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= EƟ(Ag+/Ag) 0.0592lgKf总
Au的溶解,Au不溶于HNO3 HNO3 + 3H+ + 3e- = NO + 2H2O Au3+ + 3e- = Au Au能溶于Leabharlann Baidu水,为什么? AuCl4- + 3e- = Au + 4ClEƟ = 1.00 V EƟ = 0.96 V EƟ = 1.42 V
P450下 P451上 负极本质上可以看成如下电极反应: ( ) Ag+(aq) + e- = Ag(s) E = EƟ(Ag+/Ag) 0.0592lg(1/[Ag+]) (+) Ag+(aq) + e- = Ag(s) E+ = EƟ(Ag+/Ag) 0.0592lg(1/[Ag+]+)
3.3.3 沉淀形成对电极电势的影响 AgNO3溶液和金属 Ag 组成银电极: 电极符号:Ag(s)Ag+ (a mol/L) Ag+(aq) + e- = Ag(s) EƟ(Ag+/Ag ) = 0.7996 V E(Ag+/Ag ) = EƟ(Ag+/Ag) 0.0592lg(1/[Ag+]) 加入盐酸或KCl? E如何变化? 银-氯化银电极: 电极符号:Ag(s)AgCl(s)Cl- (a mol/L) 电极反应: AgCl(s) + e- = Ag(s) + Cl- (aq) EƟ(AgCl /Ag ) = 0.222 V E(AgCl/Ag) = EƟ(AgCl/Ag) 0.0592lg[Cl-]
银-氯化银电极 AgCl(s) + e- = Ag(s) + Cl- (aq) 用饱和KCl溶液,[Cl-] = 4.47 mol/L (25oC) E(AgCl/Ag) = EƟ(AgCl/Ag) 0.0592lg[Cl-] = 0.222 0.0592lg4.47 = 0.1835 V 作为参比电极!(二级参比) 参比电极(二级参比):饱和甘汞电极(P446/例15-5) 甘汞电极 Hg(l)/Hg2Cl2(s)/Cl- (a mol/L) Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e- = 2Hg(l) + 2Cl-(aq) EƟ(Hg2Cl2Hg) = 0.28 V 饱和甘汞电极, [Cl-] = 4.47 mol/L (饱和KCl溶液, 25oC) E(Hg2Cl2Hg) = EƟ(Hg2Cl2Hg) 0.0592/2lg[Cl-]2 = 0.28 0.0592lg4.47 = 0.2415 V
平衡: = -0.01 V
2
2x
0
x
EƟ = EƟ(Sn2+/Sn) EƟ(Pb2+/Pb) = -0.136 (-0.126)
lg K
θ OR
nE 0.0592
θ
K
θ OR
10
nΔE θ 0 .0 5 9 2
10
2 ( 0 .0 1 ) 0 .0 5 9 2
0 .4 5 9
E(Co3+/Co2+) = EƟ(Co3+/Co2+) 0.0592lg([Co2+]/[Co3+])
2+ 3+ [Co(NH ) ]K (Co(NH ) θ 3 6 3 6 ) f总 =E (Co3+ /Co2+ ) 0.0592 lg [Co(NH 3 )63+ ]K f总 (Co(NH 3 ) 6 2+ ) 3+ 2+ K (Co(NH ) ) [Co(NH ) θ 3 6 f总 3 6 ] =E (Co3+ /Co2+ ) 0.0592 lg 0.0592 lg 2+ K f总 (Co(NH 3 )6 ) [Co(NH 3 ) 63+ ]
P450, Cu+在水中不能稳定存在,但CuCl在水中能 稳定存在!
Cu2+(aq) + e- = Cu+(aq) Cu+(aq) + e- = Cu(s) 形成CuCl沉淀, EƟ(Cu2+Cu+) = 0.158 V EƟ(Cu+Cu) = 0.522 V
Ksp = 1.0 10-6
CuCl(s) + e- = Cu(s) + Cl-(aq) EƟ(CuClCu) = 0.167 V EƟ(CuClCu) = EƟ(Cu+Cu) + 0.0592lgKsp Cu2+(aq) + Cl- + e- = CuCl(s) EƟ(Cu2+CuCl) = 0.513 V EƟ(Cu2+CuCl) = EƟ(Cu2+Cu+) 0.0592lgKsp
Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + e- = Ag(s) + 2NH3(aq) E(Ag(NH3)2+/Ag) = EƟ(Ag(NH3)2+/Ag) 0.0592lg([NH3]2/[Ag(NH3)2+])
E(Ag+/Ag) = E(Ag(NH3)2+/Ag),所以 EƟ(Ag(NH3)2+/Ag) = EƟ(Ag+/Ag) + 0.0592lgKd总
Au + HNO3 + 4HCl = HAuCl4 + NO + 2H2O
例1:已知: EƟ(Co3+/Co2+) = 1.842 V EƟ(Co(NH3)63+/Co(NH3)62+) = 0.14 V
Co(NH3)63+的Kf总 = 4.5 1033
求: Co(NH3)62+的Kf总 解: Co3+(aq) + e- = Co2+(aq) EƟ(Co3+/Co2+) = 1.842 V Co(NH3)63+(aq) + e- = Co(NH3)62+(aq)
EƟ(Co(NH3)63+/Co(NH3)62+) = 0.14 V
上述两个电极反应本质上是一样的,即E相等! E(Co3+/Co2+) = E(Co(NH3)63+/Co(NH3)62+)
Co3+(aq) + e- = Co2+(aq)
Kf总(Co(NH3)62+) = [Co(NH3)62+]/([Co2+][NH3]6) Kf总(Co(NH3)63+) = [Co(NH3)63+]/([Co3+][NH3]6)
Co(NH3)63+(aq) + e- = Co(NH3)62+(aq) E(Co(NH3)63+/Co(NH3)62+)=EƟ(Co(NH3)63+/Co(NH3)62+)
[C o(N H 3 ) 6 2+ ] 0.0592 lg [C o(N H 3 ) 6 3+ ]
E(Co3+/Co2+) = E(Co(NH3)63+/Co(NH3)62+)
AgCl(s) + e- = Ag(s) + Cl- (aq) E(AgCl/Ag) = EƟ(AgCl/Ag) 0.0592lg[Cl-] E(Ag+/Ag) = E(AgCl/Ag),所以 EƟ(AgCl/Ag) = EƟ(Ag+/Ag) + 0.0592lgKsp Ksp = 1.75 10-10
上述两个电极反应本质上是一样的,即E相等! Ag+(aq) + e- = Ag(s)
[Ag+][Cl-] = Ksp
于是,E(Ag+/Ag) = EƟ(Ag+/Ag) 0.0592lg([Cl-]/Ksp)
= EƟ(Ag+/Ag) 0.0592lg(1/Ksp) 0.0592lg[Cl-]
θ OR
nE 0.0592
θ
已知 Sn2+ + 2e- = Sn Pb2+ + 2e- = Pb
EƟ = -0.136 V EƟ = -0.126 V
将金属 Pb片投入2.0 mol/L的SnCl2溶液中。达平衡时,
溶液中的 Pb2+浓度为多少?
Pb + Sn2+ = Pb2+ + Sn
初始:
E = E+ E = EƟ(Ag+/Ag) EƟ(Ag+/Ag) 0.0592lg([Ag+] /[Ag+]+) = 0 0.0592lg(Ksp/([Cl-][Ag+]+)) ([Ag+] = Ksp/[Cl-]) = -0.0592lg(Ksp/([Cl-][Ag+]+))
对应书上的内容:
P447 452
3.3.4 配离子形成对电极电势的影响 AgNO3溶液和金属 Ag 组成银电极: 电极符号:Ag(s)Ag+ (a mol/L) Ag+(aq) + e- = Ag(s) EƟ(Ag+/Ag ) = 0.7996 V E(Ag+/Ag ) = EƟ(Ag+/Ag ) 0.0592lg(1/[Ag+]) 加入NH3,[Ag+]浓度降低,E降低 Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + e- = Ag(s) + 2NH3(aq) EƟ(Ag(NH3)2+/Ag ) = 0.383 V 电极符号:Ag(s)Ag(NH3)2+ (a mol/L), NH3 (b mol/L)
Kc = 0.459 = x / (2 x), x = 0.629 (mol/L) 平衡时,[Pb2+] = x = 0.629 (mol/L) [Sn2+] = 2 x = 1.371 (mol/L)
作业:P455:7, 9, 12 7: Ag+(aq) + e- = Ag(s) I2(s) + 2e- = 2I-(aq) 9: Pb2+(aq) + 2e- = Pb(s) P464:5 P466:21 EƟ = 0.7996 V EƟ = 0.5355 V EƟ = -0.1263 V
上述两个电极反应本质上是一样的,即E相等! Ag+(aq) + e- = Ag(s)
[Ag+][NH3]2/[Ag(NH3)2+] = Kd总
E(Ag+/Ag) = EƟ(Ag+/Ag) 0.0592lg(1/[Ag+]) = EƟ(Ag+/Ag) 0.0592lg([NH3]2/(Kd总[Ag(NH3)2+])) = EƟ(Ag+/Ag) 0.0592lg(1/Kd总) 0.0592lg([NH3]2/[Ag(NH3)2+])
3+ K (C o(N H ) 3 6 ) EƟ(Co(NH3)63+/Co(NH3)62+) = EƟ(Co3+/Co2+) 0.0592 lg f总 K f 总 (C o(N H 3 ) 6 2+ )
Kf总(Co(NH3)62+) = 8.0 104
3.4 氧化还原平衡计算
lg K
例2: