well, I read some research on a little rat called the kangaroo rat, which lives in deserts in North America. The kangaroo rat is a generalist which eats plant matter like seeds and fruit. It lives in deep burrows which provide protection from the desert heat and from predators like hawks or snakes. And it goes foraging at night for food.For plant matter, under the protection of darkness, even though it's a generalist. If the only thing available is seed, if a choice of seeds is available to it, it picks up seeds that provide more energy than those it leaves behind. And it carries them back to its burrow. Once it's there, it might eat only the richest seeds from the ones that brought back. So it selects seeds outside in a way that lets it spend as little time as possible foraging in that risky environment, and then sorts out its food later when it's safely in its burrow.Oh, yes, Kenneth. You have a question?Male student: But what about the koala? It gets by uh, by being even more selective, you'd think you would be really risky to rely completely on eucalyptus leaves. Wouldn't it be better to diversify like the kangaroo rat, and eat, at least one or two other things?Professor: Well, what do you think the koala would say? What do I gain by being so selective? In terms of optimal foraging, it's clear that eucalyptus trees provide an abundant source of food. Other animals can't eat the leaves and think of how little energy the koala uses. It spends only about 3 hours each day eating to get the energy it needs. So being a specialist allows it to get the nutrients it needs with minimal expenditure of energy.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A. The reasons why some animals eat only plantsB. The advantages of two different feeding adaptationsC. The variety of foods that certain animals can eatD. The relationship between two animals that share a habitat2.What definition of the term “generalist” does the professor use in the lecture?A. An animal species that eats a wide variety of foodsB. An animal species that lives in a range of different habitatsC. An animal species that uses several techniques to forage for foodD. An animal species that forages at several different times of the day3.What points does the professor make about the koala’s specialist feeding habits? [Click on 2 answers.]A. It obtains all the food it needs in relatively little time.B. It requires large amounts of protein in its diet.C. It can eat leaves that are poisonous to other animals.D. It spends most of its time eating.4.What does the professor imply about the kangaroo rat?A. It will take more risks when foraging for high-energy food.B. It is one of the most selective feeders in North America.C. Its competitors often eat its food supply.D. It is selective when choosing what food it eats.5.How does the professor organize the information in the lecture?A. By contrasting an old theory with a new theoryB. By defining important terms and then giving examples of themC. By describing the similarities between two animalsD. By describing a problem and then suggesting some solutions6.Why does the professor say this:Male student: But what about the koala? It gets by uh, by being evenmore selective, you'd think you would be really risky to rely completely on eucalyptus leaves. Wouldn't it be better to diversify like the kangaroo rat, and eat, at least one or two other things?Professor: Well, what do you think the koala would say? What do I gain by being so selective? In terms of optimal foraging, it's clear that eucalyptus trees provide an abundant source of food. Other animals can't eat the leaves and think of how little energy the koala uses.A. To express agreement that the koala should eat a greater variety of foodB. To indicate that the koala’s behavior does not illustrate optimal foragingC. To remind the man of the characteristics of selective feedersD. To encourage the man to consider the koala’s feeding behavior differently答案B A ACD B D译文我们已经说过动物的行为模式涉及到动物和它的环境之间的相互作用。

網路銀行消費者行為之研究--創新擴散理論王文弘Wen-Hung Wang國立臺灣海洋大學、航運管理學系、助理教授林獻堂Hsien-Tang Lin國立臺灣海洋大學、航運管理學系、研究生摘要研究調查顯示，未來使用網路銀行人口有越來越多的趨勢。

本研究以創新擴散理論為基礎，並納入使用經驗與安全性等因素，探討消費者使用網路銀行的行為。

透過便利抽樣法發放網路問卷，本研究共蒐集有效問卷1030份。

本研究以結構方程模式為主要研究方法，採用LISREL8.80進行驗證性因素分析和結構模式分析。

研究結果顯示：「相對優勢」、「相容性」、「可試用性」、「可觀察性」、「安全性」及「使用經驗」均會顯著影響「態度」；「態度」和「使用經驗」會顯著影響「行為意圖」；「使用經驗」和「行為意圖」會顯著影響「實際使用行為」。

因此，銀行管理者可透過強化消費者使用網路銀行的相對優勢、相容性、可試用性、可觀察性、安全性及使用經驗等，進而影響消費者實際使用網路銀行之行為，並可作為推廣網路銀行及制定行銷策略時的依據。

關鍵詞：網路銀行、創新擴散、安全性、使用經驗A n E m p i r i c a l R e s e a r c h o f C u s t o m e rB e h a v i o r o f We b-B a n k i n g S e r v i c e,I n n o v a t i o n o f D i f f u s i o n T h e o r yAbstractWith the rapid growth internet users, the demand of web-banking is eager. Based on innovation of diffusion theory, this research wants to discuss the factors that influence consumer web-bank using behavior. Data collected from online survey and got 1030 usable samples.With the analysis of SEM, the analytic results showed that “Relative Advantage,” “Compatibility,” “Trialibility,” “Observability,” “Security,” and “Experience,” have positive significant effect on “Attitude;”in the meanwhile, both “Attitude,” and “E xperience” have positive significant on “Behavioral Intention;” furthermore, both “E xperience” and “Behavioral Intention” have positive significant effect on “Usage.”Based on the analytic results,suggestions are the managers of banks should enhance the attributes of web-bank by “Relative Advantage,”“Compatibility,”“Trialibility,” “Observability,” “Security” and “Experience,”in order to achieve both elevation of using behavior of web-bank and financial performance.Keywords: Web-Bank, Innovation of Diffusion, Security, Experience緒論現今台灣的金融環境，正面臨著一系列的改革與挑戰。

中考英语阅读理解作者态度与观点分析单选题50题1. What can we know about the author's attitude in the passage?A. Positive.B. Negative.C. Neutral.D. Doubtful.答案：A。

本题主要考查对文章中作者态度的判断。

从文章的描述和用词可以看出作者对所讨论的事物持积极的态度，B 选项消极不符合，C 选项中立也不准确，D 选项怀疑也不正确。

2. The author's opinion on this matter is _.A. forB. againstC. neutralD. not mentioned答案：A。

文章中多处表明了作者支持这一事项的观点，B 选项反对错误，C 选项中立不符合，D 选项未提及也不正确。

3. How does the author feel about this situation?A. Happy.B. Sad.C. Angry.D. Worried.答案：D。

通过文章中作者的描述和语气可以推断出作者对此情况感到担忧，A 选项快乐不符合，B 选项悲伤不准确，C 选项生气也不太恰当。

4. The author's attitude towards this problem is _.A. optimisticB. pessimisticC. indifferentD. hopeful答案：D。

文章里作者虽然提到了问题，但同时也给出了一些积极的看法和建议，体现出有希望的态度，A 选项乐观不太全面，B 选项悲观错误，C 选项冷漠不符合。

5. What is the author's view on this topic?A. Approval.B. Disapproval.C. Unclear.D. Neutral.答案：A。

从文章整体内容可以清晰看出作者对该主题是持赞同态度的，B 选项不赞同错误，C 选项不清楚不符合，D 选项中立也不对。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题The speaker, a teacher from a community college, addressed a sympathetic audience. Heads nodded in agreement when he said, “High school English teachers are not doing their jobs.” He described the inadequacies of his students, all high school graduates who can use language only at a grade 9 level. I was unable to determine from his answers to my questions how this grade 9 level had been established.My topic is not standards nor its decline. What the speaker was really saying is that he is no longer young; he has been teaching for sixteen years, and is able to think and speak like a mature adult.My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. It is also human nature to look for the reasons for our dissatisfaction. Before English became a school subject in the late nineteenth century, it was difficult to find the target of the blame for language deficiencies. But since then, English teachers have been under constant attack.The complainers think they have hit upon an original idea. As their own command of the language improves, they notice that young people do not have this same ability. Unaware that their own ability has developed through the years, they assume the new generations of young people must be hopeless in this respect. To the eyes and ears of sensitive adults the language of the young always seems inadequate.Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as a generational phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to today’s young people, it naturally follows that today’s English teachers cannot be doing their jobs. Otherwise, young people would not commit offenses against the language.1. The speaker the author mentioned in the passage believed that ________.2. In the author’s opinion, the speaker ________.3. It can be concluded from the passage that ________.4. The author’s attitude towards the speaker’s remarks is ________.问题1选项A.the language of the younger generation is usually inferior to that of the older generationB.the students had a poor command of English because they didn’t work hard enoughC.the was an excellent language teacher because he had been teaching English for sixteen yearsD.English teachers should be held responsible for the students’ poor command of English问题2选项A.gave a correct judgment of the English level of the studentsB.had exaggerated the language problems of the studentsC.was right in saying that English teachers were not doing their jobsD.could think and speak intelligently问题3选项A.it is justifiable to include English as a school subjectB.the author disagrees with the speaker over the standard of English at Grade 9 levelC.English language teaching is by no means an easy jobnguage improvement needs time and effort问题4选项A.neutralB.positiveC.criticalpromising【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The speaker the author mentioned in the passage believed that ________. 作者在文中提到的演讲者认为________。

⽤流体⼒学⽅法发展相对论的设想简介:这篇⽂章,从连续介质和相对论物理的相似性⼊⼿,利⽤可压缩波动⽅程为例对拟洛伦兹时空和伽利略时空只不过是数学表象不同这个问题作了分析.在这个基础上,进⼀步推导了⽓动⽅程组和电动⼒学⽅程组的相似关系,从⽽对电动⼒学⽅程组的完备性和相对论时空的本质提出了疑问,于是就提出了罗伦兹时空中的Maxwell⽅程,和迦⾥洛时空中的连续介质⽅程似乎是数学表象不同的很相似的⽅程的观点,类似中科院⾼能所 60年代提出的层⼦模型阐述了基于粘性介质为基础介质背景的假设,并且按照可压缩性的假设,在新的理论框架下推导出了亚光速情况下和相对论⼀样的质能关系表达式,并对在这种⽤介质背景理论修正过理论体系中,可能可以容纳的跨光速和超光速现象以及他们所要遵循的质速关系,如光⼦静⽌质量不为零,甚⾄超光速加速器的设计原则进⾏了探讨.令⼈感到欣慰的是,由于前述改动⽅程继承了相对论的结果,他和相对论有相同的能量质量关系,这些都可以⽤到引⼒作⽤上,所以他不仅可以满⾜狭义相对论的试验验证,⽽且可以满⾜⾄今为⽌的⼴义相对论的⼀切试验验证结果,更进⼀步,这种这种更低层粒⼦组成的介质背景的假设,给波粒两相性的统⼀,量⼦⼒学中的测不准原理都可以给出更直观更合理的解释.本⽂中的这些观点曾经在2000年召开的⼒学⼤会物理⼒学分组会上进⾏了介绍和讨论,引起了与会代表的极⼤兴趣和⽀持.为了更好的联合各个交叉学科,吸引更多的⼈参加这项研究,我们编辑了此⽂,以便推动此项研究的开展.关键词: NS⽅程,相对论,超光速,质能关系,量⼦⼒学,波粒两相,测不准原理. Abstract:From the similarity between continued mass mechanics and spatial relativity, a question about the complement of the Maxwell equation is submitted, and through deduce give a concept to see the Maxwell equation and NS equation as similar equal Equation but in different viewpoint. On the assumption of background mass particle and gas, the relation of mass and energy of relativity theory is given but from throughThe new theory frame.Due to the mass-energy relation can be used to gravity, so the theory will satisfy all the experiment till now have made to validate relativity theory.Keyword: NS equation, Relativity, Super lightsped, relation of mass and energy, quantum mechanics, diphasic of wave and particle⽤流体⼒学⽅法发展相对论的设想*简介:*Abstract:*Keyword: NS equation, Relativity, Super lightspeed, relation of mass and energy, quantum mechanics, diphasic of wave and particle*⼀,超光速的发现和爱因斯坦的勇⽓*1爱因斯坦的勇⽓.*2.谁敢在麦克斯韦尔⽅程头上动⼟?*3.真空到底是怎样的物质?*4.引⼊了低⼀个层次的介质背景,是否能够⽤它来统⼀波粒两相性?*5.怎样才可能出现超光速*⼆,电磁和流体两个物理现象之间的惊⼈相似*⼆, 换只眼睛看事物,世界更精彩*三,前仆后继探索相似规律,屡战屡败,终是假设.*四,⽜顿流体框架内三缺⼀,*1 ）电动⼒学⽅程组的1式在连续介质⼒学的类似式：*2 ）电动⼒学基本⽅程组的4式对应的表达形式*3）对于电动⼒学基本⽅程组的2式对应表达*五,为何⼭穷⽔尽疑⽆路?*六,不得不放弃⽜顿流体同构关系, 柳暗花明⼜⼀村. *七,两个不同领域物理现象的相似对⽐和物理意义*1.新⽅程组,刚好就是引⼒场论的⽅程*2.电磁场的介质背景可否重见天⽇*3.对于介质背景的疑问和责难*4.对疑问和责难的答复:*a.麦克尔荪的相⼲光学实验到底否定了什么?*麦克尔荪试验否定了的是绝对静⽌的刚体以太*这样的逻辑对吗?.*带有"粘性效应"的流体介质背景没有被否定*b.协变不变性只是⼀种数学包装*c.多出来的F2,F2项也是⼒,压⼒,惯⼒,也许部分粘性⼒*d. 从粒⼦世界的杨振宁-密尔斯规范场论出发的研究.*结论：*⼋, 新的质能关系式*九, 粒⼦性和波动性的统⼀*1波粒两相性的解释.*2.测不准原理的解释*⼗,亚光速下的质能关系*⼗⼀,超光速情况下质能关系可能形式*⼗⼆,在光速时可能的质能关系*⼗三,拉⽡尔管和反向思维*⼗四,要鞍点不要奇点*后记,感谢指导,和招收研究⽣*附录1 关于波动⽅程的⼏个数学变换和时空之间的关系*⼀,超光速的发现和爱因斯坦的勇⽓最近媒体不断传出发现光波的群速度超光速的消息,这是美国的华裔科学家在实验室⾥发现的.⽽且这个速度超过光速⼏百倍,虽然解释清楚了是光波的群速度,但理论界确实吓了⼀跳,这些都引起⼈们对相对论的坚实程度再次关⼼,实际上多年来对相对论的讨论和探索,科学界⼀直就没有间断过,最近美国NASA和欧洲航天还都发射了卫星来专门进⾏相对论的验证.⽽在理论上这种既想继承相对论的丰硕成果,⼜试图修正相对论以满⾜现代物理发展的⼯作早就暗暗进⾏着讨论.这些问题主要包括以下⽅⾯:1爱因斯坦的勇⽓.爱因斯坦在为统⼀论苦苦求索后半⽣并且寂寞多年以后,在晚年说过的⼀句话:不是空间存放物质,⽽是物质组成了空间.说这句话是需要要很⼤的勇⽓的,这句话说明了物质背景在晚年爱因斯坦⼼中的地位,也说明了他不断认识的深化.时间和空间到底有没有介质背景呢?这个本底背景是否属于⽐粒⼦更微观的另⼀个层次?2.可否在麦克斯韦尔⽅程头上动⼟?如果也能够在在麦克斯韦尔⽅程⾥⾯加上类似的强的⾮线性项的话,那么⽅程从精度上变化不⼤,但是甩开了协变不变性,发展成⼀种更⼴义的不变性,从⽽为超光速留下了补充的余地.那么相对论是否要发展⼀步呢?虽然以前Proca曾经提出过重电磁理论,也对麦克斯韦尔⽅程作过添加光⼦质量项的修改,它的假设被实验所否定,但是它的理论是在假设劳伦兹变化成⽴情况下展开的,能否进⼀步纠正proca的⽅程呢?3.真空到底是怎样的物质?和上⾯的问题⼀样,相对论的基⽯麦克斯韦尔⽅程只不过和不可压缩的介质⽅程相近,那么是否可以利⽤可压缩的介质⽅程来修改麦⽒⽅程,建⽴可压缩介质⼀类的相对论呢?4.引⼊了低⼀个层次的介质背景,是否能够⽤它来统⼀波粒两相性?5.怎样才可能出现超光速可否利⽤可压缩介质的特性,把不可压介质⽅程中速度和波速相同时的奇点变成鞍点,讨论超光速现象,并⽤来指导超光速加速器的设计?⼆,电磁和流体两个物理现象之间的惊⼈相似⾸先让我们来注意⼀下连续介质流动和电磁物理之间许多惊⼈的相似特点, 电动⼒学研究的物理现象和连续介质⼒学研究的物理现象有许多相似之处。

雅思阅读第113套P2-Fun_for_the_Masses雅思阅读第113套P2-Fun for the MassesReading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below:Fun for the MassesAmericans worry that the distribution of income is increasingly unequal. Examining leisure spending, changes that pictureA Are you better off than you used to be? Even after six years of sustained economic growth, Americans worry about that question. Economists who plumb government income statistics agree that Americans’ incomes, as measured in inflation-adjusted dollars, have risen more slowly in the past two decades than in earlier times, and that some workers’ real incomes have actually fallen. They also agree that by almost any measure, income is distributed less equally than it used to be. Neither of those claims, however, sheds much light on whether living standards are rising or falling. This is because 'living standard’ is a highly amorp hous concept. Measuring how much people earn is relatively easy, at least compared with measuring how well they live.B A recent paper by Dora Costa, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, looks at the living-standards debate from an unusual direction. Rather than worrying about cash incomes, Ms Costa investigates Americans’ recreational habits over the past century. Shefinds that people of all income levels have steadily increased the amount of time and money they devote to having fun. The distribution of dollar incomes may have become more skewed in recent years, but leisure is more evenly spread than ever.C Ms Costa bases her research on consumption surveys dating back as far as 1888. The industrial workers surveyed in that year spent, on average, three-quarters of their incomes on food, shelter and clothing. Less than 2% of the average family’s income was spent on leisure but that average hid large disparities. The share of a family’s budget that was spent on having fun rose sharply with its income: the lowest-income families in this working-class sample spent barely 1% of their budgets on recreation, while higher earners spent more than 3%. Only the latter group could afford such extravagances as theatre and concert performances, which were relatively much more expensive than they are today.D Since those days, leisure has steadily become less of a luxury. By 1991, the average household needed to devote only 38% of its income to the basic necessities, and was able to spend 6% on recreation. Moreover, Ms Costa finds that the share of the family budget spent on leisure now rises much less sharply with income than it used to. At the beginning of this century a family’s recreational spending tended to rise by 20% for every 10% rise in income. By 1972-73, a 10% income gain led to roughly a 15% rise in recreational spending, and the increase fell to only 13% in 1991. What this implies is that Americans of all income levels are now able to spend much more of their money on having fun.E One obvious cause is that real income overall has risen. If Americans in general are richer, their consumption ofentertainment goods is less likely to be affected by changes in their income. But Ms Costa reckons that rising incomes are responsible for, at most, half of the changing structure of leisure spending. Much of the rest may be due to the fact that poorer Americans have more time off than they used to. In earlier years, low-wage workers faced extremely long hours and enjoyed few days off. But since the 1940s, the less skilled (and lower paid) have worked ever-fewer hours, giving them more time to enjoy leisure pursuits.F Conveniently, Americans have had an increasing number of recreational possibilities to choose from. Public investment in sports complexes, parks and golf courses has made leisure cheaper and more accessible. So too has technological innovation. Where listening to music used to imply paying for concert tickets or owning a piano, the invention of the radio made music accessible to everyone and virtually free. Compact discs, videos and other paraphernalia have widened the choice even further.G At a time when many economists are pointing accusing fingers at technology for causing a widening inequality in the wages of skilled and unskilled wor kers, Ms Costa’s research gives it a much more egalitarian face. High earners have always been able to afford amusement. By lowering the price of entertainment, technology has improved the standard of living of those in the lower end of the income distribution. The implication of her results is that once recreation is taken into account, the differences in Americans’ living standards may not have widened so much after all.H These findings are not water-tight. Ms Costa’s results depend heavily upon what exactly is classed as a recreationalexpenditure. Reading is an example. This was the most popular leisure activity for working men in 1888, accounting for one-quarter of all recreational spending. In 1991, reading took only 16% of the entertainment dollar. But the American Department of Labour’s expenditure surveys do not distinguish between the purchase of a mathematics tome and that of a best-selling novel. Both are classified as recreational expenses. If more money is being spent on textbooks and professional books now than in earlier years, this could make 'recreational’ spending appear stronger than it really is.I Although Ms Costa tries to address this problem by showing that her results still hold even when tricky categories, such as books, are removed from the sample, the difficulty is not entirely eliminated. Nonetheless, her broad conclusion seems fair. Recreation is more available to all and less dependent on income. On this measure at least, inequality of living standards has fallen.SECTION 2: QUESTIONS 15-27Questions 15-21Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs A-I.From the list of headings below choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xi) in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.Example AnswerParagraph E iii15 ___________ Paragraph A16 ___________ Paragraph B17 ___________ Paragraph C18 ___________ Paragraph D19 ___________ Paragraph F20 ___________ Paragraph G21 ___________ Paragraph HQuestions 22-26Complete each of the following statements (Questions 22-26) using words from the box.List of wordsIt is easier to determine 22 _________________ than living standards.A decrease in 23 _________________ during the 20th century led to a bigger investment in leisure.According to Ms Costa, how much Americans spend on leisure has been directly affected by salaries and 24 _________________The writer notes both positive and negative influences of 25_________________According to the writer, the way Ms Costa defined 26_________________ may have been misleading.Question 27Choose the appropriate letter A-Dand write it in box 27 on your answer sheet.27The writer thinks that Ms CostaAprovides strong evidence to support her theory.Bdisplays serious flaws in her research methods.Cattempts to answer too many questions.Dhas a useful overall point to make。