A novel approach to the transient ventilation of road tunnel

苏轼《赤壁赋》(中英文互译)《赤壁赋》是北宋文学家苏轼创作的一篇赋，作于宋神宗元丰五年（1082年）作者贬谪黄州（今湖北黄冈）时。

此赋记叙了作者与朋友们月夜泛舟游赤壁的所见所感，以作者的主观感受为线索，通过主客问答的形式，反映了作者由月夜泛舟的舒畅，到怀古伤今的悲咽，再到精神解脱的达观。

赤壁赋First Visit to the Red Cliff壬戌之秋，七月既望，苏子与客泛舟，游于赤壁之下。

清风徐来，水波不兴。

举酒属客，诵明月之诗，歌窈窕之章。

少焉，月出于东山之上，徘徊于斗牛之间。

白露横江，水光接天。

纵一苇之所如，凌万顷之茫然。

浩浩乎如冯虚御风，而不知其所止；飘飘乎如遗世独立，羽化而登仙。

于是饮酒乐甚，扣舷而歌之。

歌曰：In the autumn of the year Renxu, at the time of the full moon in the seventh month, I went by boat with some friends to the Red Cliff. There was a fresh, gentle breeze, but the water was unruffled. I raised my winecup to drink to my friends, and we chanted the poem on the bright moon, singing the stanza about the fair maid. Soon the moon rose above the eastern mountain, hovering between the Dipper and the Cowherd. The river stretched white, sparkling as if with dew, its glimmering water merging with the sky. We let our craft drift over the boundless expanse of water, feeling as free as if we were riding the wind bound for someunknown destination, as light as if we had left the human world and become winged immortals. Drinking, we became very merry; and we sang a song, beating time on the side of the boat. This was the song:“桂棹兮兰桨，击空明兮泝流光。

高三英语学术研究方法创新不断探索单选题30题1. In academic research, a hypothesis is a ______ that is tested through experiments and observations.A. predictionB. conclusionC. theoryD. assumption答案：D。

本题考查学术研究中“假说”相关的基本概念。

选项A“prediction”意为“预测”，通常是基于现有信息对未来的估计；选项B“conclusion”指“结论”，是在研究后得出的最终判断；选项C“theory”是“理论”，是经过大量研究和验证形成的体系；选项D“assumption”表示“假定、设想”，更符合“假说”的含义，即在研究初期未经充分验证的设想。

2. The main purpose of conducting academic research is to ______ new knowledge and understanding.A. discoverB. createC. inventD. produce答案：A。

此题考查学术研究目的相关的词汇。

选项A“discover”意思是“发现”，强调找到原本存在但未被知晓的事物；选项B“create”意为“创造”，侧重于从无到有地造出新的东西；选项C“invent”指“发明”，通常指创造出新的工具、设备等；选项D“produce”有“生产、产生”的意思，比较宽泛。

在学术研究中，主要是“发现”新知识和理解，所以选A。

3. A reliable academic research should be based on ______ data and methods.A. accurateB. preciseC. correctD. valid答案：D。

本题关于可靠学术研究的基础。

选项A“accurate”侧重于“准确无误”，强调与事实完全相符；选项B“precise”意为“精确的、明确的”，更强调细节的清晰和明确；选项C“correct”指“正确的”；选项D“valid”表示“有效的、有根据的”，强调数据和方法具有合理性和可靠性。

Many literary detectives have pored over a great puzzle concerning the writer Marcel Proust: what happened in 1909? How did Contre Saint-Beuve, an essay attacking the methods of the critic Saint Beuve, turn into the start of the novel Remembrance of Things Past? A recently published letter from Proust to the editor Vallette confirms that Fallois, the editor of the 1954 edition of Contre Saint-Beuve, made an essentially correct guess about the relationship of the essay to the novel. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.Draft passages in Proust’s 1909 notebooks indicate that the transition from essay to novel began in Contre Saint-Beuve, when Proust introduced several examples to show the powerful influence that involuntary memory exerts over the creative imagination. In effect, in trying to demonstrate that the imagination is more profound and less submissive to the intellect than Saint-Beuve assumed, Proust elicited vital memories of his own and, finding subtle connections between them, began to amass the material for Remembrance. By August, Proust was writing to Vallette, informing him of his intention to develop the material as a novel. Maurice Bardeche, in Marcel Proust, romancier, has shown the importance in the drafts of Remembrance of spontaneous and apparently random associations of Proust’s subconscious. As incidents and reflections occurred to Proust, he continually inserted new passages altering and expanding his narrative. But he found it difficult to control the drift of his inspiration. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels, from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. The beginning of control came when he saw how to connect the beginning and the end of his novel.Intrigued by Proust’s claim that he had “begun and finished” Remembrance at the same time, Henri Bonnet discovered that parts of Remembrance’s last book were actually started in 1909. Already in that year, Proust had drafted descriptions of his novel’s characters in their old age that would appear in the final book of Remembrance, where the permanence of art is set against the ravages of time. The letter to Vallette, drafts of the essay and novel, and Bonnet’s researches establish in broad outline the process by which Proust generated his novel out of the ruins of his essay. But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. For until Proust was confident that he was at last in sight of a viable structure for Remembrance, he told few correspondents that he was producing anything more ambitious than Contre Saint-Beuve.21. The passage is primarily concerned with(A) the role of involuntary memory in Proust’swriting(B) evidence concerning the genesis of Proust’snovel Remembrance of Things Past(C) conflicting scholarly opinions about thevalue of studying the drafts ofRemembrance of Things Past(D) Proust’s correspondence and what it revealsabout Remembrance of Things Past(E) the influence of Saint-Beuve’s criticism onProust’s novel Remembrance of ThingsPast22. It can be inferred from the passage that all ofthe following are literary detectives who havetried, by means of either scholarship orcriticism, to help sol ve the “great puzzle”mentioned in lines 1-2 EXCEPT:(A) Bardeche(B) Bonnet(C) Fallois(D) Kolb(E) Vallette23. According to the passage, in drafts of ContreSaint Beuve Proust set out to show thatSaint-Beuve made which of the followingmistakes as a critic?I. Saint-Beuve made no effort to study thedevelopment of a novel through its draftsand revisions.II. Saint-Beuve assigned too great a role in the creative process to a writer’s consciousintellect.III. Saint-Beuve concentrated too much onplots and not enough on imagery and otherelements of style.(A) II only(B) III only(C) I and II only(D) I and III only(E) I, II, and III24. Which of the following best states the author’sattitude toward the information that scholarshave gathered about Proust’s writing in 1909?(A) The author is disappointed that no newdocuments have come to light sinceFallois’s s peculations.(B) The author is dissatisfied because there aretoo many gaps and inconsistencies in thedrafts.(C) The author is confident that Fallois’s 1954guess has been proved largely correct, butregrets that still more detaileddocumentation concern ing Proust’stransition from the essay to the novel hasnot emerged.(D) The author is satisfied that Fallois’sjudgment was largely correct, but feelsthat Proust’s early work in designing andwriting the novel was probably far moredeliberate than Falloi s’s description of theprocess would suggest.(E) The author is satisfied that the facts ofProust’s life in 1909 have been thoroughlyestablished, but believes such documentsas drafts and correspondence are only oflimited value in a critical assessment ofProust’s writing.25. The author of the passage implies that which ofthe following would be the LEAST usefulsource of information about Proust’s transitionfrom working on Contre Saint-Beuve to havinga viable structure for Remembrance of ThingsPast?(A) Fallois’s comments in the 1954 edition ofContre Saint-Beuve(B) Proust’s 1909 notebooks, including thedrafts of Remembrance of Things Past(C) Proust’s 1909 correspondence, excludingthe letter to Vallette(D) Bardeche’s Marcel Proust, romancier(E) Bonnet’s researches concerning Proust’sdrafts of the final book of Remembranceof Things Past26. The passage offers information to answerwhich of the following questions?(A) Precisely when in 1909 did Proust decideto abandon Contre Saint-Beuve?(B) Precisely when in 1909 did Proust decide toconnect the beginning and the end ofRemembrance of Things Past?(C) What was the subject of the novel thatProust attempted in 1908?(D) What specific criticisms of Saint-Beuveappear, in fictional form, in Remembranceof Things Past?(E) What is a theme concerning art that appearsin the final book of Remembrance ofThings Past?27. Which of the following best describes therelationship between Contre Saint-Beuve andRemembrance of Things Past as it is explainedin the passage?(A) Immediately after abandoning ContreSaint-Beuve, at Vallette’s suggestion,Proust started Remembrance as a fictionaldemonstration that Saint-Beuve waswrong about the imagination.(B) Immediately after abandoning ContreSaint-Beuve, at Vallette’s suggest ion,Proust turned his attention toRemembrance, starting with incidents thathad occurred to him while planning theessay.(C) Despondent that he could not find acoherent structure for Contre Saint-Beuve,an essay about the role of memory infiction, Proust began instead to writeRemembrance, a novel devoted toimportant early memories.(D) While developing his argument about theimagination in Contre Saint-Beuve, Proustdescribed and began to link togetherpersonal memories that became afoundation for Remembrance.(E) While developing his argument aboutmemory and imagination in ContreSaint-Beuve, Proust created fictionalcharacters to embody the abstract themesin his essay.Thomas Hardy’s impulses as a writer, all of which he indulged in his novels, were numerous and divergent, and they did not always work together in harmony. Hardy was to some degree interested in exploring his characters’ psychologies, though impelled less by curiosity than by sympathy. Occasionally he felt the impulse to comedy (in all its detached coldness) as well as the impulse to farce, but he was more often inclined to see tragedy and record it. He was also inclined to literary realism in the several senses of that phrase. He wanted to describe ordinary human beings; he wanted to speculate on their dilemmas rationally (and, unfortunately, even schematically); and he wanted to record precisely the material universe. Finally, he wanted to be more than a realist. He wanted to transcend what he considered to be the banality of solely recording things exactly and to express as well his awareness of the occult and the strange.In his novels these various impulses were sacrificed to each other inevitably and often. Inevitably, because Hardy did not care in the way that novelists such as Flaubert or James cared, and therefore took paths of least resistance. Thus, one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one and, unfortunately, instead of exacting a compromise, simply disappeared. A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower. In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one, and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxed style. But on other occasions Hardy abandoned a perilous, risky, and highly energizing impulse in favor of what was for him the fatally relaxing impulse to classify and schematize abstractly. When a relaxing impulse was indulged, the style—that sure index of an author’s literary worth—was certain to become verbose. Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. He submitted to first one and then another, and the spirit blew where it listed; hence the unevenness of any one of his novels. His most controlled novel, Under the Greenwood Tree, prominently exhibits two different but reconcilable impulses—a desire to be a realist-historian and a desire to be a psychologist of love—but the slight interlockings of plot are not enough to bind the two completely together. Thus even this book splits into two distinct parts.17. Which of the following is the most appropriatetitle for the passage, based on its content?(A) Under the Greenwood Tree: Hardy’sAmbiguous Triumph(B) The Real and the Strange: The Novelist’sShifting Realms(C) Energy Versus Repose: The Role of:Ordinary People in Hardy’s Fiction(D) Hardy’s Novelistic Impulses: The Problemof Control(E) Divergent Impulses: The Issue of Unity inthe Novel18. The passage suggests that the author would bemost likely to agree with which of thefollowing statements about literary realism?(A) Literary realism is most concerned with theexploration of the internal lives ofordinary human beings.(B) The term “literary realism” is susceptible tomore than a single definition.(C) Literary realism and an interest inpsychology are likely to be at odds in anovelist’s work.(D) “Literary realism” is the t erm most oftenused by critics in describing the method ofHardy’s novels.(E) A propensity toward literary realism is aless interesting novelistic impulse than isan interest in the occult and the strange.19. The author of the passage considers a writer’sstyle to be(A) a reliable means by which to measure thewriter’s li terary merit(B) most apparent in those parts of the writer’swork that are not realistic(C) problematic when the writer attempts tofollow perilous or risky impulses(D) shaped primarily by the writer’s desire toclassify and schematize(E) the most a ccurate index of the writer’sliterary reputation20. Which of the following words could best besubstituted for “relaxed” (line 37) withoutsubstantially changing the author’s meaning?(A) informal(B) confined(C) risky(D) wordy(E) metaphoric21. The passage supplies information to suggestthat its author would be most likely to agreewith which of the following statements aboutthe novelists Flaubert and James?(A) They indulged more impulses in theirnovels than did Hardy in his novels.(B) They have elicited a greater degree offavorable response from most literarycritics than has Hardy.(C) In the writing of their novels, they oftentook pains to effect a compromise amongtheir various novelistic impulses.(D) Regarding novelistic construction, theycared more about the opinions of othernovelists than about the opinions ofordinary readers.(E) They wrote novels in which the impulsetoward realism and the impulse away fromrealism were evident in equal measure. 22. Which of the following statements bestdescribes the organization of lines 27 to 41 ofthe passage (“Thus…abstractly”)?(A) The author makes a disapprovingobservation and then presents two cases,one of which leads to a qualification of hisdisapproval and the other of which doesnot.(B) The author draws a conclusion from aprevious statement, explains hisconclusion in detail, and then gives aseries of examples that have the effect ofresolving an inconsistency.(C) The author concedes a point and thenmakes a counterargument, using anextended comparison and contrast thatqualifies his original concession.(D) The author makes a judgment, points outan exception to his judgment, and thencontradicts his original assertion.(E) The author summarizes and explains anargument and then advances a briefhistory of opposing arguments.23. Which of the following statements about theuse of comedy in Hardy’s novels is bestsupported by the passage?(A) Hardy’s use of comedy in his novels tendedto weaken his literary style.(B) Hardy’s use of comedy in his novels wasinspired by his natural sympathy.(C) Comedy appeared less frequently inHardy’s novels than did tragedy.(D) Comedy played an important role inHardy’s novels though that comedy wasusually in the form of farce.(E) Comedy played a secondary role in Hardy’smore controlled novels only.24. The author implies which of the followingabout Under the Greenwood Tree in relation toHardy’s other novels?(A) It is Hardy’s most thorough investigation ofthe psychology of love.(B) Although it is his most controlled novel, itdoes not exhibit any harsh or riskyimpulses.(C) It, more than his other novels, revealsHardy as a realist interested in the historyof ordinary human beings.(D) In it Hardy’s novelistic impul ses aremanaged somewhat better than in his othernovels.(E) Its plot, like the plots of all of Hardy’s othernovels, splits into two distinct parts.Islamic law is a particularly instructive example of “sacred law.” Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the fullrange of possible legal phenomena. Even the two other representatives of sacred law that are historically and geographically nearest to it, Jewish law and Roman Catholic canon law, are perceptibly different.Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. All this was unified by being subjected to the same kind of religious scrutiny, the impact of which varied greatly, being almost nonexistent in some fields, and in others originating novel institutions. This central duality of legal subject matter and religious norm is additional to the variety of legal, ethical, and ritual rules that is typical of sacred law.In its relation to the secular state, Islamic law differed from both Jewish and canon law. Jewish law was buttressed by the cohesion of the community, reinforced by pressure from outside; its rules are the direct expression of this feeling of cohesion, tending toward the accommodation of dissent. Canon and Islamic aw, on the contrary, were dominated by the dualism of religion and state, where the state was not, in contrast with Judaism, an alien power but the political expression of the same religion. But the conflict between state and religion took different forms; in Christianity it appeared as the struggle for political power on the part of a tightly organized ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of its political weapons. Islamic law, on the other hand, was never supported by an organized institution; consequently, there never developed an overt trial of strength. There merely existed discordance between application of the sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamic states; this antagonism varied according to place and time.20. The author’s pu rpose in comparing Islamic lawto Jewish law and canon law is most probablyto(A) contend that traditional legal subject matterdoes not play a large role in Islamic law(B) support his argument that Islamic law is aunique kind of legal phenomenon(C) emphasize the variety of forms that can allbe considered sacred law(D) provide an example of how he believescomparative institutional study should beundertaken(E) argue that geographical and historicalproximity does not necessarily lead toparallel institutional development21. The passage provides information to answerwhich of the following questions?(A) Does Islamic law depend on sources otherthan Arab legal principles?(B) What secular practices of Islamic statesconflicted with Islamic law?(C) Are Jewish law and canon law the mosttypical examples of sacred law?(D) Is Jewish law more uniform than canonlaw?(E) What characterized Arab law of thepre-Islamic era?22. According to the passage, which of thefollowing statements about sacred law iscorrect?(A) The various systems of sacred laworiginated in a limited geographical area.(B) The various systems of sacred law have hadmarked influence on one another.(C) Systems of sacred law usually rely on awide variety of precedents.(D) Systems of sacred law generally containprescriptions governing diverse aspects ofhuman activity.(E) Systems of sacred law function mosteffectively in communities with relativelysmall populations.23. It can be inferred from the passage that theapplication of Islamic law in Islamic states has(A) systematically been opposed by groupswho believe it is contrary to their interests(B) suffered irreparably from the lack of firminstitutional backing(C) frequently been at odds with the legalactivity of government institutions(D) remained unaffected by the political forcesoperating alongside it(E) benefited from the fact that it neverexperienced a direct confrontation withthe state24. Which of the following most accuratelydescribes the organization of the passage?(A) A universal principle is advanced and thendiscussed in relation to a particularhistorical phenomenon.(B) A methodological innovation is suggestedand then examples of its efficacy areprovided.(C) A traditional interpretation is questionedand then modified to include new data.(D) A general opinion is expressed and thensupportive illustrations are advanced.(E) A controversial viewpoint is presented andthen both supportive evidence andcontradictory evidence are cited.25. The passage implies that the relationship ofIslamic, Jewish, and canon law is correctlydescribed by which of the followingstatements?I. Because each constitutes an example ofsacred law, they necessarily share somefeatures.II. They each developed in reaction to the interference of secular politicalinstitutions.III. The differences among them result partly from their differing emphasis on purelyethical rules.(A) I only(B) III only(C) I and II only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and III26. The passage suggests that canon law differsfrom Islamic law in that only canon law(A) contains prescriptions that nonsacred legalsystems might regard as properly legal(B) concerns itself with the duties of a personin regard to the community as a whole(C) was affected by the tension of the conflictbetween religion and state(D) developed in a political environment thatdid not challenge its fundamentalexistence(E) played a role in the direct confrontationbetween institutions vying for power 27. All of the following statements about thedevelopment of Islamic law are implied in thepassage EXCEPT:(A) Pre-Islamic legal principles wereincorporated into Islamic law with widelydiffering degrees of change.(B) Diverse legal elements were joined togetherthrough the application of a purelyreligious criterion.(C) Although some of the sources of Islamiclaw were pagan, its integrity as a sacredlaw was not compromised by theirincorporation.(D) There was a fundamental sharedcharacteristic in all pre-Islamic legalmatter taken over by Islamic law.(E) Although Islam emerged among the Arabs,Islamic law was influenced by ethnicallydiverse elements.The deep sea typically has a sparse fauna dominated by tiny worms and crustaceans, with an even sparser distribution of larger animals. However, near hydrothermal vents, areas of the ocean where warm water emerges from subterranean sources, live remarkable densities of huge clams, blind crabs, and fish.Most deep-sea faunas rely for food on particulate matter, ultimately derived from photosynthesis, falling from above. The food supplies necessary to sustain the large vent communities, however, must be many times the ordinary fallout. The first reports describing vent faunas proposed two possible sources of nutrition: bacterial chemosynthesis, production of food by bacteria using energy derived from chemical changes, and advection, the drifting of food materials from surrounding regions. Later, evidence in support of the idea of intenselocal chemosynthesis was accumulated: hydrogen sulfide was found in vent water; many vent-site bacteria were found to be capable of chemosynthesis; and extremely large concentrations of bacteria were found in samples of vent water thought to be pure. This final observation seemed decisive. If such astonishing concentrations of bacteria were typical of vent outflow, then food within the vent would dwarf any contribution from advection. Hence, the widely quoted conclusion was reached that bacterial chemosynthesis provides the foundation for hydrothermal-vent food chains—an exciting prospect because no other communities on Earth are independent of photosynthesis.There are, however, certain difficulties with this interpretation. For example, some of the large sedentary organisms associated with vents are also found at ordinary deep-sea temperatures many meters from the nearest hydrothermal sources. This suggests that bacterial chemosynthesis is not a sufficient source of nutrition for these creatures. Another difficulty is that similarly dense populations of large deep-sea animals have been found in the proximity of “smokers”—vents where water emerges at temperatures up to 350℃. No bacteria can survive such heat, and no bacteria were found there. Unless smokers are consistently located near more hospitable warm-water vents, chemosynthesis can account for only a fraction of the vent faunas. It is conceivable, however, that these large, sedentary organisms do in fact feed on bacteria that grow in warm-water vents, rise in the vent water, and then rain in peripheral areas to nourish animals living some distance from the warm-water vents.Nonetheless advection is a more likely alternative food source. Research has demonstrated that advective flow, which originates near the surface of the ocean where suspended particulate matter accumulates, transports some of that matter and water to the vents. Estimates suggest that for every cubic meter of vent discharge, 350 milligrams of particulate organic material would be advected into the vent area. Thus, for an average-sized vent, advection could provide more than 30 kilograms of potential food per day. In addition, it is likely that small live animals in the advected water might be killed or stunned by thermal and/or chemical shock, thereby contributing to the food supply of vents.16. The passage provides information foranswering which of the following questions?(A) What causes warm-water vents to form?(B) Do vent faunas consume more than dodeep-sea faunas of similar size?(C) Do bacteria live in the vent water ofsmokers?(D) What role does hydrogen sulfide play inchemosynthesis?(E) What accounts for the locations of deep-seasmokers?17. The information in the passage suggests thatthe majority of deep-sea faunas that live innonvent habitats have which of the followingcharacteristics?(A) They do not normally feed on particles offood in the water.(B) They are smaller than many vent faunas.(C) They are predators.(D) They derive nutrition from achemosynthetic food source.(E) They congregate around a single main foodsource.18. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) describe a previously unknown naturalphenomenon(B) reconstruct the evolution of a naturalphenomenon(C) establish unequivocally the accuracy of ahypothesis(D) survey explanations for a naturalphenomenon and determine which is bestsupported by evidence(E) entertain criticism of the author’s researchand provide an effective response19. Which of the following does the author cite asa weakness in the argument that bacterialchemosynthesis provides the foundation for the food chains at deep-sea vents?(A) Vents are colonized by some of the sameanimals found in other areas of the oceanfloor.(B) Vent water does not contain sufficientquantities of hydrogen sulfide.(C) Bacteria cannot produce large quantities offood quickly enough.(D) Large concentrations of minerals are foundin vent water.(E) Some bacteria found in the vents areincapable of chemosynthesis.20. Which of the following is information suppliedin the passage that would support the statementthat the food supplies necessary to sustain ventcommunities must be many times that ofordinary fallout?I. Large vent faunas move from vent to ventin search of food.II. Vent faunas are not able to consume food produced by photosynthesis.III. Vents are more densely populated than are other deep-sea areas.(A) I only(B) III only(C) I and II only(D) II and III only(E) I, II, and III21. The author refers to “smokers” (line 38) mostprobably in order to(A) show how thermal shock can provide foodfor some vent faunas by stunning smallanimals(B) prove that the habitat of most deep-seaanimals is limited to warm-water vents(C) explain how bacteria carry outchemosynthesis(D) demonstrate how advection compensatesfor the lack of food sources on the seafloor(E) present evidence that bacterialchemosynthesis may be an inadequatesource of food for some vent faunas22. Which of the following can be inferred fromthe passage about the particulate matter that iscarried down from the surface of the ocean?(A) It is the basis of bacterial chemosynthesisin the vents.(B) It may provide an important source ofnutrition for vent faunas.(C) It may cause the internal temperature of thevents to change significantly.(D) It is transported as large aggregates ofparticles.(E) It contains hydrogen sulfide.The term “Ice Age” may give a wrong impression. The epoch that geologists know as the Pleistocene and that spanned the 1.5 to 2.0 million years prior to the current geologic epoch was not one long continuous glaciation, but a period of oscillating climate with ice advances punctuated by times of interglacial climate not very different from the climate experienced now. Ice sheets that derived from an ice cap centered on northern Scandinavia reached southward to Central Europe. And Beyond the margins of the ice sheets, climatic oscillations affected most of the rest of the world; for example, in the deserts, periods of wetter conditions (pluvials) contrasted with drier, interpluvial periods. Although the time involved is so short, about 0.04 percent of the total age of the Earth, the amount of attention devoted to the Pleistocene has been incredibly large, probably because of its immediacy, and because the epoch largely coincides with the appearance on Earth of humans and their immediate ancestors.There is no reliable way of dating much of the Ice Age. Geological dates are usually obtained by using the rates of decay of various radioactive elements found in minerals. Some of these rates are suitable for very old rocks but involve increasing errors when used for young rocks; others are suitable for very young rocks and errors increase rapidly in older rocks. Most of the Ice Age spans a period of time for which no element has an appropriate decay rate.Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events. For example, an early classification of Alpine glaciation suggested the existence there of four glaciations, named the Gunz, Mindel, Riss, and Wurm. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods, rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. Yet this succession was forced willy-nilly onto the glaciated parts of Northern Europe, where there are partial successions of true glacial ground moraines and interglacial deposits, with hopes of ultimately piecing them together to provide a complete Pleistocene succession. Eradication of the Alpine nomenclature is still proving a Herculean task.。

六级词汇收集director[diTekto,dai'rekt。

]n.董事,经理，主管，指导者，导演shareho1der[,∫eohou1do]n.股东share n.股份recruit IJrkru:t]n.招聘，新兵，新会员；v.招募，招聘accountab1e©kauntob1]a.有责任的，说明的，可解释的，应作解释的同responsib1eaccountabi1ity HkauntSbi1iti]n.有义务，有责任，可说明性，（企业）管理责任account©kaunt]n.账目，报告，估计；v.叙述，解释a11iance[S1aions]n.结盟，联盟，联姻seduction[si,d∆k∫on]n.勾引，引诱，诱惑，诱奸seduce[sidjιrs]v,引诱，诱惑,怂恿，诱奸，使误入歧途entice[in∖ais]v.诱使，怂恿，引诱pursue[p0'sjικ]v.追捕，追求，继续从事PUrS11itn.追赶，追求，从事，消遣attend©tend]V.出席，照料，照顾，陪伴theory[,θiori]n.理论theorist['θiorist]n.理论家paradox[,p2erod□ks]n.自相矛盾的话，悖论PIa11Sib1erP1。

:zob1]a.似真实的，似合理的，花言巧语的，巧嘴的，貌似有理的conscientious1kJnJi,en∫os]a.有良心的，认真的,正直的，凭良心的OPtio1IrI.选择权，选项，购买权，期权OPiniOn n.意见，主张ignore[igno:]v.不理，不顾，忽视regard1ess a.不管，不顾，不注意ignorance「ignorons]n.无知，愚昧outdate1aUedeiHV.使过时，使废弃，使陈旧introduce1intBdjirs]V.介绍，引进，提出，采用ProPOSaI[pBpouzo1]n.求婚，提议，建议propose[pr0,p0uz]v.计划，打算，向…提议fa11acy['f⅛1osi]n.谬误，谬论StarVe[sta:v]v∙渴望,饿死，挨饿sphere[sfio]a.球体的；n,范围，领域，球,球体standpoint['staendpθint]n.立场，观点exhaust[igZo:st]v.排出,耗尽，使筋疲力尽，是疲惫；n.排气，废气infrastructure['infro,strAkt∫可n.基础设施，公共建设embody[imb□di]v.体现，使具体化，具体表达perverse[po'vo:s,'po:v0：s]a.堕落的,不正当的，倔强的，乖张的；invisib1e[in'vizob1]a.无形的，看不见的，不现眼的，暗藏的,无足轻重的remit[ri'mit,Ti:Init]v.宽恕,减除，免除,传送；汇款，缓和remittance[ri,mitons]n.汇款，汇款额SUrPh1SrS P1ASjI1.剩余,贸易顺差，盈余，过剩；a.剩余的,过剩的decent「di:s0nt]a.正派的,得体的，相当好的;合乎礼仪的,体面的; 充裕的，足够的COa1eSCe1k0tιS1es]v.合并，联合，接合；par1iamentary[,paih'mentsri]a.议会的，国会的，议会制度的par1iament['pcκbm0nt]n.议会，国会summarization[,SΛmorai,zei∫on,-ri,z-]n.摘要，概要summary[,SΛmori]n.摘要，概要；a.摘要的，简略的margin『ma:d3in]n.边缘，利润，余裕，页边空白；v.加边于，加旁注peasant[,pezont]n.农民，乡下人stap[skep]v.阻止，阻塞shrewdness1Tπκdnis]n.精明，机灵shrewd[∫nrd]a.精明的，狡猾的，机灵的n.精明的人，机灵的人stride[straid]n.大步，步幅,进展；V.跨,跨过，大步行走magnificent[mseg'nifisont]a壮丽的,华丽的,高尚的，宏伟的，高贵的dead1ock「dedk)k]n.僵局，停顿；平局，平分v.死锁，停顿；cessation[se,sei∫on]n.停止，中断，终止session[,se∫on]n.会议,开庭期,市盘；recession n.经济不景气，衰退，后退subsequent['SA bsikwont]a.后来的，随后的，连续的，接下来的subsequence['SA bsikwont]n.随后，随后发生的事，结果consequent[k。

高中英语学术前沿单选题30题1. In academic research, the data should be analyzed ______ to draw accurate conclusions.A. carefullyB. carelesslyC. quicklyD. slowly答案：A。

本题考查副词的用法。

carefully 表示“仔细地”，在学术研究中，为了得出准确的结论，数据应该被仔细分析。

carelessly 表示“粗心地”，不符合学术研究的要求。

quickly 表示“快速地”，但重点不是速度而是仔细程度。

slowly 表示“缓慢地”，也不符合学术研究追求准确的目的。

2. The scientist ______ a new theory to explain the phenomenon.A. put forwardB. put offC. put upD. put down答案：A。

put forward 意为“提出”，科学家提出新理论来解释这一现象，符合语境。

put off 表示“推迟”；put up 表示“张贴；搭建”；put down 表示“写下；镇压”，均不符合。

3. The experiment was ______ because of the lack of funds.A. cancelledB. continuedC. completedD. controlled答案：A。

cancelled 表示“取消”，由于缺乏资金实验被取消。

continued 表示“继续”；completed 表示“完成”；controlled 表示“控制”，均不符合缺乏资金的情况。

4. The results of the study ______ the previous hypothesis.A. confirmedB. contradictedC. supportedD. ignored答案：B。

Chapter 3. Methods of Decreasing Temperature ( I ) ----------Relative to Gas and Liquid Refrigerants3-1) Decreasing Temperature by Adiabatic Throttling —J-T Effect (1) Adiabatic throttle process : 绝热、节流降压、不做功、速度变化不大When a hydraulic resistance part, such as throttle valve, a porous plug, or a capillary tube restrictor, is implemented in a gas stream, and the gas flows adiabatically through the resistance part without performing any external work or any velocity change at the system boundary, this process is calledadiabatic throttle process. The process was first investigated by J.P. Joule and W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin), and is called Joule-Thomson process.For a stationary flow, the 1st law of thermodynamics can be written asW Q h h m -=-∙)(12 (3-1)Where, Q - the heat absorbed by the flow during the process;Fig.3-1, Adiabatic throttling Process through a porous plugW - the work done by the flow during the process;∙m - the mass flow rate of the flow;1h and 2h are the specific enthalpy of the flow at the inlet and the outlet respectively.Q = 0 Porous plugW = 0111,,h T P222,,h T PIn an adiabatic throttle process as shown in Fig.3-1, since 0=Q and 0=W , the adiabatic throttle process must have高度不可逆的等焓过程 21h h = (3-2)(2) The Joule-Thomson effectThe change of temperature with respect to a change in a Joule-Thomson process is the Joule-Thomson (Kelvin) coefficient : 微分效应： H T J PT)(∂∂=-μ (3-3) For an ideal gas, the enthapy h is only the function of temperature T ; it does not vary withpressure P , therefore 0)(=∂∂=-H T J PTμ and 12T T =.The value of H T J PT)(∂∂=-μ of real gases, may be larger, less, or equal zero, which is typically expressed in bar K /，and depends on the specific real gas, as well as the temperature and pressure of the inlet gas. 是实际气体的物理性质In an adiabatic throttle process, the gas pressure is reduced (12P P <), and thus If 0)(>∂∂=-H T J PTμ, the temperature of the gas is reduced, 12T T <, which produces a cooling efect;0)(<∂∂=-H T J PTμ, the temperature of the gas is raised, 12T T >, which produces a heating efect;0)(=∂∂=-H T J PTμ, the temperature of the gas has no change, i.e., 12T T =. 积分效应： dP P TT T H⎰∂∂=-2121)((3-4) (3) Adiabatic throttling in real gas regionFor all real gases, the value of T J -μ will equal zero at some point, which is called the inversion point and Joule-Thomson inversion temperature, which is the temperature where the coefficient T J -μ changes sign (i.e., where the coefficient equals zero). The Joule-Thomson inversion temperature depends on the pressure of the gas before expansion.Fig.3-2 shows the isotherms （等温线） and the inversion locus （逆转轨迹）on thepressure-enthalpy diagram （压力-焓图）with pressure to a logarithmic scale.The isotherms at low pressure tend towards the vertical, indicating the approach to ideal gas behaviour. Adiabatic throttling at low pressure produces negligible change of temperature.The inversion locus comes down towards zero pressue at the maximum inversion temperature max ,inver T . At the left-hand side the inversion locus joins the saturated liquid line.Below the inversion locus the value of T J -μ is everywhere positive; outside the locus it is everywhere negative, indicating a rise of temperature. The Joule-Thomson process, for example, is shown as the line A-B-C in Fig.3-2. In the process from A to B, the temperature is increasing; and in the process from B to C, the temperature is decreasing. The reduction of temperature accompanying a given drop in pressure increases as the initial temperature falls.Fig.3-2, The Joule-Thomson Effect (ABC) on a logarithmic pressure and enthalpy diagram AB: 0 T J -μ; BC: 0 T J -μ; AC:0)(dP P THBA⎰∂∂Tab.3-1 gives the maximum inversion temperature max ,inver T of some gases.Above this temperature no isenthalp （等焓线） shows the phenomenon of inversion, and adiabatic throttling is always accompanied by a rise of temperature.Tab.3-1 Maximum inversion temperatures (最高转变温度) max ,inver T (K) of some gases2CO Ar2O 2N Air Ne2H He1500794 761621-625603 250 203-20540-45The Joule-Thomson Effect is applied in the Linde-Hampson liquefier as a standard process in the production of liquid oxygen, nitrogen and argon. However the simple Linde cycle cannot normally be used to liquify helium, hydrogen and neon, for their Joule-Thomson inversion temperatures are lower than room temperature. Helium, hydrogen and neon can be liquefied by throttling when they are precooled by other method to the temperatures below their inversion temperatures.气体的Joule-Thomson 效应很小：0.1-0.4bar K /The values of Joule-Thomson coefficient T J -μ ( in bar K /) are not very large, mostly at 0.1-0.4bar K /. Therfore the total temperature decrescing by the throttling is always not large too. The values of temperature decreasing of helium throttling from different high pressure to 1 bar are all less than 4 K.Adiabatic throttling in real gas region is widely used in cryogenic engineering, especially for the liquefaction of gases, such as air, nitrogen, and oxygen.Fig.3-3a shows the simple Linde-Hampson process for air liquefying by adiabatic throttling. The forward stream of high-pressure gas flows through a heat exchanger against a revert stream of low-pressure; the temperature of forward stream 1T is reduced to 2T . The liquefying fraction of the forward stream λ in given by4616h h h h --=λ (3-5)取决于常温下气体的Joule-Thomson 效应Fig.3-3, The gas liquefaction processes by adiabatic throttlinga) Process for air liquefying b) Process for hydrogen liquefying with pre-coolingIt should be noted here, that the actual specific refrigerating effect is (16h h -). It is merely determined by the parameters at the high temperature end of the heat exchanger. Suppose 16T T ≈, (16h h -)>0 for the constant temperature implies that the process is in the region of positive Joule-Thomson effect as shown in Fig.3-2.Fig.3-3b shows the Linde-Hampson process with pre-cooling （预冷） for hydrogen liquefying byadiabatic throttling. The maximum inversion temperature of hydrogen is about 200K , the liquid nitrogenThrottling valueAirCompressor 200atm300K1 1atm6 Heatexchanger2354 Liq.Air (78.8K)AirH 2100atm300KCompressorN 2H 29 1atm Heatexchanger 1238Precooling by LN 2，77KHeatexchanger 2Throttling value45 76 Liq.H 2 (20.4K)1 abis used for its pre-cooling at 77K . The cooling effect of the nitrogen at low temperatures is recovered by passing it back through the heat exchanger 1 at the warm side.The liquefying fraction of the forward stream λ in given by6838h h h h --=λ (3-6)Where h is the value of corresponding point in Fig.3-3b.Similarly, suppose 38T T ≈, (38h h -)>0 for the constant temperature implies that the process is in the region of positive Joule-Thomson effect.(4) Adiabatic throttling in Vapor-Liquid RegionFor all substances, the value of T J -μ in vapor-liquid region is always lager than zero, as shown in Fig.3-2. It is easy to be recognized since the temperature is only the function of pressure in vapor-liquid region.⋅⋅=);(P fun T （单值函数）dPdTP T H T J =∂∂=-)(μ in vapor-liquid region (3-7) Where T is the saturated temperature at the pressure P , which is written as sat T .Adiabatic throttling in vapor-liquid region is the real way of decreasing temperature in vaporcompression refrigeration cycle. As an example, when the pressure P of refrigerant R 22 drops from 21.7bar to 6.8bar , its corresponding saturated temperature decreased from 55 C 0to 10 C 0for 22R , as shown in Fig.1-1. The temperature drop here is about 45K , which is much larger than that could be achieved by adiabatic throttling in gas region.3-2) Decreasing temperature by Pressure reduction in two phase region (单列一节是为了突出；针对蒸汽压缩式制冷循环的降温原理)Fig.3-4 shows a phase diagram of pure substance. The curve of A-O represents the boundary between solid and vapor phases; the curve O-CP represents the boundary between liquid and vapor phases, where point CP is the critical point; the curve O-B 1 or O-B 2 represents the boundary between liquid and solid phases. The point of O represents the condition that the solid, liquid, and vapor phases can coexist in equilibrium. The curve O-B 1 represents the boundary between liquid and solid phases for most substances; and the curve O-B 2 is unusual as it is only existent for water and plumbum (Pb). The curve has a negative slop, since water and plumbum have the rare property of contracting on melting.Fig.3-4, The phase diagram of substance （O —triple point; CP —critical point ）Tab.3-2a and Tab3-2b show the data of the curves of O-A and O-CP of water. The triple point O is at 0.01 C 0 and 0.61060 kPa . Both the saturated temperature of liquid water liq sat T , and the saturated temperature of solid water (ice)solid sat T , are increasing when the pressure rises as shown in Tab.3-2a, Tab.3-2b and Fig.3-4.Tab.3-2a, The saturated temperature of liquid water liq sat T , and its vapor pressureTemperature,C 0 0.01 5 10 20 40 100 Pressure, kPa0.61060.81351.14812.19787.3835101.325Tab.3-2b, The saturated temperature of solid water (ice) solid sat T , and its vapor pressureTemperature,C 0-50-40-30-20-100.01Pressure, kPa 0.00394 0.01285 0.03802 0.10326 0.25990 0.6106Generally speaking, in the two phase regions, both in vapor-liquid region and vapor-solid region, the temperature of a substance decreases with the vapor pressure. Therefore the temperature decreasing can be performed by pressure reduction or by vacuum.This method of decreasing temperature is widely used in vast region of temperature from the room temperature to 2K . This method is used for a great number of refrigerants, from water to helium, as shown in Fig.3-5For example, the saturated temperature of liquid helium is 4.2K at atmosphere, 1.72K was reached by vacuum to 1.2kPa in 1908; and 0.83K was reached in 1922 by vacuum to 23Pa .In 1755 William Cullen, Professor of Chemistry in the University of Edinburgh, used this effect to make ice. He placed some water in thermal contact with ether (乙醚) in a flask （烧瓶）, and evacuated the flask by a vacuum pump. The evaporation temperature of ether was lowered by vacuum sufficiently tofreeze the water.Fig.3-5, Decreasing temperature by pressure reduction or vacuum in two phase regionwidely used in vast temperature span3-3) Decreasing temperature by adiabatic expansion of gas with doing work（气体绝热膨胀做功---必然产生降温） (1) Adiabatic and isentropic expansion processA gas undergoes an adiabatic expansion process, in which the gas is doing an external work W , but without heat exchanging with the surroundings. This process is called adiabatic expansion process. If there is no any internal friction in the process, the process can be called an isentropic expansion process.（等熵膨胀过程，是可逆的）The work performed by gas in an expansion process.For a closed system （闭口（封闭）体系） )(21U U W -=for isentropic expansion process ⎰=-=2121)(pdv M U U W s (3-8a)For a open system （开口体系） )(21h h m W -=∙for isentropic expansion process ⎰∙∙=-=2121)(vdp m h h m W s (3-8b)Where, M and U are the mass and the internal energy in a closed system; h and v p ⋅⋅,,are the pressure, specific volume and specific enthalpy, respectively; ∙m is the mass flow rate of a open system.The coefficient of isentropic expansion process is defined ass s PT)(∂∂=μ (3-9) In any region of states where the expansion of the refrigerant exists, the coefficient of isentropic expansion process,s μ, is always positive. i.e., the temperature decreasing is always accompanied by the isentropic process.(2) Comparison of Joule-Thomson process and Adiabatic expansion processIn most cases of gas region, the coefficient of isentropic expansion process s μ is much larger that of Joule-Thomson process T J -μ.以N 2为例，举了3个例子Fig.3-6 compares the effects between the Joule-Thomson process and the adiabatic expansion process using nitrogen as an example. If the initial state is at 200bar and 300K shown at point 1, and the final pressure is 1.01bar, then the temperature reduction achieved from a Joule-Thomson process (constant enthalpy process)1,)(h T ∆; is less than 40K. However the temperatureFig.3-6, Comparison of temperature decreasebetween Joule-Thomson process and Adiabatic expansionreduction 1,)(s T ∆ as large as 223K can be achieved using an adiabatic expansion process (isentropic process) under the same operating conditions.If the initial state is at 30bar and 300K as shown at point 2, and the final pressure is still 1.01bar, the temperature decreasing of Joule-Thomson process 2,)(h T ∆; is less than 10K; however the temperature decreasing of adiabatic expansion process 2,)(s T ∆ is as large as 190K.However, if the final state of the processes falls into the liquid-vapor region, from the point 3, for example, the resultant temperature reductions of the two processes are the same, that is 3,3,)()(s h T T ∆=∆ because of the relationship between the saturated pressure and temperature in this region as shown in Eq.3-5.(3) Applications of Adiabatic expansion process to refrigeration and cryogenic engineering 飞机空调Fig.3-7, Adiabatic expansion used for air conditioning of an aircraftIn practice, gas expansion on which some external work is performed is implemented in anexpansion engine （膨胀机）, which is called expander. In expander, the energy of the compressed gas is converted into work. Like the compressor, the expander can be classed into two general groups, namelythe positive-displacement type (such as reciprocating compressor) and the change of momentum type (turbo-compressor).Fig.3-7 shows an example of a turbo-expander used for air conditioning of an airplane. The air from the chamber of an aircraft at point 1, is isentropically compressed to point 2, and then enters an air cooler. The heat of compression is released in the form of sensitive heat. (The cooler is not called a condenser as that in vapor compression cycle.) （这里只能称其为冷却器，不能称为冷凝器）The air at point 3 is then expanded in a turbine expander, which is a work-producing device. The work delivered by the expanderT, which is low can be reused to drive the compressor. The air leaving the expander has a temperature of4enough to cool the chamber of aircraft. The cycle consists of two isobaric processes （2个等压过程）and two isentropic processes（2个等熵过程）Fig.3-8, Claude cycle of air liquefier with adiabatic expanderDecreasing temperature by adiabatic expansion of gas with doing work is widely used in cryogenic engineering. The simple Linde-Hampson process described in Fig. 3-3a is rather inefficient due to its employing the irreversible adiabatic throttling for gas liquefaction. The efficiency of the process can be improved by adding an expander to pre-cool the high-pressure gas before throttling as shown in Fig.3-8. This cycle is called Claude cycle, which was first introduced into liquefaction by Georges Claude in 1902.[ 1,2 ] Decreasing temperature in vapor-liquid two phase region, the Joule-Thomson throttling valve is still used, since it is compact and can easily be installed. （在两相区，2者的降温效果一样）The liquefying fraction of the forward stream λ in given by61082610110h h h h h h h h --+--=ςλ (3-10) 3-4) Decreasing temperature by Adiabatic Vortex Ranque Effect （绝热涡流管效应）In 1931 George Ranque observed low temperatures in the rotating flow of air in a cyclone separator （锅炉排烟除尘用的旋风分离器）, and he devised an arrangement known as the vortex tube or Ranque Tube, in which a compressed air stream delivers two streams at lower pressure, one cold stream and the other warm stream. In 1946 R. Hilsch studied the vortex tube, recommended optimum dimensions and measured the performance, published a paper in Germanic Journal Z.f. Naturforschung, therefore the tube is called Ranque - Hilsch tube also.A vortex tube is a rigid-walled device which employs a vortex flow to separate a high-pressure stream of gas into two low-pressure steams at different temperatures as shown in Fig.3-9. The compressed air is injected through a tangential nozzle （切向喷嘴） 1 into a scroll （蜗旋） 2, where a strong circular flow is established, producing a nonuniform temperature field. The gas layers closer to the axis are colder than the feed gas, and the peripheral layers are hotter. The internal interaction which causes the separation is a fluid shear work transfer between the flow in the inner vortex and that in the outer vortex.(涡流管效应内能量分离效应)Fig.3-9, The Principle and photo of Ranque - Hilsch vortex tube [ 4 ]Vortex Tubes have an adjustable valve at the "hot" end which controls the volume of the air flow, and the temperature exiting at the cold end. By adjusting the valve, the "cold fraction" μ is controlled which is the percentage of total input compressed air that exits at the cold end of the vortex tube.[ 1,2 ]一个例子：An example of the steady operating conditions is: air as a working fluid with inlet state bar P 101=, K T 3001=and sec /1.01kg m =∙; Cold stream outlet state bar P c 1=, K T c 225=and sec /01.0kg m c =∙; Hot stream outlet state bar P h 1=, K T h 8.307=and sec /09.0kg m h =∙The cold fraction μ is denoted as∙∙=1m m cμ (3-11)Compared with adiabatic expansion of expander, the efficiency of vortex tube can be denoted as)()('111c c c T T m T T m -⋅-⋅=∙∙η(3-12)Fig. 3-10, The temperatures of cold stream and hot stream of some vortex tube（K T bar P i 300;01.11==）Where 'c T is the temperature after isentropic expansion to pressure 0P .与等熵膨胀做功的比较，要差得多For example, 'c T ≈155K ; 1.01==∙∙m m cμ; and 052.0)155300(1.0)225300(01.0≈-⋅⨯⋅-⋅⨯⋅=η. Fig.3-10 shows the approximate temperature drops (and rises) against various cold fractionsproduced by a vortex tube, which was taken from the products data of Frigid-X™.[ 4 ] It is assumed that the inlet temperature and the outlet pressure are constant at K T 300= and bar P 01.1= respectively. Compared with adiabatic expansion of expander for reducing the temperature of gas, the vortex tube is a poor performer in terms of efficiency. However the vortex tube refrigeration has some advantages, such as compact and lightweight, no moving parts, reliable, and maintenance free. Therefore vortex tube refrigeration still finds its applications in some cases when the supply of compressed air is readily available and cheap; or refrigeration requirement is need temporary or just for short time. 3-5) Decreasing Temperature by Variable Mass System in Unsteady Flow 变工质质量系统的温度降低(1) Thermodynamics of variable mass system in unsteady flowMany engineering systems operate in the steady state to satisfy the requirements for steady flow; however, there are situations of interest which are not steady flow, such as in so called regenerative refrigerator cycles （再生式制冷循环）. Among these is a special class called unsteady flow with uniform state. For example, charging a gas to a vessel, which is called gas admission process （充气过程）, cannot be regarded as a steady process since in this process the mass, and the state of the mass contained in the vessel, change with time. Emptying a gas from a vessel, which is called gas deflation process （放气过程）, is another example of unsteady process. The first law of thermodynamics for an open system as shown in Fig.3-11 must be used to analyze the unsteady system behavior.Fig.3-11, The thermal analysis of a variable mass systemAssuming the gas within the control volume (inside the boundary of the system as shown in Fig.3-11 with dotted lines) is spatially uniform in state, the first law for the control volume becomesout out in in h m h m W Q tu G ⋅-⋅+-=⋅∙∙∙δδ)( (3-13) Where ∙Q and W are the heat rate transferred into the system and the shear work rate done by the system respectively. G , u , h are the mass, inner energy and enthalpy of the gas inside the system. ∙in m , ∙out m , in h , out h are the mass flow rate at the inlet and the outlet and their enthalpies.The inner energy u and enthalpy h are the properties of the gas, there is the relationPv u h += (3-14)Here, P and v are pressure and specific volume of the gas respectively.For ideal gases, inner energy u and enthalpy h are only the function of temperature T , there aredT C du v =dT C dh p =Ratio of specific heats of gas v pC C =γ, and 0.167.1>≥γ67.1=γ for monatomic ideal gases ,such as helium, over a wide range of temperatures. (2) Temperature rise in adiabatic gas admission processin in h m ,∙ Inlet Outlet WBoundary of the system P, T, V, G out out h m ,∙ ∙QConsidering an externally adiabatic compression of ideal gas admission into a cylinder or other reservoir, as shown in Eq.3-12A, in which ∙=0Q and 0=W , and assuming the gas inside the system with initial pressure i P and initial temperature i T ; and the inlet gas stream with constant pressure 0P ,Fig.3-12, The temperature variation during gas admission process and deflation process(右图的箭头表示外压的方向，而不是气流的方向)constant temperature 0T , and total inlet mass 0G . From the first law for the control volume we have f f i i u G h G u G =+00 (3-15 )f v f p i v i T C G T C G T C G =+00 (3-16)v i p i v i f C G G T C G T C G T )(000++= (3-17)Assuming the temperature of inlet gas is the same as the initial temperature inside the cylinder, i.e.i T T =0, Eq. (3-5-5) becomes000)(G G G G C G G C G C G T T i i v i p v i i f+⋅+=++=γ (3-18) Here v pC C =γ is the ratio of heats.Since 1>γ, there must be1>i fT T , i f T T >, it means that temperature will rise during the gasadmission process. If i G G >>0, such as a gas admission to a vacuum cylinder, i f T T ⋅≅γ. For helium 67.1=γ, if K T i 300=, the final temperature after admission process is close to K T i 500=. However, the practical temperature rise is not so high as this since there must be heat transfer during the process.The precise equation of the temperature rise after an adiabatic gas admission process can be written as))((00f i i i i fP P T T T T T T -+=γγ (3-19) (3) Temperature reduce in adiabatic gas deflation processConsider the externally adiabatic expansion of ideal gas released from a cylinder or other reservoir, as shown in Fig.3-12B, and suppose gas inside the system with initial pressure i P and initial temperature i T . The cylinder is stopped by a plug valve, when the gas is released, the plug moves down the discharge line without friction. The pressure that the gas exerts on the plug gradually falls off with distance. From the opposite side, the plug is acted upon by a constant counter-pressure （恒定的反压力） because the gas flows into a region of constant final pressure f P . When the pressure in the cylinder hasfallen to f P , the plug comes to a stop. Some time later, diffusion and mixing will bring the system to anequilibrium temperature,f T , which can be found as follows.系统的内能降低 ：)(i f f f i v v P u u -=- (3-20)For ideal gases,)(f i v f i T T C u u -=- and P RT v C R R C C v v p =⋅⋅-=⋅⋅=-;)1(;γ (3-21) There are])([)1(])([)(i i f f v i i f f f i v T P P T C T P P T R T T C --=-=-γ i ff i P P T T )1(1-+=γγ (3-22)If i f P P >>, such as a gas expansion to a vacuum, γ/i f T T ≅. For helium 67.1=γ, if K T i 300=, the final temperature after free expansion process is close to K T i 180=. However, the practical temperature reduce is also not that high, since there must be heat transfer during the process.If the gas deflation process can satisfy the conditions for quasi-equilibrium, the results of isentropic process can be found as follows.γγ1)(-=fi f i P P T T (3-23)The reduction in gas temperature in a non-equilibrium adiabatic process shown in Eq.3-22 is smaller than it is in an isentropic process shown in Eq.3-23.(4) Gifford-McMahon Refrigeration Cycle Some regenerative refrigeration cycles are based on the temperature variation of the gas admission process and the deflation process. There are Gifford-McMahon cycle and Solvay cycle.In 1959, W. E. Gifford and his graduated student H.O. McMahon intelligently used the temperature variation of the admission process and the deflation process, to invent a completely new refrigeration cycle as shown in Fig.3-13. [ 5，6 ]The expansion stage of G-M refrigerator is connected to the compressor with flexible lines. Cooling is obtained by opening/closing of active valves and proper shifting of the gas between the warm and cold side of the expansion stage.Fig.3-13, The flow diagram and a photo of Gifford-McMahon Refrigerator [ 4,5 ]The operation of the GM cycle is illustrated in Fig.3-13. The working refrigerant is helium. The compression stage involves a helium compressor 1, a heat exchanger 2, two receivers (储气罐) 3 and 4 for high pressure H P and low pressure L P , and two valves 5 and 6 for intake and exhaust gas. Theexpansion stage involves a closed cylinder 8 that contains a displacer （浮塞） 9, and a regenerator （再生式换热器）7 (recently the regenerator is set inside the displacer). The displacer 9 is connected to a light drive mechanism 10 so that it can be moved between both ends of the cylinder. In this way the volumes at the ambient temperature side A and at the cold temperature side B of the displacer can be varied from zero to maximum but the total volume (B A ) remains constant.A G-M refrigeration cycle operates by four steps as follows.（四步工作过程）In step a, the displacer 9 is located at the cold side and the high-pressure valve 5 is opened so thathigh pressure gas is admitted into the warm volume A. the pressure in chamber A increases from L P to H P , the gas temperature inside the warm volume A rises as shown in Eq.3-5-7. Consequently, the heat produced in process is rejected by air or water cooler 11 at ambient temperature.In step b, the displacer is shifted to the warm side of the cylinder by a light drive mechanism 10,forcing the gas through the regenerator to the cold side B. In that step, the gas is precooled by theregenerator to the low temperature. During this step the high-pressure valve 5 remains open so that the high pressure H P is kept constant. Consequently, more gas flows through the valve into chamber B to compensate for the increased density of the gas that is at the cold temperature.In step c, the gas deflation process from chamber B starts by opening the low-pressure valve 6, gas is released from chamber B, which produces a temperature reduce, and performs a refrigeration duty in heat exchanger 12. If the gas deflation process can be considered as a non-equilibrium adiabatic process, the reduction in gas temperature is shown in Eq.3-5-10. The low temperature gas is warmed when it flows through the regenerator.In step d, the low-pressure valve 6 remains open and the displacer 9 shifts back to the cold side by the light drive mechanism 10 .The G-M refrigerators are mostly manufactured in single-stage and double-stage versions. Theyhave cooling powers of several watts at 20 K and several tens of watts at 77 K.(5) The temperature gradient inside a long tube during gas admission processand deflation process （长管充气过程和充气过程中的温度分布）When examining the temperature variation with the time in the gas admission process as shown in Fig.3-12A, we find that the temperature gradient is established in the stream of the admitted gas. The highest temperature is at the far end of the cylinder to the inlet valve while the lowest is at the other end. Upon intimate mixing, the temperature gradient disappears, which is the case having been discussed before.If the cylinder is so designed that the nonuniform temperature field is stabilized in time , then, by utilizing the increase in the temperature of the compressed gas for transfer of its energy to the surroundings, it is possible to use the arrangement as a refrigerator. This has been demonstrated by Gifford who harnessed （利用）this effect in pulse tube refrigerator.(6) Pulse Tube Refrigeration cycleIn 1964, Gifford and his graduated student Longsworth invented a new refrigerator which has come to be called the pulse tube refrigerator. Like the G-M refrigerator, the pulse tube refrigerator usually uses helium as working refrigerant. As shown in Fig.3-14, the compression stage is the same as that of G-M refrigerator, which consists a helium compressor 1, a heat exchanger 2, two receivers 3 and 4 for high pressure H P and low pressure L P , and two valves 5 and 6 for intake and exhaust gas. However the expansion stage of the pulse tube refrigerator is quite different from that of G-M refrigerator which involves a regenerator 7, a long tube 8 and two heat exchangers 9 and 10. There is no displacer in pulse tube refrigerator.。

英文absorberA/D converterabilityabnormalabnormal condition abnormal operation abnormal operation transient abnormal temperature rise abovegroundaboveground cableabrading particlesabrasiveabrasive blastingabrasive flap wheelabrasive particlesabrasive wearabrasive wheelabsence of hang-upabsolute densityabsolute encoderabsolute errorabsolute filterabsolute filter bankabsolute filter package absolute fluxabsolute pressureabsolute specific gravity absolute temperature absorbed doseabsorbed dose equivalent rate absorbed dose rate absorbent capacityabsorber rodabsorptionA-weighted sound power level absorption analysisabsorption build-up factor absorption coefficient absorption controlabsorption cross section absorption efficiency absorption factorabsorption lengthabsorption lineabsorption peakabsorption ratioabsorption spectrum abundanceabundance ratio (isotopes)AC generatorAC motoraccelerationacceleration period(motor) accelerometeracceptable quality level acceptable results acceptanceacceptance criteria acceptance report acceptance testacceptance tested(filler metals) access areaaccess authorization for…access hatchaccess panelaccess plugaccess portaccess rampaccessibilityaccessibleaccessible-neutral accessories(filters,scoops,etc.) accident conditionaccident operating conditions accidental exposureaccidental releaseaccoustic emission detector accreditationaccreditedaccumulated doseaccumulated pressure accumulationaccumulatoraccumulator injectionaccumulator tankaccuracyachievement of qualityacid coveringacid etchingacid-proofacid-proof coating acknowledgement(signal,alarm,etc.) acoustic pressureacoustic strain gauge(containment instrumentation)acoustic velocityacoustic waveacoustical adj.acquisition rateactionaction planactivated carbonactivated charcoalactivated charcoal filteractivated charcoal filter bank activated charcoal filter package activated nucleusactivated wateractivationactivation analysisactivation energyactivation productsactiveactive carbon filteractive componentactive core heightactie energyactive failureactive fuel lengthactive height(fuel)active loopactive poweractive power meteractive surface agentactive volumeactivityactivity affecting qualityactivity concentrationactivity curveactivity levelactivity meteractivity supervisoractual capacity(compressor)actuate v.actuating variableactuationactuatoractuator armactuator manufactureracute exposureadaptoradaptor lugadaptor plate(fuel assembly to nozzle) adderaddition or deletion of variables(welding procedure qualification)additional HP governing valve additional lightingadditional loadadditional power source additional workadditiveaddressadhesionadhesive adj.adhesiveadhesive tapeadjoint fluxadjoint of the neutron flux density adjust v.adjustableadjustable blade propeller adjustable pliersadjustable wrenchadjustingadjusting bolt bearingadjusting ring set screw adjusting screwadjustment deviceadjustment moduleadjustment pellet administration building administrative lockout administrative manager admission pressureadvanced fuel assembly advantage factoraerialaerial cableaerial viewaerosolaerosol monitorAFI test (filters)after-heatafter-powerafterglowafterset insertAG 5aluminum-zinc alloyage v.age hardeningage peaking factoraged uranium agglomerated agglomerated flux agglomerated (powder) aggregateaggregate recoilaggressiveaggressive atmosphere aggressive medium aggressive wateragingagitatorair adj.air bindingair blast breakerair bleed valveair breakerair carbon arc gougingair change rateair conditioningair conduitair contaminationair contamination meterair contamination monitorair coolerair cooler duct (electric motor) air coolingair curtainair cylinderair dryerair ductair eductorair entrainmentair equivalentair equivalent materialair exhaustair filterair gapair gaugeair heaterair hoseair inletair intakeair lockair magnetic breakerair operated disk cutterair operated jawsair outletair pocketair pressure amplifierair radiation monitor(gas or air-particulate monitors)air recirculation fanair regulatorair removalair renewalair renewal rateair samplerair sampling deviceair setair set pressure test(for relief valves)air specific gravityair speedair supplyair supply fanair supply supportair supply terminalair to push downair to push upair transportair valveair velocityair ventair washerair-break circuit breakerair-bubbler type level measurement air-bubbler type specific gravity measurementair-cooled condenserair-cooled transformerair-entraining agent(concrete)air-entraining vortexair-line assemblyair-operated adj.air-operated valveair-to-air coolerair-to-close valveair-to-open on-off valveair-to-open valveair-to-water coolerair/bead mixtureairborne particulate control airborne particulatesaircraft crashaircraft warning lightsairing circuitairtightairtight doorairtightnessalarmalarm annunciatoralarm boxalarm lampalarm processingalarm signalalarm windowalarmedalignmentalignment holealignment pinalkaline batteryalkaline cleaningall volatile treatmentall-weld-metal tension(or tensile)test all-welded frameAllen screwalligatoringallowableallowable loadallowable stressallowanceallowance for fabrication tolerances alloy steelalloyed steelalmen intensityalmen stripalpha decayalpha emissionalpha emitteralpha radioactivityalpha ratioalpha raysalpha-phase producing(metallurgy) alphanumeric codealterationalternate energy sourcesalternate systemalternating currentalternating current motoralternating slidingalternating stressalternative energy sources alternatoraluminous cementambient conditionsambient does rateambient lightingambient temperatureAmerican standard pipe thread plug ammeterammonium diuranateampacityamphoteric metalamplification channelamplifieramplfier relayanaloganalog channelanalog controlleranalog diagramanalog digital converteranalog feedback controlanalog inputanalog instrumentationanalog measurementanalog relayanalog signalanalog variableanalyseranalysis(of data)analysis lineanalyzeranchoranchor baranchor boltanchor channelanchor coneanchor drillinganchor plateanchor pointanchor ring(reactor vessel)anchor rodanchoringanchoring pointangleangleangle beam examinationangle beam probeangle beam ultrasonic examination angle check valveangle control valveangle gear driveangle ironangle jointangle of frictionangle of the electron gun(electron beam welding)angle patternangle poleangle styleangle towerangle valveangular adjustmentangular displacement transducer angular momentumanion bedanion bed demineralizeranion bed ion exchangeranion exchange resinanion exchangeranion resinanion vacanciesanisotropy factorannealedannealingannealing passannealing temperatureannular lightingannulus(containment)annunciatedannunciatorannunciator boardannunciator lightannunciator panelanomalyanti-backlash(gears)anti-condensation heater(reactor coolant pump)anti-foaming agentanti-frieezing agent(concrete)anti-oil whip(pump)anti-popout tubeanti-reverseanti-reverse deviceanti-reverse systemanti-rotation deviceanti-rust paintanti-seismic plateanti-simmeranti-vibration baranti-vibration spacer baranti-whip deviceantibirdantichatteranticipatedanticlockwiseanticoincidenceantidustantifreezeantifriction bearingantirotation deviceantirotation lugantirotation toolantisimmer(valve)antisimmer pressure relief valve antivibrationantivibration bar attachmentanvilaperture cardapparatusapparent powerappendageappendage sensorapplicabilityapplicationapplication of new lead sealapproach(cooling tower,condenser) approach to criticalityapprovalapproved packingaquiferarc blowarc chutearc energyarc initiationarc strike(welding)arc trajectory(missile)archarch damarchitectural drawingarchitectural line weightsarcing contactareaarea containing removable ceiling or wall panelsarea drainarea monitorarea radiation monitorarea radiation monitoring system area supervisorarea under the notch(impact test) area-weighted averagingargon hosearithmetic meanarmarm rotationarmaturearmorarmored cablearmoring wirearmouraround-the-clockarrangementarrangement drawing arrangement of runsarrayarrisarticulated armarticulated camera mount artificial radioactivityartificail radionuclideas builtas isas-built(drawings)as-built dimensionas-built drawingas-castas-coated roughnessas-deposited claddingas-weldedas-welded surfaceasbestos cementasbestos cement sleeve asbestos paperaseismicaseismic bearing pad aseismic plateaskarel-filled transformer aspect ratioasperity junctionsasphaltasphalt roofingasphalt-based solifification assemblyassemblyassembly drawingassembly fixture(control rods) assessmentassigneeassignmentassignment check assignment drawingassistant shift supervisor assumedassumptionasymmetricasynchronous motor atmospheric pressure atmospheric relief valve atmospheric steam dump atmospheric steam dump valve atomic chargeatomic energyatomic mass unitatomic numberatomic ratioatomic weightatomize v.attachingattachmentattachment modeattachment pointattack(corrosion)attenuationattenuation coefficientattenuation factorattributeaudible alarmaudible signalsaudible warning deviceaudio radiation indicatorauditaudit follow-upaudit planaudit recordaudit reportauditoraustenitic steelaustenitizingauthorityauthotizationauthorization decree(plant)authorization to proceedauthorization to proceed with fabrication authorizationauthorized for testingauto-manual control stationautoclaveautogenous weldingautomatedautomatic chemical monitoring and control deviceautomatic controlautomatic control assemblyautomatic control relayautomatic control systemautomatic controllerautomatic level(surveying)automatic remote-controlled plugging automatic remote-controlled plugging systemautomatic roll-type filterautomatic rotating-type filter automatic sample changer automatic spiral ratchet screwdriver automatic surface examination automatic switchautomatic synchronization unit automatic weldingautomatic welding machine autonomousautotransformerauxiliary actuating deviceauxiliary alternatorauxiliary boilerauxiliary bridge(fuel handling) auxiliary buildingauxiliary building sump pump auxiliary contactorauxiliary exciterauxiliary feedwaterauxiliary feedwater pump(motor and turbine-driven)auxiliary feedwater storage tank auxiliary feedwater supply(steam generators)auxiliary gengeratorauxiliary hoist(fuel handling) auxiliary loading airauxiliary loading forceauxiliary motor-pump assembly auxiliary oil lift pumpauxiliary oil pumpauxiliary operatorauxiliary power systemauxiliary relayauxiliary rod holdout coil(CRDM) auxiliary rod holdout device(control rod drive mechanism)auxiliary spray lineauxiliary spray valveauxiliary steamauxiliary switchboardauxiliary switchyardauxiliary systemauxiliary trailerauxiliary transformerauxiliary valvesavailabilityavailability(NI)availability factor(NRC)availability improvementavailable headaverageaverage adj.average v.average energy expended per ion pair formedaverage lifeaverage logarithmic energy decrement average outgoing quality(AOQ) averaging amplifierAvogadro's numberaxial blanketaxial bucklingaxial clearanceaxial diffusion coefficientaxial expansionaxial flowaxial flow fanaxial flow impelleraxial flow propelleraxial grid spacing coefficientaxial meanaxial motionaxial offset(flux)axial offset factoraxial peaking hot spot factoraxial segementaxial stiffnessaxial stressaxial thrustaxial-scan closed circuit TV camera axially-splitaxially-split casingaxially-split casing pumpaxisaxis of rotationaxis of symmetryaxlebabbit metalback echoback filter(radiography)back gougingback grindingback lighted rotary pushbutton switch back off v.back out v.back seat bushingback shieldingback vanesback viewback wearing ringback welded branch pipeback weldingback-extractionback-to-backback-to-back impellersback-to-back switchboardback-to-wallback-to-wall switchboardbackdraft damperbacked-up power supplybackfacebackface(mates with backseat on valve body)backfillbackfillingbackfittingbackgroundbackground informationbackground irradiationbackground noisebackground radiationbackingbacking barbacking gasbacking layerbacking platebacking ringbacking runbacking stripbacklashbacklightedbacklighted buttonbacklighted pushbuttonbacklighted rotary switchbacklighted switchbacklightingbacklitbacklit sign(eg.<Exit>,<Fire Escape>) backpressurebackpressure fittingbackpressureregular(incorrectly<backpressure control valve>)backpressure turbinebackscatterbackscatter factorbackscatteringbackseatbackstep method(welding)backupbackup manual operatorbackup ring(CRDM)backwallbackward-curved vanebackwashingbad weatherbafflebaffle assembly(reactor vessel)baffle boltingbaffle jettingbaffle plate(reactor vessel)bailbainiticbakelitebaking(electrodes or fluxes before use) balance stabilizer shaftbalanced check valvebalanced sealbalanced-plug control valve balancingbalancing bellowsbalancing chamberbalancing devicebalancing diskbalancing drumbalancing drum headbalancing of rotating machinery balancing pistonballball bearingball burnishingball control valveball flow indicatorball hardness testing ball isolation valveball lift check valveball millball peen hammerball pressure relief valve ball ringball screwball thrust bearingball valveball-float trapballastballracebanana boundary zone banana regionband spectrum bandsawbank(capacitors,etc) bank slopingbarbar chartbar manipulatorbar stockbarbbarebare busbare cablebare rod bundlesbare shaftbare solid cablebare wirebaring(wire)barrelbarrel casingbarrel casing pumpbarrel pumpbarrelingbarrierbarrier terminal blockbarring gearbarstock adj.barstockbarstock bodybarytes concretebasebase insertbase loadbase load operationbase matbase material test couponbase metalbase metal crackingbase packagebase platebase rockbase slabbase-load compressorbase-load plantbaseboardbaseline databasematbasementbaseplatebasic allowable stress intensity(RCC-M) basic coveringbasin designbasic flow diagrambasic function unitbasic gridbasic grid strapbasicity indexbasin(geographical)basis control modulebasketbasket gripbasketweave armorbastard filebatchbatch distillationbatch numberbatch processingbatch treatmentbatchingbatching tankbatter(of wall or embankment) batterybattery bankbattery chargerbattery packbattery pliersbattery roombaybay windowbayonet connector(quick disconnect) bayonet couplingbeadbead blastingbead collecting system(shot peening) bead collectorbead generatorbeadsbeambeam attenuationbeam clampbeam compassbeam index(ultrasonics)beam powerbearingbearing capacity(soils,etc) bearing cartridge bearing coverbearing end cover bearing framebearing framebearing housingbearing pedestalbearing platebearing pointbearing shaft sleeve bearing shellbearing shell half bearing shoebearing sleevebearing spanbearing stressbearing supportbearing surface bearingsbedbed v.beddingbedding mortarbedding tapebedplatebedrockbeginning of cycle(BOC) beginning of life(BOL) behaviorbellbell end (pipe)bell mouth (pipe)bell-mouth defectbell-shaped end (pipe) Belleville spring belleville washerbellows sealbellows seal valvebellows-type manometerbeltbelt conveyorbelt drivebelvederebench grinderbench markbench testbenchmarkbendbend radiusbend testbendingbending brakebending critical speedbending forcebending induced by thermal contraction bending machinebending momentbending pressbending radiusbending schedulebending strengthbending stressbending tablebending tensile strengthbending testbentonitebermbest efficiency pointbest estimate flowbeta decaybeta quenchbeta radioactivitybeta raysbeta valuebevelbevel anglebevel protractorbevel washerbevelingbeveling machinebiasingbibbibbbichromate-treatedbidbifilarbill of materialsbill of quantitiesbilletbimetalbimetal thermometerbinbinary cyclebinary signalbindbinderbindingbinding energybinding fatiguebinding postbinding screwbinding wirebinocularsbiological concentration biological concentration factor biological effect of radiation biological half-lifebiological holebiological protection biological shieldbiological shieldingbiological equivalent single dose bird cage(shipping cask)bird screenbirdproofbistablebitbite(control rods)bitumenbitumen feltbitumen solidification bituminous paintblack anodizedblack bodyblack plateblack sheetblackenedblackoutbladeblankblank panelblank contractblanking plateblanking-offblast cleaningblast furnace cementbled steambleedbleed v.bleed off v.bleed valvebleed-offbleedingbleeding point(turbine)bleedoffblendblend v.blend back additionblend batchblendback additionblending radiusblind flangeblind holeblind nutblind rivetblind scalerblindingblinding concreteblink v.blisterblisteringblockblock v.(circuit electronique)block and tackleblock diagramblock valveblock valveblockingblocking medium(radiography)blocking valveblockoutblood tissueblow down v.blow off v.blow-off circuitblowdownblowdown control ring(may be the upper or lower adjusting ring)blowdown coolerblowdown line(steam generator) blowdown nozzle(SG)blowdown pipeblowdown pressure(difference between set pressure and reseating pressure)blowdown pumpblowdown tankblowdown tap(SG)blowdown valveblowerblowout diaphragmblunt-nosed stampBNC terminalBNI (Balance of Nuclear Island) boardboard cardboard extenderboard swapping(fault clearing) bodybody burdenbody contaminationbody decontaminationbody endbody gasket;body-to-bonnet joint body radiocartographybody wave(earthquakes)body/bonnet nutboiler feedpumpboilermakerboilermakingboiling crisisboiling pointboltbolt and nutbolt cross-sectionbolt cutterbolt-onbolted bonnetbolted glandbolted linkbolted-pressure connector boltingbolting(bolts,screws,nuts,studs,washers,etc .)bondbond strengthbondedbonded areabonded flux;agglomerated fluxbonded warehousebondingbonding jumperbonding wirebone tissuebone-seekingbonnet(valve)bonnet bearingbonnet plugbonnet stop(prevents bonnet from jamming in body)boom(crane)booster fanbooster pumpbooster relaybooster rodboosting(pump)bootbooth(NDE)BOP(Balance of Plant)borate v.borated glassborated waterboreboreholeborescopeborescope built into the syringe borescope inspectionboric acid(12%)boric acid(12% w/o solution)boric acid batching tankboric acid concentrationboric acid evaporatorboric acid makeupboric acid pumpboric acid removalboric acid surge tankboric acid tankboric oxideboringboring barboring benchboring millboron concentrationboron concentration monitoring boron contentboron criticality searchboron dilutionboron equivalentboron injection tankboron makeupboron meterboron precipitationboron recycleboron recyclingboron releaseboron removalboron steelboron-coated proportional counter boron-lined ion chamberboron-lined ionization chamber boron-lined proportional counter borosilicate glassborosilicate glass tube borosilicate tubebossbottombottom end plug(fuel rod or thimble plug) bottom entrybottom fitting(fuel assembly)bottom frictionbottom grid assembly(fuel assembly) bottom guide tube flangebottom guide tube flange holebottom headbottom head instrument penetration bottom nozzle(fuel assembly)bottom suctionbottom surfacebottom viewbottoming tapbottoms(evaporator)boundaryboundary conditionsboundary markerboundary wallbourndon tubebow(assembly)bow springbowed rodbowingbowlbowl and shaft assemblysupport(multistage pumps)boxbox end socket wrenchbox girderbox gutterbox sectionbox socket wrenchbox wrenchbox wrench(12-point)box-outbracebracketbrackish waterbraidbraided packingbraided shieldingbrakebrake horsepowerbrakingbranchbranch connectionbranch pipe jointbranch pipe weldbranch raceway branching(disintegration) branching crackbrassbraze weldingbrazed jointbrazerbrazingbrazing pastebrazing powderbreachbreakbreak a vacuum v.break contactbreak in electrical continuity break vesselbreak-before-make contact break-in periodbreak-make transfer switch breakawaybreakaway force breakaway starting current breakaway torque breakdownbreaker modulebreaker with ultrashort breaking time breaker-fuse combinationbreaking around an obstruction breaking capacitybreaking strengthbreaking stressbreakoutbreastwallbreather pipebreeches pipebreechlockbreechlock bonnetbreechlock sealbremsstrahlungbrickbridgebridge girderBriggs pipe thread plugbright annealingbright-dim lampbrinebrine heaterbrittlebrittle fracturebroachbroachingbrokenbroken tapbronzebrought outbrought out to terminal blockbrown oxidebrushbrush v.(to remove excess slag) brush surface analyzerbrushing machine brushing unitbubble collapsebubble suitbubbler level sensor bubbling(welding defect) bucklebucklingbuckling lengthbuckling loadbuckling strength buckling testbufferbuffer tankbuffetingbug holes(concrete)build-up factorbuilderbuildingbuilding ground conductor building structure building-type switchboard buildupbuildup sequencebuilt-in reactivitybuilt-up backpressure built-up seat(hard facing) built-up weld deposite builtup roofingbuiltup sectionbulbbulgebulge jointbulkbulk boilingbulk densitybulk materialsbulk storage tankbulkhead(of an air lock)bulkhead connectorbulkingbullet-nose welded end plug(thimble tube) bullet-shaped end plug(thimble tube) bullet-shaped welded ene plug(thimble tube)bumperbumpless transfer systembundlebundle wrapper(steam generator) bundledbundlingbunkerburial depthburial in concrete(using encased duct) buriedburied cableburied grid electrodeburied pipeburied piping and cablesburied-cableburn-off rateburn-up life(neutron detector)burnable posionburnable posion assembly storage adapter burnable posion rodburnable posion rod assembly burnishingburnout(fuel)burnout heat fluxburnout pointburnout ratioburnup fractionburnup sharingburnup sharing fractionburr(concrete)burringburring machine(soyage) burstburst pressureburst testbusbus compartmentbus ductbus sectionbus voltage metering section busbarbush hammeringbushingbushing shellbuswaybusworkbutt jointbutt strapbutt weldbutt weldingbutterflybutterfly control valve butterfly valvebutteringbuttering on dissimilar metal buttress(retaining wall) buttress v.buttress dambuttress threadbuttweld endbuttweld end connection buzzerbypass v.(electronic circuit)bypass breakerbypass damperbypass flow ratebypass linebypass valvecab(lifting equipment)cabinetcablecable anchorcable bookcable boxcable bridgecable capcable chasecanle clampcable clipcable cuttercable deckcable depthcable destinationcable endcable end bushing(protects cable at entry to enclosure)cable end capcable entrancecable entrycable exitcable fillcable fittingscable floorcable gallerycable glandcable gland with seismic-resistant cable clampcable in conduitcable jointcable laddercable laid in trays cable layercable layingcable marking tool cable penetration cable pullercanle puller/tensioner cable pullingcable pulling eye cable rackingcable roomcable routing schedule cable runningcable schedulecable sleevecable spreading area cable spreading room cable storage yard cable strapcable support system cable tagcable termination cable tiecable tie applicator tool cable traycable tunnelcable tyingcable unreelercable vaultcabledcablemancablescablewaycableyardcablingcabling diagramcabling roomcadmium cut-offcadmium ratiocadmium-platedcadweld rebar splicecagecage control valvecage nutcage valve trimcage-guided valve trimcage-type plug disk globe valve caged laddercageless plug disk globe valve caisson(foundations)calaminecalcinationcalcinercalciningcalcining furnacecalciothermycalculationcalculation meshcalculation methodcalculation pointcalculation sheetcalculation timecalculational methodcalculatorcalibrate v.(instrumentation channel) calibrationcalibration benchcalibration blockcalibration coefficientcalibration holecalibration slopecalked joint。

A [ampere] 安培A核电专业英语词汇（完全版）abstraction 萃取abundance 丰度aberrant source 异常误差来源ablution 清洗，吹除abnormal condition 异常工况abnormal event 异常事件abnormal occurrence 异常事件abnormal operation 异常运行abnormality 异常abort 异常中止above-critical 超临界的above-ground 地面（上的）above-water 水（上的）abradant （研）磨料abrasion 磨损[蚀]abrasion resistance test 耐磨试验abrasion-proof 耐磨（的）abrasive cutting 砂轮切割abreuography 荧光 X 射线照相术abruption 断裂abscess （金属中）气孔，砂眼absolute alarm 绝对值报警absolute error 绝对误差absolute filter 绝对过滤器absorbance 吸收率absorbed dose 吸收剂量absorbed dose rate 吸收剂量率absorbed fraction 吸收部分/份额absorber 吸收体[剂]absorber element 吸收元件absorber rod 吸收棒absorptance 吸收率[系数] absorption 吸收absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption column 吸收柱absorption cross section 吸收截面absorption type 吸收类型ac [alternative current] 交流[电]acceleration pressure drop 加速压降acceleration spring 加速弹簧acceptable daily intake[ADI] 日容许摄入量acceptable limit 可接受限值acceptance 验收acceptance criteria 验收准则，验收标准acceptance inspection 验收检查accepted as noted 按说明接受access 通道，入口access and use 利用access control [A/C] 出入口控制access hatch [ lock] 出入闸门access port 人孔，舱出入口access tube 通道管access way 通路accessibility 可达性accessible 可进入（的）accession 接收accessory 附[零]件，辅助（的）accident 事故accident analysis 事故分析accident condition 事故工况accident consequence 事故后果accident dose 事故剂量accident management 事故管理accident mitigation 事故缓解accident precursor 事故先兆accident prevention 事故预防accident progression 事故进展accident sequence 事故序列accident shutdown 事故停堆accident source term 事故源项accident with off-site risk 有厂外风险的事故accident without significant off-site risk 无严重厂外1风险的事故accidental depressurization of the cover gas 覆盖气体事故降压accidental error 随机误差accidental exposure 事故照射accidental failure 随机故障accountability 衡算accumulated dose 累积剂量accumulator (tank) 安全注射箱，蓄压箱accuracy 精度accuracy of measurement 测量精度acetylene 乙炔acid pickling 酸洗acidic 酸性acidity 酸度acid-proof tile 耐酸瓷砖acoustic insulation 隔音层acoustic material 隔音材料ACPT [automatic continuous phosphate treatment] 自动连续磷酸盐处理acquisition 征集acronym （首字母）缩写词acrylic plastic window 丙烯酸塑料窗action level [应急]行动水平，应急响应水平activated carbon 活性炭activated charcoal filter 活性炭过滤器activation 活化activation of corrosion product 腐蚀产物的活化activation product 活化产物active alumina 活性氧化铝active carbon bedding 活性炭床active carbon filter 活性炭过滤器active component 能动部件active effluent 放射性流出物[排出流]active loss 有功损耗active network 有源网络active nucleation site 活性成核位置active waste 放射性废物active zone 活性区，放射性区activity (放射性)活度activity concentration 放射性浓度activity level 活度水平activity median aerodynamic diameter 活度中值空气动力学直径activity median thermodynamic diameter 活度中值热力学直径actual line 实线actual value 实际值actuated equipment 驱动设备，传动设备actuating mechanism 驱动[执行]机构actuation 驱动，启动actuation device [触发]驱动装置，执行机构actuator 执行[操作]机构，驱动[传动]装置acute exposure 急性照射acute intake 急性吸入[取]acute radiation injury 急性辐射损伤ad hoc 专门，特设，特定（的）adapter 管接头，异径接头，适配器adaptive control 自适应控制ADC [analog-digital converter] 模-数转换器add/drop multiplexer [ADM] 分插复用器added metal 填充金属addendum 补遗adder 加法器additional items 补充（添加）项additional records 补充记录additive 添加物[剂]additive risk projection model 相加风险预测模式adequate distribution 均匀分布adherency/adherence 粘着〔附〕，附着（力）adhe sion test 粘附试验adiabatic 绝热（的）adiabatic compression 绝热压缩adion 吸附离子adjacency 相邻，邻接adjoint flux 共轭中子通量adjustable wrench/spanner 活动扳手adjuster absorber rod 调节吸收棒adjuster drive mechanism 调节棒驱动机构adjuster extension 调节棒延伸段2adjuster rod 调节棒adjuster unit 调节（棒）装置adjusting pin 定位销adjusting valve 调节阀adjustment 调整adlayer 吸附层administrative archives 文书档案administrative history 组织沿革admiralty brass 海军用黄铜admission intake[port] 进气[汽]口admittance 导纳；允许进入adoption by equation 等同采用adoption by equivalent 等效采用adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附adsorption carrier 吸附载体adsorption filter 吸附过滤器adulterant 掺杂物advance payment 预付款advanced control room 先进控制室advantage factor 有利因子advection 平流，平移advective cooling 平流冷却adverse conditions 不良状况adverse environment 有害环境advise all concerned 通知有关各方advisory group 顾问团AECB[AtomicEnergy Control Board] （加拿大）原子能管理局AECL[Atomic Energy of Canada Limited] 加拿大原子能有限公司aerial cable 架空电缆aerify 充[掺]气，气化aerobic 需[有]氧的aerobiont 好氧微生物aerodymanic 空气动力（的）aerodymanic dispersion 空气动力学弥[分]散aeroradioactivity 大气放射性aerosol 气溶胶affinity 亲合力after-heat 余热afterheat cooling 余热冷却after-power 剩余功率age approximation 年龄近似age hardening 时效硬化ageing 老化，时效ageing degradation 老化降级[质，解]ageing management 老化管理ageing testing 老化试验agglomerant 凝聚剂aggressive 腐蚀性（的）agitation 搅拌agitator 搅拌器AI,A/I[analog input] 模拟量输入AIM[asset and information management] 文档和信息管理air (circuit) breaker 空气断路器air admission filter 进气[入口]过滤器air balance hoist 空气平衡吊车air blast circuit breaker[ABCB] 空气[气吹式]断路器air bottle 气瓶，气罐air circulating 空气循环air compressor 空气压缩机air conditioningsystem 空调系统air cooler water piping 空气冷却器水管air deflector 空气折流板air dryer 空气干燥器air entrainingagent 加气剂air equivalent 空气等效（的）air exhaust 排风，抽风air extraction flow diagram 抽气流程图air extraction system 抽气系统air filtration unit [AFU] 空气过滤装置air hoist 气动[平衡]吊车air injector 空气喷射器air inleakage 空气漏入air inlet valve 进气阀air intake 进气[风]口air kerma 空气比释动能air leakage testing 空气泄漏试验3air lock 空气[密封]闸门air lock valve 空气闸阀air pollution 大气污染air powered brake 气动制动器air pressure regulating valve 空气压力调节阀air-proof 气密的air receiver 空气储罐air stream 气流air supplied suit 气衣air supply 供气，气源，送风air tank 气罐air vent valve 排气阀air/oil package 气动/油压动力包air-block valve 气阻阀airborne particulate sampler[APS] 气载粒子取样器airborne radioactivity 气载放射性airlock door 气密门airlock lock system 闸门锁紧系统airlocked 密封的，密闭的airlock 空气闸门air-oil tank 油气箱air-operated valve 气动阀airtight fittings 气密连接件airtight joint door 密封门airtight ring 气密环ALARA[as low as reasonably achievable] 合理可行尽量低alarm acknowledge 报警确认alarm annunciator 报警信号装置alarm conditioning 报警条件alarm jumper 报警抑制alarm limit 报警（限）值alarm reset 报警复位alarm value 报警值alarm watch 报警值班alarm window 报警窗albedo 反照率alert 警戒alga 藻类alien 外来的aligner 准直器aligning pin 定位销alignment 对中，校直alignment chart[diagram] 列线图alignment pin 定位销alkaline 碱性alkalinity 碱度all volatile treatment[AVT] 全挥发处理allen screw 六角螺栓alleviate 减轻，缓和alligator wrench 管钳，管扳手allowable burnup 允许燃耗allowable error 允许误差allowable value 允许值allowance 公差；允许量alpha decay α衰变alphanumeric 字母数字的alphanumeric character 字母数字符ALST[alarm status table] 报警状态表alternate mode 替换模式alum 矾alumina particle 颗粒状氧化铝alumina pellet 粒状氧化铝，氧化铝芯块alveolus 凹槽amalgam electrode 汞齐电极ambient dose equivalent 周围剂量当量ambient pressure 环境压力ambient temperature 环境温度ambipolar 双极（的）ambulance 救护车amine 胺ammeter 电流计ammonia 氨amplification 放大amplifier 放大器amplitude 幅值ampoule 细颈瓶anaerobe 厌氧微生物anaerobic 厌氧的4analog 模拟量analog input [AI] 模拟量输入analog input system 模拟量输入系统analog output 模拟量输出analog(ue) controller 模拟量控制器analog(ue) read-out 模拟量示值，模拟量读数analog(ue) signal 模拟信号analog(ue)-digital converter[ADC] 模-数转换器analyser 分析器analysis 分析analysis report 分析报告ahchor bolt 地脚螺栓，锚固螺栓anchor ear （电）抱箍anchoring element 锚固件ancillary equipment 辅助设备ancillary port 辅助孔道ancillary structure 附属构筑物anexer 阴离子交换树脂angle steel 角钢angle (relief) valve 角（式卸压）阀angular flux 角通量anion 阴离子anionic resin 阴离子交换树脂anisotropic 各向异性（的）ANN[annunciator] 信号器anneal 退火annual balance sheet 年度决算表，年度资产负债表annual dose 年剂量annual limit on intake 年摄入量限值annual outage 年度停役annual processing rate 年处理率annual reload 年换料量annual risk 年度风险annual throughput （燃料）年投量annubar 阿牛巴，环杆annular plate 环形板annular space bellows 环形气隙波纹管annulus gas 环隙气体annulus gas system 环隙气体系统annulus shielding 环隙屏蔽annulus space 环形区，环形气隙（区）annulus spacer 环形定位圈annunciation 报警，（状态）通告annunciation interrogation workstation[AIW] 报警查询工作站annunciation window 报警窗annunciator 信号器，报警器anode 阳极anomaly 异[反]常ANSI[American National Standards Institute] 美国国家标准学会antenna ring 触环anticipated operational occurrence 预计运行事件anticipated performance 预期的性能anticipated transient condition 预期瞬态工况anticoincidence 反符合anti-corrosion 防腐，耐蚀anti-reverse 不可逆，防倒转anti-reverse ratchet 防倒转棘轮anti-scalant 阻垢剂antiscale 防垢剂anti-seismic 防震anti-seizer lubricant 防咬润滑剂AO,A/O[analog output] 模拟量输出a/o [atomic percent] 原子百分数aperiodicity 非周期性aperture 孔径apparent 表观的apparent output 表观功率[输出]，视[在]功率appendix 附录[件]applicability 适用性applicable code and standard 适用规范与标准applicant 申请者applied dose 施予剂量appraisal 鉴定approach to criticality 逼近临界approach to power 提升功率approval 批准approved supplier 认可/批准的供货商5aquatic pathway （放射性释放）水途径aqueous process 水法，湿法aqueous solution 水溶液arc flame 弧焰arc lamp 弧光灯arc strike 引弧斑痕architectural finishing 建筑饰面archival administrative department 档案行政管理部门archival arrangement 档案整理archival code 档号archival descriptive information centre 档案资料目录中心archival evidence 档案证明archival information classification 档案信息分类archival microform 档案缩微品archival publications 档案出版物archival repository 档案库房archival science 档案学archival value 档案价值archive area 馆区archives 档案；档案馆archives building 档案馆建筑archives container 档案装具archives management 档案管理archives thesaurus 档案主题词表archives work 档案工作area 区域，地区，范围；面积area monitor 区域监视器area monitoring 区域监测area survey 区域测量argon 氩（气）argon arc cutting 氩弧切割arithmeticroutine 运算程序armature 电枢armo(u)red cable 铠装电缆arrangement drawing 布置图artificial radioactivity 人工放射性artificial ventilation 人工通风as low as reasonable achievable[ALARA] 合理可行尽量低ASAP[as soon as possible] 尽快as-built data[ABD] 竣工资料as-built drawing 竣工图ascending 上行[向]的ASCII[American Standard Code for Information Interchange] 美国信息交换标准代码ASDV[atmospheric steam discharge valve] 大气蒸汽排放阀aseismic 抗震的aseismic joint 防震缝ASME[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]美国机械工程师学会aspect ratio 纵横比asperity 粗糙度aspiration pressure （泵）吸水压力，抽气压力assembler 汇编程序assembly 组件assembly drawing 总装配图assessment 评价assessment of radiation protection 辐射防护评价ASSET[Assessment of Safety Significant Event Team] 安全重要事件评价组assistance 辅助设备assistant power plant operator[APPO] 电站助理操纵员associate 关联associated facilities 配套设施assumed accident 假想事故ASTM[American Society for Testing Materials] 美国材料试验学会as-welded 焊（后状）态的asychronous motor 异步电动机asymmetric line break 非对称效应的管路破裂asymmetrical disturbance 非对称扰动asymptotic 渐近的at saturation 达到[处于]饱和atmosphere barrier 空气隔板atmospheric contamination 大气污染atmospheric control 大气控制atmospheric dispersion 大气弥散6atmospheric dispersion factor 大气弥散因子atmospheric pathway （放射性释放）气途径atmospheric pollution 大气污染atmospheric radiation monitoring apparatus 大气辐射监测装置atmospheric stability 大气稳定度atmospheric steam discharge valve 大气蒸汽排放阀atomic absorption 原子吸收at-reactor (fuel) storage 反应堆现场（燃料）贮存attachment ring 安装环attendance and no-attendance 出席和缺席attenuation 衰减，减弱attenuation factor 衰减因子attributablerisk 归因危险（风险）attribute 属性ATWS[anticipated transient without scram] 未能紧急停堆的预期瞬态audible alarm 音响报警audio-visual archives 音像档案audio-visual equipment 视听设备audit 监查auditteam 监查小组auditplan 监查计划austenitic stainless steel 奥氏体不锈钢authority 管理机构，当局authorisation 许可，批准，授以资格或合格证书authorised activity 批准的行动authorised discharge 批准的排放authorised facility 批准的设施authorised first operator[AFO] 授权的首席操纵员authorised inspector 授权检查员authorised limit 管理限值，特准限值authorised nuclear operator [ANO] 授权的核操纵员authorised termination of responsibility 授权终止责任authorised transfer 许可的转移authorised use 授权使用“AUTO”compressor 处于“自动”状态下的压缩机AUTO mode 自动模式autoclave 高压釜autoclave channel 高压釜通道autoclave circuit 高压釜回路autoclaving 高压釜处理autocorrelation 自相关autogenous cutting （乙炔）气割automatic 自动automatic voltage regulator [AVR] 自动电压调节器automatic water purge 自动冲水清洗automatic/manual station 自动-手动操作台automation 自动化autoradiography 自射线照相法autoregressive 自回归autotransformer 自耦变压器auto-turbine run-up system 汽机自动升速系统auxiliary 辅助（的）auxiliary bay 辅助间auxiliary control room 辅助控制室auxiliary feed & bleed inlet & outlet [AFBIO] 辅助给排水进出口auxiliary feedwater pump [AFP] 辅助给水泵auxiliary H2O leakage collection system [AHLCS] 辅助轻水泄漏收集系统auxiliary hoist 副提升机构auxiliary impeller 辅助叶轮auxiliary nitrogen circuit 辅助氮气回路auxiliary transformer 辅助[厂用]变压器availability 可利用率availability factor 可利用因子available 可用的average flux power 平均中子通量功率average fuel rating [duty] 燃料平均比功率average zone level [AZL] 平均区域液位avertable dose 可免剂量averted dose 已免剂量Avogadro’s number 阿佛加德罗常数AVT [all volatile treatment] 全挥发处理away-from-reactor(fuel) storage （燃料）离堆贮存, 厂外贮存awu [atomic weight unit] 原子量单位axial elongation 轴向伸长7axial factor 轴向（功率峰）因子axial flaw 轴向裂纹axial form factor 轴向形状因子axial offset [AO] 轴向偏移axial peaking factor 轴向峰值因子axial peaking hot factor 轴向热点峰因子axial power deviation 轴向功率偏差axial tensile load 轴向拉伸荷载axisymmetric 轴对称（的）azimuthal 方位，角向（的）Bb [barn] 靶恩（核反应截面单位）back checking 返回校验back lighted button 带灯按钮backfill 回填backflow 回[逆，反]流background 背景，本底backing pump 前级泵backing welding 打底焊backlog 积压(的待办事项)backspace 退格back-up 备用back-up air supply 备用空气源back-up air tank 备用气箱back-up cooling 备用冷却backup feedwater pump [BFP] 备用给水泵backup heat sink 备用热阱back-up injection mode 备用注入模式backup seal 备用密封back-up water 备用水backward 反向backwash 反洗，反萃取backwash piping 反冲洗管back-water valve [BWV] 回水阀badge 佩章剂量计baffle 缓冲板balance header 平衡集管balance of nuclear steam plant [BNSP] 核蒸汽厂房辅助设施balance of plant [BOP] 核电厂配套子项balancing hoist 平衡吊车ball bearing 滚珠轴承ball check valve 止回球阀，球型止回阀ball float valve 浮球阀ball plunger （储仓推杆座管的）球销ball screw 滚珠丝杠ball spline 滚珠花键ball valve 球阀ballast 镇流器ballast trailer 配重拖车bandwidth （频）带宽bank guarantee 银行担保bank of cylinder 气瓶组bank reconciliation statement 银行往来对帐单bar 巴（压力单位）;杆[棒，条]bar chart 棒图，条型图bar list 钢筋表bar method 贯通法磁粉探伤bare 裸的；无反射层的barricade 屏蔽板，隔板barrier 屏障，隔板base 底板，基础baseline 基线，扫描线，原始资料base mat 底板垫层base material 母材base plate 基板base rock 基岩base-load operation 基本负荷运行basement 地下室，基板basic 碱性；基本的basic design 基准设计basic limit 基本限值basic safety function 基本安全功能basket （过滤用）网篮batch 分批batch controller 批量调节器batching pump 计量泵battery 蓄电池，电池组bay 水池8baybolt 地脚螺栓bayonet 插入式；回流管式；卡口，销钉连接bead welding 堆焊beak attrition （树脂的）破碎损坏bearing 轴承（座），支座bearing (lube) oil pump 轴承（润滑）油泵bearing cooling water piping 轴承冷却水管bearing housing 轴承座（箱）bearing pad 支承垫片，轴承衬垫bearing pressure 轴承压力bearing sleeve 轴承套管[衬套]Becquerel 贝可[勒尔](放射性活度单位)beetle 一种形似甲虫的水份探测器探头beginning-of-plant life 电厂寿期初behaviour 行为，性状bell 扩散管，喇叭口，漏斗Belleville washer (装卸料机机头内的)贝氏垫圈bellows 波纹管bellows assembly 波纹管组件bellows attachment ring 波纹管连接环bellows expansion joint 波纹管膨胀[伸缩]接头bellows-sealed globe valve 波纹管密封截止阀belt-driven 皮带传动bench-mark 水准点，基准点bench run 台架试验bend 弯管bend extrados 弯管外脊bend intrados 弯管内脊beneficiary 收款人，受益人benefit-cost analysis 效益-成本分析bent frame 排架beryllium assisted crack penetration 铍促使裂缝贯穿beta particle β粒子beta-active β放射性的beyond design basis accident [BDBA] 超设计基准事故beveling machine 坡口机bias 偏置[压]bias error 偏置误差bi-cable 双电缆bicarbonate 重碳酸盐bid evaluation 评标bidirectional fuelling 双向换料bidirectional refueling 双向换料bidirectional switch 双向转换开关big repair 大修bill of lading (货运)提单bill of material [BM] 材料清单bill of quantities 工程量清单bimetallic thermometer 双金属温度计binary comparator 二进制比较器binary digital counter [BDC] 二进制数字计数器binary signal 二进制信号binomial 双重；二项式bioaccumulation factor 生物积累因子bioassay 生物学检验，生物[学]分析bio-engineering 生物工程biological half-life 生物半周期，生物半衰期biological shield 生物屏蔽biosphere 生物层，生物圈bistable 双稳态bit 位bitumen solidification 沥青固化black absorber rod 黑体吸收棒black sheet 黑铁皮blackout 全厂断电bladed U tube 翅片 U 形管blank 空格blank flange 盲板法兰blanket 转换区bled steam 抽汽bleed condenser 泄放[排气]冷凝器bleed valve 排放[水]阀bleed water 排水blender 搅拌器blind flange 盲板法兰，法兰盲板blister 起泡blister formation threshold [BFT] 汽泡生成阈block 数据块9block diagram 方框图block sequence welding 分段多层焊block switch 闭锁开关block wall 砌块墙blockage 堵塞blocked position 闭锁位置blocking piston 闭锁活塞blowdown 排放，排污blowdown accident 喷放[失水]事故blowdown flash tank 排污扩容箱blower （排）风机blown fuse 熔断保险丝blow-off [out] valve 排放阀blowout diaphragm 爆破膜，安全膜blowout panel 爆破盘blu(e)ing test 着色试验blunt(notch-type)flaw 钝缺陷BMW [boiler make-up water] 蒸汽发生器补水board inward dialing [BID] 经话务台接入body dose 全身剂量body relief valve [BRV] 阀体泄压阀body-bonnet connection 阀体与阀盖的联接boiler 蒸汽发生器，锅炉boiler blowdown 蒸汽发生器排污boiler blowdown system [BBS] 蒸汽发生器排污系统boiler feed pump 蒸汽发生器给水泵boiler level control [BLC] 蒸汽发生器水位控制boiler pressure control [BPC] 蒸汽发生器压力控制boiling channel 沸腾通道boiling length 沸腾长度boiling point 沸点BOL [beginningof life] 寿期初bolt joint 螺栓连接bolt-up 螺栓紧固bolt-up material 栓接材料bonding 忠诚保险bonnet 阀帽boom truck 汽车吊booster pump 增压泵BOP [balance of plant] 核电厂配套子项borated water 含硼水boric oxide 氧化硼boric anhydride 硼酸酐boron 硼boron addition 加硼，硼添加boron dilution 硼稀释boron removal 除硼boron storage tank 硼储存箱boron-lined counter 涂硼计数管boss （安装）凸台bottle station 气瓶站bottle type heat exchanger 立式热交换器bottling-up valve （主泵轴封）回流阀bounce 跳[抖]动bowl 圆锥型壳，反射罩box foundation 箱形基础Bq [becquerel] 贝可（放射性活度单位）bracing 撑杆[条]bracket “牛腿”，支承架brake 制动器,(金属板的)压弯成形机brake circuit 制动回路brake drum 轮闸鼓brake element 制动部件brake ring 制动环brake shoe 制动瓦，刹车闸brake valve 闸阀brakeforming 压弯成形B-ram fill flow B 推杆供给流branch office 分公司brand 铭牌，商标brass 黄铜braze welding 钎焊break down 解离，熔断break location 破口位置break of contact 触点断开break size 破口尺寸break-before-make contact 先断后合接[触]点breakdown list 分项明细表10breaker 断路器break-even 得失平衡break-even chart 损益平衡表breaking capacity 遮断容量break-make contact 换向接点breathing air system 呼吸空气系统breathing apparatus 呼吸装置breech 尾部bridge 桥架bridge column （装卸料机）桥架立柱bridge crane 桥式吊车brittle crack [rupture] 脆（性破）裂bronze ball valve 铜球阀brush 电刷，刷子B-scale [binary scale] 二进制记数法BSI [basic subject index] 基本科目代码BTU [British thermal unit] 英热单位bubble chamber 气[吹]泡室bubbler 鼓泡(侧压)管,气泡式侧压管bubbler header 气[吹]泡装置集管bubbler helium header 气[吹]泡装置氦气集管bubbly-slug flow 泡状团状流buck-and-boost regulator 电压升降调节器bucket pump 活塞泵buckling 曲率budget amendments 追加预算，预算修正案budgetary balance sheet 预算平衡表buffer 缓冲器，减震器buffer room 缓冲间buffer space 缓冲区buffering chemical 缓冲试剂building 建筑（物），厂房building components 建筑构件building crack 厂房裂缝building deterioration 厂房（质量）恶化build-up 积累，堆积build-up factor 累积因子build-up sequence （堆焊或多层焊）熔敷顺序built clean 建造清洁built-in 内装[部]的, 嵌[镶]入的,固定的bulging factor 膨胀系数bulk 整体，散装bulk boiling 整体沸腾bulk correction factor 总体修正因子bulk helium supply 大量氦气供给bulk memory 大容量存储器bulk overpower 整体超功率bulk power 总体功率bulk purchase 散件采购bulkhead 舱壁bull ’s eye type flow gauge 牛眼型流量计bumping 碰撞，冲击bundle power 棒束功率bundle residence time 棒束（堆内）驻留时间bundle structure 棒束结构buoyancy 浮力burial （放射性废物）埋藏buried cable 地下[埋设]电缆burn out 燃耗，烧毁burnable poison 可燃毒物burnup 燃耗burst can 元件包壳破损burst slug 燃料元件破损bus 母线，总线bus duct 母线管道bus work 母线连接busbar 母线，汇流条[排]bushing 衬套，套筒，套管bushing type current transformer [BCT] 套管式电流互感器business archives 企业档案馆business plan 业务计划business tax 营业税busway 母线槽[通道]butt welding 对（接）焊butterfly valve 蝶阀buzzer 蜂鸣器by-pass 旁路，旁通管bypass valve 旁通阀11by-path valve 旁通阀byte （计算机）字节cabinet 小室，柜Ccadweld 火泥焊CAE [Canadian Aviation Electronics Ltd.] 加拿大航空电子公司CAE [computer aided engineering] 计算机辅助(设计cable 电缆; (周长大于 10″的)缆索,钢丝绳cable box 电缆盒cable branching box 电缆分线箱cable bridge 电缆桥架cable channel [conduit] 电缆管道cable clamp 电缆夹cable connector 电缆接头cable core 电缆芯线cable distributor 电缆分线盒〔配线架〕cable duct [pan, race, trench] 电缆槽[沟]cable end fitting 电缆终端配件cable flat 电缆层cable gallery 电缆廊道cable identification marker 电缆标记，电缆标识器cable integrity testing 电缆一致〔完整〕性试验cable laying 电缆敷设cable layer 电缆包层cable-laid 电缆敷设的cable list 电缆清册cable lug 电缆接线片cable pulling vault 电缆井cable ring system 电缆环网cable socket 电缆端头cable spreading 电缆敷设cable supply 电缆供应cable termination 电缆头cable tray 电缆托[桥]架cablet （周长不到 10″的）小缆索cableway 电缆管孔cabling 电缆敷设，布线cabling diagram 电缆连接图cabling systems by area 区域电缆系统cache memory 高速缓冲存储器CAD [computer aided design] 计算机辅助设计CADD [computer aided design & drawing] 计算机辅助设计与制图(系统) 与)工程(管理)cage motor 鼠笼式电动机cage valve 套筒阀caisson 沉箱calandria 排管容器calandria boost 排管容器充水calandria boundary 排管容器边界calandria head tank 排管容器高位箱calandria level control 排管容器液位控制calandria outlet temperature [COT] 排管容器出口温度calandria pressure relief pipe 排管容器卸压管calandria seismic restraint 排管容器抗震支撑calandria side tubesheet subassembly [CSTS] 排管容器（侧）管板calandria tube 排管calandria tube leak 排管泄漏calandria tubesheet 排管容器管板calandria vault 排管容器室，堆腔calculation sheet 计算书caliber 管径，口径calibrated factor 校准因子calibrated log power 校准对数功率calibration 标定，校准，校验calibration gas 标定气体calibration gas composition 标定气体成分calibration program 检定程序call in （计算机）调入call on （计算机）访问，调用call slip 领料单call-up system 呼叫系统calorimeter 量热计calorstat 恒温箱camber 拱度CAMLS [computerizedannunciationmessage list system] 计算机12报警信息列表系统CAN [National standard of Canada] 加拿大国家标准can handling tool （破损燃料）罐操作工具canal 管道，通道CANDU [canadian deuterium- uranium reactor]坎杜堆，加拿大重水铀堆CANDU Project Management (CPM) 坎杜项目部canister 小罐,金属容器;高放密封容器;空气过滤器, 箱式真空吸尘器CANLUB （燃料包壳）石墨涂层canned pump （全）密封泵canned centrifugal pump 密封式离心泵CANNET [CANDU network] CANDU 网络canning equipment 封装设备cantilever crane 悬臂吊canyon pump 屏蔽泵cap screw 有头螺钉，带帽螺钉capacitance 电容capacitor 电容器capacitor stack 电容器叠层capacity 容量capacity factor 容量因子capillary 毛细管capsule 封套；幅照（样品）盒capsuleflange 封套法兰capture 俘获capture cross section 俘获截面capture gamma ray 俘获γ射线carbon brush 碳刷carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbon dioxide suppression system 二氧化碳灭火系统carbon floating ring 石墨浮环carbon steel flange 碳钢法兰carbonate 碳酸盐card 插件（板）cardboard filtering element 纸质过滤器元件cardinal point 基点，座标点caretaker 管理员cargo 货运carousel 转盘贮存器，圆盘传送带carriage 滑车；托架；（电）支撑架carriage actuator 滑车驱动器carriage return [CR] 回车carrier 载体；（放射性物质）运输carrier gas 载气carrying gas 载气carrying idler 空载carryover 汽（中夹）带水，带水率carryunder 水带汽，带汽率cart 运输小车cartesian co-ordinate system 直角坐标系cartridge (过滤器)芯子；燃料元件盒cartridge filter 过滤筒，滤芯cartridge valve 插装式阀cascade control 串级调节cascade controller 串级调节器cascading event 触[引]发事件case-by-case 逐件地case-hardening 表面硬化casing 外[泵，机]壳，壳体casing assembly 壳体组件cask(-flask) 屏蔽容器cassette tape 盒（式磁）带cast iron 铸铁casting 铸造casting crack （铸造）缩裂cast-in-site concrete 现浇混凝土catalogue 目录cataloguint/description 编目catalyser [catalyzer] 催化剂，触媒catalyst 催化剂catalytic recombination unit 催化复合装置catcher 捕集器catch-up schedule 赶工计划catenary hose 悬链软管catenary system （装卸料机）悬链系统catexer 阳离子交换树脂cathode 阴极13cathode ray tube [CRT] 阴极射线管cathodic protection 阴极保护cathodic screen CRT 屏幕catholyte 阴极电解液cation 阳离子cation bed 阳离子床cation conductivity 阳离子电导率cation-anion resin 阳-阴离子树脂cationic resin 阳离子交换树脂catoloid 胶体二氧化硅causality 因果律，因果关系cause-consequence tree [CCT] 因果树（分析）caustic 强碱性，碱性的caustic corrosion 碱性腐蚀caustic embrittlement 苛性脆化cavitation 气蚀cavitation corrosion 空蚀，气蚀cavity 腔室CCP [critical channel power] 临界通道功率CCTV [closed-circuit television] 闭路电视CCW [counter-clockwise] 反时针方向CED [contract effective date] 合同生效日期ceiling 天花板ceiling grounding receptacle [CGR] 天棚接地插座cell average normalization [CAN] （堆）栅元平均归一化cell boundary 栅元边界cell configuration 栅元布置cell correction factor 栅元校正因子cell edge normalization [CEN] 栅元边缘归一化cell parameter 栅元参数cell radius 栅元半径cell-averaging (method) 栅元平均（方法）cell-centered flux 栅元中心中子通量cell-homogenized cross section 栅元均匀化截面cellular 多孔的，蜂窝状的Celsius 摄氏cement-solidified 水泥固化的center of maintenance activity 维修活动中心centerline 中（心）线centigrade [C] 百分度，摄氏central bearing pad 中心轴承垫central hole 中心孔central processing unit [CPU] 中央处理器centralized control 集中控制centrifugal 离心的centrifugal pump 离心泵centripetal 向心的centroid 矩心，质心centrosymmetry 中心对称CEP [condensate extraction pump] 凝结水泵ceralloy 陶瓷合金ceramic 陶瓷（的）ceramic uranium pellet 铀陶瓷芯块certificate 证书certificate of approval 鉴定证书certificate of compliance 合格证，税款交清证明书certificate of conformity 合格证certification 鉴定，证明；证明书，鉴定书，检验证明书certification of authorization 授权书certified 合格的certified material test report 合格材料试验报告CFR [code of federal regulation] （美国）联邦管理法规CFV [channel flow verification] 通道流量验证chain block 手拉葫芦，链动滑轮change in design [CID] 设计更改change notice 变更通知change request 变更申请changeover 转向[接]channel 通道；管道channel annulus bellows 燃料通道环隙波纹管channel annulus spacer [garter spring] 燃料通道环形定位圈[箍簧]channel blockage （燃料）通道堵塞channel closure 燃料通道密封塞channel coolant flow rate （燃料）通道冷却剂流量channel dwell time （燃料）通道停留时间channel end fitting （燃料）通道端部（组）件14channel flow verification [CFV] system （燃料）通道流量验证系统channel heat output （燃料）通道热功率channel inlet （燃料）通道入口channel inspection and gauging apparatus for reactor [CIGAR] 反应堆燃料通道检查和测量装置channel network （燃料）通道网（络）channel outlet （燃料）通道出口channel positioning assembly （燃料）通道定位组件channel power peaking factor [CPPF] （燃料）通道功率峰因子channel sealed-in （仪表）通道自保持channel steel 槽钢channel temperature monitoring system [CTMS] （燃料）通道温度监测系统channel –type reactor 压力管式反应堆channeling effect 沟道效应character (string) 字符（串）characteristic curve 特性曲线characterization 表征charcoal absorber 活性炭吸附器charcoal bed 活性炭床charcoal filter 活性炭过滤器charge and discharge operations 装卸料操作charge release 甩负载,甩(循环冷却水)用户charge-coupled device 电荷耦合器件charging/discharging 装卸料chart-recorded 图表记录的chart recorder 图形记录仪chartered bank 特许银行charting 制图，绘图chartographer 制图者chasing 开槽，车螺纹check and test program 检查和试验大纲check bolt 防松/制动螺栓check feed valve 给水止回阀check meter 校验仪表check pin 制动销check plate 防松板，制动板check valve 止回阀checker 检验者，检验装置checklist 核查单checknut 防松螺母，锁紧螺母checkoff 检查完毕，查讫checkout 检验（完毕），校验，测试checkpoint （控制区入口）检查点checksum 检验和chemical addition station 化学物添加站chemical addition vessel 化学物添加箱chemical additive 化学添加剂chemical additive pump 化学添加剂供给泵chemical absorption 化学吸附chemical affinity 化学亲和性[势]chemical cleaning 化学清洗chemical dosing pump 化学计量加料泵chemical lab 化学实验室chemical purification 化学净化chemical purity 化学（物）纯（度）chemicals 化学药物chemisorption 化学吸着作用[吸附]chemistry control 化学控制chequered plate 网[花]纹钢板CHF [critical heat flux] 临界热通量chilled water 冷冻水chiller 冷冻机chimney 烟囱Chinese Commodity Inspection Bureau 中国商检局chloride 氯化物chloridization 氯化chlorinating 加氯chlorination 氯化消毒chlorinator 加氯器chlorinity 氯含量chromatogram 色谱chromatography column 色谱柱chromogram 立体彩色图chromometer 比色计chronic exposure 慢性照射15。

GUIDELINE FORGOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICESINSPECTIONSPAN AMERICAN NETWORK FOR DRUG REGULATORY HARMONIZATION WORKING GROUP ON GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICESMEMBERS*Justina Molzon*, Associate Director for International Programs, FDA/USA. Group CoordinatorArgentina: Carlos Chiale; Rodolfo Mocchetto*, Coordinator INAME/ANMATBrazil: Antonio Bezerra, Suzana Avila*, Inspección y Control de Medicamentos, ANVISACanada: France Dasereau, Stephen McCaul; Louise Jodoin*, Inspection Unit, Health CanadaChile: Magadalena Reyes*, Inspector GMP. Instituto de Salud Pública (ISP) Guatemala: Esmeralda Villagran; José Luis Aguilar; Norma de Pinto*, Jefe Monitoreo y Vigilancia de Medicamentos, Ministerio de SaludMexico: Rosa María Morales, Suleta García*, COFEPRISVenezuela: Elsa Castejón*, Asesora Dirección de Drogas y Cosméticos, Ministerio de Salud.ALIFAR: Miguel Maito, Gerente Laboratorios Farmacéuticos Argentina; Marisela Benaim*, CIFAR, VenezuelaFIFARMA, Marco Vega, QA/QC Manager, Lilly; Carmen Araujo, Laboratorios Elmor, Marisela Poot,* GSK Regulatory DirectorResource Persons:Rebecca Rodríguez, National Expert Drugs Investigator. FDA/USAMillie Barber, International Programa Manger, FDA/USASecretariatRosario D’Alessio, PAHO/WHOJuana M. De Rodriguez, PAHO-GuatemalaMiguel A. Lopez, PAHO-Venezuela*Current membersINTRODUCTIONThis Guideline for Good Manufacturing Practices Inspection for the pharmaceuticalindustry was prepared by the Working Group on Good Manufacturing Practices (WG/GMP), inMay 2003. The Guideline addresses the requirements of the WHO Technical Report onGood Manufacturing Practices # 32 and the particular considerations of all members of thegroup.The WG/GMP proposed a plan for Guideline validation, to the Steering Committee of thePan-American Network for Drug Regulatory Harmonization, which was approved and was developed in two parts:1. The Guideline was implementation in a pilot phase at volunteering pharmaceuticalindustry plants. PAHO/WHO Consultants, Drug Regulatory Officers and people from thepharmaceutical industry conducted the pilot implementation at several plants in differentcountries of the Americas Region. The guideline was later revised according to theircomments and suggestions regarding the contents and usefulness.2. The Guideline was published in the PAHO/WHO web page to promote participation anddiscussion by institutions and professional experts in this topic. This gave all those whowere interested, the opportunity to send suggestions, comments, or to simply give theiropinion. The Guideline remained in the web page since June 2004 in order to receivecomments and others input.Associations like (ALIFAR and FIFARMA) and countries (Argentina, Guatemala andVenezuela) also sent their comments.The GMP Working Group reviewed and analyzed all the comments received and preparedthis revised version of the Regional Guideline of GMP Inspection for the Americas, which is submitted for consideration to the IV Pan American Conference on Drug Regulatory Harmonization.Some of the advantages of the Guideline are:1. The guideline will help to establish the standards for GMP inspections;2. It will be more comprehensive than what is in place in the economic blocks (countries)and will send the message that countries need to work as a community to meetestablished standards; and therefore, improve the quality of pharmaceutical products;3. It will serve as a work model necessary for common criteria;4. It should not be used as a check list, but it should show principles important toconsider in association with an inspection;5. It can be used as a training document for GMP inspections; and6. It will be helpful to countries in educating inspectors with unified criteria.TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1 (5)ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATION (5)CHAPTER 2 (8)PERSONNEL (8)CHAPTER 3 (10)PREMISES (10)GENERAL CONDITIONS (10)ANCILLARY AREAS (11)MAINTENANCE (12)CHAPTER 4 (13)WATER SYSTEMS (13)POTABLE WATER (13)PURIFIED WATER (14)WATER FOR INJECTION (17)CHAPTER 5 (21)STORAGE AREAS (21)CHAPTER 6 (29)RETURNED PRODUCTS (29)CHAPTER 7 (30)PRODUCTS RECALL (30)CHAPTER 8 (31)DOCUMENTATION (31)CHAPTER 9 (40)SAMPLING AREA (40)CHAPTER 10 (41)WEIGHING AREA (41)WEIGHING AREA (42)WEIGHING AREA (43)CHAPTER 11 (44)PRODUCTION (44)NON-STERILE PRODUCTS (44)PRODUCTION (53)SEGREGATED PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS (53)PRODUCTION (54)STERILE PRODUCTS (54)CHAPTER 12 (68)QUALITY CONTROL (68)CHAPTER 13 (78)QUALITY ASSURANCE (78)CHAPTER 14 (83)VALIDATION (83)CHAPTER 1REF:ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATIONWHO 321 What is the company's name?________________________________________________________________________2 What is the company's legal address?_______________________________________________________________________3 What is the manufacturing site’s address?______________________________________________________________________4 Does the company have authorization, according to the regulations of each country, at other address(es)(warehouses, quality control laboratory, etc.) which are under the company’s responsibility?If "YES", indicate which companies and provide their addresses._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5 Is there evidence of registration of the qualified person responsible by the Regulatory Authority?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6 Is the qualified person responsible, according to company's organization chart, present at the time of theinspection?YESPROVIDE INFORMATION REGARDING THIS PERSON (WHO RECEIVES THE INSPECTION)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO7 Is there evidence of a license to operate issued by the Regulatory Authority?Indicate all authorized activities.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________REF:ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATIONWHO 328 Does the company develop exclusively those production and quality control activities properly authorizedby the Regulatory Authority?YESNO9 Does the company manufacture dietary supplements?YESNO10 Does the company manufacture cosmetic products?YESNO11 Does the company manufacture veterinary products?YESNO12 Does the company manufacture reagents for “in vitro” diagnostic use?YESNO13 Does the company manufacture reagents for “in vivo” diagnostic use?YESNO14 Does the company manufacture other products not indicated above?YESIf “YES” indicate below__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO15 Does the company manufacture products with beta-lactam active ingredients (penicillins /cephalosporins)?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO16 Does the company manufacture products with cytostatic / cytotoxic active ingredients?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO17 Does the company manufacture products with hormone active ingredients?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NOREF:WHO 32ADMINISTRATION AND GENERAL INFORMATION17.1 Does the company manufacture products with corticosteroids active ingredients?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO18 Does the company manufacture products with active ingredients from biological origin?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO19 Does the company manufacture products with active ingredients from biotechnological origin?YESIf "YES", indicate in which pharmaceutical dosage form__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________NO20 Is there a list available of current licensed products? Attach the listYESNO21 Is there a list available of marketed products? Attach the listYESNO21.1 Do all marketed products and its pharmaceutical presentations have current (valid) license?YESNO22 Are the updated building schematics approved by the Regulatory Authority shown, if required?YESNO23 Section 8. Does the company have contract production activities? YESNO24Section 8 Is there documentation certifying registration/authorization of the third party contracted by the Regulatory Authority?YESNO25 Section 8.15 Is there batch documentation issued by the third party in charge of production? YESNO26 Section 8 Does the company act as a third party producer? YESNO27 Sections 8.1, 8.3, 8.12 and8.13 If the company produces by or for third parties, are there contracts that link the parties? YESNOCHAPTER 2PERSONNELREF:WHO 32YES NO1 Sections 10.1, 10.4, 10.11,10.23. Are there Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) related to personnel, including professional qualification, training?2Section 10.3.Is there an updated organization chart of the company? Attach copy3 Section 10.3 Is there a description of the responsibilities and functions of production and quality control personnel?4 Section 10.6. Are the responsibilities of production and quality control personnel independent of each other?5 Section 10.7. Are there trained personnel for the supervision of production and quality control activities?6 Section 10.12. Is there a program for training new employees on GMP, including specific training appropriate to the duties assigned to them?6.1 Section 10.4,10.12. Is there a program for continuous training on GMP for all staff, including specific training appropriate to the duties assigned to them?6.2Section 10.12Are records kept?7 Section 10.15,10.23 Is there a SOP dealing with the use of proper clothing for other persons who enter production areas (technical service/maintenance, cleaning personnel, quality control inspectors, quality assurance inspectors, and visitors)?8 Section 10.23 Are there visible written instructions and/or diagrams for the right use of clothing in the change rooms and other areas where they are required?9 Section 10.16 Are the personnel required to undergo a medical examination prior to being employed (including sensitivity test to beta-lactam substances, if required)?10Section 10.1Are the personnel subject to periodic medical examinations, at least once a year?10.1Sections 10.18,10.19.Are the personnel required to report health problems?11 Section 10.16,10.18 Is there a procedure to prevent any person who has an apparent illness from entering areas in which they may adversely affect the quality of the product or affect their own health?12 Section 10.22 Is smoking, eating, drinking and chewing prohibited in production, storage and laboratory areas?REF:WHO 32PERSONNEL YES NO13Section 10.17Are the personnel instructed to wash their hands before entering production areas?13.1 Section 10.17 Are there signs posted outlining mandatory hand washing before exiting, in change rooms and washrooms?14Section 10.21.Are the personnel using the appropriate uniform for the specified area?12.1Section 11.12.Are the uniforms clean and in good condition?CHAPTER 3PREMISESGENERAL CONDITIONSREF:WHO 32YES NO1Section11.1Is the building exterior in good conditions?2 Section 11.2. Are there any sources of environmental contamination in the area surrounding the building?2.1Section11.2.If "YES", are protective measures undertaken?3 Section 11.2. Are the free and non-productive areas belonging to the company in good clean and orderly conditions?4 Section 11.2. Are the roads leading to the building tarred and/or built so that dust from the road is not a source of contamination inside the plant?5 Section 11.6 Is there any protection against the entry of rodents, insects, birds and other animals?6Section14.46(f)Is there a written pest control program with its respective records?7Section14.46(f)Is there a SOP for pest control?7.1 Does the SOP indicate the substances used for pest control?7.2 Does the Regulatory Authority authorize the used substances?8 Section 4.1 Does the SOP ensure the avoidance of contamination of starting materials, packaging materials, in process-products and finished products with rodenticides and/or fumigant agents?9 Sections 11.1;11.2and 11.21 Is the flow of personnel and materials such that they prevent product contamination?10 Are corridors free of in-transit materials?11 Sections 11.5 and 11.26 Are air conditioning and/or ventilation systems for each area in accordance with the operation to be carried out?WHO 32GENERAL CONDITIONSYES NO12Section11.5.Are visible electric installations in good conditions?13 Section 12.4. Are water, gases, electricity, steam, compressed air and other gas pipelines identified?14 Does the company comply with the national legislation on fire control andprevention?15 Sections 13.38 13.39 Are there SOPs for waste classification and treatment? Are they followed (or complied with)?16Sections13.38 and13.39Is waste treatment undertaken in the premises?16.1 Sections 13.38 and 13.39 If "YES", is there a specific area for waste treatment, completely separated from manufacturing areas?REF:WHO 32 ANCILLARY AREAS YES NO 1Section11.8.Are there general change rooms in the plant?2 Section 11.8. Are toilets, change rooms and showers separated from manufacturing areas?Are they of easy access, and in good condition with respect to cleanliness, sanitation, order and conservation?Are they adequate for the number of users?3 Section 11.7 Are the dining room, social areas and cafeteria (rest and snacks) separated from production areas?4 Sections 10.21 and 10.23. Are plant staffs (temporary and permanent) provided with proper working clothes for each area, including protective coverings to avoid direct contact with products and to protect themselves?5 Are there SOP’s for washing uniforms separately depending on the type of area(sterile, non sterile, maintenance, special products)?6 Is there a laundry area for uniforms which is separate from production areas?7 If an outside laundry facility is used, are personnel and the person responsibleinstructed about the corresponding SOP?7.1 Are there instruction records?WHO 32 ANCILLARY AREAS YES NO7.2 Is this outside laundry facility periodically audited?7.3 Are there audit records?REF:WHO 32 MAINTENANCE YES NO 8Section11.9.Are the maintenance areas physically separated from production areas?9 Is there a SOP of the use, cleaning and maintenance of different servicegenerated equipment?10 Are there preventive maintenance programs for equipment and critical supportsystems?Are performance records for this preventive maintenance program kept?11 Sections 18.18 and 12.11 Is equipment identified as out-of-service or in reparation identified as such? Are they removed from production areas as soon as possible?12 Section 14.46 (c) Is there a preventive maintenance program for the premises?Are there performance records for this preventive maintenance program?13Section14.47 (c)Are records of the usage of critical equipment showed?14 Section 12.1 Is there a preventive maintenance program for quality control equipment? Is there a performance record for this preventive maintenance program?REF:WHO 32 GENERAL SERVICES YES NO15Section15.11Is there a pure steam generator, if necessary?16Section15.11Is there a compressed air generator free of oil, if necessary?17 Sections 15.17Is there an electricity generator for the maintenance of critical systems and processes to be used in case of problems with the electricity supply occur?18Section11.2Are the system generators for different services separated from production areas?19 Do they use gases that will be in direct contact with products?19.1 Are gas piping and valves in good conditions and are they dedicated for each gas?CHAPTER 4 WATER SYSTEMSREF: WHO 32POTABLE WATERYes No NA What is the source of water used in the company?Public Network?Artesian Well, semiartesian well?1Others?2 If necessary, is any treatment for making water potable undertaken before the water isstored?2.1 Does the selected treatment assure potability, according to each country’s requirements?3 Are the system schematics shown?Are the distribution network layouts shown?Are the sampling points shown?4 Does the company have water tanks?4.1 What materials is the water tanks made of?5 Are the cleaning and disinfecting procedures for water and cistern tanks documented?Does the procedure include a justifiable frequency and sampling points?5.1 Are performance records shown?6 Are physicochemical tests of potable water undertaken?Are physicochemical tests of potable water recorded?Indicate frequency7 Is potable water used as a source of purified water or water for injection production?8 Is microbiological control of potable water undertaken?Is microbiological control of potable water recorded?Indicate frequency9 Is potable water used for the initial washing of equipment and tools?10 Is the visible piping used for the transportation of potable water maintained in goodconditions?WHO 32 POTABLE WATER Yes No NA11 Is there a preventive maintenance program that includes the potable water system?Is there a performance record for this preventive maintenance program?REF:WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA1 Is the purified water used, produced by the company?Which is the system used to obtain purified water?Ionic exchange resins?Reverse Osmosis?Distillation?2Others (specify which)?3 Section 17.33 Are the system schematics shown?Are the distribution network layouts shown? Are the sampling points shown?4Section17.33What is the production capacity in liters/hour?4.1 What is the average consumption?5Section14.35Are there written procedures for the operation of the system?7Section17.33Is the purified water stored?7.1 What is the reservoir capacity?7.2 Is the reservoir constructed of sanitary type material?8 If purified water remains stored longer than 24 hours, is there any treatment to preventmicrobiological contamination?8.1Section17.33Does the selected treatment prevent microbiological contamination?9 Are the pipes and valves used to distribute purified water made of sanitary material?10Section15.21Are the visible piping used in water distribution maintained in good conditions?11Sections15.2117.42Is the distribution system of purified water sanitized?WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA 11.1 Is there a SOP for the sanitation of purified water storage and distribution system?11.2 What is the sanitation method used?11.3 In the case of an open distribution system that is not used in 24 hours or more, issanitation undertaken the day before its use?11.4 Are records kept?11.5 In the case of chemical sanitation, are sanitizing agent residues tested?11.6 Arethererecords?12 Is there any type of filter in the distribution system?12.1 In the case that filters exist, are they sanitized?12.2 Are the filter sanitation records shown?12.3 Are the filter replacement records shown?12.4 In the case of open distribution system not used in 24 hours or more, is sanitation donethe day before its use?13 Is any other system, to reduce bacterial burden from purified water, used in thedistribution system?Which type?14 Is the purified water used as a raw material to manufacture non-parenteral products?15 Is the purified water used for washing production equipment and utensils?15.1 Is the purified water used for the final rinse of the equipment used in the manufacture ofnon-parenteral products?15.2 Is the purified water used for the final rinse of the equipment used in the manufacture ofnon-parenteral products?16 Is a non-continuous purified water production system used?16.1 Section 17.42 Does each batch or production day release, by Quality control, undergo physicochemical test established official pharmacopoeias or by alternative validated methods?16.2Section17.42Are microbiological controls undertaken on the day of use?16.3 Is an action limit established?16.4 Is the action limit no more than 100 cfu / mL?WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA 16.5 When the action limit is exceeded, is an investigation always undertaken to ensurequality of the batches of products made with such water?16.6 Is the documentation shown?17 Is a continuous system of purified water production used?17.1Section17.42Is there a continuous monitoring of the quality of the purified water?17.2 Is there an automatic system to prevent use of the purified water, if this is out ofspecifications?17.3 If there is an automatic system, is this checked to verify that it is functioning properly?17.4 Are physicochemical analyses undertaken daily or with an established frequencyaccording to the procedures established by current editions of official pharmacopoeias orby alternative validated methods?17.5 Are microbiological analysis undertaken on the days of use or with an establishedfrequency which is properly validated?17.6 Is an action limit established?17.7 Is the action limit no more than 100 cfu / mL?17.8 When the action limit is exceeded, is an investigation always undertaken to ensurequality of the batches of product made with that water?17.9 Is the documentation shown?18Section17.42Are the sampling points rotated to cover all points of use?19 Is there a SOP for sampling?20 If the water that feeds the system is chlorinated, is there a system to remove thechlorine?21 Are ionic exchange resins used?21.1 Section 17.42 Is there a SOP that considers the criteria to follow for the regeneration of resins and the frequency of regeneration?21.2Section17.42Are records kept?22 Are there SOPs for the sanitation of the purified water system?22.1 What is the sanitation system used?WHO 32 PURIFIED WATER Yes No NA 22.2 What is the sanitation frequency?22.3 Are records kept?23 Is there a preventive maintenance program that includes the components of the purifiedwater system?23.1 Are records kept?REF:WHO 32 WATER FOR INJECTION Yes No NA1 Which treatment system is used to get Water for Injection?2 Section 17.33Are system schematics shown?Are distribution network layouts shown? Are sampling points shown?3Section14.35Are there written procedures for the operation of the system?4Section17.33What is the production capacity in liters/hour?4.1 What is the average consumption?5 If a reverse osmosis system is used:5.1 Is a two-steps system or double osmosis system used on line?5.2 Is the water that feeds the system pre-treated?5.3 What is the pre-treatment system?5.4 Is the system sanitized?5.4.1 What is the sanitation frequency?5.4.2 Are records kept?5.5 In case that chemical sanitation is undertaken, are sanitizing agent residuesinvestigated?5.5.1 Are records kept?6 If distillation is used:6.1 Is the water that feeds the system pre-treated?WHO 32 WATER FOR INJECTION Yes No NA6.2 Which is the pre-treatment system?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7 Is there a storage tank for the Water used for injection?7.1 Is the tank made of sanitary material?7.2 What is its capacity?7.3 Does it have a hydrophobic vent absolute filter?7.4 Are periodic integrity tests undertaken?7.5 Are records kept?8 Are pipes used in the distribution of Water for Injection up to the point of use?8.1 Are pipes made of sanitary material?8.2 Is there any type of heat exchanger in the system?8.3 If “YES", are there guarantees that the heat exchanger is not a source of contamination?9 Is there a SOP for the sanitation of the water storage and distribution system?9.1 What is the sanitation method used?9.2 What is the sanitation frequency?9.3 Are records kept?9.4 In case of chemical sanitation, is the existence of sanitizing agent residues investigated?9.5 Are records kept?9.6 If sanitation is thermal, is it undertaken periodically by a fluent steam circulation?9.7 Are records kept?10 Section 17.33 If water is not used the same day of its production, is the water maintained above 80 °C or below 4º and with constant recirculation through a loop up to points of use?11 If recirculation is below 4o C, ¿are additional precautions taken to prevent access ofmicrobial contaminants and its proliferation?WHO 32 WATER FOR INJECTION Yes No NA 11.1 What are those precautions?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________11.2 Do the storage and recirculation of the water at this temperature ensure its qualityaccording to its use?12 If the water is produced by reverse osmosis, is there any system to maintain its quality?13 If the company manufactures parenteral products, does it use water for injections as araw material?14 If the company manufactures parenteral products, does it use water for injections for thefinal rinse of equipments and components used in manufacturing?15 Is a non-continuous and non-recirculated production system of Water for injection used?15.1 If this is the case: is water used only during the day of its production?15.2 Is water disposed at end of the day of its production?15.3 Is each batch released by Quality control by physicochemical and bacterial endotoxinstests according to the procedures established by current editions of officialpharmacopoeias or by alternative methods validated?15.4 Are microbiological tests of each batch undertaken?15.5 Is an action limit established?15.6 Is action limit no more than 10 cfu /100mL ?15.7 When the action limit is exceeded, is an investigation of the system always undertaken?15.8 Is the investigation report shown?15.9 Are measures undertaken?15.10 What measures are undertaken?16 Is there a continuous system of for the production of water for injections used?Is there a continuous monitoring of the water quality?16.1Section17.4216.2 Is there an automatic system to prevent the use of the water for injections, if it is out ofspecifications?。

实验性脑损伤c—fos基因表达时相特性及其意义风衔/f0~.趁阅'圉霉岜陕西医学杂志1997年9月第26卷第9期573基础医学?,/7;/b'实验性脑损伤c—fos基因表达时相特性及其意义{I第四军医大学西京医院神经外科(西安710032)章一翔吴声伶李安民张志文费舟摘要采用小鼠制作局灶性颅脑损伤模型,于伤后不同时期提取伤侧半球脑组织中RNA,用地高辛标记c—fos探针进行斑点杂交.结果显示:伤后5～120mln有一c—los表达过程,峰值期在45min左右,伤后24h出现第:表达高峰.研究证明在颅脑损伤时,c—fos 有一快速,短暂的表达过程,此基因可能是脑损伤后各种摘理变化的启动因素,伤后24h 的第二表述高峰与外伤性脑水肿发生的高峰时间相吻合,推测这种高表达的c—fos基因参与了继发性脑损伤作用.主题词动物.实验鼠科脑损伤基因,免疫应答近年来研究表明,c—los基因是快速反应基因,在脑缺血,缺氧,抽搐,疼痛以及某些药物等刺激下,c—los基因均有不同程度的表达,但其表达的意义尚不十分清楚].病理条件下的吉选及调控变化,可能与多种疾病的发生与发展有关.颅脑损伤是平,战时较严重的创伤之一,脑损伤条件下的c—fos表达特征如何,以往未见报道.本实验设计制作小鼠局灶性颅脑损伤模型,旨在研究并探讨脑损伤后c—fos表达的时相特征及可能的作用机理.1材料和方法雄性昆明小白鼠24只,体重(25士1)g,随机分为8组,其中1组为正常对照组,其余7组为致伤组.甲氧氟烷吸入麻醉,头部中线偏右作一10ram的纵行头皮切口,用直径1ram,转数2000 转/rain的标准牙科钻行颅骨钻孔,然后直接损伤顶叶皮层深约2ram.缝合头皮伤口置笼自然苏醒.分别于致伤后5,15,30,45,60,120rain和24h,快速断头处死小鼠,开颅取全脑,用酸性异硫氰酸胍一酚一氯仿法提取伤侧半球脑组织中RNA,所用试剂均为美国Sigma公司产品.c—los 探针购自北京华美公司.用地高辛标记探针进行斑点杂交,标记及检测试剂盒为德国宝灵曼公司产品.斑荣杂交结果用GS一9000薄层扫描仪(日本产)进行图象分析,以杂交斑点积分光密度值(IOD),表示杂交信号强度.所测数据行T检验进行统计学分析.2结果2.1脑损伤后c—los基因表达强度变化伤后不同时间,各实验组杂交斑点积分光密度值(IOD)见附表.伤后45min和34hIOD值分别为23876.45士45.27和23540.63士47.21,较对照组明显增加(尸&lt;0.01).伤后120minIOD值为5003.64士30.16,与对照组无明显差异(P&gt;0.05).附表脑损伤后不同时问各时间组(T)与耐照组(C)杂交斑点积分光密度值(IOD) 2.2脑损伤后c—fos相对表达曲线基因相对表达曲线,见附图.与正常对照组比较,脑损伤后不同时间c—tos574陕西医学杂志1997年9月第26卷第9期附图略损伤后c_f0s相对表达曲线3讨论c—los基因属于快速反应基因家族的一员,其表达具有快速,短暂的时间依赖特征"].当机体受到来自外界环境的刺激因素作用时,在特定的脑区内c—los在几分钟到十几分种内就有表达增加,但选种表达是短暂的,一过性的,解除相应刺激后.其表达也很快消失.关于c—los表达的时间依赖性,以往进行过大量研究,Wesselis]和Dcosta等分别在脑缺血及致痫的动物模型上,发现皮层,海马等部位有快速,短暂的c—foS基因表达过程.Clark等0在给予肾上腺皮质激素,MK801,乙醇,雌二醇等药物治疗的大鼠脑组织中亦发现了相似的c—f0s基因表达,但不同刺激因素的作用,c—los表达出现的快慢与持继时间的长短及表达的峰值时间点则有所不同本实验结果表明,在小鼠局灶性颅脑损伤时,c—los表达具有如下特征①损伤后5min已有C—los表达增加,为正常组2.92倍,表达持续至伤后120min;②表达的第一个高峰在伤后45min,为正常组7.0l倍.结果进一步证实了c—los基因是快速反应基因,提示瞄损伤与c—fos表达密切相关. 目前,脑外伤后尚未发现一种病理变化因素较c—f0s异常表达更早出现,推测其表达意义在于c—f0s是脑外伤后各种病理改变最早的启动基因,c—los表达后作为其他基因的转录调节因子,可调节其他基因表达,引起相应的病理改变,如Ca通道开放和兴奋性氨基酸释放等.通常认为,快速反应基因的表达具有一过性的特点,解除诱发因素其表达异常持续一段时间后很快恢复到正常水平,不会有持续的高表达,也不会有再次表选增加.在小鼠脑损伤后24h.c_ los基因再次出现表达高峰,其IOD值是正常表达的70l倍,接近于损伤后45min第一个高峰表达强度.因在损伤后120rainC—los表达已恢复到接近正常水平,故损伤后24h的再次表达高峰,不是第一个表选高峰的延续此第二高峰表达的出现与意义在以住c—los的研究中尚未见报遭本实验结果提示,在颅脑损伤后los表达不仅是一过性的,而且可出现再次表达增加,第二次表达高峰产生的原因不太清楚.在有关脑刨伤性水肿的研究中.易声禹等发现,外伤后30rain即可出现脑水肿,Z4h达到高峰,本研究c—los表达过程及第二次表达高峰的时间与此发现基盘吻合.我们认为,第一次c—los表达高峰与原发性脑损伤直接相关,而第二次c—los表达高峰,则可能是继发性脑水肿的结果.在继发性脑损伤病理过程中一los基因亦可能参与了致病作用.推测若阻断c一{os的异常表达,也许可抑制或消除其它病理改变的发生与发展,因此,寻找有效的c—f∞表达抑制剂,有望为脑刨伤继发性病理损害的治疗开辟新的途径.(下转第576页)uo1s¨xa,(童芑ou0u576陕西医学杂志1997年9月第26卷第9期者2l倒,占17.由此可见,奉组126例脂肪肝病例中,临床其它检查为阳性的总共105倒,占85.体会脂肪肝在声像图中的表现:①由于脂肪在肝内沉着蓄积,使肝脏形体较正常增大且脂肪的超声波透过良好,实质显示细小密集光点,即明亮肝";@由于肝实质与肝内管壁回声水乎相等或近似,使反差消失,致肝内管壁结构不清;@肝内脂肪弥漫浸润,致声衰减和散射增加,回声强度由浅至探逐渐减弱,显示探层(远场)回声衰减.另外,血脂,脑电图,眼底动脉检查证实,脂肪肝与血脂古量具有密切关系,即高血脂患者易患脂肪肝. (陕西省中医药研帮院附属医院710003刘芳西安市东郊第二职工医院710043万蔷)脑膜转移癌误诊为散发性脑炎1例部为为,呈持续性闲痛既往体健,无头痛病史.查体:T 37.3C,神志清,嘲不红,扁桃体不太.心肺未见异常,肝脾不太,颈有抵抗,双眼底视乳头边缘欠清,各颅神经未见异常,运动,感觉正常,未引出病理反射;WBC186×10./L.Hh149g/L,粪,尿常规正常.肝,肾功能正常.x线胸片报告:两肺纹理增强,心隔正常.EEG检查各导联可见散在低中幅复形慢波头颅CT扫描未见异常予甘露醇脱水.腰脑压1.72kPa,WBC88×1O'l,L,颜色清亮,糖3.1mmol/Lt蛋白0.6g/L,喜(化物134mmol/L,诊断:散发性脑毙.予甘露醇脱水,青霉素抗感染.静滴地塞米橙治疗1周,头痛仍剧烈不能缓解.再趺腰穿,脑压0.98kPa,脑脊液细胞学检查发现肿瘤细胞占65.进一步查体,发现左棚颈部淋巴结如蚕豆大,淋巴结活硷,病理检查报告:转移性低分化腺癌.未找到原发灶,最后诊断为啮膜转移癌住院后10d因呼吸衰竭死亡.患者,女,37岁.因头痛10el,加重伴恶心呕吐3d人(延安医学院第二附属医院718000车亚军)院入院前lOd盛胃后出现头痛,发冷,发热.头痛l三l前额(上接第574页)参考文献1MuggioR,LanaudP,GraysonDR,eta1.Expressionofc-losmRNAfollowingseixure$fromanepileptogrnie siteinthedeepprepirlformcortextregionaldistrihu—tioninbrainasshownbyinshuhybridization.ExpNeurol,1993}119(1)t1I2PhillipsLLtBelardoET.Expressionofc-losinthe hippocampusfollowingmildandmoderatefluidper—cusslonbraininjury.JNeurotrauma.1992;9(4)i3233WelshFA,MoyerDJ,HarrisV A.RegionMexpressionofheatshockprotein-70mRNAandc—losmRNAfo11owingfocalischemiainratbrainICerehFlowMetab,I992{12(2)i2044TorresG.RivierC.DifferentlaIeffectsofintermhtent ofcontinuousexposuretoCOCaineonthehyopthalam-ic-pituitaryadtenalaxisandc-tosexpression.BrainRes.1992;571(2):2045WesselTctJohTH,vaDeBT.Insituhybridizationanalysisofc-losande-junexpressionintheratbrain followingtransientforebrainischemla.BrainRes.1991{567(2)i2316DeostaA,BreeseCR,BoydRL,eta1.Attenuationof fosqlkeiramunoreacti~tyinducedhyasingleelectro—convulsiveshockinbrainofagingmice.BrainRes,19.l;567(2):2047ClarkM,WeissSR,PostRM.Expressionofc—losmR NAinratbrainafterntracer曲r0ventrcularadministrat[onofc.rrfc0tr0pnrelea8Lghormone.Neurosci Lett,1991}132(2):2358EbertV,lnselTR.Stronginductionofc—losinpiri—formcortexdudngfocals~iguresokedfromdiffe~ entlimbicbrainsites.BrainRes,1995;671(2):3389XuZ,DragunowM.FaullRL.Regionalsuppression bylesionsintheanteriorthirdventricleofc—losex pressioninducedbyeitherangitensionofhyperronic saline.Neuroscience,1995;67(1)i13510MotelliM,W[1eeP.Cassadyl,etalAdenosineA.re ceptorsstimulatec—losexpressioninsrriatalneurons0f6-hydroxydopaminelesonedrats.Neuroscience. 1995}67(I)t4911V endrellM.ZawiaNH,SerratosaJ.BondySC.C—los andomithinedecarboxylasegeneexpressioninbrain asearlymarkersofneurotoxicity.BrainRes.1991:544(2):29I1ZMorrisBJ.ZawiaZH,BondySC.eta1.Stimulationof immediateearlygeneerpressioninstriatalneurons bynitricoxide.JBlotChem,1995;270(I2):24740l3易声禹,费舟,馀如祥.尼奠地平教治重型颅脑损伤的理论基础与雅床研究中华神经外科杂志l99410 (1)IZ8(收稿:199609—26)。

英文电子专业词汇（新手必备）1 backplane 背板2 Band gap voltage reference 带隙电压参考3 bench top supply 工作台电源4 Block Diagram 方块图5 Bode Plot 波特图6 Bootstrap 自举7 Bottom FET Bottom FET8 bucket capacitor 桶形电容9 chassis 机架10 Combi-sense Combi-sense11 constant current source 恒流源12 Core Saturation 铁芯饱和13 crossover frequency 交叉频率14 current ripple 纹波电流15 Cycle by Cycle 逐周期16 cycle skipping 周期跳步17 Dead Time 死区时间18 DIE Temperature 核心温度19 Disable 非使能，无效，禁用，关断20 dominant pole 主极点21 Enable 使能，有效，启用22 ESD Rating ESD额定值23 Evaluation Board 评估板24 Exceeding the specifications below may result in permanent damage to the device, or device malfunction. Operation outside of the parameters specified in the Electrical Characteristics section is not implied. 超过下面的规格使用可能引起永久的设备损害或设备故障。

建议不要工作在电特性表规定的参数范围以外。

25 Failing edge 下降沿26 figure of merit 品质因数27 float charge voltage 浮充电压28 flyback power stage 反驰式功率级29 forward voltage drop 前向压降30 free-running 自由运行31 Freewheel diode 续流二极管32 Full load 满负载33 gate drive 栅极驱动34 gate drive stage 栅极驱动级35 gerber plot Gerber 图36 ground plane 接地层37 Henry 电感单位：亨利38 Human Body Model 人体模式39 Hysteresis 滞回40 inrush current 涌入电流41 Inverting 反相42 jittery 抖动43 Junction 结点44 Kelvin connection 开尔文连接45 Lead Frame 引脚框架46 Lead Free 无铅47 level-shift 电平移动48 Line regulation 电源调整率49 load regulation 负载调整率50 Lot Number 批号51 Low Dropout 低压差52 Miller 密勒53 node 节点54 Non-Inverting 非反相55 novel 新颖的56 off state 关断状态57 Operating supply voltage 电源工作电压58 out drive stage 输出驱动级59 Out of Phase 异相60 Part Number 产品型号61 pass transistor pass transistor62 P-channel MOSFET P沟道MOSFET63 Phase margin 相位裕度64 Phase Node 开关节点65 portable electronics 便携式电子设备66 power down 掉电67 Power Good 电源正常68 Power Groud 功率地69 Power Save Mode 节电模式70 Power up 上电71 pull down 下拉72 pull up 上拉73 Pulse by Pulse 逐脉冲（Pulse by Pulse）74 push pull converter 推挽转换器75 ramp down 斜降76 ramp up 斜升77 redundant diode 冗余二极管78 resistive divider 电阻分压器79 ringing 振铃80 ripple current 纹波电流81 rising edge 上升沿82 sense resistor 检测电阻83 Sequenced Power Supplys 序列电源84 shoot-through 直通，同时导通85 stray inductances. 杂散电感86 sub-circuit 子电路87 substrate 基板88 Telecom 电信89 Thermal Information 热性能信息90 thermal slug 散热片91 Threshold 阈值92 timing resistor 振荡电阻93 Top FET Top FET94 Trace 线路，走线，引线95 Transfer function 传递函数96 Trip Point 跳变点97 turns ratio 匝数比，＝Np / Ns。

VaU31 Na. 1Jxu 2061第31卷第1期206 1年0 1月黑龙江科技大学学报Jonmai of 日510；^110 University of Science & Technoloav矿井供电系统单相接地故障的选线方法朱显辉4,简有为2 胡旭4,师楠2(4黑龙江科技大学电气与控制工程学院，哈尔滨154425；2.黑龙江科技大学工程训练与基础实验中心，哈尔滨150425)摘要：为提高强噪声干扰下矿井供电系统单相故障选线的准确率，提出了一种基于暂稳态 信息相结合的矿井供电系统单相接地故障选线的方法。

利用VMD 算法模态分解故障后各零序电 流,提取工频与高频分量，通过计算工频分量能量与高频分量极性构造双重判据，表征各馈线特征量之间的差异，完成选线。

仿真结果表明，与传统选线算法相比，该算法受噪声影响较小，仿真实验 中选线准确率可达97%以上，可以有效提高选线准确率。

关键词：矿井供电系统；单相接地故障；VMD 算法；双重判据dot ： 12. 8744/j• 0$$0. 0095 -7262. 922).94.91中图分类号:TM714 2文章编号：2295- 7262 (2224) 24-0272-27 文献标志码：ASelectinn method for single-phase to ground faultline of mine power supple systomZhu Xiargiu,n , Jim Youwei 1, Hu Xu , Shi Narg(1. Schoci of Electricai &EnpiueePnp,日6”0；^8110 University of Science & Techuolopp,Harbit 154026 , Chita ； 2. EnpiueePnp Training & Fimdamental Experiment Center ,HePoiuymna University of Science & Techuolopp , Harbit 150022 , Chita)Abstract ： This papar aims to improve tha acchmcy of sinpie-ppase CnU Una selection in minx powvrsuppiy system untvr stmnp noise interference ant proposvs a methoP of $1£15卩11)0 pronntinp Cuit Unaselection in minx powvr suppiy system base) on transient steaPv-statv 110X00. Tha Una selection isdona bp decomposin tha zero-seppevce chrrst ater fanit using VMD alporithm , extracting tha powvr fre ­quence ant high frepuence components ； and constmctinp donbiv critePa bp <30101X110 tha powvr frv-qusce component svpy ant high frepuency component polaPty ant therePp charactePzing tha diUer- vtces betwevn tha charactePstic quantities of each fevder. Tha simulation results show that compare) withtha traPitionai Unv selection alporithm , tha propose) alporithm is less atecteP bp noise , ant tha acchracyof Unv selection cat reach more than 97 % in tha simulation spePmst , which cat ePectiveiv improve tha acchracy of Unv selectionKey words ：minx power suppiy system ； sUgU-pPxe pronnding fault ; VMD alporithm ； donpie cate-Pa收稿日期：2222 -10-20第一作者简介：朱显辉(1575 -),男，黑龙江省海伦人，讲师,博士，研究方向：人工智能在煤矿供电系统中的应用,E-mail ：cVp_X ianhui@s Cna. com,第1期朱显辉，等:矿井供电系统单相接地故障的选线方法750引言在我国,矿井供电中普遍采用中性点非直地。

中考英语文学研究的方法与视角单选题40题答案解析版1.In the story, “She had bright eyes and a warm smile.” This is an example of________.A.direct characterizationB.indirect characterization through actionsC.indirect characterization through dialogueD.indirect characterization through thoughts答案：A。

解析：这句话直接描述了人物的外貌特征，属于直接描写人物，即direct characterization。

2.“He helped an old lady cross the street.” This shows________.A.direct characterizationB.indirect characterization through actionsC.indirect characterization through dialogueD.indirect characterization through thoughts答案：B。

解析：通过人物的行动“帮助老人过马路”来展现人物的善良品质，属于间接描写人物通过行动，即indirect characterization through actions。

3.“‘I will never give up.’ she said firmly.” This is________.A.direct characterizationB.indirect characterization through actionsC.indirect characterization through dialogueD.indirect characterization through thoughts答案：C。

高三英语写作风格与文体判断单选题30题1. The story is told in a vivid and detailed way. What kind of writing style is it?A. NarrativeB. DescriptiveC. ExpositoryD. Persuasive答案：A。

本题考查写作风格的判断。

选项A“Narrative”即记叙文风格，题干中提到故事以生动详细的方式讲述，符合记叙文的特点。

选项B“Descriptive”是描写文风格，主要侧重于对事物的描述。

选项C“Expository”是说明文风格，用于解释说明事物。

选项D“Persuasive”是议论文风格，目的是说服读者。

2. A story that focuses on the development of a character is mainly what kind of writing style?A. Narrative with character focusB. Plot-driven narrativeC. Descriptive narrativeD. Argumentative narrative答案：A。

题干中强调故事聚焦于人物的发展，这是带有人物焦点的记叙文风格。

选项B“Plot-driven narrative”是以情节推动的记叙文风格。

选项C“Descriptive narrative”是带有描写的记叙文风格。

选项D“Argumentative narrative”是议论文风格的记叙文，不存在这种说法。

3. A text that tells a story from the first-person perspective is likely to be what kind of writing style?A. First-person narrativeB. Third-person omniscient narrativeC. Third-person limited narrativeD. Objective narrative答案：A。

高二英语文学思潮单选题40题1. In the novel "Wuthering Heights", which of the following is a typical feature of Romanticism?A. Strong emphasis on social realityB. Celebration of nature and emotionsC. Objective description of charactersD. Focus on scientific analysis答案：B。

解析：浪漫主义强调对自然和情感的歌颂，选项 A 强调社会现实，不符合浪漫主义特点；选项C 客观描述人物不是浪漫主义的典型特征；选项D 关注科学分析也不是浪漫主义的特点。

2. Which work is most likely to be associated with Romanticism?A. "Pride and Prejudice"B. "Frankenstein"C. "Oliver Twist"D. "Jane Eyre"答案：B。

解析：《弗兰肯斯坦》更可能与浪漫主义相关。

选项A 《傲慢与偏见》是现实主义作品；选项C《《雾都孤儿》是现实主义作品；选项D《简·爱》是现实主义作品。

3. The main theme of Romantic literature is often:A. Urban life and social problemsB. Adventure and explorationC. Inner feelings and individualismD. Historical events and figures答案：C。

解析：浪漫主义文学的主题常常是内心感受和个人主义。

**The Piano of Pensive Transmutation**In the soft and soulful strokes of the piano keys, the melody of pensive transmutation plays out, carrying with it a depth of emotion and a journey of profound change.Pensive transmutation is not a hasty or superficial transformation but a gradual, introspective process that occurs within the recesses of the heart and mind. It is reminiscent of the philosopher Aristotle, who spent long hours in deep thought, seeking to understand the nature of humanity and the world.Take, for instance, the story of Vincent van Gogh. His art was not merely a reflection of the external world but a manifestation of his inner turmoil and eventual transmutation. Through his paintings, we witness his struggle with mental illness and his ability to transform that pain into a vivid expression of beauty and hope.In literature, the works of Emily Dickinson offer a poignant example. Her secluded life and solitary contemplation led to a transmutation of her thoughts and emotions into poetry that is both haunting and profound. Her words, like gentle notes on the piano, touch the deepest chords of the human soul.Pensive transmutation often occurs in the face of adversity. Consider the story of Helen Keller, who, despite being deaf and blind, transformed her limitations into a source of strength and inspiration. Her determination to learn and communicate led to a remarkable transformation that has inspired generations.In the realm of personal growth, moments of self-reflection and quiet contemplation can bring about pensive transmutation. It could be the realization after a failure that leads to a change in approach and attitude, or the acceptance of a past mistake that allows for a new beginning.It is important to note that pensive transmutation is not always linear or easily observable. It is a silent, internal evolution that may only be revealed over time. Like the slow ripening of a fruit, the process is often hidden but leads to a sweeter outcome.In conclusion, the piano of pensive transmutation plays a gentle yet powerful tune. It reminds us that within the stillness of our thoughts and the depth of our emotions lies the potential for growth and change. Let us listen to this melody and embrace the opportunities for pensive transmutation in our own lives, for it is through these quiet transformations that we discover our true selves and the beauty of a constantly evolving journey.。