动产担保物权一元化与统一登记制度研究

摘要

我国物权规范将动产担保物权划分为动产抵押权、动产质权和权利质权。随着社会经济发展，动产类型不断丰富，作为中小企业重要融资途径的新型担保方式在实践中逐渐产生，但却囿于严格的物权法定主义而难以在现行法中获得合理定位。泾渭分明的权利类型体系容易导致法律规范间的繁冗与冲突，建立在多元动产担保物权制度下的分散登记制也人为增加了登记成本，无益于交易效率提高。在上述制度缺陷的共同作用下，我国动产担保物权制度的价值难以充分发挥，经济发展因而受阻，制度革新迫在眉睫。以美国《统一商法典》第九编为代表的域外动产担保制度现代化探索，为我国的制度完善提供了有利经验。基于抵押权与质权在权利本质上的内在关联和统一动产担保登记的实践需要，我国动产担保物权制度改革应遵循现实主义法学的理论指导，以“动产担保物权”此一元概念统合动产抵押权、动产质权和权利质权，摒弃以交易形式为标准对动产担保物权进行概念化区分，允许当事人自由约定创设动产担保物权的动产担保交易形式，体现动产担保物权内容法定且唯一。同时，对于登记公示，应当建立健全动产担保统一登记制度，统一登记效力和登记机构，规范登记程序，以此顺应动产担保物权制度的现代化发展。

关键词：动产担保物权；一元化；物权法定主义缓和；统一登记

Abstract

The chattel security right in China is divided into the chattel mortgage, the chattel pledge and the pledge of right. With the development of social economy, the types of chattel have been enriched. As an essential financing channel for small and medium-sized enterprises, the new type of security has gradually emerged in practice. Nevertheless, owing to the strict principle of Numerus Clauses, it is difficult for the new type of security to get a reasonable position in the current legal system. The multiple chattel security system is easy to cause conflict between the legal provisions and the decentralized registration which is based on the multiple chattel security system, unreasonably increases the cost of security registration. It is not conducive to improving efficiency and convenience of secured transaction. Thus, the value of China’s chattel security system is difficult to fully exert, which hinders the further development of the social economy to some extent. Chattel security system needs to be improved. The modernization of chattel security system in outside China such as Article 9 of Uniform Commercial Code provides plenty of valuable experience. Owing to the interrelationship between mortgage and pledge, and the demand for unified registration, China’s chattel security system should follow the theoretical guidance of Realistic Law. Through the concept of Chattel Security Right, it is obvious that regardless of the transaction form, the content of chattel security is the same. The parties of secured transaction should be allowed to freely agree on the form of chattel secured transaction. It is no longer for China’s chattel security system to distinguish the chattel security right with the standard of transaction form. At the same time, it is necessary to establish and perfect the unified registration and publicity system, unify the registration effectiveness and standardize the registration procedure. Henceforward, China’s chattel security system can be more compliant with the development trend of modernization.

Key Words: Chattel security right; Unification; Relaxation of Numerus Clauses; Unified registration