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4.2 课后习题详解一、思考题1．无边界组织对管理造成的潜在影响是什么？答：无边界组织指消除产生人为的地理界限的结构划分，从而使管理结构更有效的实现全球化的组织。
其对管理造成的潜在影响有：（1）企业的生产管理活动范围将拓展到全球。
不能仅靠利用本国资源来谋求发展，而是必须广泛地利用世界各国的资金、技术、劳动力等生产要素发展自己，以求实现资源的最佳配置；同时，其生产协作关系也不再局限于国内，而是要在全球范围内寻求合作伙伴；而且，企业的发展也不仅仅受国内经济形势、资源环境等因素的影响，同时也要受到国际经济形势、资源、环境等因素的制约。
（2）在无边界组织产生的背景下，企业管理必须建立高效、便捷、可靠的全球化要素传输流动网络，采用各种先进的要素传输手段，特别是信息传输手段。
否则，企业就无法在国际竞争中取胜，这对企业的组织结构设计提出了新的要求。
企业管理组织将呈现追求网络化、扁平化、柔性化的发展趋势，21世纪企业内部组织结构，将一改占主流地位的“金字塔”式的层级组织结构形态，中间管理层将失去原有的价值，企业的管理组织将呈现扁平状态，弹性化。
（3）企业管理的重点已从内部控制性管理转向了外部适应性管理，要素效率不再成为企业追求的惟一目标。
世界经济一体化趋势的加强，一方面拓宽了企业竞争和合作的边界，另一方面则增大了企业的外部不确定性。
因此，如何充分利用现代信息技术的先进手段来重新设计企业内部组织和企业之间的界面关系，充分关注企业的顾客资本以及客户关系管理，这些课题都对企业管理提出了新的挑战。
（4）无边界组织对管理的影响还要求处理好各国文化的差异。
各国的文化对雇员与工作相关的价值观和价值取向有着重大的影响。
因此，企业在进行跨国经营之前，必须对东道国的投资环境做出具体的分析与评估，从而做出理性的决策。
而在投资环境的因素中，文化是一个十分重要的因子，尤其是文化距离。
否则，这会给企业跨国经营带来一定的投资风险与经营阻碍。
第Ⅰ篇导论第一章管理者与管理一、谁是管理者。
（１）管理者：组织中指挥他人活动的人，他们拥有各种头衔。
（２）操作者：非管理人员，他们直接从事某项工作或任务，不具有监督别人工作的责任。
（３）组织：指一种有人们组成的，具有明确的和系统性结构的实体。
（４）管理者分类：基层管理者中层管理者高层管理者。
二、什么是管理和管理者做什么１、管理的定义。
（１）管理：同别人一起或通过别人使活动完成得更有效的过程。
这一过程体现在计划、组织、领导和控制的职能成基本活动中。
（２）效率：只输入与输出关系，涉及使完成活动的职员最小化。
（方法）效果：与活动的完成，即与目标的实现相联系。
（结果）两者关系：管理不仅关系到使活动达到目标，而且要做得尽可能有效率。
低水平管理绝大多数是由于无效率和无效果，或者是通过牺牲效率来取得效果。
２、管理的职能。
（１）计划：确定目标，制定目标，制定战略，以及开发分计划以协调活动。
（２）组织：决定需要做什么，怎么做，由谁去做。
（３）领导：指导和激励所有参与者以及解决冲突。
（４）控制：对活动进行见空以确保其按计划完成。
３、管理者角色（亨利·朋茨伯格）（１）管理者角色：指特定的管理行为范畴。
①涉及人际关系：挂名首脑、领导者、联络者。
②涉及信息传递：监听者、传播者、发言人。
③涉及决策制定：企业家、混沌驾御者、谈判者。
（２）理者角色与传统管理职能理论的关系：①职能方法仍然代表着将管理者的工作概念化的最有效方法。
②管理者角色实质上与四种职能是一致的。
４、有效的管理者与成功的管理者。
（弗雷德·卢森斯）①成功的管理者（提升最快的管理者）强调网络关系活动；而有效的管理者（绩效最佳的管理者）强调沟通。
②两者关系的意义：这个结果指出社交和改治技巧对于在组织中晋升是重要的［从传统管理、沟通、人力资源管理、网络联系活动者］随着层次的晋升，从事更多计划、组织、控制、而从事更少领导。
５、管理者工作的普遍性。
①管理具有某些一般的性质：@㈠无论在组织的哪一个层次上，所有管理者都履行着四种职能，区别仅在于对每种职能强调的程度随管理者在等级结构的位置而变化。
第一章管理者与管理一、谁是管理者。
（１）管理者：组织中指挥他人活动的人，他们拥有各种头衔。
（２）操作者：非管理人员，他们直接从事某项工作或任务，不具有监督别人工作的责任。
（３）组织：指一种有人们组成的，具有明确的和系统性结构的实体。
（４）管理者分类：基层管理者中层管理者高层管理者。
二、什么是管理和管理者做什么１、管理的定义。
（１）管理：同别人一起或通过别人使活动完成得更有效的过程。
这一过程体现在计划、组织、领导和控制的职能成基本活动中。
（２）效率：只输入与输出关系，涉及使完成活动的职员最小化。
（方法）效果：与活动的完成，即与目标的实现相联系。
（结果）两者关系：管理不仅关系到使活动达到目标，而且要做得尽可能有效率。
低水平管理绝大多数是由于无效率和无效果，或者是通过牺牲效率来取得效果。
２、管理的职能。
（１）计划：确定目标，制定目标，制定战略，以及开发分计划以协调活动。
（２）组织：决定需要做什么，怎么做，由谁去做。
（３）领导：指导和激励所有参与者以及解决冲突。
（４）控制：对活动进行见空以确保其按计划完成。
３、管理者角色（亨利·朋茨伯格）（１）管理者角色：指特定的管理行为范畴。
①涉及人际关系：挂名首脑、领导者、联络者。
②涉及信息传递：监听者、传播者、发言人。
③涉及决策制定：企业家、混沌驾御者、谈判者。
（２）理者角色与传统管理职能理论的关系：①职能方法仍然代表着将管理者的工作概念化的最有效方法。
②管理者角色实质上与四种职能是一致的。
４、有效的管理者与成功的管理者。
（弗雷德·卢森斯）①成功的管理者（提升最快的管理者）强调网络关系活动；而有效的管理者（绩效最佳的管理者）强调沟通。
②两者关系的意义：这个结果指出社交和改治技巧对于在组织中晋升是重要的［从传统管理、沟通、人力资源管理、网络联系活动者］随着层次的晋升，从事更多计划、组织、控制、而从事更少领导。
５、管理者工作的普遍性。
①管理具有某些一般的性质：@㈠无论在组织的哪一个层次上，所有管理者都履行着四种职能，区别仅在于对每种职能强调的程度随管理者在等级结构的位置而变化。
管理学第9版课后习题答案管理学第9版课后习题答案管理学是一门研究组织和管理的学科，对于现代社会的发展具有重要的意义。
而理解和掌握管理学的知识，对于从事管理工作的人来说更是必不可少的。
而《管理学第9版》作为一本经典的管理学教材，其课后习题对于学生的学习和巩固知识都具有重要的作用。
下面是对《管理学第9版》课后习题的一些解答和讨论。
第一章：管理和组织1. 什么是管理？管理的目标是什么？管理是指通过计划、组织、领导和控制等一系列活动，使组织能够有效地实现其目标。
管理的目标是通过合理利用组织的资源，提高组织的效率和效果，从而实现组织的使命和目标。
2. 什么是组织？组织的类型有哪些？组织是指由一群人共同协作，追求共同目标的社会系统。
组织的类型包括企业组织、非营利组织、政府组织等。
3. 管理者的角色有哪些？请举例说明。
管理者的角色包括：决策者、人际角色、信息处理者、资源分配者等。
例如，当管理者需要做出重大决策时，他们扮演的是决策者的角色；当管理者与员工进行沟通和交流时，他们扮演的是人际角色。
第二章：管理环境1. 什么是管理环境？管理环境对组织有何影响？管理环境是指组织所处的外部环境和内部环境。
管理环境对组织有着直接和间接的影响，它可以影响组织的发展和运营。
外部环境包括经济环境、政治环境、社会文化环境等，而内部环境包括组织的结构、文化、人力资源等。
2. 请列举几个影响管理环境的因素，并简要说明其影响。
影响管理环境的因素有很多，如经济因素、技术因素、法律因素等。
经济因素会直接影响组织的运营和发展，技术因素则会影响到组织的生产力和竞争力，法律因素则会对组织的运营和管理提出一系列要求和限制。
第三章：管理理论1. 请简要介绍几个著名的管理理论。
凯奇管理理论认为，管理者应该关注员工的需求和动机，通过激励和奖励来提高员工的工作表现。
赫茨伯格和麦格雷戈的理论则强调了员工的动机和领导行为的关系，他们提出了“X理论”和“Y理论”，分别代表了不同的领导风格和对员工动机的看法。
第七章一、选择题1·( )是正式计划而非非正式计划的特征。
a．组织内部很少或没有共同目标 b．计划工作是普遍的c．为实现目标存在具体的行动计划 d．关注结果2·( )属于计划工作的四个原因之一。
a．计划自动地增加灵活性 b．计划减少不确定性c．计划即使不确定也具有价值d·计划不是件容易的工作，需要经过高强度训练才能制定好的计划3·( )是个体、群体和整个组织期望的产出。
a．计划 b．目 c．战略 d．政策4·( )是组织向外界宣称的试图使各种利益相关群体相信的正式的陈述。
a．真实目标 b．陈述目标c·目标管理 d．方向性计划5．不是融资目标例子的是( )。
a．较大的现金流 b．较高的分红、c·较高的红利和较好的信用等 d．较大的市场份额6·( )构成了组织的整体目标，( )具体表明整体目标怎样达到。
a．战略计划；运营计划 b．长期计划；短期计划c．具体计划；方向性计划 d．持续性计划；一次性计划7．长期计划的时间框架是( )。
a·小于一年 b．大于一年c·超过两年 d．超过三年8·短期计划的时间框架是( )。
a．一年左右 b．两年左右 c．三年左右 d．四年左右9·制定一般指导原则的灵活性计划是( )。
a·运营计划 b．战略计划 c．具体计划 d．方向性计划l0·当环境的不确定性很高时，( )更好。
a·战略计划 b．方向性计划c·运营计划 d．持续性计划11为满足特定情况需要，对非程序性决策作出反应而制定的计划是L )。
a·短期计划 b．具体计划 c．方向性计划 d．一次性计划12·( )计划提供了对重复进行的活动的持续指导。
a·方向性 b．持续性c·运营 d．一次性13‘窑三…：中j首先设立组织的最高目标，然后将其分解为每一个组织层次的子目标。
第Ⅰ篇导论第一章管理者与管理一、谁是管理者。
（１）管理者：组织中指挥他人活动的人，他们拥有各种头衔。
（２）操作者：非管理人员，他们直接从事某项工作或任务，不具有监督别人工作的责任。
（３）组织：指一种有人们组成的，具有明确的和系统性结构的实体。
（４）管理者分类：基层管理者中层管理者高层管理者。
二、什么是管理和管理者做什么１、管理的定义。
（１）管理：同别人一起或通过别人使活动完成得更有效的过程。
这一过程体现在计划、组织、领导和控制的职能成基本活动中。
（２）效率：只输入与输出关系，涉及使完成活动的职员最小化。
（方法）效果：与活动的完成，即与目标的实现相联系。
（结果）两者关系：管理不仅关系到使活动达到目标，而且要做得尽可能有效率。
低水平管理绝大多数是由于无效率和无效果，或者是通过牺牲效率来取得效果。
２、管理的职能。
（１）计划：确定目标，制定目标，制定战略，以及开发分计划以协调活动。
（２）组织：决定需要做什么，怎么做，由谁去做。
（３）领导：指导和激励所有参与者以及解决冲突。
（４）控制：对活动进行见空以确保其按计划完成。
３、管理者角色（亨利·朋茨伯格）（１）管理者角色：指特定的管理行为范畴。
①涉及人际关系：挂名首脑、领导者、联络者。
②涉及信息传递：监听者、传播者、发言人。
③涉及决策制定：企业家、混沌驾御者、谈判者。
（２）理者角色与传统管理职能理论的关系：①职能方法仍然代表着将管理者的工作概念化的最有效方法。
②管理者角色实质上与四种职能是一致的。
４、有效的管理者与成功的管理者。
（弗雷德·卢森斯）①成功的管理者（提升最快的管理者）强调网络关系活动；而有效的管理者（绩效最佳的管理者）强调沟通。
②两者关系的意义：这个结果指出社交和改治技巧对于在组织中晋升是重要的［从传统管理、沟通、人力资源管理、网络联系活动者］随着层次的晋升，从事更多计划、组织、控制、而从事更少领导。
５、管理者工作的普遍性。
①管理具有某些一般的性质：@㈠无论在组织的哪一个层次上，所有管理者都履行着四种职能，区别仅在于对每种职能强调的程度随管理者在等级结构的位置而变化。
14.2 课后习题详解一、思考题1．对于组织中不同层级的管理人员来说，组织行为学领域的知识对他们的重要性是否不同？请具体说明。
答：对于组织中不同层级的管理人员来说，组织行为学领域的知识对他们的重要性是不同的。
具体说明如下：（1）管理人员的层级划分为三层：高层管理人员、中层管理人员、基层管理人员。
其具体的职责分别为：①高层管理人员是对整个组织的管理负有全面责任的人，他们的主要职责是：制定组织的总目标、总战略，掌握组织的大政方针并评价整个组织的绩效。
其在与外界的交往中，往往代表组织以“官方”的身份出现；②中层管理人员是处于高层管理人员和基层管理人员之间的一个或若干个中间层次的管理人员，他们的主要职责是：贯彻执行高层管理人员所制定的重大决策，监督和协调基层管理人员的工作，与高层管理人员相比，中层管理人员更注意日常的管理事务；③基层管理人员是组织中处于最低层次的管理者，他们所管辖的仅仅是作业人员而不涉及其他管理者。
其主要职责是：给下属作业人员分派具体工作任务，直接指挥和监督现场作业活动，保证各项任务的有效完成。
（2）组织行为学领域的知识主要包括个体、群体和组织。
其具体的内容如下：①个体是构成组织的最基本细胞，是组织行为学研究的基础和出发点。
在这个层面上，通常应用心理学的理论和方法研究个体特征对人们在组织中的工作行为和工作表现的影响，要考虑诸如价值观、知觉、归因、态度、个性、意志和情感等因素，并对他们在工作中的个体行为、作风与绩效的影响进行研究。
同时要研究个体行为以及他们对不同的组织政策、实践和过程的反应，有关人性、需要、动机和激励等方面的理论可以用来说明单个组织成员的行为和绩效；②群体的内容包括运用社会心理学的知识和理论分析工作群体的特征、结构、功能、发展过程和内聚力，就构成了组织行为学研究群体的重要部分；③组织作为一个整体的特征如组织结构、组织文化对个体和群体行为，从而对组织效率和气氛有重要的影响。
把整个组织作为一个层面来研究的宏观方法是建立在社会学的理论和概念之上的。
True/False QuestionsA MANAGER’S DILEMMA1.According to the boxed feature, “A Manager’s Dilemma,” Nokia was once involved in industriesranging from paper to chemicals and rubber.True (moderate)2.A ccording to the boxed feature, “A Manager’s Dilemma,” Nokia has been competing in thetelecommunications industry since 1965.False (moderate)DEFINING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUREanizational design is the organization's formal framework by which job tasks are divided,grouped, and coordinated.False (difficult)4. The concept of work specialization can be traced back a couple of centuries to AdamSmith's discussion of division of labor.True (moderate)5. The degree to which tasks in an organization are divided into separate jobs is divisionof labor.True (moderate)6. Historically, many organizations have grouped work actions by functiondepartmentalization.True (moderate)7. Grouping jobs on the basis of product or customer flow is termed customerdepartmentalization.False (moderate)8.Geographic departmentalization has greatly increased in importance as a result oftoday’s competitive business environmentFalse (moderate)9. A group of individuals who are experts in various specialties and who work together isa cross-functional team.True (moderate)10. Authority is the individual's capacity to influence decisions.False (difficult)11. Authority is synonymous with responsibility.False (easy)12. Responsibility is the rights inherent in a managerial position.False (easy)13. A manager's span of control refers to the number of subordinates who can be effectively and efficiently supervised.True (moderate)14. The classical view of unity of command suggests that subordinates should have only one superior to whom they report.True (easy)15. The trend in recent years has been toward smaller spans of control.False (easy)16. When decisions tend to be made at lower levels in an organization, the organization is said to be decentralized.True (moderate)17. Decentralization describes the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization.False (moderate)18. In the last 35 years, there has been a trend of organizations moving toward increased decentralization.True (easy)19. Appropriate organizational structure depends on four variables: the organization's strategy, size, technology, and degree of environmental uncertainty.True (difficult)20. Standardization refers to the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extent to which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures.False (moderate)ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN DECISIONS21. An organic organization tends to be characterized by high specialization, extensive departmentalization, narrow spans of control, high formalization, a limited information network, and little participation in decision-making by low-level employees.False (moderate)22. An organic organization would likely be very flexible.True (moderate)23. Innovators need the efficiency, stability, and tight controls of the mechanistic structure.False (easy)24.The relationship between organizational size and structure tends to be linear.False (difficult)25. Joan Woodward attempted to view organizational structure from a technological perspective.True (moderate)26. Woodward demonstrated that organizational structures adapted to their technology.True (moderate)firm.False (moderate)28.The strength of the functional structure is that it focuses on results.False (moderate) it is the strength of divisional structure.29.According to the text, a functional structure creates strategic business units.False (moderate)COMMON ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGNS30. Project structures tend to be rigid and inflexible organizational designs.False (easy)Multiple ChoiceA MANAGER’S DILEMMA31.According to the company profile in “A Manager’s Dilemma,” the organizationalstructure of Nokia is best described as ______________.a.mechanisticanic (moderate)c.centralizedd.formalized32.The factor contributing the most to Nokia’s success in the mobile phone industryaccording to the company profile in “A Manager’s Dilemma” is ______________.a.new product development (moderate)ernment subsidiesc.national trade barriersd.weak competition33.______________ is the process of creating an organization's structure.a. H uman resource managementb. Leadingc. O rganizing (moderate)d. Planninge. D epartmentalizationDEFINING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE34. According to the text, a(n) ______________ is the formal framework by which jobtasks are divided, grouped, and coordinated.a.mission statementb.environmental scanc.internal resource analysisanizational structure (moderate)35. Which of the following is not one of the six key elements in organizational design?a. w ork specializationb. departmentalizationc. c hain of commandd. bureaucratic design (difficult)e. s pan of control36. Work specialization is also known as ______________.a. d epartmentalization.c. s pan of control.d. formalization.e. division of labor. (easy)37. The term ______________ is used to describe the degree to which tasks in an organization are divided into separate jobs.a.work ethicsb.managerial capitalismc.social responsibilityd.work specialization (moderate)38.When did the idea of enlarging, rather than narrowing, job scope begin?a. 1950sb. 1960s (moderate)c. 1970sd. 1980se. 1990s39.Which of the following is not an example of the classical view of division of labor?a. a ssembly-line productionb. Burger Kingc. T aco Belld. TQM (moderate)e. K entucky Fried Chicken40. ______________ is the basis on which jobs are grouped in order to accomplish organizational goals.a.Departmentalization (moderate)b. Centralizationc. F ormalizationd. Coordinatione. E fficiency41. A local manufacturing organization has groups of employees who are responsible for sales, marketing, accounting, human resources, etc. These are examples of what concept?a. a uthorityb. chain of commandc. e mpowermentd. departmentalization (moderate)e. s ocial grouping42. Grouping sporting equipment in one area, men's clothing in another area, and cosmetics in a third area, is an example of what kind departmentalization?a. c ustomerb. product (easy)c. g eographicd. processe. o utcomewestern regions would be an example of ______________ departmentalization.a. p roductb. geographic (easy)c. p rocessd. outcomee. c ustomer44.Grouping activities on the basis of customer flow is ______________.a. f unctional departmentalization.b. product departmentalization.c. g eographical departmentalization.d. process departmentalization. (moderate)e. t echnological departmentalization.45. What type of departmentalization expects that each department will specialize in one specific phase of the process or product production?a. p roductb. geographicc. p rocess (easy)d. outcomee. c ustomer46. What kind of departmentalization would be in place in a government organization where different public service responsibilities are divided into activities for employers, children, and the disabled?a. p roductb. geographicc. p rocessd. outcomee. customer (moderate)47. Which of the following is not a form of departmentalization suggested by your text?a. f unctional departmentalizationb. product departmentalizationc. g eographical departmentalizationd. process departmentalizatione. technological departmentalization (difficult)48. Today's competitive business environment has greatly increased the importance of what type of departmentalization?a. g eographicb. customer (difficult)c. p roductd. processe. o utcome49. According to the text, managers are using ______________, which are groups of individuals who are experts in various specialties and who work together.a.specialized teamsb.cross-demanded teamsc.cross-functional teams (moderate)d.simple structured teams50. Which of the following is a contemporary addition to the historical view of departmentalization?a. i ncreased rigidityb. cross-functional teams (moderate)d. elimination of product departmentalizatione. a ddition of sales departmentalization51. Bringing together the company's legal counsel, research engineer, and marketing specialist for a project is an example of a(n) ______________.a. e mpowered team.b. process departmentalization.c. p roduct departmentalization.d. cross-functional team. (moderate)e. c ontinuous improvement team.52. The ______________ is the continuous line of authority that extends from upper organizational levels to the lowest levels and clarifies who reports to whom.a.chain of demandb.chain of command (easy)c.demand hierarchyd.continuous design structure53. To whom a worker reports concerns which aspect of organizational structure?a.chain of command (moderate)b. departmentalizationc. p ay structured. line of commande. a uthority framework54. ______________ entitles a manager to direct the work of a subordinate.a. R esponsibilityb. Legitimate powerc. R ankd. Operating responsibilitye. Authority (moderate)55. ______________ is the obligation to perform assigned activities.a. A uthorityb. Responsibility (easy)c. C hain of commandd. Unity of commande. F ormalization56. The ______________ principle (one of Fayol’s 14 principles of management) helps preserve the concept of a continuous line of authority.a.unity of demandb.unity of command (moderate)c.demand structured.continuous demand57. Span of control refers to which of the following concepts?a. h ow much power a manager has in the organizationb. the geographic dispersion of a manager's subunits of responsibilityc. h ow many subordinates a manager can effectively and efficiently supervise (moderate)d. the number of subordinates affected by a single managerial ordere. t he amount of time it takes to pass information down through a manager's line of command58. Other things being equal, the wider or larger the span of control, the more ______________ the organizational design.a. b ureaucraticb. democraticc. e ffectived. efficient (difficult)e. c lassical59. Wider spans of control may be viewed as more efficient, but eventually, wider spans tend to have what effect on organizations?a.reduced effectiveness (difficult)b. increased turnoverc. l oss of managerial powerd. customer dissatisfactione. r igid chains of command60. An organization that spends money on maintaining a well-trained work force can expect which of the following span-of-control outcomes?a. i ncreased contempt for managementb. increased voluntary turnoverc. c entralized authorityd. less direct supervision (moderate)e. i ncreased need for managerial-level employees61. A high-tech manager who supervises the development of a new computer chip needs ______________ compared to a manager who supervises the mailing of unemployment insurance checks at the local government office.a. a bout the same span of controlb. a narrower span of control (difficult)c. a wider span of controld. a more informal span of controle. e limination of the span of control62. In general, span of control is ______________ for managers.a.increasing (easy)b. decreasingc. s taying the samed. significantly decreasinge. n o longer important63. ______________ describes the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization.a.Decentralizationb.Centralization (moderate)c.Transnationalismd.Cross sectional analysis64. If lower-level employees provide input or are actually given the discretion to make decisions, the organization is ______________.a. f ormalized.c. d ecentralized. (easy)d. mechanistic.e. o rganic.65. Recently, there has been a distinct trend toward ______________.a. smaller spans of control.b. decentralized decision-making. (moderate)c. d ecreased flexibility.d. emphasis on chain of command.e. m echanistic organizations.66. Which of the following factors WOULD NOT influence an organization to have a higher degree of centralization?a. E nvironment is stable.b. Company is geographically dispersed. (difficult)c. C ompany is large.d. Decisions are significant.e. O rganization is facing a crisis.67. ______________ refers to the degree to which jobs within the organization are standardized and the extent to which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures.a. S tandardizationb. Centralizationc. C hain of commandd. Strategye. Formalization (moderate)68. All of the following factors indicate that a decentralized organization would be most effective EXCEPT when ______________.a. t he environment is complex.b. decisions are relatively minor.c. t he organization is facing a crisis. (difficult)d. the company is geographically dispersed.e.effective implementation of strategies depends on managers having involvement andflexibilityto make decisions.69. Which of the following factors describes an environment in which a high degree of decentralization is desired?a.Environment is complex, uncertain. (moderate)b. Lower-level managers do not want to have a say in decisions.c. D ecisions are significant.d. Company is large.e. O rganization is facing a crisis or the risk of company failure.70. The ______________ organizational structure is characterized by high specialization, extensive departmentalization, narrow spans of control and high formalization.a.mechanistic (easy)b. organicc. c ontingencye. f unctional71. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a mechanistic organization?a. h igh specializationb. wide spans of control (moderate)c. h igh formalizationd. limited information networke. e xtensive departmentalization72. What type of organizational form follows classical principles such as unity of command?a. o rganicb. linearc. d ecentralizedd. mechanistic (moderate)e. a dhocracyORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN DECISIONS73. Which of the following would likely be found in mechanistic organizations?a. w ide span of controlb. empowered employeesc. d ecentralized responsibilityd. few rules and/or regulationse. standardized job specialties (difficult)74. All of the following are characteristics of an organic organization EXCEPT:a.narrow spans of control. (moderate)b. cross-hierarchical teams.c. free flow of information.d. low formalization.e. cross-functional teams.75. In the early years of Apple Computers, its desire for highly proficient and creative employees who operated with few work rules was an example of what type of organization?a. b ureaucraticb. mechanisticc. v olatiled. nouvellee. organic (difficult)76. Which of the following is true concerning an organic organization's problem-response time?a. I t requires strict adherence to efficiently developed rules.b. Its speed demands clear lines of command.c.Response times are slower than mechanistic organizations, but answers tend to bemoreaccurate.d. Professional standards guide behavior. (difficult)e. T he response time is quick due to the centralized design.77. Which of the following is not one of the four contingency variables that help determine appropriate organizational structure?a. o rganizational sizeb. organizational strategyc. o rganizational technologyd. organizational age (moderate)e. d egree of environmental uncertainty78. Which of the following is an accurate statement?a.Strategy follows structure.c.Strategy and structure are not linked.d.Structure follows strategy. (moderate)e.Mechanistic and organic organizations have distinct differences in the application ofthe relationship between strategy and structure.79. Most current strategy-structure contingency frameworks tend to focus on threestrategy dimensions. These dimensions are ______________.a. r evenue maximization, customer satisfaction, and visibility.b. customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and ethics.c. i nnovation, cost minimization, and imitation. (difficult)d. legal considerations, profit maximization, and innovation.e. l ong-term survival, profit maximization, and customer satisfaction.80. What kind of relationship is there between organizational size and degree of mechanistic structure?a. -1.0b. unclearc. p ositive (moderate)d. bimodale. e xponential81. Joan Woodward's research was the first major attempt to view organizational structure from a ______________ perspective.a. s trategicb. contingencyc. s ized. departmentale. technological (easy)82. The three production categories that Joan Woodward divided organizations into inorder to uncover relationships between organizational structure and technology are ______________.a.unit, mass, process (difficult)b. unit, product, costc. p roduct, cost, customerd. mass, process, coste. p rocess, unit, product83. According to Woodward's studies, what type of production works best with a mechanistic structure?a. u nitb. processc. p roductd. mass (moderate)e. j ust-in-time84. Which of the following is not a characteristic that would suggest unit production wouldbe a best "fit"?a. l ow horizontal differentiationb. low vertical differentiationc. s mall-batch, custom productse. mechanistic structure (difficult)85. A characteristic that both unit production and process production have is that the most effective organizational structure for both technologies is ______________.anic. (difficult)b. mechanistic.c. a dhocracy.d. matrix.e. t eam.86. Woodward's studies generally demonstrate that organization ______________ should adapt to their ______________.a. p rocesses; environmentb. employees; leadersc. t echnologies; legal constraintsd. structures; technology (moderate)e. o utputs; resources87. Which type of environment is best suited for mechanistic organizations?a. d ynamicb. manufacturingc. s erviced. combinatione. stable (moderate)88. According to the text, all of the following are examples of the more traditional organizational designs EXCEPT:a.the simple structure.b.the functional structurec.the matrix structure (moderate)d.the divisional structure89. Which of the following is not characteristic of a simple organizational structure?a.narrow spans of control (moderate)b. low degree of departmentalizationc. c entralized decision-makingd. little formalizatione. i nformation arrangement of employeesCOMMON ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGNS90. Which of the following terms is associated with a simple organizational structure?a. e laborateb. high-complexityc. f ormald. decentralizede. flat (moderate)91. A wine store that employs six people most likely has what kind of organizational structure?a. b ureaucracyb. simple (difficult)c. f unctionald. divisionale. t eam-based92. All of the following are strengths of a simple organizational structure EXCEPT:a. I t's fast.b. It's inexpensive to maintain.c. I t's less risky. (moderate)d. Accountability is clear.93. A bureaucratic or mechanistic design may use a ______________ structure which groups similar or related occupational specialties together.a. m atrixb. functional (moderate)c. d ivisionald. geographice. t eam-based94. A ______________ structure creates strategic business units.a. m atrixb. functionalc. d ivisional (difficult)d. geographice. t eam-based95. What type of organizational structure is made up of autonomous, self-contained units?a. b ureaucracyb. simplec. f unctionald. divisional (moderate)e. t eam-based96. In what type of organizational structure is empowerment most crucial?a. b ureaucracyb. simplec. f unctionald. divisionale. team-based (easy)97. The ______________ is an organizational structure that assigns specialists from different functional departments to work on one or more projects being led by project managers.a.functional structureb.simple structurec.matrix structure (moderate)d.divisional structure98. The matrix approach violates what classical principle?a.unity of command (moderate)b. decentralizationc. c ustomer focusd. linear lines of responsibilitye. l arge spans of control99. What type of organization assigns specialists from different functional departments to work on one or more projects led by a project manager?a. c lassicalb. contemporaryc. m atrix (easy)d. evolutionarye. p roduct-based100. A ______________ organization is not defined by, or limited to, the horizontal, vertical, or external boundaries imposed by a predefined structure.a. t eam-basedb. boundarylessc. m echanisticd.project (moderate)e. s imple101. A ______________ organization has developed the continuous capacity to adapt and change.a. s impleb. mechanisticc. b ureaucraticd. team-basede. learning (moderate)MANAGING IN AN E-BUSINESS WORLD102. According to the boxed feature, “Manag ing in an E-Business World,” all of the following are needed for E-business to achieve the characteristic necessary for success in the digital world EXCEPT:a.high vertical, horizontal, and lateral communication.b.cross-hierarchical and cross-functional teams.c.extensive employee empowerment.d.high formalization. (moderate)103. According to the boxed feature, “Managing in an E-Business World,” ’s organizational structure is best described as ______________.a.mechanisticanic (moderate)c.formald.diagonal104. According to the boxed feature, “Managing in an E-Business World,” the ______________ organization is the concept that describes an E-business organization.a.mechanisticb.boundaryless (moderate)c.functionald.diagonal105. The important characteristics of a learning organization revolve around all of the following EXCEPT:anizational design.b.market capitalization (moderate)rmation sharing.d.leadership.e.culture.ScenariosDEFINING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUREOrganizational Structure (Scenario)Michelle is a registered nurse in charge of a new unit in her hospital. She would like to have a more laid-back approach to dealing with her new staff, but the hospital demands that there are strict hierarchical levels and that all decisions must be signed off by Michelle. Sometimes this drives Michelle nuts; the constant filling out of forms, etc. She also feels that the numerous levels of hierarchy are unnecessary and place barriers between her and her staff. She isn't sure why things have to be so "organized" and is thinking about speaking with her boss to attempt changing her unit to have more flexibility and fewer rules.106. Michelle is concerned about her unit's ______________, the unit's formal framework by which job tasks are divided, grouped and coordinated.a. f ormal organizational chartb. organizational structure (moderate)c. s taffd. span of controle. c ommunication lines107. Michelle is required to sign off on all decisions, suggesting that they have a ______________ form of decision-making authority.a.centralized (moderate)b. formalc. a utocraticd. policye. s trict108. Michelle has noticed that everyone is very concerned about the ______________, the line of authority within the organization.a. r esponsibilityb. chain of command (easy)c. s pan of controld. organizational strategye. e nvironmentConsultants R Us (Scenario)Beth Ann has been hired as a consultant for XYZ Consulting, and her first assignment is to apply the work of Joan Woodward to her client, Custom Leather, Inc. Custom Leather makes expensive leather furniture.109. Woodward felt that the effectiveness of the organization would be related to the ______________ fit.a. e mployee/productb. technology/structure (moderate)c. e nvironment/processd. process/employeee. e mployee/environment______________ production.a. m assb. processc. u nit (moderate)d. environmentale. p rocedural111. If Custom Leather produces in large batches, this is termed ______________ production.a.mass (moderate)b. processc. u nitd. environmentale. p rocedural112. Custom Leather is unable to use a continuous process, or ______________ production, because leather is a unique item.a. m assb. process (moderate)c. u nitd. environmentale. p roceduralORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN DECISIONSYou Can Bank on It (Scenario)Susan's employer, Western Bank, like many others, had recently undergone decruitment in order to "right size" the organization. The Board of Directors felt that their sagging stock price could be improved with some labor cost cutting. Along with other new challenges, a problem now existed with span of control and decision-making authority. In the past, her bank's policy was that no manager should supervise more than six subordinates and only managers should make decisions for their individual units. But now, with the cuts in middle management, upper management had increased the span of control but still insisted on managerial-only decision-making. The result was that managers spent all of their time putting out fires and subordinates felt they were getting answers too slowly and wanted to start having the authority to make decisions on their own. Clearly, something had to change.113. Of the following, which is not a reason that would be consistent with Western Bank's wanting to maintain a centralized form of decision-making?a.Environment is uncertain. (moderate)b. Environment is stable.c. C ompany is large.d. Decisions are more significant.e. O rganization is facing a crisis.114. Of the following which is not a reason Western Bank would not change to a more decentralized form of decision-making?a. l ower-level managers are capable of decision-makingb. company is geographically dispersedc. d ecisions are relatively minore. l ower-level managers want a voice in decisionsORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN DECISIONS115. Susan believes that Western Bank should be highly adaptive and flexible. She would like for Western Bank to be a(n) ______________ structure.anic (easy)b. mechanisticc. f ormalizedd. technologicale. s trategic116. The contingency approach would consider all of the following variables EXCEPT the ______________.a. o rganization's strategy.b. organization's size.c. o rganization's age. (moderate)d. organization's technology.e. d egree of environmental uncertainty.Food for Thought (Scenario)Burgess owned a ToutLeMart, a store that sold food and nonfood items in a warehouse environment. He employed 350 people and had them work in very specialized areas. Some people only unloaded the pallets from the trucks or drove the pallets onto the floor, while still others unloaded the pallets in their specific area of responsibility. He had managers controlling each specific area. For example, the automotive manager was in charge of all functions; accounting, purchasing, sales, etc. This arrangement had generally worked well, but recently, he noticed that employees seemed bored and turnover and absenteeism had risen. In addition, he found that attempting to get special projects completed, such as creating their new "First-Class Customer" card, had turned into a nightmare due to the lack of cooperation and misunderstanding between the groups.117. ToutLeMart currently operates under the classical view of the division of labor. This is characterized by which of the following?a. Y ou only report to one manager.b. Employees specialize in doing part of a task. (easy)c. E mployees specialize in doing one complete task.d. People are divided according to their work interest.e. E mployees are trained to do many tasks to increase flexibility.118. The type of departmentalization practiced by ToutLeMart is best described as ______________.a.product. (moderate)b.function.c.customer.d.geographic.e.process.119. If ToutLeMart decided to reorganize their departmentalization so that one manager was in charge of accounting, one manager in charge of food stuffs, one manager in charge of nonfood items, etc., this would be described as ______________ departmentalization.a. p roductb. function (moderate)c. c ustomerd. geographice. p rocess120. If Burgess regularly put together teams made up of specialists from different areas to tackle new projects, like the "First-Class Customer" card project, these would be called ______________.a.cross-functional teams. (easy)b. quality circles.c. t otal quality management.d. special project teams.。
罗宾斯《管理学》习题答案第一章：管理和组织1. 什么是管理？管理是一种通过组织和协调组织内外资源，以实现组织目标的活动。
它涉及规划、组织、领导和控制等方面，旨在提高组织的绩效和效率。
2. 管理者的角色有哪些？管理者的角色包括：决策者、沟通者、协调者、资源分配者、监督者和激励者等。
他们需要在组织内部和外部之间进行协调，以确保组织的顺利运作。
3. 组织的特点有哪些？组织的特点包括：目标导向、人员组合、协作和分工、形式和非形式结构等。
组织的特点决定了它的运作方式和效率。
4. 什么是组织文化？组织文化是指组织内部共享的价值观、信念和行为方式。
它是组织的独特文化特征，对组织内部成员的行为和决策产生影响。
5. 管理学的历史和发展管理学的历史可以追溯到古代，但现代管理学的发展主要起源于20世纪初。
管理学逐渐形成了管理理论、管理原则和管理实践等体系，为组织管理提供了理论指导。
第二章：管理环境1. 管理环境的组成部分有哪些？管理环境包括内外环境。
内部环境由组织的员工、文化和结构等因素组成，而外部环境则包括政治、经济、社会和技术因素等。
管理者需要了解和适应环境的变化，以确保组织的成功。
经济环境对管理的影响主要表现为市场竞争、供求关系、通货膨胀和经济周期等方面。
管理者需要根据经济环境的变化，制定相应的策略和决策。
3. 技术环境对管理的影响有哪些？技术环境对管理的影响包括信息技术的发展、生产工艺的改进和自动化等方面。
管理者需要不断学习和应用新的技术，以提高组织的效率和竞争力。
4. 政治环境对管理的影响有哪些？政治环境对管理的影响主要表现为政府政策、法律法规和政府政策等方面。
管理者需要遵守相关法律法规，并与政府保持良好的关系。
除了经济、技术和政治环境外，管理者还需要考虑社会、文化、人口和环境等因素对管理的影响。
这些因素可以影响组织的形象和公众形象。
第三章：管理理论1. 传统管理理论有哪些？传统管理理论包括科学管理学、行政管理学和人际关系学。
第一章管理者与管理一、谁是管理者。
（１）管理者：组织中指挥他人活动的人，他们拥有各种头衔。
（２）操作者：非管理人员，他们直接从事某项工作或任务，不具有监督别人工作的责任。
（３）组织：指一种有人们组成的，具有明确的和系统性结构的实体。
（４）管理者分类：基层管理者中层管理者高层管理者。
二、什么是管理和管理者做什么１、管理的定义。
（１）管理：同别人一起或通过别人使活动完成得更有效的过程。
这一过程体现在计划、组织、领导和控制的职能成基本活动中。
（２）效率：只输入与输出关系，涉及使完成活动的职员最小化。
（方法）效果：与活动的完成，即与目标的实现相联系。
（结果）两者关系：管理不仅关系到使活动达到目标，而且要做得尽可能有效率。
低水平管理绝大多数是由于无效率和无效果，或者是通过牺牲效率来取得效果。
２、管理的职能。
（１）计划：确定目标，制定目标，制定战略，以及开发分计划以协调活动。
（２）组织：决定需要做什么，怎么做，由谁去做。
（３）领导：指导和激励所有参与者以及解决冲突。
（４）控制：对活动进行见空以确保其按计划完成。
３、管理者角色（亨利·朋茨伯格）（１）管理者角色：指特定的管理行为范畴。
①涉及人际关系：挂名首脑、领导者、联络者。
②涉及信息传递：监听者、传播者、发言人。
③涉及决策制定：企业家、混沌驾御者、谈判者。
（２）理者角色与传统管理职能理论的关系：①职能方法仍然代表着将管理者的工作概念化的最有效方法。
②管理者角色实质上与四种职能是一致的。
４、有效的管理者与成功的管理者。
（弗雷德·卢森斯）①成功的管理者（提升最快的管理者）强调网络关系活动；而有效的管理者（绩效最佳的管理者）强调沟通。
②两者关系的意义：这个结果指出社交和改治技巧对于在组织中晋升是重要的［从传统管理、沟通、人力资源管理、网络联系活动者］随着层次的晋升，从事更多计划、组织、控制、而从事更少领导。
５、管理者工作的普遍性。
①管理具有某些一般的性质：@㈠无论在组织的哪一个层次上，所有管理者都履行着四种职能，区别仅在于对每种职能强调的程度随管理者在等级结构的位置而变化。
Chapter 8 - Strategic ManagementTrue/False Questions3. The first step in the strategic management process is analyzing the external environment.False (difficult)6. Within an industry, an environment can present opportunities to one organization and pose threats to another.True (moderate)The final step in the strategic management process is implementing the objectives.False (difficult)TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIES11.Corporate-level strategics arc developed for organizations that run more than one type of business.True (moderate)The business group that is characterized by having low growth but high market share is known as a cash cow.True (moderate)According to the Boston Consulting Group matrix, question marks are businesses that generate large amounts of cash, but their prospects lor future growth are limited?False (moderate)According to Porter's competitive strategies framework, the cost leadership strategy would result in the best quality product at a justifiable cost.False (difficult)Multiple Choice38.The strategic management process is divided into which of the following sections?a.planning, implementation, and evaluation (easy)b.problem identification, planning, and implementationc.implementation, evaluation, and restructuringd.mission statement, environmental evaluation, and specific goalse.mission statement, environmental scoping, and evaluationIn the strategic management process, the defines the organizational purpose and answersthe question: "What is our reason for being in business?" a. objective b. evaluation c. strategyd.mission (easy)e.values statement41. Which of the following is not an example of an organization's mission?a.We believe our first responsibility is to doctors, nurses and patients, to mothers and all others who use ourproducts and services. (Johnson & Johnson).b.AMAX's principal products are molybdenum, coal, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, petroleum and natural gas,potash, phosphates, nickel, tungsten, silver, gold, and magnesium.c.We at Xeren want to increase market share by 10% during the next fiscal year, (difficult)d.Wc are dedicated to the total success of Corning Glass Works as a worldwide competitor.e.Hoover Universal is a diversified, multi-industry corporation with strong manufacturing capabilities,entrepreneurial policies, and individual business unit autonomy.44.Which of the following is not part of the organization's external environment?a.what competition is doingb.pending legislation that might affect the organizationc.consumer trendsd.employees* education level (moderate)bor supplyWhat step in the strategic management process follows analyzing the external environment?a.identifying opportunities and threats (moderate)b.mission statementc.evaluationd.identifying strengths and weaknessese.formulating strategiesWhat step in the strategic management process follows analyzing the organization's resources?a.identifying opportunities and threatsb.formulating strategyc.mission statementd.implementing strategye.identifying strengths and weaknesses (easy)In the strategic management process, what step comes prior to evaluating results?a.identifying strengths and weaknessesb.formulating strategiesc.identifying opportunities and threatsd.implementing strategies (easy)f.analyzing the organization's resourcesWhat is the final step in the strategic management process?a.mission statementb.identifying opportunities and threatsc.implementing strategicsd.analyzing the organization's resourcese.evaluating results (easy)Which of the following is one level of strategic planning in large companies?a.management levelb.financial levelc.staff leveld.corporate level (easy)e.systems levelLower level managers in an organization are typically responsible for which of the following types of strategies?a.functional-level strategiesb.business-level strategiesc.corporate-level strategiesd.mergers and acquisitionsWhich of the following is associated with corporate-lcvcl strategies?a.They are needed if your organization is in more than one type of business, (moderate)b.They answer: "How should our business compete?"c.They represent a single business.d.They arc a method of support for the business-level strategics.e.They determine the operations of a single business unit.65.When PepsiCo seeks to integrate the strategies of Pepsi, 7-Up International, and Frito-Lay, it is developingwhat level of business strategy?a.functionalb.systemc.managementd.businesse.corporate (moderate)Examples of a corporate-level stability strategy include all of the following EXCEPT:a.continuing to serve the same clients by offering the same product or service.b.maintaining market share.c.sustaining the organization's return-on-investment results.d.implementing vertical or horizontal integration, (moderate)When should management pursue a stability strategy?anizational performance is slipping.b.The environment is changing.c.The organization's performance is satisfactory and the environment is stable, (moderate)d.The firm has valuable strengths.e.There are abundant environmental opportunities.76.In, the organization attempts to gain control of its inputs by becoming its own supplier.a.forward vertical integrationb.backward vertical integration (moderate)c.horizontal integrationd.related diversificatione.unrelated diversificationWhich of the following describes a company growing by combining with other organizations in the same industry?a.forward vertical integrationb.backward vertical integrationc.horizontal integration (moderate)d.related diversificatione.unrelated diversificationWhich of the four business groups in (he corporate portfolio matrix has high growth and high market share?a.cash cowb.stars (difficult)c.question marksd.dogse.elephantsMichael Porter's competitive strategies framework identifies three generic competitive strategies: cost leadership, differentiation, and.a.depth.b.breadth.c.revenue growth.d.focus, (moderate)e.acquisition.102.Porter's competitive strategies framework describes a strategy whereby an organizationwants to be unique in its industry along dimensions widely valued by buyers.a.differentiation (moderate)b.fbcusc.cost leadershipd.depthe.defenderAccording to the boxed feature, "Managing in an E-Business World? all of the following are mentioned as major implications of the increasingly dynamic and uncertain environments on e-business strategies EXCEPT:a.environmental analysis will become an important part of everyone's job.b.strategy will become increasingly long term in orientation, (moderate)c.barriers to entry are practically nonexistent.d. a sustainable competitive advantage will be harder to achieve.ScenariosA Large Taco (Scenario)It is now ten years later and, as the original owner of Taco Rocket, you have seen your business holdings grow substantially. You now need to decide how to best manage and utilize the large number of assets represented by the companies you own. You called the Boston Consulting Group (BCG), and they have offered you some advice based on their corporate portfolio matrix.117.Your oldest holding, Taco Rocket, has not grown much in recent years but, due to low debt, generates a hugeamount of cash. Taco Rocket would be considered, according to BCG, a.a.cash cow. (moderate)b.star.c.question mark.d.dog.e.does not fit with their matrix-Recently, you also purchased a company that manufactures a new satellite dish, allowing you to enter into the cable television market. The business is profitable and growing, but the technological unknowns make it risky. BGC considers it a.a.cash cow.b.star.c.question mark, (moderate)d.dog.e.does not fit with their matrix-Another purchase you made was to acquire a local coffee-cart chain with thirty locations around the city. You don't see it growing very much, bui then, ii doesn't cost much (o operate. BGC has labeled this venturea.cash cow.b.star.c.question mark.d.dog. (moderate)e.does not fit with their matrix118.You also got somewhat lucky with an investment made a few years ago. You were an original investor in a computer chip company that took off quickly and now dominates the market. While growing quickly, it docs not tend to generate positive cash flow and is in continuous need of reinvestment of equipment and product development. BGC considers this a. a. cash cow.b.star, (moderate)c.question mark.d.dog.e.does not fit with their matrix-Essay QuestionsTHE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PROCESSIn a short essay, list and discuss the eight steps in the strategic management process.123.In a short essay, list and discuss the three levels of strategy that an organization must develop.Answer Corporate-level strategy - this strategy seeks to determine what businesses a company should be in or wants to be in. Corporate-level strategy determines the direction that the organization is going and the roles that each business unit in the organization will plan in pursuing that direction.a.Business-level strategy - this strategy seeks to determine how an organization should compete in each ofits businesses. For a small organization in only one line of business or the large organization that has not diversified into different products or markets, the business-level strategy typically overlaps with (he organization's corporate strategy. For organizations with multiple businesses, however, each division will have its own strategy that defines the products or services it will offer and the customers it wants to reach.b.Functional-level strategy - this strategy seeks to determine how (o support (he business-level strategy. Fororganizations (hat have traditional functional departments such as manufacturing, marketing, human resources, research and development, and finance, these strategies need to support the businesslevel strategy(moderate)In a short essay, discuss the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix and explain its usefulness in segmenting businesses. Include a discussion of the characteristics for each of the four categories based on the BCG matrix.Answer The Boston Consulting Group matrix introduced the idea that an organization's businesses could be evaluated and plotted using a 2 x 2 matrix to identify which ones offered high potential and which were a drain on organizational resources. The horizontal axis represents market share, which was evaluated as either low or high; and the vertical axis indicates anticipated market growth, which also was evaluated as either low or high. Based on its evaluation, the business was placed in one of four categories:a.Cash cows (low growth, high market share) - businesses in this category generate large amounts of cash,but they prospects for future growth are limited.b.Stars (high growth, high market share) - these businesses are in a fast-growing market, and hold a dominantshare of that market. Their contribution to cash flow depends on their need for resources.c.Question marks (high growth, low market share) - these businesses are in an attractive industry, but holda small market share percentage.d.Dogs (low growth, low market share) - businesses in this category do not produce, or consume, much cash.However, they hold no promise for improved performance.(easy)In a short essay, list and discuss the five competitive forces, according to Porter, which determine industry attractiveness and profitability.Answer Threat of new entrants - determined by the height of barriers to entry which includes factors such as economies of scale, brand loyalty, and capital requirements determine how easy or difficult it is for new competitors to enter an industry.a.Threat of substitutes - factors such as switching costs and buyer loyalty determine the degree to whichcustomers are likely to buy a substitute product.b.Bargaining power of buyers - factors such as number of customers in the market, customer information,and the availability of substitutes determine the amount of influence that buyers have in an industry.c.Bargaining power of suppliers - factors such as the degree of supplier concentration and availability ofsubstitute inputs determine the amount of power that supplier have over firms in the industry.d.Existing rivalry - factors such as industry growth rate, increasing or falling demand, and product differencesdetermine how intense the competitive rivalry will be among firms in the industry.(moderate)In a short essay, list and discuss the three competitive strategics, according to Porter. Include specific examples of companies that pursue each of the three competitive strategies.Answer Cost leadership strategy - when an organization sets out to be the lowest-cost producer in its industry, it's following a cost leadership strategy. A low-cost leader aggressively searches out efficiencies in production, marketing, and other areas of operation. Overhead is kept to a minimum, and the firm does everything it can to cut costs. For example, Wal-Mart,s headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas, office furnishings are sparse and drab but functional. Although low-cost leaders don't place a lot of emphasis on "frills,“ the product or service being sold must be perceived as comparable in quality to (hat offered by rivals or al least be acceptable (o buyers. Examples of companies that have used the low-cost leader strategy include Wal-Mart, Hyundai, and Southwest Airlines.a.Differentiation strategy - the company that seeks to offer unique products that are widely valued bycustomers is following a differentiation strategy. Sources of differentiation might be exceptionally high quality, extraordinary service, innovative design, technological capability, or an unusually positive brand image. The key to this competitive strategy is that whatever product or service attribute is chosen for differentiating must set the firm apart from its competitors and be significant enough to justify a price premium that exceed the cost of differentiating. Practically any successful product or sen ice can be identified as an example of the differentiation strategy: Nordstrom's (customer service); Sony (reputation for quality and innovative design); Coach handbags (design and brand image); and Kimberly-Clark's Huggies Pull-Ups (product design).b.Focus strategy - the aim of the focus strategy is at a cost advantage or a differentiation advantage in anarrow segment. That is, managers select a market segment or group of segments in an industry and don't attempt to serve the broad market. The goal of a fbcus strategy is to exploit a narrow segment of a market.These segments can be based on product variety, type of end buyer, distribution channel, or geographical location of buyers. Research suggests (hat (he focus strategy may be (he most effective choice lor small businesses because they typically do not have the economies of scale or internal resources to successfully pursue one of the other two strategies.(moderate)。
第一章口选择题1·治理者是()。
a．不需要补偿的雇员b·为实现组织目标协调工作活动的人c．组织的首脑d．一线工人2·地区经理、工程主管和事业部经理都能够被称为()。
a．基层治理者b．非治理雇员c．中层治理者d．高层治理者3·玛丽向营销副总裁上报工作内容，同时她又是监督者，一些小时工雇员直截了当向她汇报，那么玛丽是()。
a．基层治理者b．中层治理者c．高层治理者d．执行者4·那些负责作出组织层面的决策，并为整个组织制定方案和目标的治理者被定义为()。
a·高层治理者b．中层治理者c．基层治理者d．非治理雇员5·以下能区不治理职位和非治理职位的是()。
a·工资金额的多少b．是否协调他人的工作c·是否组织新的工程d．是否拥有技术技能6·假如比安卡的工作专注在减少白费上，那么她更应该是()治理者。
a·有效率的b．有效果的c．目标导向的d．拥有技术技能的7．效果通常被描述为()。
a．工作活动有助于关心组织实现其目标b．委任尽可能多的责任c．通过自己来治理过程d．通过资金情况来定义一个工程的结果8·()可被理解为正确地做事，()可被理解为一种结果，或者到达组织目标。
a．效果；经济b．效果；效率c．效率；效果d．经济；效率9．方案包括()。
a．指导和鼓舞他人b．适时监控以确保完成任务c．决定某事需要由谁来做d．确定目标、制定策略10．当一个治理者决定需要做什么以及怎么样完成时，他是在()。
a．方案b．组织c．领导d．操纵11．将实际业绩和预先设定的目标进行比照可视为()。
a．方案b．组织c．领导d．操纵12·珍妮弗的上司要求她解释其所属部门的实际开支与公司预算数额不符之处。
在那个地点，上司执行的是()治理职能。
a．方案b．组织c．领导c1．操纵13·在组织成员之间选择最有效的沟通渠道应属于()治理职能。
罗宾斯《管理学》课后习题答案第一章1.答：组织是对完成特定使命的人们的系统性安排。
管理者是指挥别人活动的人，对一个组织来说，管理者起着十分重要的作用。
他们处于操作者之上，分为基层管理者、中层管理者和高层管理者。
缺少任何一个层次的管理者，组织都不能有效的运作，也就不能成功。
2.答：效果是指组织目标的达成度，效率则是指组织投入与产出的关系，有效率的组织一定会使组织成本最小化。
效率涉及活动的方式，效果涉及活动的结果，他们相互联系。
高效率与高效果相关联，低水平的管理通常是无效率和无效果或通过牺牲效率达到效果的。
一般来说，有效果的组织不一定是有效率的。
某些组织可以不顾效率而直接达到效果。
因此，管理不仅要注重效果，而且要尽可能的注重效率。
3.答：（1）计划包括规定组织的目标，制定整体战略以实现这些目标。
以及将目标逐层展开以便协调和将各种活动一体化。
（2）组织包括决定组织要完成的任务是什么，谁去完成这些任务。
这些任务怎样分类，谁向谁报告，以及各种决策应在哪一级上制定（3）领导包括激励下层，指导他们的活动，选择最有效的沟通渠道，解决组织成员间的冲突等。
（4）控制包括监视组织的行动以确保按计划进行，纠正各种偏差使组织回到正确的轨道上来。
4.答：明茨伯格的10种角色实质上与四种管理职能是一致的，他提出的许多角色基本上可以归入一个或几个职能中，如资源分配角色是计划的一部分，企业家角色也是属于计划职能。
所有人际关系角色是属于领导职能。
监听者角色属于控制职能，传播者属于组织职能，发言人领导职能，混乱驾驭者属于控制职能，谈判者则属于领导职能。
5.答：4种活动分别为：（1）传统管理：决策、计划和控制（2）沟通：交流例行信息和处理文书工作（3）人力资源管理：激励、惩戒、调节冲突、人员配备和培训（4）网络联系：社交活动、政治活动和外界交往。
平均的管理者强调的是传统管理，成功的管理者强调的是网络联系而有效的管理者强调的是沟通。
6.答：随着管理者在组织中的晋升，他们从事管理职能的程度在不断改变，他们将从事更多的计划工作和更少的直接监督职能。
罗宾斯《管理学》课后习题答案第Ⅰ篇绪论第一章管理与组织导论一、谁是管理者1.管理者在哪些方面不同于非管理人员？答：协调其他人的工作——区分了管理岗位与非管理岗位。
2.说明为什么并不总能很容易地确定谁是组织中的管理员。
答：组织以及工作正在变化的性质模糊了管理者与非管理雇员之间的界限，许多传统的职位现在都包括了管理性的活动，特别是在团队中（团队成员通常要制定计划、决策以及监督自己的绩效），非管理雇员也承担着过去是管理者的一部分职责。
补充：⑴管理者：管理者是这样的人，他通过协调其他人的活动达到与别人一起或者通过别人实现组织的目标。
3.对比三种不同的管理层次。
答：①基层管理者是最低层的管理人员，他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作，这些工作生产和提供组织的产品。
②中层管理者包括所有处于基层和高层之间的各个管理层次的管理者，这些管理者管理着基层管理者。
③高层管理者处于或接近组织顶层，他们承担着制定广泛的组织决策、为整个组织制定计划和目标的责任。
注：并不是所有的组织都具有金字塔形的组织结构，但都需要某个人来扮演管理者的角色，即需要有人来协调工作和活动，以便能够同别人一起或者通过别人来实现组织的目标。
二、什么是管理补充：⑴管理：定义为一个协调工作活动的过程，以便能够有效率和有效果地同别人一起或通过别人实现组织的目标。
要点：①过程代表了一系列进行中的有管理者参与的职能或活动，这些职能一般划分为计划、组织、领导和控制。
②协调其他人的工作——区分了管理岗位与非管理岗位。
③有效率和有效果地完成组织的工作活动。
4.如何理解管理是一个过程。
答：上面要点①。
5.定义效率和效果。
答：①效率是指以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出。
通常指的是“正确地做事”，即不浪费资源。
②效果通常是指“做正确的事”，即所从事的工作和活动有助于组织达到其目标。
③可见，效率是关于做事的方式；效果是指实现组织目标的程度，涉及事情的结果。
6.解释效率和效果对管理的重要性。
第五章口选择题1．认为通过实现利润最大化保护利益相关群体的利益是管理者的主要职责的观点是( )。
a．古典观点 b．社会经济学观点 C．社会责任 d．问题强度2．认为企业应该为其所处的更大社会环境承担自己的社会责任的观点反映的是( )。
a．古典观点 b．社会经济学观点 C．社会义务 d．问题强度3．斯巴克车辆维修公司的管理者将雇员纳入企业利益相关群体的范畴，希望吸引、保留、激励优秀员工，管理者处于组织社会责任扩展的四阶段模型中的( )。
a．阶段1 b．阶段2 c．阶段 3 d．阶段44．企业提高空气污染标准以达到法律规定的最低水平是在实践( )。
a．社会责任 b．社会义务 C．社会响应 d．问题强度5．认为社会责任违背管理古典观点的本质而反对社会责任的人在( )基础上阐述自己的观点。
a．利润最大化的偏离 b．成本 C．权力过大 d．淡化使命6．企业发现自己生产的玩具存在安全隐患时，主动召回该产品是在实践( )。
a．社会责任 b．社会义务 C．社会响应 d．问题强度7．( )强调道德的强制约束，使社会环境变好而不是变坏。
a．社会责任 b．社会义务 c．社会响应 d．问题强度8．研究表明，( )。
a．社会责任与公司利润之间存在负相关关系。
b．社会责任对公司利润无直接影响。
c．社会责任与公司利润之间存在正相关关系。
d．社会责任对公司利润的影响依赖于问题强度。
9．对组织决策和活动与组织对自然环境的影响之间的紧密联系的意识称为( )。
a．联结点理论 b．管理的绿色化 c．生态意识 d．利益相关群体的授权10．以绿化美国为目标的环境敏感度的最高层次是( )。
a．法律方式 b．活动家方式 c．市场方式 d．利益相关群体方式11．当意识到管理应绿色化时，大多数组织在第一阶段采取的是( )。
a．法律方式 b．市场方式 c．利益相关群体方式 d．活动家方式12．管理者建立、推行和实践组织共享价值观的管理方式是( )。
第Ⅰ篇导论第一章管理者与管理一、谁是管理者。
（１）管理者：组织中指挥他人活动的人，他们拥有各种头衔。
（２）操作者：非管理人员，他们直接从事某项工作或任务，不具有监督别人工作的责任。
（３）组织：指一种有人们组成的，具有明确的和系统性结构的实体。
（４）管理者分类：基层管理者中层管理者高层管理者。
二、什么是管理和管理者做什么１、管理的定义。
（１）管理：同别人一起或通过别人使活动完成得更有效的过程。
这一过程体现在计划、组织、领导和控制的职能成基本活动中。
（２）效率：只输入与输出关系，涉及使完成活动的职员最小化。
（方法）效果：与活动的完成，即与目标的实现相联系。
（结果）两者关系：管理不仅关系到使活动达到目标，而且要做得尽可能有效率。
低水平管理绝大多数是由于无效率和无效果，或者是通过牺牲效率来取得效果。
２、管理的职能。
（１）计划：确定目标，制定目标，制定战略，以及开发分计划以协调活动。
（２）组织：决定需要做什么，怎么做，由谁去做。
（３）领导：指导和激励所有参与者以及解决冲突。
（４）控制：对活动进行见空以确保其按计划完成。
３、管理者角色（亨利·朋茨伯格）（１）管理者角色：指特定的管理行为范畴。
①涉及人际关系：挂名首脑、领导者、联络者。
②涉及信息传递：监听者、传播者、发言人。
③涉及决策制定：企业家、混沌驾御者、谈判者。
（２）理者角色与传统管理职能理论的关系：①职能方法仍然代表着将管理者的工作概念化的最有效方法。
②管理者角色实质上与四种职能是一致的。
４、有效的管理者与成功的管理者。
（弗雷德·卢森斯）①成功的管理者（提升最快的管理者）强调网络关系活动；而有效的管理者（绩效最佳的管理者）强调沟通。
②两者关系的意义：这个结果指出社交和改治技巧对于在组织中晋升是重要的［从传统管理、沟通、人力资源管理、网络联系活动者］随着层次的晋升，从事更多计划、组织、控制、而从事更少领导。
５、管理者工作的普遍性。
①管理具有某些一般的性质：@㈠无论在组织的哪一个层次上，所有管理者都履行着四种职能，区别仅在于对每种职能强调的程度随管理者在等级结构的位置而变化。
第16章激励员工16.1 中文答案详解一、思考题1．我们中的大多数人是为谋生而工作，而且工作显然是日常生活中的一个核心内容。
那么，为什么管理者还要对员工的激励问题如此担心呢？答：一般地说，“激励”（motivation），就是激发人的动机，使人有一股内在的动力，朝着所期望的目标前进的心理活动过程。
大多数管理学者认为，激励就是主体通过运用某些手段或方式让激励客体在心理上处于兴奋和紧张状态，积极行动起来，付出更多的时间和精力以实现激励主体所期望的目标。
激励的目的是为了调动组织成员工作积极性，激发他们工作的主动性和创造性，以提高组织效率。
尽管我们中大多数人是为了谋生而工作，但是谋生只是属于人的较低层次的需要，根据马斯洛的需要层次论，随着基本生存需要的满足，人们还会有较高层次的需要，通过对人较高层次需要的满足，可以更好的调动人的积极性。
美国哈佛大学的心理学家威廉·詹姆士在对职工的激励的研究中发现，按时计酬，员工只要发挥20%～30%的能力，就能保住饭碗；充分激励，员工的能力可发挥至80%～90%。
这就是说，同样一个人在受到充分激励后所发挥的作用相当于充分激励前的3倍。
这60%的差距就是有效激励的效果，也是管理者还要对员工激励问题如此担心的原因所在。
具体说来，激励主要有以下作用：（1）激励是现代管理最关键最困难的职能。
有效地组织并充分利用人力、物力和财力资源是管理的重要职能，其中对人力资源的管理最为重要。
在人力资源中，又以怎样激励人为最关键、最困难。
主管人员能够精确地预测、计划和控制财力、物力，而对于人力资源，特别对于人的内在潜力，至今无法精确地预测、计划和控制。
激励所以越来越受到重视，主要是由竞争加剧、激励对象的差异性和激励对象要求的多样性所决定的。
在激烈的竞争条件下，组织要想生存和发展，就要不断地提高自己的竞争力。
而提高竞争力就必须最大限度地激励组织中的全体成员，充分挖掘出其内在的潜力。
（2）通过激励可以把有才能的、组织需要的人吸引过来，并长期为该组织工作。
罗宾斯管理学人大第九版课后思考题答案.txt永远像孩子一样好奇，像年轻人一样改变，像中年人一样耐心，像老年人一样睿智。
我的腰闪了，惹祸的不是青春，而是压力。
当女人不再痴缠，不再耍赖，不再喜怒无常，也就不再爱了。
罗宾斯管理学人大第九版课后思考题答案第一章1.是的。
他也要进行计划，组织，领导，控制。
他是一个领导者和监听者。
他拥有沟通技能和人际技能。
2.因为每一个组织都有自己的目标，目标的体现就表现在员工的绩效，所以说管理者的最基本的职责是关注员工的工作绩效。
还应注重效率。
3.职位候选人的技能分为技术技能，人际技能和概念技能。
作为雇主他不可能同时所有能力，所以雇主需要聘请其他人来帮忙。
这给我的启示是要提升自己各方面的能力。
4.没有的。
管理是一门艺术，每个人都有自己的特色，没有最佳的。
如果有最佳的，人们不就都往这方面发展了，那有什么意思。
5.新型组织的动态，灵活性，根据任务定义工作，团队导向等特征有兴趣。
因为这些特征可以促使企业更灵活，能够根据市场情况更快的作出反应。
有利于提高雇员的劳动积极性，促进雇员间的团队意识，合理高效地完成任务。
但我对雇员参与决策制定，在任何地点、任何时间工作，工作日长没有限制等特征不感兴趣。
因为如果过多的给予员工太多的自由，不仅不会使他们的工作效率上升，反而还会让他们感到没有压力，进而变得懒散，工作效率反而会下降。
并且过于宽松的环境也不利于管理者的管理。
而雇员参与决策的制定在一定程度上可以团结员工，但却会带来很大的弊端，因为雇员的思考方向是有利于自己的，而不会考虑整个企业的发展，并且雇员无法了解企业的整体情况，不能作出最好的决策。
不过总体上来说，新型组织在原有的基础上取得了很大的进步。
6.在今天的环境中，单从效率和效果而言，效果对组织更重要。
因为效果通常是指“做正确的事”，即所从事的工作和活动有助于组织达到其目标。
而效率是指以尽可能少的投入获尽可能多的产出。
在如今的社会中，具有高效率和高效果则企业将立于不败之地，正如UPS。
但要在二者择其一时，效果显然更重要，如果所做的工作不能达到组织的目标，那么所做的事就等于白做，即使是再高的效率也没用。
就像以前中国的很多企业虽然资源利用率低，但只要能达到顾客的要求，它们仍然能够在市场上生存。
7.能。
比如研发性质的工作，或创造性质的工作，如：开发新产品，研究未知领域，艺术的创作，新奇的构想等。
由于这些工作须要更大的自由性和充足的时间，不能用管理的方法硬性规定任务，否则会影响雇员的工作积极性，而且也不利于工作的效果。
8.同意，因为对于管理者而言，管理的方法与方式都是在不断的变化与发展的，在管理学中没有万能的、绝对的好方法，一切都是在不断更新的。
面对不同的情况应有不同的对策，而如何去更好更快地完成工作，管理的研究就会有很多种答案，每种答案思考方式不一样，但最终结果都是为了更好更快地完成工作的。
所以就会有各式各样的理论、流派，百花齐放，形成一股特定的艺术特色，就像不同风格的音乐，不同派别的油画，但都有自己特定的目标。
所以管理是一门完成工作的艺术。
第二章1亨利?法约尔创立的是什么类型的工作场所？玛丽?福莱特创立的是什么类型的工作场所？弗雷德里克?泰罗创立的是什么类型的工作场所？答：所谓工作场所，最直接的意思是指员工工作的地点和环境，但是对其规范的定义是指一种基于理性逻辑和管理原则的组织系统。
作为管理理论发展初期亨利?法约尔、玛丽?福莱特、弗雷德里克?泰罗三位杰出的代表，他们创立了不同类型的工作场所。
（1）法约尔的组织管理理论创立了高度正规化、层级化的工作场所。
法约尔认为管理行驶着计划、组织、指挥、协调和控制等五项职能；企业都进行着技术、商业、采取、安全、会计和管理等六项活动。
管理职能的有效发挥和六项活动的顺利进行都必须遵循以下十四条原则：【1】分工原则。
在技术工作和管理工作中进行专业化分工以提高效率。
【2】权力和责任相符原则。
【3】纪律原则。
组织内所有成员都要通过各方协仪对自己在组织内的行为进行控制。
【4】命令统一原则。
受雇人员只能就收一个上级的命令。
【5】指挥统一原则。
组织内每个人只能服从一个上级并接受他的命令。
【6】个人利益服从集体洗衣原则。
【7】报酬公平原则。
报酬制度应当公平，对工作成绩和工作效率优良者给予奖励。
【8】集权原则。
【9】等级制度原则。
“等级制度就是从最高权力机构指导底层管理人员的领导系列”。
贯彻等级制度原则就是要在组织中建立一个这样不中断的等级链，以保持统一指挥和组织内信息联系的畅通。
为了克服因等级链太长而造成的信息传递延误，法约尔设计了“法约尔桥”。
【10】秩序原则。
指物品的存放、人事的安排都要各就其位。
【11】公正原则。
指主管人员对待下属要公正，这样才能使下属忠诚职守。
【12】保持人员稳定原则。
【13】发挥职工主动性和创造精神的原则。
【14】集体精神原则。
即强调企业内要建立和谐与团结的气氛。
（2）玛丽?福莱特的行为科学研究创立了注重沟通好人际关系的人员导向型工作场所。
她即把泰罗的细想加以概括，又提出了人际关系学说的一些观点，是科学管理和行为科学联系的桥梁。
她的管理哲学思想这要是：【1】通过利益的结合减少冲突。
对付冲突，不能采取压服或妥协的方法，必须看到共利益，通过双方利益的结合，使冲突双方都能得到充分的满足。
【2】变服从个人权力为遵循形势规律。
应该使命令“非人格化”，权威应该产生于职能，并与知识、经验相联系。
【3】通过协作和控制达到目的。
【4】领导应以他和拥护者的相互影响为基础。
领导所依靠的不是命令和服从，而是协调和确定目标的技巧，唤起下属对形势规律的响应。
福莱特是最早认识到应该用个人和群体行为为观点来看待组织的学者之一，比科学管理的追随者更进一步提出了人员导向的思想，认为组织应该遵循集体道德原则。
（3）弗雷德里克?泰罗的科学管理理论创立了关注工作和效率的任务导向型工作场所。
泰罗科学管理理论的主要内容是：【1】科学管理的中心问题是提高劳动生产率。
当时工人提高产量的潜力是很大的，关键在于建立一套科学的过来方法。
【2】通过科学测定，制定恰当的工作定额，并为工作挑选“第一流的工人”。
【3】推行标准化制度，要使工人掌握标准化的操作方法，使用标准的工具、机器和材料，并使作业环境标准化。
【4】实行差别计件工资制，即按照工人是否完成工作定额采取不同的工资率，以刺激工人提高产量。
【5】工人和雇主双方都必须来一次“精神革命”，变双方的相互对立为相互合作，以增进双方的秘密。
【6】将计划职能和执行职能分开。
应设立专门的计划部门来从事全部的计划工作，将计划职能和执行职能分开。
【7】实行职能工长制。
即实现工长的管理的分开和专业化，以提高管理效率。
【8】在组织管理上实行例外原则。
即企业高层管理者只集中精神处理的经营决策问题，而把那些日常事务的决策与管理权交给基层管理者，只有在例外的情况下高层管理者才进行干预。
2定量方法能否帮助管理者解决人的问题，例如怎样激励员工以及如何合理地分配工作？请解释。
答：数量方法对于帮助管理者解决人的问题方面起着很重要的作用。
数量方法是在第二次世界大战期间用于解决军事问题的数学和统计方法的基础上发展起来的。
所谓数量管理方法，是把运筹学、统计学和电子计算机用于管理决策和提高组织效率的一种思想。
常用的数量方法有：线性规划、关键路线进度分析技术、经济订货数量模型等。
（1）这些数量所起得作用为：【1】力求减少决策中的个人主观判断成份，依靠建立一套决策程序和数学模型来寻求决策工作的科学化。
【2】各种可行方案均以效率高低作为评判依据，有利于实现决策方案的最优化。
【3】广泛适用电子计算机作为辅助决策的手段，使复杂问题能在较短时间内得到优化解决。
（2）具体到激励员工以及如何合理的分配工作方面：例如在使用关键路线法这一方法时，需要将一项大型任务分解成统筹图。
为了确定完成该项任务的最少时间，必须找出对完成整个任务影响最大、所需时间最长、从始至终的一个联系工序。
通过确定了完成项目的最长时间（关键路线），决策者就要在时间和成本进行决策。
在完成整个项目的工作中，项目负责人除安排好物料方面外，还要统筹计划好人员的安排。
尽量减少有的人整天满负荷的工作，而有的人却大块空闲时间的现象。
否则在得到同等报酬的情况下，工作量大的人肯定会心理不平衡。
上面所举的例子就是数量方法在帮助管理者解决人的问题方面的一个典型例子。
（3）虽然数量方法对计划和控制领域中的管理决策有着直接的贡献。
例如，当管理者编制预算安排进度、实施质量控制和制定类似的决策时，他们通常借助数量方法。
但是，应认识到应用数量方法不是万能的，此类方法也有局限性：【1】不能很好解释和预测组织中成员的行为。
【2】有时受到实际情景难以定量化限制。
3在一个电子企业环境中全球化带来什么问题？请解释。
答：所谓电子企业是指一个组织通过电子联结与它的关键利益相关者开展工作的方式，以便更有效率和更有效果地实现其目标。
这些利益相关者包括雇员、管理者、顾客、供应商和合作者。
电子企业环境对全球化工作产生深刻影响，分析如下：（1）电子企业外部环境的各方面对全球化的影响：【1】大网络的环境形成。
从外部环境来看，电子计算机技术的发展使得整个世界越来越小，这也意味着企业的竞争环境将由区域向全球化发展，企业所处的宏观环境实际上已经不仅仅是通过信息技术连接起来的狭义的网络，而应该将技术环境与经济环境结合在一起考虑，形成一种大网络的概念，在这种大网络下来考虑企业的经营战略和经营模式。
【2】行业竞争结构的改变。
根据竞争战略专家迈克尔?波特的观点，一个行业的竞争状况是由五种作用力来决定的，作用力越强，行业的竞争越激烈。
这五种作用力是：现有竞争者的竞争、潜在进入者的威胁、替代品的威胁、买方讨价还价的能力。
互联网的广泛应用可以从多方面改变行业竞争机构，也是竞争更加激烈。
在互联网上，顾客获取产品信息更加方便，可以对多种产品的价格、服务等进行分析，并且购买产品可以不再受时间和地理位置的限制，买方讨价还价的能力自然会有很大的提升。
为了吸引和留住顾客，竞争者之间的竞争方式也将从传统的关注利润向关注顾客转移。
因此，互联网时代“客户定制规则”的习惯。
【3】顾客需求行为的变化。
互联网不仅为顾客了解产品提供了极大方便，互联网本身也是一个理想产品销售渠道。
戴尔电脑公司企业网站目前每季度有超过四千万人浏览，通过网站实现的销售额占公司总收入的40%—50%。
B2C电子商务的发展，势必引起顾客消费模式和需求行为的变化，这种变化要求企业对营销战略进行调整以适应新的市场环境【4】企业交易模式的改变与价值链的再创。
电子信息技术逐渐渗透到企业价值链的各个环节中，最为明显的是供应链和销售方式的重大改革，企业间电子商务发展的势头迅猛。
