浙江大学 A Strategy for Sustainable Development

中国石油大学博士英语考试真题北京全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: China University of Petroleum Ph.D. English Exam Sample Paper BeijingChina University of Petroleum (CUP) is one of the leading universities in China, known for its excellence in engineering and natural sciences. To maintain its high academic standards, the university conducts rigorous Ph.D. English exams to assess the language proficiency of its students. Below is an example of a Ph.D. English exam paper from the university's Beijing campus.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow:Climate change is a pressing global issue that requires immediate action. The burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, leading to a rise in global temperatures and disruptions in weather patterns. To mitigate the impact of climate change, countries around the world are investing in renewable energy sources such as solarand wind power. These clean energy alternatives can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and help protect the environment for future generations.Questions:1. What is the main cause of climate change?2. How can renewable energy sources help mitigate the impact of climate change?Section 2: WritingWrite an essay on the following topic:"The importance of sustainable development in the 21st century."Your essay should be at least 500 words long and cover the following points:- Definition of sustainable development- Benefits of sustainable development- Challenges to achieving sustainable development- Strategies for promoting sustainable developmentSection 3: SpeakingPrepare a 3-minute presentation on the topic "The role of technology in addressing environmental challenges." You will be evaluated on your fluency, pronunciation, and coherence.This is just a sample of the kind of questions that may appear on the Ph.D. English exam at China University of Petroleum, Beijing. Students are expected to demonstrate a high level of proficiency in reading, writing, and speaking English to pass the exam and pursue their doctoral studies at the university. Good luck to all the aspiring Ph.D. candidates!篇2China University of Petroleum (CUP) Doctoral English ExamInstructions:1. This exam consists of four sections: Listening, Reading, Writing, and Speaking.2. You must complete all sections within the given time limit.3. Each section will test different aspects of your English proficiency.4. Pay attention to the instructions in each section.5. Write your answers clearly and legibly.Section 1: Listening ComprehensionPart A – Directions：In this part you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Part B – Directions：In this part, you will hear a passage. The passage will be read twice. After you hear the passage, you must complete the questions about the passage. Each question has four choices.Section 2: Reading ComprehensionPart A – Directions：For each question in this part, you will read four passages, each with a number of questions. Choose the best answer to each question and write the letter A, B, C or D on the corresponding line on the Answer Sheet.Part B – Directions：For questions 41-50, complete the sentences with the information given in the reading passages.Section 3: WritingPart A – Directions：In this part you'll be given a topic to write about. You must write at least 150 words.Section 4: SpeakingPart A – Directions：In this part you will be given a topic to discuss. You will have 2 minutes to prepare your response, and then you must speak for 1-2 minutes.Part B – Directions：In this part, you will be given a scenario and you must act it out in English.Best of luck!This is a sample format for the Doctoral English Exam at China University of Petroleum. Students are advised to prepare thoroughly for each section to achieve their desired score. Good luck!篇3China University of Petroleum (CUP) Doctoral English Exam in BeijingThe China University of Petroleum (CUP) is one of the leading universities in China for the study of petroleum engineering. As part of their doctoral program, students are required to pass an English exam to demonstrate theirproficiency in the language. The exam is typically held in Beijing, the capital city of China, and is a crucial step in the academic journey of CUP doctoral students.The CUP doctoral English exam covers a wide range of topics, including reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. The reading section requires students to read academic articles and answer questions based on the content. The writing section tests students' ability to write essays on a given topic within a limited time frame. The listening section involves listening to recordings of lectures or conversations and answering questions based on the audio. The speaking section requires students to engage in a conversation with examiners on a variety of topics.Preparing for the CUP doctoral English exam is no easy task. Students must dedicate a significant amount of time and effort to improve their English language skills. Many students enroll in English language courses or hire tutors to help them prepare for the exam. Additionally, students often practice with past exam papers and sample questions to familiarize themselves with the format and content of the exam.On the day of the exam, students are anxious yet determined to perform well. The exam is a challenging test of their English proficiency, and passing it is essential for their academic success.Students must remain focused and composed throughout the exam, relying on their knowledge and skills to answer the questions to the best of their ability.After completing the exam, students eagerly await their results. Passing the CUP doctoral English exam is a significant milestone in their academic career, paving the way for further research and studies in the field of petroleum engineering. Those who do not pass the exam may have to retake it, adding more pressure and stress to their already demanding academic schedule.In conclusion, the CUP doctoral English exam in Beijing is a rigorous test that assesses students' English language skills and proficiency. It is a vital component of the doctoral program at CUP and plays a crucial role in shaping the academic future of students pursuing a career in petroleum engineering. Students must prepare thoroughly and approach the exam with confidence and determination to achieve success in this important milestone in their academic journey.。

浙江大学低碳经济产业发展高级研修班浙江大学是教育部直属高等学校，首批进入国家"211工程"和"985工程"的重点大学。

浙江大学经济学院继续教育中心(浙江大学CCE中心)办学十一年来，已成为浙江大学最具规模和权威的企业管理教育培训机构，被浙江大学授予校级继续教育先进集体一等奖。

中心倡导先进的培训理念，整合优质的教育资源，提供最优质的培训课程。

1. 培训目的全球气候变暖对人类生存和发展的挑战日益严峻，以低能耗、低、低排放为基础的低碳经济模式应运而生，以新能源技术、绿色产业经济为核心的低碳经济已成为当前人类发展的新模式。

杭州市率先提出打造低碳城市的战略目标，提出把杭州建设成低碳经济、低碳建筑、低碳交通、低碳生活、低碳环境、低碳社会“六位一体”的低碳城市。

本课程旨在学习低碳经济的前沿理论，了解国家绿色发展战略和产业政策，借鉴国内外低碳经济和绿色产业发展经验，探索发展低碳经济之路，使政府公务员和企业家在新一轮产业经济转型中把握时机，实现可持续发展目标。

2. 学员对象政府相关部门负责人、企业董事长、总经理等高层管理人员。

3. 颁发证书学员完成课程学习，将颁发“浙江大学-低碳经济产业发展高级研修班”结业证书。

4．师资力量张坤民教授清华大学博导，原国家环保总局局长杨建龙研究员国务院发展研究中心产业经济研究部主任研究员夏堃堡教授国家环保总局科技委员会委员、首任联合国环境规划署驻华代表处主任魏复盛研究员中国环境监测总站研究员，工程院院士，十届全国人大常委沈满洪教授浙江理工大学副校长，浙江理工大学生态经济研究中心主任骆仲泱教授浙江大学能源工程学系主任、能源清洁利用国家重点实验室主任岑可法院士浙江大学机械与能源工程学院院长，浙大热能工程研究所所长陈英旭教授浙江大学环资学院原院长博导杨肖娥教授浙江大学国家重点学科植物营养学博导，教育部污染环境修复与生态健康重点实验室主任成少安教授浙江大学动力工程及工程热物理学科长江学者特聘教授朱丽萍教授浙江大学硅材料国家重点实验室研究员贾生华教授浙江大学社会科学学部副主任，浙江大学管理学院教授、博导，浙江大学房地产研究中心主任汪炜教授浙江大学经济学院副院长，浙江大学证券期货研究所所长黄杰夫副总裁芝加哥气候交易所副总裁、天津排放权交易所董事长助理周夏飞副教授浙江大学经济学院财政系副主任、副教授，浙江省审计学位理事，及多家企业的财务顾问潘亚岚教授杭州电子科技大学财经学院教授，注册会计师，浙江省着名税务策划师鲍健强教授浙江工业大学政治与公共管理学院院长，教授陈劲教授浙江大学公共管理学院副院长、教授、博导，浙江大学技术创新与科技产业发展研究中心副主任教学安排上课时间：2010年05月15-16日开学，学习期限六个月，每月双休日集中学习两天。

浙江省大学生科技创新活动计划英语1. BackgroundZhejiang Province has a large number of college students with great potential for science and technology innovation.In order to promote the development of science and technology, as well as to cultivate innovative talents, the Zhejiang provincial government has decided to initiate a series of science and technology innovation activities among college students.2. ObjectivesThe primary objective of the science and technology innovation activity plan is to encourage college students to actively participate in research and development in various fields of science and technology. Through this plan, we aimto foster a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship among college students, as well as to promote the application ofscientific and technological achievements in various industries.3. Key ActivitiesThe science and technology innovation activity plan will include a variety of key activities to engage college students in the innovation process. These activities may include but are not limited to:- Science and technology innovation competitions: Organizing competitions in different fields such as robotics, artificial intelligence, environmental protection, and biotechnology to inspire creativity and innovation among college students.- Science and technology entrepreneurship training: Providing training programs to help college students develop entrepreneurial skills and understand the process of commercializing scientific and technological innovations.- Research and development projects: Encouraging college students to participate in research projects in collaboration with faculty members and industry professionals to address real-world scientific and technological challenges.- Technology transfer and commercialization workshops: Facilitating workshops to educate college students on how to transfer and commercialize their scientific and technological inventions.- Science and technology innovation forums: Organizing forums and seminars to promote the exchange of ideas and best practices in science and technology innovation among college students and industry professionals.4. Support and ResourcesTo ensure the success of the science and technology innovation activity plan, the Zhejiang provincial government will provide various forms of support and resources to college students, including:- Financial support: Offering grants and funding opportunities to support college students' research and development projects and entrepreneurial initiatives.- Mentorship and guidance: Connecting college studentswith experienced mentors and industry professionals toprovide guidance and support throughout the innovation process.- Research facilities and equipment: Providing access to state-of-the-art research facilities and equipment tofacilitate college students' research and development activities.5. Evaluation and RecognitionIn order to recognize and reward outstanding achievements in science and technology innovation, the Zhejiang provincial government will establish a system for evaluating and recognizing college students' contributions to the field of science and technology. This may include awards, scholarships,and opportunities for further education and career development.In conclusion, the science and technology innovation activity plan in Zhejiang Province aims to foster a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship among college students, as well as to promote the application of scientific and technological achievements in various industries. Through a series of key activities and with the support of various resources, we hope to inspire and empower college students to pursue excellence in science and technology innovation.。

第 55 卷第 2 期2024 年 2 月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.55 No.2Feb. 2024外置拱形耗能装置的节段拼装钢管混凝土桥墩抗震性能分析王城泉1, 2, 3，宗延威4，孙苗苗1, 2, 3，周子健5，黄毅方6，吴熙1, 2, 3(1. 浙大城市学院 工程学院，浙江 杭州，310015；2. 城市基础设施智能化浙江省工程研究中心，浙江 杭州，310015；3. 浙江省城市盾构隧道安全建造与智能养护重点实验室，浙江 杭州，310015；4. 江南大学 环境与土木工程学院，江苏 无锡，214122；5. 浙江工业大学 土木工程学院，浙江 杭州，310014；6. 浙江大学 工程师学院工程创新与训练中心，浙江 杭州，310015)摘要：为了进一步推广可恢复功能的预制装配式桥梁结构在中、高烈度地区的应用，减少桥墩的震后损伤及修复成本，提出一种外置拱形耗能装置的节段拼装钢管混凝土(concrete-filled steel tube ，CFST)桥墩。

基于ABAQUS 有限元分析软件建立无耗能装置、外置拱形钢板、外置竖直钢板、外置拱形耗能装置的四节段预制拼装CFST 桥墩模型，并在往复位移加载作用下对各模型的抗震性能进行对比分析。

研究结果表明：外置拱形耗能装置的预制节段拼装CFST 桥墩具有较好的水平承载力、较高的初始刚度以及较强的耗能能力，与外置竖直钢板的节段拼装CFST 桥墩相比，其抗侧承载力提升了约11.9%，初始刚度提升了约2.5%；与外置拱形钢板的节段拼装CFST 桥墩相比，其抗侧承载力、初始刚度以及耗能能力分别提升了约28.8%、4.6%和13倍；与无耗能装置的预制拼装CFST 桥墩相比，其抗侧承载力、初始刚度以及耗能能力分别提升了约39.4%、10.4%和18.1倍；外置拱形耗能装置的预制节段拼装CFST 桥墩在整个位移加载阶段残余位移均保持在1 mm 之内，偏移率不超过1%，且损伤集中在拱形耗能装置上，能够实现震后的快速修复。

董冰冰，田方，刘静，等. 发酵型果酒降酸工艺及其对风味影响的研究进展[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（22）：368−376. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023020078DONG Bingbing, TIAN Fang, LIU Jing, et al. Research Advances on Organic Acid Degradation Process and Its Effects on Flavor of Fermented Alcohol Beverage[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(22): 368−376. (in Chinese with English abstract).doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023020078· 专题综述 ·发酵型果酒降酸工艺及其对风味影响的研究进展董冰冰1,2，田　方2, *，刘　静2，蔡路昀1,*（1.浙江大学宁波科创中心，生物系统工程与食品科学学院，浙江宁波 315100；2.浙江海洋大学食品科学与药学学院，浙江省海产品健康危害因素关键技术研究重点实验室，浙江舟山 316022）摘　要：适量有机酸能使果酒风味舒爽，口感细腻，但在发酵过程中，果酒中的有机酸含量并不稳定，过高易导致酒体口感涩苦、风味不佳，过低则会使酒体平淡无味，且有机酸的种类也会对果酒风味产生重要影响。

为了更好地保留果酒中的挥发性风味物质及调控果酒风味，生产中常采用不同的降酸工艺精准降低果酒中主体有机酸的含量，以达到改善风味、提高品质的目的。

因此，本文概述了果酒中主要的降酸工艺及其原理，分析不同工艺的优缺点和局限性，探讨降酸工艺对果酒中风味物质种类的影响，并对未来果酒风味调控的研究方向进行展望，旨在为提高果酒品质和优化酿造工艺提供理论依据，促进果酒产业规模化可持续发展。

/Development The Journal of Environment &/content/22/4/339The online version of this article can be found at: DOI: 10.1177/1070496513506905 2013 22: 339The Journal of Environment Development Hua Wang and David Bernell Securities Policy Environmental Disclosure in China: An Examination of the Green Published by: at:can be found The Journal of Environment & Development Additional services and information for/cgi/alerts Email Alerts:/subscriptions Subscriptions:/journalsReprints.nav Reprints:/journalsPermissions.nav Permissions: /content/22/4/339.refs.html Citations:What is This? - Nov 18, 2013Version of Record >>ArticleEnvironmentalDisclosure in China:An Examination of theGreen Securities PolicyHua Wang 1and David Bernell 2AbstractIn 2008,China launched the Green Securities Policy to increase sustainability prac-tices among companies listed on Chinese stock markets.An integral component of the policy is the environmental disclosure regulation,which directs publicly traded Chinese companies in 14highly polluting industries to report required environmental information.This research explores the Green Securities Policy in two ways.First,it determines the compliance level with environmental disclosure requirements from 2008to 2010by companies covered under the Green Securities Policy.The findings indicate that about 60%of listed companies report the required environmental infor-mation at some level.Second,the research examines the dynamics underlying envir-onmental disclosure by Chinese listed companies through the lens of ecological modernization theory.While China’s ecological modernization has created an increasingly favorable environment for environmental disclosure regulation,the research highlights problems that have impeded the progress of environmental dis-closure by listed companies.KeywordsChina environmental policy,China green securities,environmental disclosure,environmental compliance,public policyJournal of Environment &Development 22(4)339–369!The Author(s)2013Reprints and permissions:/journalsPermissions.nav DOI:10.1177/1No.28,Shuangxi Shangzhushan,Hangzhou,China 2Political Science Program,School of Public Policy,Oregon State University,Corvallis,OR,USA Corresponding Author:David Bernell,Political Science Program,School of Public Policy,312Gilkey Hall,Oregon State University,Corvallis,OR 97331,USA.Email:david.bernell@340Journal of Environment&Development22(4) In July2010,the largest gold producer in China,Zijin Mining Group Co.,Ltd,a company whose shares are publicly traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE),disclosed that its operation in Fujian Province suffered a major toxic spill.Zijin Mining did not disclose much detail in its announcement,and it was later reported that the spill released2.4million gallons of acid copper solu-tion from its mine in Fujian into the Ting River,a large local waterway.This event caused a stir both domestically and internationally.It resulted in a direct economic loss of$4.8million in the local area,killed2,000metric tons offish (enough to feed72,000people for a year),and most importantly,endangered the health and safety of local residents(Natural Resources Defense Council,2010; Xiao,2010).Another notable aspect of the spill is that it was not disclosed to the public until9days after the incident occurred.The government of China requires rapid public disclosure of such events,particularly with regard to pub-licly traded Chinese companies,yet Zijin did not immediately report its accident as required.This event represents only one of many environmental impacts resulting from China’s rapid economic growth.These growing environmental challenges have prompted the government to adopt a number of green policy initiatives in recent years that are designed to improve the country’s environmental performance without diminishing economic growth.One of these initiatives is the Green Securities Policy,released in2008,which embodies a goal of making transpar-ent,and ideally mitigating,thefinancial and environmental risks associated with publicly traded Chinese companies in the14industries it classifies as“highly polluting industries.”The environmental disclosure requirement included in this policy is a vital component of the new regulation,establishing a range of envir-onmental information that is to be reported by Chinese companies in these industries.As the case of Zijin Mining demonstrates,compliance with the policy is lacking.This study seeks to ascertain the extent to which companies comply with the law,and to understand how this example of environmental disclosure reflects the trajectory of political and social changes in China in response to growing environmental challenges.To that end,wefirst evaluate the compliance level(the percentage offirms complying with environmental disclosure require-ments)from2008to2010by the listed companies in highly polluting industries covered under the Green Securities Policy.We look at the annual reports of all companies in the14highly polluting industries(data from2011and2012were not available),and use the seven categories provided in the Shanghai Stock Exchange’s(SSE;2008)environmental disclosure guidelines to measure compli-ance.These criteria include environmental policies and goals,resources used, production and disposal of wastes and pollutants,and environmental invest-ments and facilities,among others.Second,this study seeks to capture the dynamics underlying environmental disclosure of listed companies by using the lens of ecological modernization theory(EMT).This theory offers anWang and Bernell341 environmental framework to examine changing institutional developments and social practices of societies undergoing the institutionalization of environmental governance.Our analysis seeks to test the utility of EMT in examining the dynamics in China’s ecological modernization.Corporate Environmental DisclosureCorporate environmental disclosure,understood as the set of information that relate to afirm’s environmental activities and performance,as well as the associatedfinancial implications,has expanded significantly around the world in recent years.National governments,international institutions,aca-demics,and civil society have called for greater information,not only to inform policymakers but also to enable populations the right-to-know the envir-onmental impacts of industry and economic development(Kraft,Stephan,& Abel,2011).The aim has been to push companies into disclosing their environ-mental information by placing them under pressures from governments,markets, and civil society(Rothenberg&Stanley,2004).While demands fromfinancial stakeholders and regulatory pressures have been the key factors that drive companies toward more environmental disclosure,companies have also taken voluntary action to disclose their environmental records and build their green credentials(Cormier&Magnan,1999;Lee&Hutchison,2005;Neu,Warsame, &Pedwell,1998).International institutions have developed standards that aim to encourage adoption of corporate environmental disclosure and standardize global prac-tices.Among the international codes,one of the most popular is the Global Reporting Initiative,a set of guidelines and standards for economic,environ-mental,and social disclosure.Its requirements cover a range of themes,includ-ing materials,energy,water,biodiversity,emissions,effluents and waste, products and services,compliance and transport(Global Reporting Initiative, n.d.).Additionally,many governments have adopted diverse mandatory envir-onmental disclosure programs to enhance their environmental governance,espe-cially after conventional command-and-control measures have failed to deliver the promised results(Garcia,Sterner,&Afsah,2007;H.Wang et al.,2004). Still,the reliability of environmental disclosure is often called into question. Information disclosed has been found to be selective,tending to be mostly posi-tive,biased,and subject to managers’discretion(Berthelot,Cormier,& Magnan,2003;Neu et al.,1998).With regard to China’s corporate environmental disclosure,some patterns have emerged.First,environmental disclosure is increasing over time,yet with low levels,inconsistent quality,and widely varying contents that are hard to compare(Xin&Wang,2009;Y.Yang,Li,&Shen,2011;Z.Yu,Jian,&He, 2011;Zhang et al.,2008).Second,much of the information is partial and includes positive rhetoric lacking in substance.Disclosure(not only in China)342Journal of Environment&Development22(4) is generally subject to managers’discretion and highly susceptible to greenwash-ing(Rothenberg&Stanley,2004).Last,it appears that disclosure among highly polluting industries has increased over time,and these industries tend to disclose more information than other sectors;still,environmental disclosure remains at low levels(Hu&Liu,2011;Z.Li&Guo,2011;Shen&Li,2010; Z.Wang,Fang,&Xing,2009).Two studies in particular stand out.Shen and Li’s(2010)study included all 502companies in highly polluting industries listed on the SSE and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange(SZSE).The study examined both the quantity and quality of the environmental information reported from2006to2008,and found that while the quantity of the environmental disclosure increased,the quality declined.Interestingly,the study found that75%of the companies reported their environmental information in2006,91%in2007,and94%in2008, levels that are substantially higher than other analyses.A second study of sig-nificant scope examined nonfinancial disclosure by Chinese listed companies (H.Zhong,Zhang,&Zhang,2011).This research did not specifically address companies in highly polluting industries,but it nevertheless showed a compre-hensive picture of environmental disclosure in Chinese capital markets.The research suggested that the levels of social and environmental disclosure in the two markets were generally quite low.A Road Map of China’s Growing EnvironmentalPolicy FrameworkAlthough fraught with rising environmental challenges,China has arguably built a fairly sound environmental policy system.The general trend over the years has indicated the growing importance of environmental issues in the state agenda, with advances in the environmental legal framework,greater institutional capa-cities and enforcement,and the increasing integration of economic tools and public participation.Prior to China’s reform and opening up in1978,when environmental issues were not a major concern,rising environmental damage and pollution levels were expected and not systematically addressed.Over time,the continued devel-opment of heavy industries,along with the growth of an international environ-mental movement,increasingly drew the state’s attention to environmental protection.A number of environmental agencies and regulations were put in place by the end of the1970s,but environmental policy was not a high priority.As the pace of development has accelerated,environmental protection has become a larger part of state policy.Legally,it was written into the Constitution and legislated as the Environmental Protection Law at the end of1970s.Since then,a burgeoning environmental legal framework has been increasingly built, as environmental quality and public health have deteriorated in the face of rapid industrialization.Among these changes in recent years has been the promotionWang and Bernell343 of the State Environmental Protection Administration(SEPA)in2008to a cabinet-level ministry,the Ministry of Environmental Protection(MEP).In add-ition,greater focus has been directed toward the improvement of local environ-mental monitoring and policy implementation.Policies have attempted to curb the impacts of environmentally sensitive industries,such as energy-intensive, emission-intensive,and highly polluting industries,while seeking to promote resource use efficiency and recycling.Additionally,new green policies have embraced more economic tools and market mechanisms and allowed a growing space for public participation(Ye,2008;H.Zhou&Ji,2009).It is in this context that the government has developed a series of environ-mental policies,seeking to take a more systematic approach to their design and implemention.Often using market mechanisms,this series of policies uses eco-nomic tools such as pricing,taxes,credits,fees,and insurance to overcome environmental externalities and influence market behavior to strike a better balance between economic development and environmental protection. Initiating this effort in2007was the Green Credit Policy,by which MEP,the People’s Bank of China,and the China Banking Regulatory Commission sought to direct credit away from highly polluting and high energy consuming industries and projects,and instead provide favorable credit terms for projects and indus-tries demonstrating energy conservation and emissions reduction(Policy Research Center for Environment and Economy,2010).The following year, the Green Insurance Policy came into effect,requiring companies in selected polluting industries to purchase environmental liability insurance(J.Wu, 2008).China also launched the Green Securities Policy in2008(State Environmental Protection Administration[SEPA],2008).Seeking to link both environmental andfinancial policies,the Green Securities Policy was codeve-loped by MEP and the China Securities Regulatory Commission(CSRC). It targets Chinese companies in highly polluting industries and aims to improve their environmental performance and control theirfinancial risks(SEPA,2008). The policy includes a Green IPO element,which involves a mandatory environ-mental inspection that companies in highly polluting industries must undergo before conducting their initial public offerings,or before they can qualify for refinancing.The policy also contains an environmental disclosure and environ-mental performance assessment.While the Green IPO has been widely enforced, the efforts to enforce environmental disclosure and environmental performance assessments have lagged behind.Environmental Disclosure Regulations in ChinaAlthough the Green Securities Policy is new,environmental disclosure is some-what a familiar theme in China’s evolving environmental policy system.The idea is embedded in places throughout the Constitution,as well as statutes addressing the criminal,corporate,and environmental codes(Guo,2005;Lin,2010).One of344Journal of Environment&Development22(4) the earliest environmental disclosure programs was the Green Watch program, codeveloped by the MEP and the World Bank in the1990s.Based on Chinese companies’environmental records,the program rated their environmental per-formance and reported the ratings to the public(Guo,2005;H.Wang et al., 2004).After some successful pilot efforts,the program was adopted in other sites throughout the country after2006,with some measureable success(Jin, Wang,&Wheeler,2010).Additionally,the MEP released environmental dis-closure guidelines in both2003and2007.The2003guidelines included manda-tory and voluntary disclosure requirements for the polluting companies named by local environmental agencies(SEPA,2003).The Environmental Information Disclosure Decree issued in2007prescribed that both Chinese environmental agencies and companies should report required environmental information to the public(SEPA,2007a).China’s corporate social responsibility(CSR)initiative has also built a foun-dation for environmental disclosure regulations.CSR has been written into laws and regulations,such as the Company Law in2005and the CSR guide for government-ownedfirms in2008(State Administration for Industry and Commerce,2005;State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council,2008).In addition,both the SSE and the SZSE have taken initiatives in CSR reporting and socially responsible investing. In2006,SZSE released its CSR guidelines,encouraging companies traded on its exchange to publish their CSR reports and disclose their social and environmen-tal information(Lin,2010;Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development[OECD],2011).In2009,both the stock exchanges released their social responsibility indices,which disclose the market performance of top listed companies in CSR practices(Shenzhen Stock Exchange[SZSE],2011a; SSE,2009).The Green Securities Policy,adopted in2008,embodies the latest efforts regarding environmental disclosure.The regulations require Chinese listed companies in14highly polluting industries that trade A shares on the SSE and the SZSE to report certain environmental information to the public.These requirements are specified in tables1and2.According to MEP’s industrial roster in2008,the14highly polluting industries involve thermal power,steel and iron,cement,aluminum,coal,metallurgy,building materials,mining, chemicals,oil,pharmaceuticals,light industry,textiles,and leather(Matisoff&Chan,2008;Ministry of Environmental Protection[MEP],2008).This includes hundreds of companies.To date,three official documents have been released to address specific environmental disclosure requirements:1.The explanatory statement and guide of the Green Securities Policy,Instructing Opinions on How to Enhance Environmental Protection Monitoring and Management of Listed Companies,released by the MEP in February2008(SEPA,2008).2.SSE’s environmental disclosure guidelines,Guidelines on EnvironmentalInformation Disclosure of Listed Companies on Shanghai Stock Exchange, issued in May2008(SSE,2008).3.A Guide on Listed Companies’Environmental Information Disclosure(Draft;hereafter the Guide),released by MEP in September2010(MEP,2010).Some of the notable features of these documents are the lack of specificity and the inconsistency of environmental disclosure rules for listed companies.For example,the MEP guidelines specify eight categories to report on,while the SSE guidelines specify seven.With regard to immediate disclosure during envir-onmental emergencies,thefirst two documents(Instructing Opinions and the SSE Guidelines)implicitly reference such emergencies,stating that companies must report“important environmental issues likely to have big influences on stock prices.”The MEP Guide,by contrast,explicitly requires disclosure during environmental emergencies.Further,while the Instructing Opinions requires immediate disclosure,it provides no clear definition of what immediate means. The SSE Guidelines mandates disclosure no later than2days after the occur-rence of incidents,and the Guide requires disclosure within1day.T able1.Environmental Disclosure Requirements Under the Green Securities Policy.Official documents Mandatory provisions Voluntary provisions Reporting form and mediaPolicy statement of the GreenSecurities Policy Listed companiesshould immediatelyreport importantenvironmentalissues likely to havebig influences ontheir stock pricesListed companies areencouraged tovoluntarily discloseother environmen-tal information on aregular basisNo specificrequirementsSSE environmental disclosureguidelines Listed companiestraded on the SSEshould discloseimportant environ-mental issues likelyto have big influ-ences on their stockprices within2daysafter issues occurListed companies inhighly pollutingBased on their needs,listed companiestraded on the SSE ingeneral can chooseto disclose sevencategories ofrequired informa-tion or othervoluntaryenvironmentalinformationMandatory environ-mental informationshould be disclosedin annual CSRreports or separatereports and avail-able to the publicthrough the mediadesignated by theChina SecuritiesRegulatoryWang and Bernell345T able1.Continued.Official documents Mandatory provisions Voluntary provisions Reporting form and mediaindustries traded onthe SSE shoulddisclose sevencategories of envir-onmental informa-tion shown inT able2Listed companiestraded on the SSEnamed as heavypolluters shoulddisclose requiredenvironmentalinformation within2days after envir-onmental agenciesannounce theirnames Commission. Voluntary environ-mental information can be made public in corporate websitesA guide on listedcompanies envir-onmental infor-mation disclos-ure(draft)Listed companies inhighly pollutingindustries shouldregularly disclosetheir environmentalinformation inannual environmen-tal reports.Thereport shouldinclude eight cate-gories mandatoryenvironmentalinformation.Companies shouldpublish provisionalreports within1dayafter any environ-mental emergencyoccursListed companies inother industries areencouraged to dis-close their environ-mental informationbased on the GuideAnnual environmentalreports should bepublished in cor-porate websites andthe MEP’s website.Provisional environ-mental reportsshould be publishedin ChinaEnvironmental Newsin addition to thetwo venuesSource.MEP(2010),SSE(2008),and SEPA(2008).Note.SSE¼Shanghai Stock Exchange;CSR¼corporate social responsibility;MEP¼Ministry of Environmental Protection.346Journal of Environment&Development22(4)Wang and Bernell347 Chinese Stock Markets and the Governance of Listed CompaniesEstablished in the early1990s,Chinese capital markets have undergone rapid growth.By the end of2011,2,342companies were listed in the stock markets with a total market capitalization of21.5trillion renminbi(RMB),around$3.3 trillion,ranking third in the world next to the United States and Japan(China Securities Regulatory Commission[CSRC],2011).There are three major market tiers with differing listing criteria.The Main Board is tailored to large and well-established companies with outstandingfinancial performance,including large state-owned enterprises(SOEs)and large Chinesefirms.The SME Board,begun in2004,serves as afinancing channel for small and medium companies with relatively mature growth.The ChinNext Board,in existence since2009,is spe-cifically for start-up companies with innovative technologies or business models in order to nurture entrepreneurship in China(SZSE,n.d.).Moreover,two types of stocks are traded in the markets,known as A shares and B shares.A shares are priced in RMB and are primarily available to domes-tic investors.By contrast,B shares are traded in U.S.dollars and are available to both domestic and foreign investors(CSRC,2011).It should be noted that A shares are accessible to a limited number of qualified foreign institutional inves-tors,but in2011these135investors only accounted for about1%of the total market value of A shares in circulation(CSRC,2011).The SSE and the SZSE are the two major venues for companies to raise capital.While the SSE offers listings for Main Board A shares and B shares, the SZSE has listings for Main Board A shares and B shares,SME Board A shares and ChinNext Board A shares.The institutional framework that has evolved to govern Chinese listed com-panies is quite complex,as multiple agencies at the national and local level exercise varying degrees of both direct and indirect control over companies. As illustrated in Figure1,there are a multitude of agencies and stakeholders involved in the process.Within this framework,the Chinese government main-tains control by adopting three strategies.First,it exerts direct influence through its role as the owner(or controlling shareholder)of the SOEs that are listed companies,allowing the state to leverage its power via internal corporate gov-ernance.Second,there is the process of externally monitoring listed companies and the markets in general through the securities regulatory agencies(Jia& Tomasic,2009).Internal governance of the state-controlled companies is closely monitored by the state-owned assets supervision and administration commis-sions(SASACs),through the supervision of controlling shareholders.On behalf of the state,SASACs have the rights as investors,including appointment and assessment of key personnel,as well as oversight of state-owned assets(OECD, 2011).Thus,key corporate personnel—the board of directors,supervisory board,and management team—are in effect governed by SASACs,whichallows the internal governance of state-controlled listed companies to be in line with the state agenda (CSRC,2002;Jia &Tomasic,2009).At the same time,power and influence flows in the opposite direction because of this institutional arrangement,as state-controlled companies benefit from special influence in the larger state governance apparatus (Jia &Tomasic,2009;C.Yang &Sanders,2007).The third way in which governance of listed companies is carried out involves the external regulatory approach.This is the responsibility of the CSRC,which oversees the stock markets and listed companies in China.The regulatory network of the CSRC comprises the two stock exchanges,SSE and SZSE,and local securities regulatory bureaus,which monitor local listed com-panies under their jurisdictions.With respect to environmental regulation and governance,the system becomes even more complex,as the institutional framework is overlaid by envir-onmental agencies.At the top of this framework is the MEP,which formulates,directs,and enforces national environmental regulations and policies and which seeks to encourage or compel the improvement of environmental violators.The State CouncilControlling Shareholders SASAC of the State Council CSRCSSE & SZSELocal SRBsLocalSASACs General Meetings of ShareholdersBoar d of Dir ector s Supervisory Board Management The Listed CompaniesMEPLocalEPBs LocalGovernments CSRC: China Securities Regulatory CommissionEPB: Environmental Protection BureauMEP: Ministr y of Envir onmental Pr otectionSASAC: State-owned Assets Supervision and AdministrationSRB: Securities Regulatory BureauSSE: Shanghai Stock ExchangeSZSE: Shenzhen Stock ExchangeFigure 1.The institutional governance framework for Chinese listed companies Source .OECD (2011)and Jia and T omasic (2009).In addition to the MEP,local governments play a role in their jurisdictions, along with local SASACs and Environmental Protection Bureaus(EPBs),which seek to track companies’environmental performance and support the objectives of the MEP.As the key players within their areas of influence,local government officials and agencies hold considerable power to influence environmental gov-ernance of listed companies through(a)the oversight of local EPBs and local SASACs and(b)their relations with the management of local companies. Further complicating the entire arrangement is the fact of competing goals: economic development and environmental protection.The Levels of Environmental Disclosure by ChineseListed CompaniesIn light of the regulatory and institutional framework described,how well have Chinese listed companies complied with environmental disclosure regulations under the Green Securities Policy?Looking at data from2008to2010,we examine both the disclosure level and the trend over the(admittedly short) length of time the policy has been in effect.To that end,this study has taken the following steps:1.Selection of all the listed companies trading A shares on the SSE and theSZSE.2.Narrowing the total to include only listed companies on the two stockexchanges in the14highly polluting industries according to MEP’s2008 industrial roster.As a result,the sample sizes for the years2008,2009,and 2010are539companies,552companies,and626companies,respectively.3.Downloading the annual reports of all selected companies for the years2008to2010from the official websites of the SSE and the SZSE(http:// /)4.Collecting data using content analysis of the annual reports.The criteriaapplied are the seven categories of environmental information prescribed in the SSE’s environmental disclosure guidelines(Table2).Based on the criteria, the study used a computerized search of the text of the annual reports.We assign a score of1if the text includes any information that falls into any of the seven required categories of environmental information and a score of0if the text does not involve any information related to the seven categories.1 These methods do have some limitations.First,the MEP’s2008industrial roster includes a list of14industries with some explanation of manufacturing types, but the names of listed companies in these industries are not readily available (Matisoff&Chan,2008).Since the SSE and the SZSE employ different indus-trial classification systems,it was partly subject to the authors’discretion as to whether a listed company is a member of the14highly polluting industries.。

浙江大学赵阳研究员应邀加入《建筑节能(中英文)》杂志编委
会
《建筑节能(中英文)》编辑部
【期刊名称】《建筑节能（中英文）》
【年(卷),期】2024(52)1
【摘要】经《建筑节能(中英文)》杂志第四届编审委员会推荐,来自浙江大学能源工程学院制冷与低温研究所的博士生导师赵阳老师,应邀加入《建筑节能(中英文)》杂志编委会。

赵阳老师系国家第十四批“千人计划”青年专家、浙江省特聘专家、浙江大学“百人计划”特聘研究员,长期致力于人工智能与建筑节能技术融合发展方面的创新研究,博士毕业于香港理工大学,在荷兰埃因霍温理工大学从事两年博士后工作。

【总页数】1页(P69-69)
【作者】《建筑节能(中英文)》编辑部
【作者单位】不详
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TU2
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英语答案试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. Which of the following is not a fruit?A. AppleB. BananaC. CarrotD. Orange2. The opposite of "happy" is:A. SadB. AngryC. ExcitedD. Tired3. What does the phrase "break the ice" mean?A. To start a fireB. To melt the iceC. To initiate a conversationD. To stop a conversation4. The word "unique" is most closely related to:A. CommonB. SimilarC. DifferentD. Ordinary5. In the sentence "She is a ___ of the company," the correct word to fill in the blank is:A. ManagerB. OwnerC. EmployeeD. Partner6. The past tense of "do" is:A. DidB. DoneC. DoesD. Do7. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She don't like chocolate.B. She doesn't like chocolate.C. She didn't likes chocolate.D. She doesn't like chocolates.8. The word "ambition" is a noun that means:A. A strong desire to do or achieve somethingB. A lack of interestC. A feeling of fearD. A sense of satisfaction9. The phrase "at the drop of a hat" is used to describe someone who:A. Is very patientB. Is very impulsiveC. Is very carefulD. Is very slow10. The idiom "to turn over a new leaf" means:A. To start a new bookB. To change one's behavior for the betterC. To become a new personD. To become a better reader二、填空题（每题1分，共5分）11. The ___ (形容词) for "unusual" is "common."12. "To ___ (动词)" is to make a decision to do something.13. "A ___ (名词) is a person who is very careful with money.14. "The ___ (名词) of the mountain is covered with snow."15. "She ___ (动词) her mind and decided to go to college."三、阅读理解（每题2分，共10分）Read the following passage and answer the questions.Passage:(A short passage is provided here, which is not included in this example.)16. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of educationB. The benefits of exerciseC. The impact of technologyD. The role of government17. According to the passage, what does the author believe about the future?A. It will be dominated by technology.B. It will be more environmentally friendly.C. It will see a decrease in global conflicts.D. It will be marked by increased cooperation.18. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?A. The need for sustainable development.B. The challenges of climate change.C. The rise of artificial intelligence.D. The decline of traditional industries.19. What does the author suggest is the best way to addressthe issue discussed?A. Government interventionB. Individual actionC. Technological innovationD. International collaboration20. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?A. The future is uncertain.B. Change is inevitable.C. The past is the key to understanding the present.D. The present is the best of all possible worlds.四、翻译题（每题3分，共6分）21. 请将以下句子翻译成英文：这个项目需要大量的时间和资源。

浙江省国家重点保护野生植物的多样性及濒危现状陈 锋，谢文远，张芬耀，张培林，陈征海（浙江省森林资源监测中心，浙江 杭州 310020）摘要：【目的】掌握浙江省国家重点保护野生植物(2021年公布的《国家重点保护野生植物名录》)的多样性及现状，评估各种的濒危等级，为制定科学保护策略提供依据。

【方法】基于2013—2018年浙江省第2次全国重点保护野生植物资源调查、《浙江植物志(新编)》编研以及近年来其他相关资料，参考世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)、《中国生物多样性红色名录——高等植物卷》等资料的评估结果，对这些植物的现状与濒危等级进行评估与分析。

【结果】①目前，浙江分布有116种国家重点保护野生植物。

与1999年版保护名录相比，增加了3种国家一级保护植物，61种国家二级保护植物，降级了3种，解除保护4种。

②濒危等级可以分为5个等级，极危等级19种，占16.38%；濒危等级36种，占31.03%；易危等级30种，占25.86%；近危等级17种，占14.66 %；无危等级12种，占10.34%；数据缺乏2种，占1.73%。

③受威胁等级(极危、濒危和易危)的共有85种，占73.28%，受威胁程度较高。

【结论】浙江省拥有丰富的国家重点保护野生植物，有近70种得到了不同程度的研究，取得较好的保护成效。

建议：①保护原有生境，防止过度干扰，充分发挥自然保护区和其他各类自然保护地的就地保护作用；②加强科学研究，改进野外调查方法，完善物种生境信息，重视物种遗传多样性；③多学科合作，建立健全保护网络，形成完备繁殖体系。

表2参35关键词：野生植物；国家重点保护植物；濒危等级评估；保护措施；浙江中图分类号：S718.5 文献标志码：A 文章编号：2095-0756(2022)05-0923-08Diversity and endangered status of Chinese key protected wildplants in Zhejiang ProvinceCHEN Feng ，XIE Wenyuan ，ZHANG Fenyao ，ZHANG Peilin ，CHEN Zhenghai（Monitoring Center for Forest Resources in Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310020, Zhejiang, China ）Abstract: [Objective ] This study, with an investigation of the diversity and endangered status of Chinese key protected wild plants (published in 2021) in Zhejiang Province and an evaluation of their respective endangerment categories, is aimed to provide reference for the design of scientific protection strategies in Zhejiang Province. [Method ] On the basis of the second survey of protected wild plant resources in Zhejiang from 2013 to 2018, Flora of Zhejiang (New Edition) and other related investigations in recent years, an exploration was made of the species diversity along with an assessment of the endangered status of these threatened species in light of IUCN, China Biodiversity Red List—Higher Plants and others. [Result ] (1) There are 116 Chinese key protected plants in Zhejiang and compared with the 1999 list, 3 first-class protected plants and 61 second-class protected plants were newly added, 3 species were downgraded whereas 4 species were removed. (2) They could be divided into 6 categories, among which 19 belong with the Critically Endangered (CR) species, accounting for 16.38%, 36 belong with the Endangered (EN) species, accounting for 31.03%, 30belong with the Vulnerable (VU) species, accounting for 25.86%, 17 belong with Near Threatened species (NT)收稿日期：2022-04-29；修回日期：2022-06-09基金项目：浙江省第2次重点保护野生植物资源调查项目(335006-2013-0001)；浙江省植物资源调查、归档、编撰项目(335010-2015-0005)作者简介：陈锋(ORCID: 0000-0002-3560-6710)，高级工程师，从事野生动植物资源保护和管理。

2021 2021年浙江大学727细胞生物学考研真题及答案解析汇编 2021-2021年浙江大学727细胞生物学考研真题及答案解析汇编浙江大学细胞生物学研究生入学考试必备材料（2022版）2021版浙江大学《细胞生物学》复习全书来自高年级学生的信息2021版浙江大学《727细胞生物学》考研复习全书是浙江大学高分已录取的学长收集整理的，全国独家真实、可靠，是真正针对浙江大学考研的资料。

我们将所有的资料全部word化，高清打印。

真题编写了详细的答案解析，即使是小题也明确指出了考察的知识点，对于做题帮助更大。

同时，我们在分析历年考研真题的基础上，针对浙江大学考研，编写了详细的复习备考讲义，明确列出考研的重点、难点和考点，可在短时间内快速把握重点，提升成绩。

初试大家只需要准备我们的资料+教材+配套辅导书就足够了，不用再四处寻找其它资料。

大四学生目前在浙江大学攻读研究生。

和其他人一样，他也经历过研究生入学考试。

你不仅掌握了具有较高参考价值的第一手复习材料，而且有很多复习和准备的经验和总结。

如果你申请浙江大学，如果你有任何问题可以咨询我。

如果你能帮助你，我会尽力的。

此外，我们还提供VIP一对一辅导，尤其适合在职研究生入学考试、第二次世界大战、贫困大学生和基础差的学生。

他们能在短时间内迅速掌握要点。

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____________________________________________________________________________________________1因为专注，所以专业！2021版浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研必备资料浙江大学研究生入学考试教材2022版《细胞生物学》考研复习全书（备考经验、真实问题和答案分析、高分笔记）配套教材：1.《细胞生物学》（2022年第四版），翟忠和，高等教育出版社。

______________________________________________________________________________ ______________2因为专注，所以专业！2021版浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研必备资料目录第一部分：备考篇............................................................................ ...........................1一、浙江大学介绍............................................................................ ........................1二、浙江大学历年复试分数线............................................................................ ....21、2021年复试分数线............................................................................ .............22、2021年复试分数线............................................................................ .............23、2021年复试分数线............................................................................ .............2三、报考难度分析............................................................................ ........................2四、备考方法与策略............................................................................ ....................31、考研政治............................................................................ ..............................32、考研英语............................................................................ ..............................43、专业课复习方法............................................................................ ..................6第二部分：真题篇............................................................................ ...........................91、2021年浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研真题.....................................................92、2021年浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研真题答案...........................................103、2021年浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研真题...................................................174、2021年浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研真题答案...........................................185、2021年浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研真题...................................................236、2021年浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研真题答案...........................................247、2021年浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研真题...................................................308、2021年浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研真题答案...........................................319、2021年浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研真题...................................................3710、2021年浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研真题答案.........................................3811、2021年浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研真题.................................................4212、2021年浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研真题答案.. (43)______________________________________________________________________________ ______________三个因为专注，所以专业！浙江大学细胞生物学研究生入学考试必备材料（2022版）13、2021年浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研真题.................................................5214、2021年浙江大学《细胞生物学》考研真题答案.........................................53第三部分：2021版精品复习笔记（高分版）........................................................56第一章绪论............................................................................ ................................56知识概要............................................................................ ..................................56考点综述............................................................................ ..................................56真题分析............................................................................ ..................................56复习建议............................................................................ ..................................57核心内容............................................................................ ..................................57第二章细胞的统一性与多样性............................................................................ 58知识概要............................................................................ ..................................58考点综述............................................................................ ..................................58真题分析............................................................................ ..................................58复习建议............................................................................ ..................................59核心内容............................................................................ ..................................59第三章细胞生物学研究方法............................................................................ ....64知识概要............................................................................ ..................................64考点综述............................................................................ ..................................64真题分析............................................................................ ..................................65复习建议............................................................................ ..................................65核心内容............................................................................ ..................................65第四章细胞质膜............................................................................ ........................73知识概要............................................................................ ..................................73考点综述............................................................................ ..................................73真题分析............................................................................ ..................................74复习建议............................................................................ ..................................74核心内容............................................................................ . (75)______________________________________________________________________________ ______________四个因为专注，所以专业！浙江大学细胞生物学研究生入学考试必备材料（2022版）第五章物质的跨膜运输............................................................................ ............83知识概要............................................................................ ..................................83考点综述............................................................................ ..................................83真题分析............................................................................ ..................................84复习建议............................................................................ ..................................84核心内容............................................................................ ..................................85第六章细胞的能量转换―线粒体和叶绿体........................................................92知识概要............................................................................ ..................................92考点综述............................................................................ ..................................92真题分析............................................................................ ..................................93复习建议............................................................................ ..................................93核心内容............................................................................ ..................................93第七章真核细胞内膜系统、蛋白质分选与膜泡运输......................................106知识概要............................................................................ ................................106考点综述............................................................................ ................................106真题分析............................................................................ ................................108复习建议............................................................................ ................................110核心内容............................................................................ ................................110第八章细胞信号转导............................................................................ ..............126知识概要............................................................................ ................................126考点综述............................................................................ ................................126真题分析............................................................................ ................................129复习建议............................................................................ ................................129核心内容............................................................................ ................................133第九章细胞骨架............................................................................ ......................148知识概要............................................................................ ................................148考点综述............................................................................ .. (148)______________________________________________________________________________ ______________五个因为专注，所以专业！。

浙江省基础公益研究计划英语名称The Zhejiang Province Basic Public Welfare Research Program is a government initiative aimed at advancing scientific knowledge and improving public welfare through fundamental research.This program encourages innovative approaches to tackle societal challenges, fostering a culture of scientific exploration and community engagement.By funding projects across various disciplines, the program aims to create a ripple effect of positive change, benefiting the economy, environment, and the well-being of the people in Zhejiang.The selection process for the program is rigorous, ensuring that only the most promising and impactful research receives support, thus maximizing the potential for long-term benefits.Collaboration is at the heart of this initiative, as researchers from different institutions and backgrounds come together to pool their expertise and resources.The program's impact is far-reaching, as it not only enhances the local scientific landscape but also contributes to the global body of knowledge.It is a testament to the commitment of Zhejiang Provinceto invest in the future, ensuring that the region remains at the forefront of scientific advancement and public welfare.Through this program, Zhejiang is paving the way for sustainable development, ensuring that the benefits ofscientific progress are accessible to all segments of society.。

浙江省重点研发计划项目英语Zhejiang Province's Key Research and Development Plan ProjectsThe Zhejiang Province Key Research and Development Plan (R&D) is a strategic initiative aimed at fostering innovation and technological advancement within the province. By allocating resources and funding to key projects, the plan seeks to address pressing challenges and capitalize on opportunities in various sectors, including but not limited to information technology, biotechnology, new materials, and environmental protection.The selection process for these projects is rigorous, ensuring that only the most promising and impactfulinitiatives are granted support. Here's an overview of what the process entails and the benefits of being part of the Zhejiang Province Key R&D Plan:1. Eligibility and Application: Entities applying for the plan must demonstrate a strong research base, innovative capacity, and the potential for commercialization of their research outcomes. Applications are reviewed by a panel of experts in relevant fields.2. Funding and Support: Successful projects are provided with substantial funding, which can be used for various research-related expenses, including personnel, equipment,and materials.3. Collaboration Opportunities: The plan encourages collaboration between academia, industry, and government bodies to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and resources.4. Intellectual Property Rights: Projects under the plan are expected to adhere to strict intellectual property rights protocols to protect the innovations that arise from the research.5. Monitoring and Evaluation: The progress of eachproject is closely monitored, with regular evaluations to ensure that milestones are met and that the research is on track to achieve its stated goals.6. Outcomes and Impact: The ultimate goal of the projects is to produce outcomes that can be commercialized, leading to economic growth and improved quality of life for the residents of Zhejiang Province.7. Sustainability: There is a strong emphasis on sustainability, with many projects focusing on solutions that are environmentally friendly and can contribute to a greener economy.The Zhejiang Province Key R&D Plan has been instrumental in propelling the province to the forefront of technological innovation in China. It has not only contributed to the local economy but also positioned Zhejiang as a hub for high-tech industries and a model for other provinces looking to emulateits success in fostering a culture of innovation and research excellence.。

浙江省重点研发计划项目英语The Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province is an important initiative to support and promote scientific and technological innovation. This program aims to foster key technologies, improve industrial competitiveness, and enhance the overall innovation capability of the province.The Key Research and Development Program covers a wide range of fields, including advanced manufacturing, biotechnology, new energy, information technology, and environmental protection. The projects funded under this program are expected to have significant scientific and technological value, as well as commercial potential. The program provides support for both basic research and applied research, with a focus on addressing key technical challenges and promoting technology transfer and commercialization.One of the key objectives of the program is to strengthen collaboration between industry, academia, and research institutions. By encouraging partnerships and knowledge sharing, the program aims to accelerate thedevelopment and application of new technologies, as well as to stimulate the growth of high-tech industries in Zhejiang Province.Overall, the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province plays a crucial role in driving innovation, promoting economic growth, and fostering sustainable development. Through targeted funding and strategic support, the program contributes to the advancement of science and technology, the enhancement of industrial competitiveness, and the improvement of people's livelihoods.浙江省重点研发计划是支持和促进科技创新的重要举措。

浙江省尖兵领雁计划项目英文标注English:The Zhejiang Province Leading Earth Goose Program is a government initiative aimed at promoting sustainable development and environmental protection in the province. The program focuses on training and supporting young professionals in various fields such as environmental science, renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and ecological preservation. Through this program, participants are given the opportunity to gain valuable knowledge and skills in their respective areas of expertise, as well as to contribute to the overall environmental and socio-economic development of the region. The program also provides networking and mentorship opportunities for the participants, allowing them to connect with like-minded individuals and experts in their field.中文翻译:浙江省尖兵领雁计划是一个旨在促进省内可持续发展和环境保护的政府倡议。

浙江大学文物保护材料实验室年度工作简报在浙江大学艺考院、化学系、以及相关文博单位的支持和协助下，本实验室团队在科研论文、授权专利、文物调研和监测、文物保护工程设计、研究生培养等方面：一、2022年度发表科研论文20篇（其中英文13篇，中文7篇）1.李强等. Hybrid hydrogels based on polyvinylalcohol, branched polyethylenimine, polydopamine, and phosphonium-based ionic liquid for effectivesynergetic antibacterial applications (基于聚乙烯醇、支化聚乙稀亚胺、聚多巴胺和磷基离子液体的复合水凝胶的有效协同抗菌应用). Colloids and SurfacesA: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2022, 648, 129277. SCI (IF=5.518)2.李强等. Phosphonium-based ionic liquids asantifungal agents for conservation of heritagesandstone (磷基离子液体作为保护文物砂岩的抗真菌剂). RSC Advances, 2022,12,1922-1931. SCI(IF=4.036)3.伍洋等. Weathering Characteristics of WhiteMarble Relics Around the Hall of Supreme Harmony(Taihe Dian) in the Forbidden City (故宫太和殿周围白色大理石文物的风化特征). KSCE Journal ofCivil Engineering, 2022, DOI: 10.1007/s12205-022-1108-z. SCI (IF=2.115)4.姚岚等. Application of 4-dihydrochromone as a temporary consolidant in underwater archeology(4-二氢色烯酮作为临时固型剂在水下考古中的应用). Journal of Cultural Heritage,2022, 57(6):235-242. A&HCI, SCI (IF=3.229)5.张迪等. A new method for shellac binder detection in ancient building mortar (检测古代建筑砂浆中虫胶粘合剂的新方法). New Journal of Chemistry, 2022, 46(16):7563-7568. SCI (IF=3.925)6.朱成帅等. Analysis of the Microbiomes on Two Cultural Heritage Sites (对两处文化遗址的微生组的分析). Geomicrobiology Journal, 2022, DOI:10.1080/.2022.2137604. SCI (IF=2.412)7.伍洋等. Environmental Factor Accelerate the Deterioration of Tuff Stone Heritage: A CaseStudy of a Stone House in Southeast China (环境因素加速凝灰岩石质文物的劣化：一项中国东南地区石质房屋的案例研究). Buildings,2022, 12(2):188. SCI (IF=3.324)8.王新鑫等. Temporary solidifying extraction and in situ preservation of fragile marine artifacts: Experimental study and pilot test (脆弱海洋文物的临时固型提取和原状保存：实验研究和小规模实验). Journal of Cultural Heritage,2022,53:220-225.A&HCI, SCI (IF=3.229)9.王鑫等. The application of thymol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles to control the biodeterioration of cultural heritage sites (载百里香酚的壳聚糖纳米粒子在控制文化遗产生物劣化中的应用). Journal ofCultural Heritage, 2022,53: 206-211. A&HCI, SCI (IF=3.229)10.翟宽容等. The earliest lacquerwares of China werediscovered at Jingtoushan site in the YangtzeRiver Delta (发现于长江三角洲井头山遗址的中国最早漆器). Archaeometry, 2022, 64(1):218-226. A&HCI, SCI (IF=1.915)11.朱成帅等. Biocides for the Control of Mosses onStone Cultural Relics (用于控制石质文物苔藓的生物杀灭剂). Studies in Conservation, 2022, DOI:10.1080/.2022.2053429. A&HCI, SCI (IF=0.847)12.谢丽娜等. Preliminary assessment of the efficacyof nano–MgO–based dispersion for theconsolidation of artificial weathered sandstone (初步评估以纳米氧化镁为基础的加固液用于风化砂岩加固的有效性). Archaeometry, 2022, 64:997–1012.A&HCI, SCI (IF=1.915)13.张迪等. A new method for detecting sticky rice inancient mortar based on ELISA (基于ELISA检测古代砂浆中糯米的新方法). Archaeometry, 2022,64(5):1226-1239.A&HCI, SCI (IF=1.915)14.陈敏婷等.，土遗址中木质文物原址保护的现状与展望，石窟与土遗址保护研究，2022，1（2）：42-51.15.刘静轩等. 浙江乡土古建筑壁画保存状况调研——以武义俞源村六处古建筑壁画为例，东方博物，2022，81，115-123.16.魏忠武等. 漆涂层对题刻类石质文物的影响研究，石材，2022，374（4）：19-2517.王丹阳等. 基于纤维横截面细胞形貌的古代彩塑和壁画中植物纤维种类鉴别，文物保护与考古科学，2022，34（4）：47-57.18.尚敬等。

John Ross is a senior researchfellow at Chongyang Institutefor Financial Studies, Renmin How China’s Socialism OutperformsUniversity of China. From 2000to 2008 he was director ofeconomic and business policyin the administration of Mayorof London Ken Livingstone. Hemining, finance and equipmentmanufacturing companies.making systematic factual comparisons of the two de-the overriding goal is the strongest guarantee of private property. Politically, although claiming to be neutral, this combination of policies evidently favours capitalist and conservative political parties.China’s “socialist development strategy,” which com-menced with its 1978 economic reforms, is radically different in its entire framework, and directly counter-posed on key policy issues. China used, in Xi Jinping’s phraseology on economic policy, both the “visible” and the “invisible hand” – not simply the private sector but also the state. Indeed, in China itself, as the Commu-niqué of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC stated: “We must unswervingly consolidate and develop the public economy, persist in the dominant position of public ownership, give full play to the leading role of the state-owned sector.”In social policy China, in line with its socialist ap-proach:undertakes conscious programs deliberately aimed at eradicating poverty – these are to be completed in the 13th Five-Year Plan by 2020 by lifting the remaining 70 million people out of poverty;deliberately promotes development through urban-ization as a way of moving the population into higher productivity economic sectors;deliberately seeks to narrow the income gap be-tween rural and urban areas;does not rely exclusively on “the market” but delib-erately uses state infrastructure spending to raise the economic level of its less developed inland provinces;legally guarantees private property but a key eco-nomic role is assigned to the state sector;is politically socialist;What, therefore, were the factual outcomes of these two radically different approaches to economic develop-ment? To assess this, for reasons which will become evi-dent from the statistics, not only will China itself be an-alyzed but three other countries also considered. These are Vietnam, which defines itself as socialist and which in reality drew heavily from China’s “socialist market economy” approach, Cambodia, and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic – the latter two also highly influ-enced by China’s development model.The facts are summarized in Table 1 which shows the annual average rate of per capita GDP growth to 2015 from 1978, when China began its economic reforms, from 1989, when the Washington Consensus was put forward, and from 1993, when data for Cambodia be-comes available.The data is of course extremely striking – indeed conclusive. From 1993 to 2015, when availability of data allows all four countries to be analyzed, China, Cambo-dia, Vietnam, and Laos ranked respectively first, second, and third, and fourth in world per capita GDP growth. Peripheral cases of countries with populations of less than five million or dominated by oil production are not included. From 1989, the year of the putting forward of the Washington Consensus, to 2015, China, Vietnam and Laos ranked respectively first, second, and third in the world as regards per capita GDP growth. From 1978 onwards China ranked first among all economies in terms of economic growth.The degree to which economies influenced by the China development model outgrew the world average was huge. From 1978 onwards China’s rate of growth was almost six times the world average. Since 1989 China again grew almost six times as fast as the world average while Vietnam and Laos grew over three times as fast.The contrasts not only of average per capita GDP growth but of eradication of poverty were overwhelm-ing. From 1981 China lifted 728 million people out of World Bank-defined poverty. Another socialist coun-try, Vietnam, lifted over 30 million from poverty by the same criteria. The whole of the rest of the world, in which the dominant model advocated by the IMF was the Washington Consensus, lifted only 120 million peo-ple out of poverty. In summary, 83 percent of the reduc-tion of the number of those living in poverty occurred in China, and 85 percent in socialist countries. Only 15 percent of the reduction in number of those living in poverty occurred in capitalist countries.This data, of course, also refutes the claim that capi-talism and free market policies produced rapid eco-nomic growth and poverty reduction. If capitalism were the motor of rapid economic growth and poverty reduc-tion, then this growth should be fastest and poverty reduction greatest in capitalist countries. Instead it is in socialist China and socialist Vietnam that the greatest poverty reduction has taken place. Socialist China and socialist Vietnam, together with the countries they influ-ence, Cambodia and Laos, also saw the fastest economic growth.The success of China’s conscious development poli-cies is crucial to world economic growth. This is particu-larly true in the difficult slow-growth global economic conditions following the international financial crisis – accurately described as the “new mediocre.” Economic development remains the most fundamental issue for the overwhelming majority of the world’s population. According to the latest World Bank data, 84 percent of the world’s population lives in developing countries.The facts of world economic development show that China’s development policies that include a key role for the state sector, clear urbanization policies, large-scale conscious policies to eradicate poverty, and a socialist political orientation were most successful in producing both economic growth and poverty reduction. This has clear implications for the world economy.The simple but decisive fact that the world’s first, second, third, and fourth most rapidly growing econo-mies all use the “China socialist development model” is a factual demonstration of its superiority to any alter-native approach – and in particular to the Washington Consensus. CCopyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.51 September 2016。