Apoptosis in Animal Developmentand Human Diseases

促性腺激素释放激素拮抗剂和激动剂对不孕患者体外受精——胚胎移植的疗效厉丹丹;舒静【摘要】目的探讨促性腺激素释放激素拮抗剂(gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist,GnRH-ant)方案和GnRH激动剂(gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist,GnRH-a)方案对不孕患者体外受精—胚胎移植(in vitro fertilizati on and embryo transfer,IVF-ET)的不同疗效.方法选取2013年1月～12月于浙江省嵊州市人民医院进行初次控制性促排卵及IVF-EF助孕的不孕症患者400例,其中200例采用GnRH-ant方案(低龄组和高龄组),200例采用GnRH-a(低龄组和高龄组).通过检测患者的一般情况、治疗及妊娠结果及其临床意义,确定GnRH拮抗剂方案和GnRH激动剂方案的可行性.结果 GnRH-ant低龄组(A组)和GnRH-ant高龄组(B组)在Gn使用时间、Gn用量、促排时间、取卵数及成熟卵数上,分别低于GnRH-a低龄组和GnRH-a高龄组.其中Gn使用时间、Gn用量和促排时间上差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),取卵数和成熟卵数无统计学意义.IVF-ET 治疗妊娠结果显示GnRH-ant低龄组和GnRH-ant高龄组在胚胎种植率、临床妊娠率和流产率上,均分别低于GnRH-a低龄组和GnRH-a高龄组,而持续妊娠率高于GnRH-a低龄组和GnRH-a高龄组,差异均无统计学意义.结论对于控制性促排卵及IVF-EF助孕的不孕症患者,GnRH拮抗剂方案和GnRH激动剂方案临床妊娠结果均良好,无明显差异.【期刊名称】《中国生化药物杂志》【年(卷),期】2015(000)002【总页数】3页(P149-151)【关键词】促性腺激素释放激素;临床方案;体外受精;胚胎移植;妊娠率【作者】厉丹丹;舒静【作者单位】浙江省嵊州市人民医院妇产科,浙江嵊州312400;浙江大学医学院邵逸夫医院妇产科,浙江杭州310016【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R321随着试管婴儿技术的发展和1978年第1例试管婴儿的诞生，体外受精—胚胎移植(in vitro fertilizati on and embryo transfer，IVF-ET)技术受到了更加广泛的关注[1-3]。

慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺癌诊治现状及展望【摘要】肺癌是目前全球发病率和病死率最高的恶性肿瘤，吸烟和空气污染是最主要的危险因素。

我国的肺癌发病率为0.5357‰，每年新增的肺癌患者占所有癌症病例中的18.74%，确诊后的肺癌患者5年生存率低于15%，化疗是重要的治疗手段。

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary diease, COPD）是以吸烟为主要诱因，累及全身多个器官的全身炎症性疾病。

部分患者肺癌及COPD并存，可能与两者存在共同的危险因素及发病机制有关。

肺癌合并COPD化疗效果欠佳，患者生活质量明显下降，尤其是晚期肺癌患者，与化疗后炎症反应增强有关。

因此，探索肺癌合并COPD的治疗方案对改善患者预后、提高生活质量具有重要的意义。

【关键词】慢性阻塞性肺疾病；肺癌；化疗；塞来昔布；炎症一、COPD合并肺癌1、肺癌与COPD肺癌与COPD具有较高的共病率，可能与具有共同的危险因素有关。

在肺癌及COPD中，吸烟均是主要危险因素，研究表明，在吸烟者中，约有1/3人群会影响肺功能并最终发展成COPD；约15%的吸烟者罹患肺癌，而在肺癌和COPD患者中，仅有10%的患者没有明确的吸烟史[1-2]。

除吸烟是肺癌和COPD患者的共同危险因素以外，有研究表明COPD是肺癌，尤其是肺鳞癌的一个独立危险因素，在合并气流受限的吸烟人群中肺癌的发病率为肺功能正常者的5倍，并且在排除了过度诊断、误诊等因素后，其发病率仍可达正常人的2倍[3-5]。

COPD合并肺癌患者健康状况差，手术及放化疗效果欠佳，患者生活质量差，与化疗后增强的炎症反应有关，可能严重影响患者的生活质量及肺功能水平。

因此，探索更加有效的治疗方法及可能机制，对于治疗肺癌合并COPD具有重要的意义。

2、非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）与PI3K/Akt通路PI3K/Akt通路在NSCLC发生与发展中具有重要作用，比如调控细胞存活、增殖、抗凋亡、血管生成等影响肿瘤的发生发展。

角蛋白17在皮肤科中的研究进展蒋正强【期刊名称】《浙江医学》【年(卷),期】2013(000)020【总页数】4页(P1860-1863)【作者】蒋正强【作者单位】317016 临海市第二人民医院皮肤科【正文语种】中文表皮角质形成细胞占整个表皮结构组成的85%以上，角蛋白是表皮及毛发角质形成细胞内的主要结构蛋白，是角质形成细胞和其他上皮细胞的标志性成份，角蛋白17（K17）属于其中一种。

K17是角质形成细胞增殖分化的标志性分子，可能与银屑病等疾病有关。

近年来，K17在皮肤科疾病中的表达研究也逐渐增多，笔者就其在皮肤科中的研究进展作一综述。

角蛋白是组成细胞骨架的中间丝家族成员之一，分子量约为40～70KD，目前发现的人角蛋白有54种，其中在上皮细胞表达的有37种，在毛发中表达的有17种[1]。

已有文献报道，角蛋白根据基因序列同源性及等电点的差异，结合不同分子量角蛋白可分为二型[2-3]：Ⅰ型角蛋白，一般Mr较低，等电点偏酸，包括K9～19和4种毛发角蛋白Ha1～4；Ⅱ型角蛋白，Mr较高，等电点偏碱，包括K1～8和4种毛发角蛋白Hb1～4。

角蛋白的特性和功能与皮肤的增殖分化、生理机制乃至多种皮肤病的病理、生理都有着密切的关系[4]。

K17属于Ⅰ型角蛋白，分子量约为46KD，等电点为5.1，全长由432个氨基酸组成，其中E（谷氨酸）、L（亮氨酸）含量稍高，而G（甘氨酸）含量偏低。

K17主要分布在汗腺的基底细胞和深部外毛根鞘等处，在正常的基底细胞中也有轻度表达[5]，当表皮角质形成细胞出现异常增殖、分化时，可出现K17的异常表达[6]。

最近的研究发现，在肿瘤诱导血管生成的体外实验中，K17在血管内皮细胞中表达增高，虽然它一直被当作上皮细胞的标志，但在非上皮来源的某些肿瘤细胞及间叶细胞（成纤维细胞和内皮细胞）中均发现有角蛋白表达[7-9]。

有研究表明，K17基因敲除小鼠的创面愈合时间明显延迟，但K16基因敲除小鼠的创面愈合时间未见明显改变[10]，说明在皮肤损伤或某些皮肤疾病时，角质形成细胞激活过程伴有角蛋白基因表达的变化，其中K17作为激活细胞的标志物[11]。

Hoechst 33342染色液产品编号 产品名称包装 C1025Hoechst 33342染色液10ml产品简介：Hoechst 33342，也称bisBenzimide H 33342或HOE 33342。

分子式为C 27H 28N 6O·3HCl·3H 2O ，分子量为615.99，CAS Number 23491-52-3。

Hoechst 33342是一种可以穿透细胞膜的蓝色荧光染料，对细胞的毒性较低。

Hoechst 33342染色常用于细胞凋亡检测，染色后用荧光显微镜观察或流式细胞仪检测。

Hoechst 33342也常用于普通的细胞核染色，或常规的DNA 染色。

Hoechst 33342的最大激发波长为346nm ，最大发射波长为460nm ；Hoechst 33342和双链DNA 结合后，最大激发波长为350nm ，最大发射波长为461nm 。

本Hoechst 33342染色液可直接用于固定细胞或组织的细胞核染色，也可直接用于活细胞或组织的细胞核染色。

包装清单：产品编号 产品名称包装 C1025Hoechst 33342染色液10ml —说明书1份保存条件：-20ºC 避光保存，一年有效。

注意事项：本Hoechst 33342染色液的浓度经过碧云天的优化，确保可以满足各种常规染色的需要。

如需使用特定浓度的Hoechst 33342，请选购碧云天的Hoechst 33342 (C1022)。

如需染色活细胞或培养的组织，请选购碧云天的Hoechst 33342活细胞染色液(100X) (C1027、C1028或C1029)，效果更佳。

荧光染料都存在淬灭的问题，建议染色后尽量当天完成检测。

活细胞或组织染色后宜立即观察。

为减缓荧光淬灭可以使用抗荧光淬灭封片液。

抗荧光淬灭封片液(P0126)可以向碧云天订购。

Hoechst 33342对人体有害，操作时请小心，并注意有效防护以避免直接接触人体或吸入体内。

羊抗兔IgG(H+L)，HRP标记产品名称：Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L), Mouse/Human ads-HRP，羊抗兔IgG(H+L)，HRP标记货号：4050-05规格：1.0 mL特异性：抗体识别兔子的IgG重链和轻链以及兔子IgM轻链。

来源：高效价山羊抗血清交叉作用：小鼠和人免疫球蛋白和混合血清，可能与其他物种免疫球蛋白反应。

纯化：亲和色谱法，兔IgG共价链接在琼脂糖上。

缓冲溶液成分：储存溶液50%甘油，50% PBS, pH 7.4，无添加剂（启维益成有售）。

同型对照：Goat IgG储存温度：2-8°C应用：ELISA 1-3FLISAFlow Cytometry 4-7Immunohistochemistry-Frozen Sections 8-10Immunohistochemistry-Paraffin Sections 6,11-13Immunohistochemistry-Whole Mount 14,15Immunocytochemistry 16-19Immunoblotting 20-28Separation 29参考文献：1. Maroney AC, Finn JP, Connors TJ, Durkin JT, Angeles T, Gessner G, et al. Cep-1347 (KT7515), asemisynthetic inhibitor of the mixed lineage kinase family. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:25302-8.(ELISA)2. Zhang X, He M, Cheng L, Chen Y, Zhou L, Zeng H, et al. Elevated heat shock protein 60 levelsare associated with higher risk of coronary heart disease in Chinese. Circulation.2008;118:2687-93. (ELISA)3. Jin K, Wang S, Zhang C, Xiao Y, Lu S, Huang Z. Protective antibody responses againstClostridium difficile elicited by a DNA vaccine expressing the enzymatic domain of toxin B.Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9:63-73. (ELISA)4. Burger PE, Gupta R, Xiong X, Ontiveros CS, Salm SN, Moscatelli D, et al. 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陈刚个人介绍姓名：陈刚（1964.09-）男，江苏如东人，教授，硕士生导师，系主任一、学历1982.09-1987.06 南京铁道医学院卫生系大学本科1990.09-1993.06 上海医科大学公共卫生学院环境卫生学硕士研究生2000.04-2004.03 日本德岛大学博士研究生二、工作、进修学习经历1987.07-1990.09 南通医学院卫生系环境卫生学教研室助教1993.07-1998.10 南通医学院卫生系环境卫生学教研室讲师1998.11-2000.03 日本德岛大学进修2004.04-2006.04 日本德岛大学研究员2006.05-现在南通大学公共卫生学院副教授、教授三、研究方向环境污染物对健康影响及其机制四、承担课题情况主持国家自然科学基金面上项目2项、参加国家自然科学基金项目3项、主持江苏省高校自然科学基金1项，南通市计划项目2项。

五、教学工作承担五年制预防医学本科生环境卫生学、基础毒理学的教学任务，硕士研究生的化学物安全性评价、环境卫生学进展、流行病学进展、毒理学进展等课程。

六、发表论文2010年以来公开发表的论文（一）科研论文SCI论文1. Chen G, Yao C, Hasegawa T, Akamatsu T, Yoshimura H, Hosoi K. Effects of isoproterenol on aquaporin 5 levels in the parotid gland of mice in vivo. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014;306(1): E100-8.(第一作者）2. Chen G, Mao J, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Li T, Wang C, Xu L, Hu Q, Wang X, Jiang S, Nie X, Wu Q.Arsenic trioxide mediates HAPI microglia inflammatory response and the secretion of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 via Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway.Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016 Nov;81:480-488. （第一作者）3.Qu JH, Lu CC, Xu C, Chen G, Qiu LL, Jiang JK, Ben S, Wang YB, Gu AH, Wang XR. Perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced testicular toxicity and differential testicular expression of estrogen receptor in male mice. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016 Jul;45:150-7.4. Mao J, Yang J, Zhang Y, Li T, Wang C, Xu L, Hu Q, Wang X, Jiang S, Nie X, Chen G. Arsenic trioxide mediates HAPI microglia inflammatory response and subsequent neuron apoptosis through p38/JNK MAPK/STAT3 pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2016 Jul 15;303:79-89.（通讯作者）5. Chen G, Zou Y, Zhang X, Xu L, Hu Q, Li T, Yao C, Yu S, Wang X, Wang C. beta-Actin protein expression differs in the submandibular glands of male and female mice. Cell Biol Int. 2016 Jul;40(7):779-86.（第一作者）6.Li T, Zhao J, Ge J, Yang J, Song X, Wang C, Mao J, Zhang Y, Zou Y, Liu Y, Chen G. Particulate Matter Facilitates C6 Glioma Cells Activation and the Release of Inflammatory Factors Through MAPK and JAK2/STAT3 Pathways.Neurochem Res. 2016 Aug;41(8):1969-81. （通讯作者）7.Wang C, Wang Y, Wu J, Liu S, Zhu Y, Lv S, Lin P, Wang X, Xu Y, Yu S, Chen G, Xiang Q. Current Smoking Dose-Dependently Associated with Decreased beta-Cell Function in Chinese Men without Diabetes.J Diabetes Res. 2015;2015:841768.8.Han Y, Wang X, Chen G, Xu G, Liu X, Zhu W, Hu P, Zhang Y, Zhu C, Miao J. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate adjuvantly induces imbalanced humoral immunity in ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mice ascribing to T follicular helper cells hyperfunction. Toxicology. 2014 Oct 3;324:88-97.9. Jiang J, Duan Z, Nie X, Xi H, Li A, Guo A, Wu Q, Jiang S, Zhao J, Chen G. Activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) signaling pathway in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced neurotoxicity.Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2014 Jul;38(1):119-30. （通讯作者）10. Xu G, Liu J, Yoshimoto K, Chen G, Iwata T, Mizusawa N, Duan Z, Wan C, Jiang J.2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces expression of p27(kip) and FoxO3a in female rat cerebral cortex and PC12 cells.Toxicol Lett. 2014;226(3):294-302.11.Xu G, Li Y, Yoshimoto K, Wu Q, Chen G, Iwata T, Mizusawa N, Wan C, Nie X. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin stimulates proliferation of HAPI microglia by affecting the Akt/GSK-3/cyclin D1 signaling pathway.Toxicol Lett. 2014; 224(3): 362-70.12. Li Y, Chen G, Zhao J, Nie X, Wan C, Liu J, Duan Z, Xu G. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces microglial nitric oxide production and subsequent rat primary cortical neuron apoptosis through p38/JNK MAPK pathway. Toxicology. 2013;312:132-41.（共同第一作者）13. Xu G, Zhou Q, Wan C, Wang Y, Liu J, Li Y, Nie X, Cheng C, Chen G. 2,3,7,8-TCDD induces neurotoxicity and neuronal apoptosis in the rat brain cortex and PC12 cell line through the down-regulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Neurotoxicology. 2013;37:63-73. （通讯作者）14. Xu G, Duan Z, Chen G, Nie X, Liu J, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wan C, Jiang J. Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin -induced apoptosis in neuronal pheochromocytoma cells. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2013;32(12):1278-91.15.Xu G, Li Y, Yoshimoto K, Chen G, Wan C, Iwata T, Mizusawa N, Duan Z, Liu J, Jiang J. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced inflammatory activation is mediated by intracellular free calcium in microglial cells.Toxicology. 2013;308:158-67.中文1. 王晓珂赵健亚刘天娥张璇吴俊霞王春陈刚水甘油通道蛋白7在肥胖易感和肥胖抵抗大鼠脂肪组织的表达交通医学 2013年第6期2.何智敏黄建萍陈刚顾俊 2009—2013年南通市农村饮用水水质状况分析，环境卫生学杂志 2014年第4期3.仇梁林钱颖赟王锋崔明陈刚 miRNA196a2基因多态与食管鳞状上皮细胞癌相关性研究南通大学学报：医学版2012年第5期4. 江俊康丁绍红瞿建华王春陈刚丙烯腈生物降解实验条件研究交通医学 2011年第6期5. 江俊康丁绍红瞿建华王春陈刚顶空毛细管柱气相色谱法测定工业废水中微量丙烯腈交通医学 2011年第5期6.黄春妍姚陈娟鞠晶昀潘少聪任飞林陈刚大、小鼠吸收和代谢双酚A的差异中华预防医学杂志 2010年第8期7.陈刚黄春妍仲齐庆鞠晶昀潘少聪王春姚陈娟双酚A在染毒雄性大鼠血清中时间-浓度关系中华预防医学杂志 2010年第1期8. 陈刚张璇陈致飞于莎莉王晓珂王春锌离子抑制小鼠组织和细胞吸收三价无机砷作用的研究毒理学杂志 2014年第5期9. 江俊康覃江纯许培培瞿建华王春陈刚大鼠吸入氯气肺组织基质金属蛋白酶-9表达变化工业卫生与职业病2014年第6期10. 吴俊霞崔睿王益君刘苏熠张璇王晓珂陈刚向全永王春雌激素对大鼠体重及水-甘油通道蛋白表达影响《中国公共卫生》 2014年第10期11. 刘天娥赵健亚陈刚王晓珂白藜芦醇和能量限制对大鼠肝脂肪变性影响中国公共卫生2014年第7期12.江俊康覃江纯许培培瞿建华王春陈刚大鼠吸入氯气后肺组织Claudin-3蛋白及其m RNA、Occludin mRNA表达变化《中国工业医学杂志》2014年第2期13. 王晓珂刘天娥蒋建中张璇陈刚赵健亚白藜芦醇对肥胖易感和肥胖抵抗大鼠体重的影响营养学报 2013年第6期14.王晓珂赵健亚刘天娥蒋建中张璇王春陈刚白藜芦醇对大鼠非酒精性脂肪肝的作用及机制研究毒理学杂志 2013年第6期15.吴俊霞王益君陈致飞张璇向全永王晓珂陈刚王春 AQP7表达水平对砷染毒小鼠心脏组织砷含量的影响中国地方病防治杂志 2013年第5期16.江俊康覃江纯许培培瞿建华王春陈刚大鼠吸入氯气后肺表面活性物质相关蛋白-A 表达变化中国工业医学杂志 2013年第2期17. 王春陈刚仇梁林江俊康唐勇李晓东姚陈娟三价砷进入小鼠胃肠道生物转运途径分析中国公共卫生 2011年第4期18. 黄春妍姚陈均王春江俊康陈刚1985～2008年间我国正常男性精液质量变化分析中华男科学杂志 2010年第8期19.瞿建华江俊康陈刚敌百虫经ERK1/2通路影响类固醇激素的合成毒理学杂志 2010年第2期20.王春陈刚李晓东江俊康姜启玉丁绍红彭永芳某自来水厂水源水有机提取物的雌激素样活性研究环境与职业医学 2010年第1期（二）教学论文1.王春 , 陈刚 , 李晓东论医学教育中的环境伦理诉求医学与哲学2010，31（11）；69-70 （通讯作者）2.陈刚，瞿建华，韩毓，周克华，庄勋预防医学专业实践调查引起的思考交通医学2015，29（5）：552-554七、主要获奖和荣誉1.南通市优秀教育工作者（2009.9）2.南通大学优秀教育工作者（2010.9）3.南通大学优秀教学质量管理奖（2014.6）4.南通大学青蓝工程优秀师徒（2013）5.南通大学毕业论文优秀指导老师（2012,2013,2014，2016）6.公共卫生学院：2004-2010学院优秀科技工作者7.公共卫生学院：2011-2012学院优秀科技工作者8.公共卫生学院：2011-2012 研本互动优秀指导老师9.公共卫生学院：2013-2015研本互动优秀指导老师八、主要学术兼职和社会工作1.2015.12 江苏省环境诱变剂学会第五届理事会理事2.2014.06 江苏省毒理学会第一届理事会常务理事3. 2013.01中华医学会航海医学分会第七届航海卫生学专业委员会委员。

２０１７年第３４卷第　５　期2006年，Olaf Piepenburg等[1]报道发明了重组酶聚合酶扩增技术（Recombinase polymerase amplification，RP A）。

该技术可在37~42 ℃条件下、10~20 min内等温扩增目的基因片段。

随后，英国TwistDx公司开发出了商品化试剂盒，加快了RP A技术的研发、推广和应用。

与聚合酶链式反应（PCR）相比，PRA具有扩增速度快、反应温度恒定、所需仪器简单（甚至可制作成侧流层析试纸条）等优点，特别适用于快速检测。

目前，RP A已经在病毒、衣原体、支原体、细菌、寄生虫等病原检测方面得到了开发与应用。

1　RPA检测原理在目的DNA片段扩增的过程中，引物与uvsX重组酶形成的复合物与DNA结合并沿DNA 链寻找引物的同源序列，完成定位后发生链交换反应并打开2条DNA单链间的氢键，单链绑定蛋白（SSB）与单链DNA链结合，阻止形成双链，之后Bsu聚合酶从发生链交换反应的位置开始复制DNA；同时反应体系中含有uvsY酶，能与uvsX 结合并促进uvsX与单链DNA更加紧密的结合，以发生链交换反应，如此循环，从而完成了对目的DNA片段的扩增（图1）。

在RPA反应体系中加入RNA逆转录酶体系，可实现对RNA的检测（RT-RPA）；加入nfo、重组酶聚合酶扩增技术及其在动物病毒病检测中的应用秦立得，南文龙，陈义平（中国动物卫生与流行病学中心，山东青岛　266032）摘　要：重组酶聚合酶扩增技术是近年来建立起的一种常温DNA扩增技术，具有灵敏度高、特异性强、反应速度快、所需仪器简单等优点。

本文介绍了该技术的检测原理、引物及探针设计和影响因素，分析了该技术在动物病毒病检测方面的应用，指出该技术具有良好的现场快速检测与多重及大量样品检测的应用前景。

关键词：重组酶聚合酶扩增技术；动物病毒病；研究进展；展望中图分类号：S851.34 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1005-944X（2017）05-0081-05DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1005-944X.2017.05.023Recombinase Polymerase Amplificationand Its Application in Detection of Animal Diseases（　266032）Abstract：In recent years，（RPA）has been established，，fast reaction and simplewere introduced，promising prospects in rapid detection at the spot，as well as the multiple and large-scale sample detection.Key words：RPA；animal viral disease；research progress；prospect基金项目：科技部种禽场疾病综合防控与净化技术体系评估、论证和推广研究（2016YFD0501609）exo或fpg等DNA损伤修复酶和相应的荧光探针，可建立荧光定量RPA（Real-time RPA ，qRPA）和荧光定量反转录RPA（Real-time RT-RPA ，RT-qRPA）。

保护动物英语介绍保护动物是指通过法律、法规和各种措施来保护濒危动物，维护生态平衡和生物多样性。

以下是一些常见的保护动物的英语介绍及翻译：1. Endangered Animals (濒危动物): Animals that are at risk of becoming extinct in the near future due to various factors such as habitat loss, poaching, and climate change.2. Conservation Efforts (保护工作): Measures taken to protect endangered animals and their habitats, including creating protected areas, breeding programs, and anti-poaching campaigns.3. Habitat Loss (栖息地丧失): The destruction or degradation of an animal's natural habitat, which can lead to a decline in population size and even extinction.4. Climate Change (气候变化): A long-term shift in global weather patterns caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. Climate change can have significant impacts on wildlife populations and ecosystems.5. Poaching (偷猎): The illegal hunting or killing of wild animals fortheir fur, meat, bones, or other body parts. Poaching is one of the main threats to many endangered species.6. Captive Breeding Programs (人工繁殖计划): Initiatives aimed at increasing the number of endangered animals by breeding them in captivity and then releasing them into the wild once they reach maturity.7. Anti-Poaching Campaigns (反偷猎行动): Efforts to prevent poaching and punish those who engage in it, often involving collaboration between law enforcement agencies, conservation organizations, and local communities.。

参考文献［1 ］ Alar JW ,Louis RK , Andrew CN.坎贝尔-沃尔什泌尿外科学［M ］.郭应禄，周利群，译.9版.北京：北京大学医学出版社,2099：647-P49.［2 ］何仰高,陈栋,方庆华,等•五子衍宗汤加味与六味地黄丸对男性不育症精子质量及畸型率的影响［J ］•广东医学,2917,38(13)：239432396，23992［］邓海媚，姚睿智，陈铭•崔学教治疗肾精亏损型弱精子症用药规律研究［］•中国中医药信息杂志6917,29(3) ：23497.J ］邵耀宁，周惠成,梁宝坚•疏肝解郁法对弱精症患者精液质量的影响研究［］•黑龙江中医药6919 98(1) ：177477.J ］刘冰,李利娟，孙冰，等•生精育子汤治疗男性不育症患者中少弱精症的疗效研究［］•中国实用医药,2929,13(7) ：72484.J ］吴阶平，那颜群,郭震华•实用泌尿外科学［M ］•北京:人民卫生出版社 PO99：19V9.J ］马晓萍，高晓勤,杨艳平，等•不育患者精浆中性a4 P 糖苷酶活性与精液参数及精子透明质酸酶活性的关系［J ］检验医学，2914 69(1) ：53V6.［］冯玲，冼英杰,周秀琴，等•少弱精子症患者精浆中性a 葡糖苷酶水平对精液质量的影响［J ］检验医学与临床,2929,17(17):238732388．［］罗英•无精子症患者精浆中性a-1,4糖苷酶测定的临床价值［］•中国实用医药,2929,13(2) ：64V6.［7 ］ Zou YJ , Yang J , Chang S , et al. Acetyl-F-camitixe : ax effective antiox-ibaxt against c/o-Pamage on humau spermatozoa with astUeuospermia J ]. J Huazhong Unia Scl Techxolog Med Scl. . 2917,37 ( 6 )：913-P21.[1] Roaiab MM ,MostaOs T,SaOm D,et al. Alpho-l ,4-Glocwibase activi ­ty 6- infe/ile oXvoastUeuozoospermic mex with and without vahco- cele. [ J]. AnX/OgP ,2097,39(1、：28V2.[2] 于瑞雪，谭文举,韩雯雯，等•中医药治疗少弱精子症近况J]现代中西医结合杂志6918 67(33) ：3755V758.[3] 李博怿，王琦，朱斌，等•中医药治疗男性少弱精子症疗效的Meta分析[]北京中医药大学学报99761(17) S63V72.[10]黄峰,吴德玲，李莉，等•五子衍宗丸的药理作用及临床应用研究进展[J ]安徽中医药大学学报9929 99(5) ：89V2.[5] 薛超辉，宫小勇，郑伟，等•壮阳填精中药联合左旋肉碱治疗特发性弱精子症疗效及对精液质量、DNA 氧化损伤指标的影响J]现代中西医结合杂志6918,27(12) ：12944297.[6] 陈其华，李博，赵文雪，等•补肾衍精汤联合左卡尼汀治疗少弱精症的临床观察[]•中国性科学,2918,27(5) ：195497.[17] MoustaOs MH , Sharma RK , Thornton J, et al. Remhcwskip betoeexROS prodoctiod : apoptosis and DNA bexaturation ix spermatozoa frompatiexts examined pfe/ility [ J ]. Hum Reprod , 2904 , 7) ( 1 )： 109458.[7] Dios AJ,Maia MS,ReWmai CA , et al. Idexti/caOcw and pa/ial char-acmhzatWn of alpho-l , 4-vlocosibase activity Ct epuixe epibibymai fluid [ J ]. TPerogexologp ,2094,91(7-8) ： 15454558(收稿日期37274946)DOI ：10・3966/j ・issn ・16723963・ 2020.12.039- 皮肤性病学 -2016生殖支原体感染欧洲指南解读王双双72 刘啸林2王义聪7慎津进7李振红7杜美71郑州安图生物工程股份有限公司研发中心，郑州450009 9河南大学生命科学学院，河南开封7770972 [通讯作者】 王双双，E-mail : wangsPuangshuang@ autobio. com. ce［摘要】2217年10月，《欧洲皮肤病与性病学会杂志》在线发表了《2016生殖支原体感染欧洲指南》，该指南对生殖支原体(MG)的临床特征、流行病学、耐药性及治疗进行了报道，为MG 感染的治疗提供了重要的指导。

软体动物细胞凋亡的免疫防御和环境适应作用李原杰平顶山市一高一（2）指导老师：王晓涵摘要：细胞发育对于植物和动物的正常发育和体内平衡的维持市至关重要的。

虽然在低等动物和脊椎动物之间存在不同的凋亡机制，但是细胞凋亡死亡通路的重要生化组成在进化过程中仍然相当保守。

目前关于软体动物的凋亡机制的研究还很少。

本文对目前从软体动物中获得的数据进行总结，综述了软体动物细胞凋亡的研究进展关键词:细胞凋亡软体动物重金属免疫防御细胞凋亡(Apoptosis)是由基因决定的几乎存在于所有的真核细胞中的一种生理过程,在维持正常有机体功能,包括胚胎发育,组织稳态和病理过程中发挥重要作用。

细胞凋亡是精确调控的自杀程序,它将细胞在生理上清除,但是不会在死亡的细胞周围引起炎症反应。

细胞凋亡是由转录和转录后水平严格调控的一个高度保守的进化过程。

细胞凋亡是通过内源(线粒体)或者外源(死亡受体)途径来启动和传递信号的。

外源途径是通过死亡受体来激活。

激活的死亡受体诱导招募FADD蛋白和caspase-8形成死亡诱导信号复合物。

活化的caspase-8能够直接激活caspase-3或者通过切割Bid蛋白来间接激活caspase-3,从而把内源和外源凋亡途径联系起来。

脊椎动物内源凋亡途径表现为线粒体外膜的通透性增加,随后释放线粒体成分和蛋白质(AIF,endonuclease G等)进入细胞质,包括细胞色素C(cyto-c)。

释放出的cyto-c与Apaf-1和caspase-9形成凋亡复合体,然后激活caspase-3,引发细胞凋亡。

本文综述了软体动物中细胞凋亡研究进展。

1 细胞凋亡在免疫防御中的作用细胞凋亡在脊椎动物和无脊椎动物防御寄生虫,病原体和不同污染物以及毒性物质中发挥了关键作用。

软体动物的免疫系统只有先天性免疫并且依赖于细胞的组成例如血细胞来行使杀菌的活性。

蜗牛(Lymnaea stagnalis)通过活性氧(ROS)含量的增多参与血细胞凋亡程序的激活,以此来应对如除草剂,杀虫剂等环境污染物的刺激。

介绍负鼠英文作文The Unique Biology and Adaptive Behaviors of Opossums.The opossum, a mammal found primarily in North and South America, is a fascinating creature with a unique set of characteristics and survival strategies. These animals, often misunderstood and misunderstood, are actually quite remarkable for their adaptability and resilience.Biologically speaking, opossums belong to the order Didelphimorphia, which includes only one family and around 130 species. They are characterized by their small size, long snouts, and opposable thumbs, which allow them to grasp objects securely. Opossums also have a unique reproductive strategy: they can give birth to both live young and produce eggs, depending on the species.What really sets opossums apart, however, is their remarkable behavior and survival techniques. One of the most well-known behaviors is "playing dead," or thanatosis.When threatened, opossums will lie motionless on the ground, appearing to be dead. This behavior fools many predators, who will pass them by, thinking they are unpalatable. It'sa highly effective defense mechanism that allows opossumsto avoid being eaten.Opossums are also known for their scavenging habits. They are opportunistic feeders, eating a wide variety of foods including fruits, insects, small vertebrates, andeven garbage. This dietary flexibility allows them tosurvive in a wide range of habitats, from forests to urban areas.Another remarkable feature of opossums is their immune system. These animals have a low body temperature and a relatively slow metabolism, which helps them conserve energy. They also have a unique ability to fight off infections: when a opossum is bitten by a venomous snake,its immune system will produce antibodies that are specific to that snake's venom. This targeted immune response is highly effective and allows opossums to survive venomous bites that would be fatal to other animals.Opossums are also fascinating for their social behavior. While most species are solitary, some species form small groups called "families" or "colonies." These groups can range from a few individuals to several dozen, and they share resources, such as food and shelter. This social behavior is quite rare among mammals and adds another layer of complexity to the opossum's unique biology.In conclusion, opossums are remarkable animals with a unique set of characteristics and survival strategies.Their ability to adapt to a wide range of habitats, their remarkable immune system, and their unique social behavior all contribute to their success as a species. While they may not be the most popular or well-known animals, opossums are certainly deserving of our respect and admiration.(Note: This article is an abbreviated version of the requested length. While it covers the key points, it does not reach the minimum word count of 1000 words. Feel freeto expand on the topics covered here or add moreinformation to reach the desired length.)。

动物营养英语Title: My Aspiration to Visit Japan: A Journey of Discovery and AppreciationIn the vast tapestry of the world, few places have captivated my imagination quite like Japan. This island nation, where ancient traditions seamlessly intertwine withcutting-edge technology, beckons me with its unique blend of history, culture, and innovation. My desire to visit Japan is not merely a whim but a profound longing to immerse myself in its rich heritage, experience its technological marvels, and savor its culinary delights.Japan's historical landmarks stand as silent witnesses to centuries of cultural evolution. The majestic temples of Kyoto, with their intricate wooden architecture and serene rock gardens, evoke a sense of spiritual tranquility that transcends time. Walking through the gates of Fushimi Inari Shrine, with its seemingly endless path of vibrant red torii gates, I can only imagine the stories etched into each pillar, whispering tales of devotion and reverence. These sites are more than mere tourist attractions; they are living testaments to Japan's enduring legacy and its people's unwavering respect for their past.Yet, Japan is equally renowned for its forward-thinking mindset and technological prowess. Tokyo, the bustling heart of this nation, showcases a futuristic landscape where towering skyscrapers shimmer against neon lights, and robots serve coffee alongside human baristas. Visiting the city during cherry blossom season would offer a juxtaposition of nature's fleeting beauty against a backdrop of modernity, encapsulating Japan's ability to harmoniously fuse tradition with innovation. Experiencing this dynamic firsthand would undoubtedly broaden my perspective on how societies can progress while preserving their cultural essence.Moreover, Japanese cuisine, celebrated globally for its precision and artistry, promises a gastronomic adventure unlike any other. From the delicate flavors of sushi, meticulously crafted by skilled chefs, to the comforting warmth of a steaming bowl of ramen, each dish tells a story of seasonal ingredients and regional specialties. Sampling these delicacies at their source, perhaps in a quaint Osaka eatery or a traditional Tokyo teahouse, would be a feast for both the palate and the soul.My aspiration to visit Japan is fueled not just by curiosity but by a deep appreciation for a country that embodies theharmony between man and nature, past and present. It is a place where every corner holds a surprise, every encounter a lesson, and every moment an opportunity for growth. As I plan for this journey, I am filled with anticipation, eager to step foot on Japanese soil, breathe its air, and become part of its timeless narrative, even if just for a short while. For in Japan, every day seems to be a page from a novel waiting to be read, and I am ready to turn that page and embark on thismuch-anticipated adventure.。

英语动物科普读物作文Title: Exploring the Fascinating World of Animals。

Animals have always captivated our imagination withtheir diversity, behaviors, and adaptations. From thedepths of the ocean to the highest mountain peaks, they inhabit every corner of our planet, showcasing the marvelsof evolution. Let's delve into the fascinating world of animals to unravel some of their mysteries and understand their significance in the ecosystem.1. Animal Classification: Animals are classified into various groups based on their characteristics. The classification system includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Each group possesses unique features that distinguish them from one another.2. Adaptations: One of the most remarkable aspects of animals is their ability to adapt to different environments. For instance, polar bears have thick fur and a layer of fatto survive in icy Arctic conditions, while camels have humps to store fat for sustenance in desert regions.3. Animal Communication: Animals communicate through various means, including vocalizations, body language, and chemical signals. For example, bees perform elaborate dances to communicate the location of food sources to their hive mates, while whales use complex songs to communicate over long distances.4. Animal Intelligence: Contrary to popular belief, animals exhibit remarkable intelligence and problem-solving skills. Crows, for instance, are known to use tools to extract food, while dolphins display intricate social behaviors and can even understand human gestures and commands.5. Biodiversity: The sheer diversity of animal species is awe-inspiring. From the tiny hummingbird to the majestic elephant, each species plays a vital role in maintaining the balance of its ecosystem. However, human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and habitat destructionthreaten the biodiversity of many animal species.6. Conservation Efforts: Conservation efforts arecrucial for preserving endangered animal species and their habitats. Organizations around the world work tirelessly to protect animals from extinction through measures such as captive breeding programs, habitat restoration, and anti-poaching initiatives.7. Ecological Importance: Animals play a critical rolein maintaining the health of ecosystems. For instance, bees are essential pollinators, responsible for pollinating a significant portion of the world's food crops. Without bees, many plants would be unable to reproduce, leading to a collapse of entire ecosystems.8. Ethical Considerations: As sentient beings, animals deserve ethical consideration and humane treatment. Practices such as factory farming and animal testing raise ethical concerns regarding the welfare of animals and their right to live free from suffering.9. Interdependence: The interconnectedness of allliving organisms highlights the interdependence between animals and their environments. Changes in one species can have ripple effects throughout an ecosystem, emphasizing the delicate balance of nature.10. Inspiration and Wonder: Studying animals not only provides valuable insights into the natural world but also inspires wonder and appreciation for the beauty and complexity of life on Earth. Whether observing the graceful flight of a bird or the intricate patterns of a butterfly's wings, animals never cease to amaze us with their splendor.In conclusion, exploring the world of animals unveils a tapestry of diversity, adaptation, and interconnectedness. By understanding and appreciating the significance of animals in our lives, we can work towards preserving their habitats and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.。

河马英语复数Hippopotamuses, known for their massive size, are often seen basking in the sun along the riverbanks. They are social creatures, forming groups called 'bloats' or 'pods', where they can be found grazing or wallowing in the water.These gentle giants, despite their intimidating appearance, are herbivores, feasting on a diet of grasses and aquatic plants. Their large, barrel-shaped bodies are well-adapted for life in and around water, where they spend most of their day.Hippopotamuses are not just fascinating to observe; they play a crucial role in their ecosystem. They help maintain the health of the rivers and wetlands by stirring up the sediment, which promotes the growth of aquatic plants.However, these creatures face numerous threats, including habitat loss and poaching. Conservation efforts are essential to ensure that future generations can continue to marvel at the sight of hippopotamuses in their natural habitat.In the wild, a mother hippopotamus is fiercely protective of her young, known as 'hippopotami'. She will go to great lengths to ensure their safety, demonstrating the strong bonds within their social groups.Despite their name, which means 'river horse' in Greek,hippopotamuses are more closely related to whales and pigs than to horses. This interesting fact highlights thediversity and complexity of the animal kingdom.In conclusion, the plural form of 'hippopotamus' is'hippopotamuses', and these magnificent creatures deserve our respect and protection. Their presence in the wild is a testament to the beauty and balance of nature.。

重视角膜基质细胞的作用宋秀君[摘要] 位于角膜基质胶原纤维板层之间的角膜基质细胞处于静息状态，可以分泌胶原以及硫酸角质素，对角膜透明性的维持发挥着重要作用。

当角膜受到损伤时，角膜基质细胞可发生凋亡，向成纤维细胞以及肌成纤维细胞等修复细胞表型转化，进而促进细胞再生，诱导角膜纤维瘢痕形成。

此外，大量角膜基质细胞还具有干细胞特性。

目前已知角膜基质细胞是多种机体功能的积极参与者，应重视角膜基质细胞的作用。

角膜基质细胞；凋亡；成纤维细胞；肌成纤维细胞；干细胞R772.2P a y a t e n t i o nt o t h e e f e c t o f k e r a t o c y t eS O N G X i u-j n D e p a r t m e n t o fO p h t h a l m o l o g y, T h i r d H o s p i t a l o f H e b e iM e d i c a lU n i v e r s i t y,S h i j a z h u a n g050051,C h i n a[A b s t r a c t]K e r a t o c y t e s s i t u a t e db e t w e e nt h ec o l a g e n l a m e l a ei n t h ec o r n e a ls t r o m a,a r e m i t o t i c a l y q u i e s c n t c e l s.T h ec e l s c a ns e c r e t e c o l a g e n sa n dk e r a t a ns u l f a t e p r o t e o g l y c a n sw h i c hc o n t r i b u t e t o t h e t r a n s p a r e n c y o f t h e c o r n e a.U p o ni n j u r y,k e r a t o c y t e s a r e s t i m u l a t e d t o c o r e n ta p o p t o s i a n d t r a n s i t e i n t o r e p a i rp h e n o t y p e s,f i b r o b l a s t a n d m y o f i b r o b l a s t.T h e s r e p a i r p h e n o t y p e sc a n e i t h e rp r o m o t e r e g e n e r a t i o no r i n d u c ef i b r o t i c s c a r,a n dt h e l a t e ri s d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h eo t h e r w i s e t r a n s p a r e n t c o r n e a.M o r e o v e r,a p o p u l a t i o no fk e r a t o c y t e sc a n b e i n d u c e dt o a p e a rt h e s t e m c e l-i k e c h a e r s t i c s. 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名词解释酶：酶是生物活体细胞产生，以蛋白质为主要成分，具催化功能的一类生物催化剂。

抗体酶：抗体酶或催化抗体（Catalytic antibody)是一种新型人工酶制剂，是一种具有催化功能的抗体分子，在其可变区赋予了酶的属性。

脂阀模型：生物膜上胆固醇富集而形成有序脂相，如同“脂筏”一样载着各种蛋白。

受体(receptor):存在于细胞表面或细胞内的特殊蛋白质，有三个必备条件：1\能识别和结合信号分子2\能转导信号为细胞反应3\能产生相应的生理效应细胞株:保持原有细胞特性的传代细胞。

细胞系:染色体明显改变，一般呈亚二倍体或非整倍体，失去接触抑制的细胞，容易传代培养。

细胞分化：在个体发育中，由一种相同的细胞类型经细胞分裂后逐渐在形态、结构和功能上形成稳定性差异，产生不同的细胞类群的过程称为细胞分化。

干细胞：具有自我更新能力和高度增殖以及多向分化潜能的细胞。

细胞凋亡(apoptosis): 细胞在一定的生理和病理条件下，受内在遗传机制的控制自动结束生命的过程。

细胞程序性死亡（programmed cell death, PCD) 生物在发育过程中一定生理刺激的反应性死亡，它需要一定基因表达。

寻靶运输：新合成的蛋白质向不同细胞器的转移信号肽：指导蛋白质寻靶定位的一段连续的氨基酸序列中心法则：生物信息流最根本的内容，其内容是DNA分子可以自我复制，也可以转录成mRNA，mRNA再把信息翻译成蛋白质，某些细胞中或者实验条件下RNA也可以进行自我复制及逆转录成DNA。

操纵子：原核细胞内单个mRNA分子可以包含多个基因的转录物，这种由多个结构基因及其共同的转录操纵区组成的单一转录单位称为操纵子。

顺反子：编码一个多肽的遗传单位称为顺反子。

原核生物乳糖操纵子学说：大肠杆菌培养基中没有乳糖，操纵子前端的调节基因编码产生阻遏蛋白同操纵基因结合，阻止了RNA聚合酶和启动子的结合。

当有乳糖存在时，乳糖变成异乳糖，作为诱导物和阻遏蛋白相结合改变其构象，使阻遏蛋白不能再与操纵基因相结合，操纵基因开启。