Proposal in pdf

给一所私立学校的建议书（A proposal for a private school）2006-07-10 17:28:22 reprinted a label for a private school: characteristic school classification: Education MarketizationHere's my advice to a private school, and I'd like to hear your opinion....... Your recruitment staff, now the main job is to recruit students. I think in addition to enrollment, you may also be thinking about the way out of school, or how to build a prestigious school.So I asked all sorts of advice and talked about my ideas here. 1, about enrollment,2, about education and teaching,3, about school management,First, about enrollmentLet the children walk in the forefront of the times!In the short term, if we want to make a breakthrough in the enrollment work, we must make a breakthrough in the train of thought, and be able to show it well to the society. But how to look at the idea of running schools, but also to see the current social views and expectations of education, to do articles here.From the whole education environment, the problem now is not the lack of educational resources, is not a shortage of funds, lack of attention but not the education department and the society, but in all my heart without a yardstick, not a big picture of education "". Parents send their children to school, and they don't know what will happen in the future, so they can't form a good and stable expectation. We all feel that the needs of college graduates and enterprises and society is not on the number, one side is that students can not find internships and employment units, while the enterprise can not find the right talent. Even if the children graduated from Peking University and Tsinghua University, whether they can go smoothly to the society and what will happen in the future is unclear. So the most intuitive and the most prominent feeling is that education is divorced from society, very serious.And we analyze it, disconnection is reflected in many aspects, and how international issues (such as emphasis on foreign language teaching, intercultural communication course, etc.) how and network technology convergence problems (IT education, blog can highlight the practical writing course, etc.) and how the market's problems (can the design of pre Vocational education, curriculum and so on, MBA etc.) and each aspect has the connotation of different levels, different articles can do. To lead the market and consolidate the development, we need to grasp the current situation and the general trend, with the help of hot spots to complete the construction of the school's own system.From the market point of view, the foreign language teaching is hot in recent years, and has formed a certain climate. I havea look. There are many foreign language schools in Chongqing. There's nothing wrong with playing a foreign language in private schools, but it's obviously not enough to rely on this card. "Bilingual School" emphasizes that it is difficult to distinguish the message from the society, and it is not easy to break through quickly. I think the school can change the point of view, or dig out other potential hot spots to do articles.My suggestion is that you can try to connect with the market from the point of view, from the "pre service education", "small MBA course" and so on to start the article.Specific practices, such as starting from "pre service education", you can organize a working group, "take children to visit all kinds of enterprises", this kind of activities to make TV programs. In the process of visits and exchanges, can fully display the "what are busy in all walks of life, and their knowledge on what support organization system of the society and our knowledge system, and outlines the relationship between industry and enterprise, occupation, discipline, and at the same time also display a" let our children walk in front of the school, teachers and students to study here and what life is like an attractive blueprint, of course this also help some excellent enterprises for advertising. CCTV and provincial TV stations now opened a lot of youth section, but good program resources are scarce, through this program, not only can the school quickly establish a new image, can have many benefits.In addition, the enrollment and school publicity work needs to be further reflected through daily and systematic work,For example, parents can take some of the current meeting will change to introduce their work and life with children please parents, volunteers and other experiences, regular communication or "design education briefing" form and parents and society, or some public schools or schools in the rural areas of networking, etc., a comprehensive display of the society a walk in the forefront of the times and the school's healthy image.At the same time, we should pay attention to the changes in the thinking of enrollment work, may also require or will drive education, teaching and school management changes in the whole idea.[note] there are some simple analyses about the "pre service education" for teenagers, in the article "education reform: to promote the development of pre service education"(/u/470600c70100024l).Two, about education and teachingSimilar to the management of enterprises, we should steadily improve the quality of education and teaching, and provide support for the school chain expansion, it is necessary to analyze the basic elements and processes of education and teaching, as well as standardization issues.When analyzing the basic elements and processes of education and teaching, there are several relationships that need attention:One is the teaching content includes aspects, namely social all walks of life in what to do and what these things are built on the basis of knowledge, that is to say we need to understand the social and knowledge system, establish the necessary connection between the two. At present, our inquiry learning, "learning by doing" and other reforms are explored from this point of view.Two is the process of education and teaching, in essence, is the process of mutual communication between experts, teachers and students. With the development of network television, and "fool" books, between experts and students communicate more directly, the position of teachers should be familiar with the change of subject system from the corresponding selling books of knowledge to help students. At the same time, students are not only the object of education, but also may become the contributor of education.Three, the single classroom form in the past education and teaching has been replaced by online courses, TV programs, books, newspapers, interviews, interviews and other forms. That is to say, the process of modern education, teachers are no longer simply teach the textbook knowledge, but to organize all kinds of education resources, to create an independent learning, cooperative learning atmosphere for students.From the above analysis, we can see that for the standardization of modern education and teaching, there are also several layers of thinking:One is based on the understanding of teaching two aspects, put forward the new classification organization of information and knowledge, provide new cognitive guidance for teachers and students, such as outstanding scientific (and Engineering), business (and economic), (Law and Politics), culture (and entertainment) and other knowledge blocks and in social interactions, so that teachers and students can make various pieces of knowledge more effectively combined, see the full image interaction between education and society, and promote the concept of teachers personal overall transformation and all-round development of students. (that is, the general guiding ideology of running schools)The two is to be in between the teachers and students, between schools and parents, schools and society to establish a new relationship between, and make us in the teachers' training and management, the relationship between the school and the parents, schools and social interaction and so on to establish some new principles, comprehensively enhance the quality and level of the school and the social interaction. (how to manage by market orientation)?Three, teachers and students should be taken as the diggers, organizers and developers of various educational resources. In fact, not only some well-known university has a research and development and innovation ability, school innovation and production capacity is amazing, and teachers and students in this practice and innovation can be fully developed. (that is, how to implement internal management)Three, about school managementThe management of schools is often restricted by traditional ideas. Everyone thinks that the main task of students is to learn, the main task of the school is to teach. In fact,The school is a vibrant "educational science and Technology Park", with unlimited output potential. For example, to rely on the school, in youth TV programs, network education channel, youth books and other fields, in turn, the development of these areas, and will promote the rapid development of the school.We say that education is not equal to doing school, there is a large market outside the school, at least there are several aspects of concern:Teen TV show;At present, most provinces and cities television stations opened a youth column, and the corresponding program and program production team have just started, there is a lot of room for cooperation, CCTV and all provinces and cities TV station is such a situation.About the idea of the program, I'll give you an example, you may understand:In a remote rural middle school, how should 170 thousand funds be used? /u/470600c7010001egNetwork education channel;Before electronic commerce is not up, most of the websites including Sina, Baidu and other mainly rely on advertising revenue to maintain the operation, which is the core content of the channel of these sites in the new round of competition, such as Sina, the Sohu now do blog, Baidu encyclopedia are working on this. But it can be noted that, whether it is Sina, Sohu or Baidu, to support a group of professional educators is not realistic. The mode of education channel is bound to cooperate with professional organizations. And private schools have great potential competitiveness in this respect.For example, the "Encyclopedia of education" that everyone has been talking about, for now, is more likely to break through in this respect.Teenage bookshelf;The book business is to see what the bookstore will choose the books, but including Bertelsmann, I study in the library and bookstore chain have not established a decent "expert review system", which has a large space for private schools.In addition, everyone knows, to do the best education, should attract the best talent for education. But I think that only by letting people see more and better ways in education and related fields and creating a broader space for talents, can we attract talents. On this basis, the overall planning of the school and the group can be achieved.[note] I also had a discussion with a friend in Guizhou on the issue of attracting talented people:The world is flat: can the West introduce talents from the east? /u/470600c7010002z7These are just a few simple ideas, and I'd like to hear your opinions first.。

还不了解Proposal怎么写？解析优秀Research Proposal模板与标准研究计划书格式学者们经常要写研究计划来为他们的项目筹集资金。

作为一名学生，你可能需要写一份研究计划，以使你的论文或论文计划获得批准。

你所写的计划书都是为了说服某些人，比如资助机构、教育机构或导师，让他们相信你的项目是值得的。

那么你在为选择计划书的题目而发愁吗？你知道标准研究计划书格式是怎样的吗？一篇优秀且有说服力的proposal怎么写？那么相信你读完这篇文章，看过研究计划书范文，就会掌握一些写作技巧，从而撰写一篇proposal。

Research proposal即是研究计划书是通常在科学或学术界提出对资助研究、指导或扩展项目的文件，达到为此项目提供赞助与支持的请求。

一份有效的研究计划书要可以轻松快速地回答以下问题：•你想做什么，你打算怎么做?•要花多少钱? 用多少时间?•建议的项目如何与发起人的利益相关?•这个项目对你的大学、学生、学科、国家、民族或任何其他相关组织有什么影响?•你为什么要做这个项目，而不是别人?•如何评估结果？研究计划书的主要目的是让读者相信你的项目的价值和你的能力，你必须证明你针对此项目有明确可行的计划，确保你的项目将会成功。

通过撰写研究计划书，要达成这些目的：（1）让读者相信你的项目是有趣的、原创的、重要的。

（2）表明你对这个领域很熟悉，你了解这个课题的研究现状，你的想法有很强的学术基础。

（3）为你的研究方法提出一个案例，表明你已经仔细考虑了进行研究所需的数据、工具和程序。

（4）确认该项目在方案、机构或资金的实际限制范围内是可能的。

在撰写研究计划书之前，你要分清楚计划书的主要类型有哪些，以便更好的着手你的Research proposal。

（1）招标建议计划书。

根据项目发起人的具体要求提交的建议书。

这种招标，通常称为征求建议书(RFP)或报价要求(RFQ)，通常对格式和技术内容有特定的要求，并可能指定某些奖励条款和条件。

开题报告英文模板pdfTitle: A Comprehensive Guide to Writing an Effective Research Proposal: An English Template PDFIntroduction:Writing a research proposal is a crucial step in the research process as it outlines the objectives, methodology, and significance of a study. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide to writing an effective research proposal, focusing on an English template PDF. By following this guide, researchers will be equipped with the necessary tools to craft a well-structured and persuasive research proposal.1. Understanding the Purpose of a Research Proposal:A research proposal serves as a roadmap for a research project, highlighting its significance, research questions, and proposed methodology. It is essential to clearly define the research problem, objectives, and expected outcomes to convince the readers of the proposal's relevance and feasibility.2. Components of a Research Proposal:a) Title: The title should be concise, clear, and indicative of the research topic.b) Abstract: A brief summary of the proposal, highlighting the research problem, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.c) Introduction: Provide background information on the research topic, including its significance and relevance to the field.d) Literature Review: Review existing literature related to the research topic,identifying gaps and justifying the need for the proposed study.e) Research Questions/Hypotheses: Clearly state the research questions or hypotheses that the study aims to address.f) Methodology: Describe the research design, data collection methods, and analysis techniques to be employed.g) Expected Outcomes: Discuss the anticipated results and their potential implications.h) Timeline: Provide a detailed schedule outlining the various stages of the research project.i) References: Cite all the sources referenced in the proposal using the appropriate citation style.3. Writing Style and Formatting:a) Clarity and Conciseness: Use clear and concise language to convey ideas effectively.b) Grammar and Syntax: Ensure proper grammar and syntax to enhance readability.c) Structure: Organize the proposal into logical sections and paragraphs, maintaining a coherent flow of ideas.d) Formatting: Follow the prescribed formatting guidelines, including font size, margins, and spacing.4. Tips for Writing an Effective Research Proposal:a) Clearly define the research problem and objectives.b) Conduct a comprehensive literature review to identify gaps and justify the need for the proposed study.c) Clearly state the research questions or hypotheses.d) Provide a detailed and feasible methodology.e) Anticipate and address potential limitations and ethical considerations.f) Demonstrate the significance and potential impact of the proposed research.g) Seek feedback from mentors or colleagues to improve the proposal's quality. Conclusion:Writing a research proposal is a critical step in the research process, and an English template PDF can serve as a valuable resource. By understanding the purpose, components, and tips for writing an effective research proposal, researchers can enhance their chances of securing funding and conducting impactful research. Remember, a well-structured and persuasive research proposal is the foundation for a successful research project.。

需求建议书RFP（request for proposal）需求建议书。

需求建议书RFP是指从顾客的角度出发。

全面详细地阐述为了满足识别出的需要而进行的一份提供了详细信息的文件。

在大多数情况下。

不需要准备正式的需求建议书。

而是通过口头的的表达。

需求建议书的书写要求。

书写RFP要认真负责。

严肃对待。

内容要具体。

建议书语言要精练。

1．在第一行正中写建议书三个字。

2．写接受建议对方的名称。

3．正文：建议的原因或者出发点。

便于对方考虑。

建议的具体事项。

4．表达建议者的愿望。

5．结尾写表示敬意的话。

如此致敬礼等语。

如6．写上建议者的名称和写建议书的日期。

建议书的结构和格式。

1。

标题2。

称谓3。

正文4。

署名及时间。

指导方针。

需求建议书必须说明项目目标或者目的。

包括任何可能对承约商实用的合理信息或者背景信息。

以便承约商可以准备相应的建议书。

对外起草一份正式的需求建议书。

有如下的指导方针：需求建议书必须提供工作陈述需求建议书中必须包含客户要求定义好规格和属性。

需求建议书中应当说明客户期望承约商或者项目团队提供什么样的交付物。

需求建议书中应当列明任何应由客户提供的物品。

需求建议书中可能要说明需要客户审批的内容。

某些需求建议书中会提到顾客想用的合同类型。

需求建议书可能会表明顾客想用的付款方式。

需求建议书应当表明项目完成所要求的进度计划。

需求建议书应当指导并说明承约商申请书的格式和内容。

需求建议书应当指出客户希翼潜在承约商提交申请书的最后期限。

需求建议书可能会包含评价标准。

需求建议书的必要性。

需求建议书是项目客户与开辟商建立正式联系的第一份书面文件。

也叫招标书。

普通由项目的客户自己起草。

主要描述客户的需求。

条件以及对项目任务的具体要求。

向可能的开辟商发送。

需求建议书是客户为确保供应商理解项目的需求。

并在此基础上提供项目建议书而编制的需求规范。

虽然它不能确保客户据此就能获得理想的解决方案。

但却可以匡助客户发现那些尽可能接近自身需求的系统准备。

THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL TEMPLATEThis document has been set up to assist students in preparing the text for their research proposal.It is NOT intended as a document to guide you through your research proposal development, butto assist you in setting out the proposal, in terms of text layout, section headings and sub-sections.The Research Proposal is a complete description of the intended research, developed under thesupervision of the assigned supervisor. Through the full proposal, the student needs todemonstrate convincingly that the study will make a contribution to a public health issue or problem.The full research proposal must be between 5 and 10 pages and should present the following:TitleBrief IntroductionBackground and statement of the problem (this in the light of a thorough literature review)Research question or hypothesis, aim and objectivesStudy design (type of study)Study population and samplingData collection methods and instrumentsData analysis methods – if applicable statistical planning must be fully addressed, or thecandidate should provide evidence that statistics are not required.Mechanisms to assure the quality of the study – e.g. control of bias, safe storage of dataStudy period - Timetable for completion of the projectParticipants in the study – all people involved in the study, and the role they play, should beidentified.*Ethical considerationsResources required for the study, including budget if applicableReferencesAppendices (copy of questionnaire, consent forms, etc.)How to use this template:The template provides ALL the sections, headings and subheadings that you will require in yourproposal, as well as the line and paragraph spacing, page breaks, page numbering, referencingsystem and referencing styles. You should simply edit the text where appropriate and insert yourown text as per your proposal, i.e simply type into the document. Do not attempt to change thestyles for the headings or subheadings, and do not attempt to use more than three level headings(i.e A main heading, a sub-heading and a sub-sub-heading).WHEN YOU ARE DONE, DELETE THIS FRONT INSTRUCTION PAGE FROM YOUR PROPOSALIf you feel you are sufficiently computer literate, you could add this template to your Templatesdirectory in your Office system files. This will allow you to select this template at any time in thefuture when you prepare proposals. To do this, go to the “Menu B ar”, select File > Save As…,when the dialog box appears, at the bottom, under “save as type”, select “Document Template”. The MS Office Templates directory automatically appears. You could name your file “Proposal Template” (which should appear as a default in the dialog box, at the bottom, under “Save As”).Your template is now saved in the C:\Documents and Settings\User\ApplicationData\Microsoft\Templates directory.When you next wish to use this template, click on File > New, the “task pane” that appears on the right side of your screen will prompt you to use a template, click on “on my computer…”, and fr the dialog box that appears, select your template “Proposal Template”. This brings up the template with all its saved fonts, paragraph settings etc. Once again, simply insert your text, and this time,save your file normally, and NOT as a template!When you have finished typing, then return to the Contents Page, place your cursor on the greyed out section, right click with the mouse, and select “Update entire table”TYPE THE TITLE OF YOUR PROJECT HERESTUDENT NAME: Type your name hereSTUDENT NUMBER: Enter your student numberCOURSE NAME: Masters in Public Health (Occupational Hygiene) DEPARTMENT: Department of Occupational and Environmental Health COURSE CODE: OCEH8V1SUPERVISOR: Type your supervisor’s name hereDATE OF SUBMISSION: DD MMMM 20YYCONTENTSABSTRACT (5)INTRODUCTION (6)USE HEADING 1 FROM THE SELECTION ABOVE FOR YOUR MAIN HEADING. USE ALL CAPS, DO NOT USE ANYTHING ELSE AS THE TABLE OF CONTENTS HAS BEEN AUTOMATED TO USE THIS SETTING (6)S UB H EADING (6)Sub-Sub-Heading (6)PROBLEM STATEMENT (7)O VERVIEW (7)R ESEARCH Q UESTION/H YPOTHESIS (7)OBJECTIVES AND AIMS (8)O VERALL O BJECTIVE (8)S PECIFIC A IMS (8)BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE (9)RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS (10)O VERVIEW (10)P OPULATION AND S TUDY S AMPLE (10)S AMPLE S IZE AND S ELECTION OF S AMPLE (10)S OURCES OF D ATA (10)C OLLECTION OF D ATA (10)E XPOSURE A SSESSMENT (10)D ATA M ANAGEMENT (10)D ATA A NALYSIS S TRATEGIES (10)E THICS AND H UMAN S UBJECTS I SSUES (11)T IMEFRAMES (11)STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE STUDY (12)PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE (13)BUDGET AND MOTIVATION (14)REFERENCES (15)APPENDICES (16)A PPENDIX 1:Q UESTIONNAIRE (16)A PPENDIX 2:P ATIENT L IST (17)ABSTRACTBackgroundMethodsResultsDiscussion and ConclusionDo not use abbreviations or insert tables, figures or references into your abstract. You abstract generally should not exceed about 300 words.INTRODUCTIONUSE HEADING 1 FROM THE SELECTION ABOVE FOR YOURMAIN HEADING. USE ALL CAPS, DO NOT USE ANYTHINGELSE AS THE TABLE OF CONTENTS HAS BEEN AUTOMATEDTO USE THIS SETTINGSub HeadingUse Heading 2 from the selection of styles on the menu bar above. Do NOT use all capitals, butwrite as is shown above. Do not use anything else as the Table of Contents has been automatedto include this style for a subheading.Sub-Sub-HeadingUse Heading 3 from the selection of styles on the menu bar above. Do NOT use all capitals, butwrite as is shown above. Do not use anything else as the Table of Contents has been automatedto include this style for a sub-subheading.ReferencingWhen do your referencing, use the automatic system provided by Microsoft Word. To use this, from the Menu bar, go to Insert > Reference > Footnote. Now select Endnote > end of document.For the options, select Number format > 1, 2, 3; Custom mark > leave blank; Start at > 1; Numbering > continuous. If you do this, you will see a superscript inserted at the point of your cursor, as in this example, with the cursor automatically going to the end of your document for youto insert your reference details1. This keeps a continuous numbering system as you progress through your proposal. Once you are done, you could move this from the last page to the last pagebefore the Appendices.PROBLEM STATEMENT OverviewResearch Question/HypothesisOBJECTIVES AND AIMS Overall ObjectiveSpecific AimsBACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCEThis is your literature review. Use Headings 2 and 3 to provide sub headings in your reviewRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS OverviewUse headings 2 and 3 as appropriate, and use these headings if appropriate. Population and Study SampleSample Size and Selection of SampleSources of DataCollection of DataExposure AssessmentData ManagementData Analysis StrategiesEthics and Human Subjects Issues TimeframesSTRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE STUDYPUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCEBUDGET AND MOTIVATIONREFERENCESUse the Vancouver Style of referencing. This is found at this website:/books/bv.fcgi?rid=citmed.TOC&depth=2 or a less detailed website: /bsd/uniform_requirements.htmlReferences should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in thetext. Identify references in text, tables, and legends by Arabic numerals in parentheses. The titlesof journals should be abbreviated according to the style used in Index Medicus. Consult the list ofJournals Indexed for MEDLINE, published annually as a separate publication by the National Library of Medicine. The list can also be obtained through the Library's web site..APPENDICES Appendix 1: QuestionnaireAppendix 2: Patient List1Naidoo R. Showing you how to do automatic referencing. Proposal Template. 2008。

BSM 577 Research MethodsResearch Proposal – Assessment GuidelinesThis document provides guidelines for the content, structure and presentation of the research proposal. The document is divided into three sections:1.The purpose and benefits of preparing the research proposal;2.The content and structure of the research proposal;3.Presentation and style.1.The purpose and benefits of preparing the research proposalThe research proposal is the starting point for the Masters dissertation and it discusses the essential features (e.g. aims and objectives, rationale, previous research, methodology, resources, time plan) of a research study that will be conducted in the future (this will be an actual project if you are planning to proceed to the MSc stage or a hypothetical one if you are not).There are three key purposes behind a research proposal:to present the research problem / issue;to relate the proposed research to other “key” research in thefield;to present a clear rationale and plan (e.g. researchmethodology, necessary resources) for the proposed research.A good research proposal will include descriptions of:what will be done (i.e. the research problem or specific area forinvestigation/exploration, aims, objectives)why it will be done (rationale and justification criticallydiscussing previous research)how it will be done (data collection and analysis methods)where it will be done (locations, organisations etc)to whom it will be done (research subjects, populations,samples)what the benefits of doing it arewhat resources are required (facilities, time, travel, costs)ethical issues related to the proposed researchthe time plan for completion of the different stages of theresearchWell-prepared proposals can be seen as ‘road maps’, indicating clearly the location from which a journey begins, the destination to be reached and the route to get there. As with a map, the proposal should also identify any potential1obstacles and ways to get round or through them (and contain contingency plans for dealing with a disaster!). It has been said that the test of a good proposal is that it is so clear and detailed that another researcher who has not seen it before should be able to pick it up and do the research without too much questioning. Having a clear framework like this also allows for minor adjustments as the research proceeds, without running the risk of losing the overall sense of direction and cohesion. The proposal becomes a working document which can be reviewed to monitor progress, can be refined as more knowledge is gained, can be adjusted to take account of problems as they arise, and finally can form the basis for the final research report or dissertation. Having considered the purpose and general nature of research proposals, we will now take a closer look at the content and structure of the research proposal you are required to produce for this module. The components are listed in broadly the order they would appear in the proposal.2.The content and structure of the research proposalOn submission the Research Proposal should be 4000 words in length (+/-400 words) and should include the following features: -1.The Provisional Title of your work – representing the research as itstands (although it might not be the title of any completed dissertation in the future).2.Table of Contents – This should include numbered headings and pagenumbers. The headings and subheadings should be numbered with a decimal numerical form (e.g. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 / 3.2.1, 3.2.2). The table of contents should also include figures and tables (where appropriate).3.Abstract – a short synopsis of the proposal (300-400 words). An abstractshould be considered as a brief summary of the Research Proposal document. In business, it is known as an ‘executive summary’ and it allows the reader to grasp the salient points of your research proposal quickly (e.g. briefly summarise the purpose of the research, the rationale and the methods). The abstract should not include any quotations or references.4.Introduction to the Research Problem – introducing the researchproblem within its context. This is usually a short section acting almost like an introduction to the whole proposal, outlining the general subject area, the background of the research and specific aspects of the topic to be investigated (e.g. what will be examined). In this section you should also explain briefly your rationale (argument) for conducting the proposed research: why it is important to research this topic? This could be supported by selective evidence of key literature. You will discuss your rationale and the literature in more detail in the literature review section.5.Aims and objectives – the aim will express the overall intention of theresearch while the objectives will express the various elements of2investigation necessary to achieve this aim. The aims and objectives for the research are an outline of exactly what you intend to examine. This is normally one or two general, overall aims, and with the objectives being the more detailed steps required in order to answer your question or solve your problem. The vital point about this section is that your objectives should be specific, measurable and achievable. Returning to the road map allegory, how will you know when you’ve got there if you don’t know where you’re going? It is standard to ensure that your aims and objectives stand out clearly in your Research Proposal, and are easily identified and located.6.Literature review and rationale – explaining the rationale (reasons,argument) for undertaking the research by relating it to relevant theory, practice and research already existing in the field. This section should be supported by a preliminary survey of the relevant literature which should critically discuss the key research studies in this area that have helped shape the underlying ideas for the proposed research and provide justification for the significance of the research problem.How important is the problem? What are the benefits of doing the study?Who will find it useful? What is already known by previous research? What gaps exist in our understanding of the research issue on the basis of existing research? How will the proposed research address these gaps?You are presenting a justification for doing the research. Thus it is essential to critically evaluate previous research and relevant theory, rather than just describe it. For example, you may be arguing that there isa significant gap in knowledge, or that this is a new issue for practitionerswhere there is little known, or that previous research is out of date.Furthermore, previous research may have been undertaken on a limited scale and you feel it would merit a wider focus; or the results from previous research may suggest a new or better approach which would yield more applicable results; there may be previous research but you feel it would be useful to examine the issue in a different/new/more up-to-date context.Your argument should be based on the relevant literature which you will incorporate in this section outlining relevant research, theory and practice already existing in the field, reviewed critically, identifying key ideas and sources and relating these to the proposed research. It is also a good practice, especially when there is a lot of theory developed in your area of interest, to indicate what specific approach/theory/framework you are proposing to use/test/apply as a basis for your research. In general, the literature review should relate to core recent (or historically significant) work (and you might need to set yourself a limit on how far back you are able to go – depending on resources, of course). It is not intended to be a detailed review of all relevant literature (save that for the Dissertation!), but should show that you are aware of what else is going on and can interpret it in relation to your own proposed research.37.Methodology – should outline the methodological steps necessary tofulfil the stated objectives. You should include a clear and detailed discussion of the research design and methods for sampling, data collection and analysis as appropriate. This section should also include your justification for the methods chosen, timescales, and show how the methods relate to the objectives. In fact you may find it useful to use your objectives as subheadings in the methodology section. You must include a theoretical discussion of the methodological approach you are proposing to use with references to the research methods theory but also show how you will conduct the research realistically and feasibly within the timescales, constraints and context of the research.For example if your chosen data collection method is a questionnaire, you should include information on the selection of research location and/or sample if appropriate (e.g. if your study involves a specific organisation/company you should include its name, your plans for contacting them and how you will seek permission). If you have already secured their permission and willingness to collaborate you should includea copy of any written statement/letter from them in an appendix. If it istoo early to know who will be involved you should indicate the kind of criteria you will use to select appropriate organisations or individuals and/or how you will construct your research sample if appropriate. You should include as much detail as possible on methods to be used to collect data. If you intend using a questionnaire for data collection, for example, you would need to include the following:what kinds of themes will be covered in the questionnaire andwhy?how many questionnaires will you distribute?to whom?how representative a sample will they be?how will you find these people?how will you clear access to them?what kind of response rate would you need?how will you get the questionnaires to them?how will they reply to you?when will you distribute the questionnaires?what sort of questions will you ask?do you intend to pilot the questionnaire?how do you intend analysing the results?what will you do if too few people reply?Your objectives and methods should also include consideration of the ways you will analyse and present your findings. Obviously, if you are using some kind of quantitative questionnaire, you will need to think about ‘coding’ your questions, so that they can be entered into a statistics package or spreadsheet. On the other hand, ff you are using interviews, you will have to think of the practicalities of coding interview transcripts thematically to enable you to analyse patterns emerging in the data. The point about this is that you need to think about how you will treat the data BEFORE you actually4devise your questionnaires or interviews, and you need to allow sufficient time for these stages in your plans. Although it is not necessary, you may wish to include a draft questionnaire in your proposal, usually in an appendix. However, it should be clearly marked as “draft at this stage – the final design and piloting of the instrument would take place as part of the research project itself. You will probably only have a very rough idea about your questionnaire or interview at the proposal stage.Methodology for Literature Searching -Although you will have conducted a preliminary review to support your rationale, a far deeper investigation into the literature will be required at the Masters level and, in some cases, may be the best or only way to carry out your research (especially if you are conducting a critical systematic review and analysis of earlier research as your main research). What search strategies (search terms, databases, journals) and inclusion/exclusion criteria are you going to use in order to identify relevant literature? Why have you chosen to focus on some studies, and why have you excluded others? For example you may have made the decision to include studies that have a focus on the U.K. only or research conducted after a certain date because currency of information is an important element in your review of the literature.8. Resource Requirements – this should identify and discuss essential and likely resource requirements, e.g. visits to organisations, equipment, access to computer facilities, any cost implications of surveys, travel to interview people, your own time, etc. If you intend to pursue the research, it is essential that permission from organisations likely to be involved in your research is granted at the proposal stage (although you may wish to contact them only when you have a clear idea of your plans for this research). This section should also outline your project schedule, the practical steps necessary to fulfil your given objectives. You should propose a realistic work schedule, identifying the stages and timescales of the research (e.g. for reviewing the literature, designing the data collection instruments, administering questionnaires/conducting interviews/focus groups, data analysis, writing up etc). You can present your action plan in the form of a Gantt chart or a table indicating start and finish dates of each component of your entire research process and be realistic in the timescale you are proposing.9. Ethical considerations – these should constitute a dedicated section where you demonstrate that you have considered/acknowledged potential ethical problems (e.g. anonymity, confidentiality, informed consent etc), discussing the specific steps you will follow to address them (please note that there are always ethical concerns in research but their level of significance may be different depending on the specific research project). In order to familiarise yourself with this aspect of the research process, you are encouraged to consult the university’s Research Ethics policy at:/files/Ethics_leaflet_version2.pdf. The proposal must be accompanied by a signed and completed Ethics Review form BSM 5775Research Methods (SPER form) which sets out any ethical considerations pertaining to the research.10. Conclusion - The Research Proposal should finish with a brief finalstatement summarising the above points and/or adding any extra relevant information and a reminder of the potential value in undertaking the research.11. References – It is essential that you cite the works which you have usedto prepare your proposal. You need to provide the full reference details of works from which you have quoted or to which you have referred within the proposal. In line with the School’s policy citations should adhere to the Harvard format but, in certain circumstances following guidance of the supervisor, an alternative system may be used. Guidelines on citation according to the Harvard style are available on the library webpage at:/library/howto/page.cfm?pge=2553112. Bibliography – The bibliography lists the full reference details for itemswhich you have read but to which you have not referred directly in your text.Therefore there will be no citation in your text. Such items would include background reading.13. Appendices - these may include any material which support theproposal (e.g. sample questionnaires, interview schedules, coding sheets, Gantt chart detailing stages and timescales). This is not included in the word count.3.Presentation, Structure, Citation and Writing StyleAny Research Proposal needs to be professionally presented. Professional presentation is part of convincing a reader and/or examiner that you have a professional approach to your work.You should use the font Verdana, point size 11 and your work should be one-and-a-half- or double-spaced. Use bold style or a larger font size for headings. Consider numbering your sections, as this makes it easier for the reader to keep track. There is normally no need to start each section on a new page (although references, bibliography and appendices should have their own pages). You should include page numbers in the table of contents and the main body of your work. Prelims (i.e. table of contents, abstract) should use Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, etc.); the main body of the Proposal should use Arabic numerals (1,2,3,4, etc.) as explained earlier in this document. Headers and footers are a matter of personal preference – their presence is not mandatory.You should adopt a formal writing style and use the third person (e.g. you can refer to yourself as the ‘researcher’). Try to keep it clear without assuming that the reader has pre-existing knowledge and expertise in the subject (for example, always make sure you explain abbreviations in the first instance, offer appropriate definitions etc).6All of this is good preparation for the style and standard of presentation you will adopt at the writing up stage of the research.Assessment CriteriaYour submission will be assessed on the basis of the following marking schedule:Criteria and weighting 70%+60-69%50-59%40-49%35-39%<35%Introduction to the ResearchProblem/ Aims and Objectives(20%)Literature Review andRationale (30%)Research Methodology (30%)Resource Requirements andEthical considerations (10%)Presentation, Structure,Citation and Writing Style(10%)7。

A MODEST PROPOSALFor preventing the children of poor people in Ireland, from being a burden on their parents or country, and for making them beneficial to the publick.by Dr. Jonathan Swift1729It is a melancholy object to those, who walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads and cabbin-doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three,four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger foran alms. These mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in stroling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who, as they grow up, either turnthieves for want of work, or leave their dear native country, to fightfor the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes.I think it is agreed by all parties, that this prodigious number of children in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers,and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state ofthe kingdom, a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the common-wealth, would deserve so well ofthe publick, as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation.But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for thechildren of professed beggars: it is of a much greater extent, and shalltake in the whole number of infants at a certain age, who are born ofparents in effect as little able to support them, as those who demand our charity in the streets.As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years, upon thisimportant subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes ofour projectors, I have always found them grossly mistaken in their computation. It is true, a child just dropt from its dam, may be supported by her milk, for a solar year, with little other nourishment:at most not above the value of two shillings, which the mother may certainly get, or the value in scraps, by her lawful occupation of begging; and it is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide forthem in such a manner, as, instead of being a charge upon their parents,or the parish, or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives,they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the feeding, and partly to the cloathing of many thousands.There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent those voluntary abortions, and that horrid practice ofwomen murdering their bastard children, alas! too frequent among us, sacrificing the poor innocent babes, I doubt, more to avoid the expencethan the shame, which would move tears and pity in the most savage andinhuman breast.The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one millionand a half, of these I calculate there may be about two hundred thousandcouple whose wives are breeders; from which number I subtract thirty thousand couple, who are able to maintain their own children, (althoughI apprehend there cannot be so many, under the present distresses of the kingdom) but this being granted, there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders. I again subtract fifty thousand, for those women who miscarry, or whose children die by accident or disease withinthe year. There only remain an hundred and twenty thousand children ofpoor parents annually born. The question therefore is, How this numbershall be reared, and provided for? which, as I have already said, underthe present situation of affairs, is utterly impossible by all the methods hitherto proposed. For we can neither employ them in handicraftor agriculture; we neither build houses, (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land: they can very seldom pick up a livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old; except where they are of towardly parts, although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier;during which time they can however be properly looked upon only as probationers: As I have been informed by a principal gentleman in the county of Cavan, who protested to me, that he never knew above one or two instances under the age of six, even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in that art.I am assured by our merchants, that a boy or a girl before twelve yearsold, is no saleable commodity, and even when they come to this age, theywill not yield above three pounds, or three pounds and half a crownat most, on the exchange; which cannot turn to account either to the parents or kingdom, the charge of nutriments and rags having been at least four times that value.I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope willnot be liable to the least objection.I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled; and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricasie, or a ragoust.I do therefore humbly offer it to publick consideration, that of the hundred and twenty thousand children, already computed, twenty thousandmay be reserved for breed, whereof only one fourth part to be males; which is more than we allow to sheep, black cattle, or swine, and my reason is, that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage, a circumstance not much regarded by our savages, therefore, one male willbe sufficient to serve four females. That the remaining hundred thousandmay, at a year old, be offered in sale to the persons of quality and fortune, through the kingdom, always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month, so as to render them plump, and fatfor a good table. A child will make two dishes at an entertainment forfriends, and when the family dines alone, the fore or hind quarter willmake a reasonable dish, and seasoned with a little pepper or salt, willbe very good boiled on the fourth day, especially in winter.I have reckoned upon a medium, that a child just born will weigh 12 pounds, and in a solar year, if tolerably nursed, encreaseth to 28 pounds.I grant this food will be somewhat dear, and therefore very proper forlandlords, who, as they have already devoured most of the parents, seemto have the best title to the children.Infant's flesh will be in season throughout the year, but more plentifulin March, and a little before and after; for we are told by a grave author, an eminent French physician, that fish being a prolifick dyet, there are more children born in Roman Catholick countries about nine months after Lent, the markets will be more glutted than usual, becausethe number of Popish infants, is at least three to one in this kingdom,and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage, by lesseningthe number of Papists among us.I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggar's child (in whichlist I reckon all cottagers, labourers, and four-fifths of the farmers)to be about two shillings per annum, rags included; and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a goodfat child, which, as I have said, will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat, when he hath only some particular friend, or hisown family to dine with him. Thus the squire will learn to be a good landlord, and grow popular among his tenants, the mother will have eightshillings neat profit, and be fit for work till she produces another child.Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flea the carcass; the skin of which, artificially dressed, will make admirable gloves for ladies, and summer boots for fine gentlemen.As to our City of Dublin, shambles may be appointed for this purpose, inthe most convenient parts of it, and butchers we may be assured will notbe wanting; although I rather recommend buying the children alive, anddressing them hot from the knife, as we do roasting pigs.A very worthy person, a true lover of his country, and whose virtuesI highly esteem, was lately pleased, in discoursing on this matter, tooffer a refinement upon my scheme. He said, that many gentlemen of thiskingdom, having of late destroyed their deer, he conceived that the want of venison might be well supply'd by the bodies of young lads andmaidens, not exceeding fourteen years of age, nor under twelve; so greata number of both sexes in every country being now ready to starve for want of work and service: And these to be disposed of by their parentsif alive, or otherwise by their nearest relations. But with due deference to so excellent a friend, and so deserving a patriot, I cannot be altogether in his sentiments; for as to the males, my Americanacquaintance assured me from frequent experience, that their flesh wasgenerally tough and lean, like that of our school-boys, by continual exercise, and their taste disagreeable, and to fatten them would not answer the charge. Then as to the females, it would, I think, with humble submission, be a loss to the publick, because they soon would become breeders themselves: And besides, it is not improbable thatsomescrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice, (although indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon cruelty, which, I confess, hath always been with me the strongest objection against any project, how well soever intended.But in order to justify my friend, he confessed, that this expedient was put into his head by the famous Salmanaazor, a native of the islandFormosa, who came from thence to London, above twenty years ago, and inconversation told my friend, that in his country, when any young personhappened to be put to death, the executioner sold the carcass to personsof quality, as a prime dainty; and that, in his time, the body of a plump girl of fifteen, who was crucified for an attempt to poison the Emperor, was sold to his imperial majesty's prime minister of state, andother great mandarins of the court in joints from the gibbet, at four hundred crowns. Neither indeed can I deny, that if the same use were made of several plump young girls in this town, who without one singlegroat to their fortunes, cannot stir abroad without a chair, and appearat a play-house and assemblies in foreign fineries which they never willpay for; the kingdom would not be the worse.Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vastnumber of poor people, who are aged, diseased, or maimed; and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course may be taken, to ease the nation of so grievous an incumbrance. But I am not in the least painupon that matter, because it is very well known, that they are every daydying, and rotting, by cold and famine, and filth, and vermin, as fastas can be reasonably expected. And as to the young labourers, theyare now in almost as hopeful a condition. They cannot get work, and consequently pine away from want of nourishment, to a degree, that if at any time they are accidentally hired to common labour, they have notstrength to perform it, and thus the country and themselves are happilydelivered from the evils to come.I have too long digressed, and therefore shall return to my subject. Ithink the advantages by the proposal which I have made are obvious andmany, as well as of the highest importance.For first, as I have already observed, it would greatly lessen the number of Papists, with whom we are yearly over-run, being the principalbreeders of the nation, as well as our most dangerous enemies, and whostay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender, hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many goodProtestants, who have chosen rather to leave their country, than stay athome and pay tithes against their conscience to an episcopal curate.Secondly, The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own,which by law may be made liable to a distress, and help to pay their landlord's rent, their corn and cattle being already seized, and money athing unknown.Thirdly, Whereas the maintainance of an hundred thousand children, from two years old, and upwards, cannot be computed at less thanten shillings a piece per annum, the nation's stock will be thereby encreased fifty thousand pounds per annum, besides the profit of anew dish, introduced to the tables of all gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom, who have any refinement in taste. And the money will circulateamong our selves, the goods being entirely of our own growth and manufacture.Fourthly, The constant breeders, besides the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale of their children, will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year.Fifthly, This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns,where the vintners will certainly be so prudent as to procure the bestreceipts for dressing it to perfection; and consequently have their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen, who justly value themselvesupon their knowledge in good eating; and a skilful cook, who understandshow to oblige his guests, will contrive to make it as expensive as theyplease.Sixthly, This would be a great inducement to marriage, which all wise nations have either encouraged by rewards, or enforced by laws and penalties. It would encrease the care and tenderness of mothers towardstheir children, when they were sure of a settlement for life to the poor babes, provided in some sort by the publick, to their annual profitinstead of expence. We should soon see an honest emulation among the married women, which of them could bring the fattest child to the market. Men would become as fond of their wives, during the time of their pregnancy, as they are now of their mares in foal, their cows incalf, or sow when they are ready to farrow; nor offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear of a miscarriage.Many other advantages might be enumerated. For instance, the addition of some thousand carcasses in our exportation of barrel'd beef: the propagation of swine's flesh, and improvement in the art of making goodbacon, so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs,too frequent at our tables; which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well grown, fat yearly child, which roasted whole willmake a considerable figure at a Lord Mayor's feast, or any other publickentertainment. But this, and many others, I omit, being studious of brevity.Supposing that one thousand families in this city, would be constant customers for infants flesh, besides others who might have it at merrymeetings, particularly at weddings and christenings, I compute that Dublin would take off annually about twenty thousand carcasses; andtherest of the kingdom (where probably they will be sold somewhat cheaper)the remaining eighty thousand.I can think of no one objection, that will possibly be raised against this proposal, unless it should be urged, that the number of people willbe thereby much lessened in the kingdom. This I freely own, and 'twas indeed one principal design in offering it to the world. I desire the reader will observe, that I calculate my remedy for this one individualKingdom of Ireland, and for no other that ever was, is, or, I think, ever can be upon Earth. Therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients: Of taxing our absentees at five shillings a pound: Of usingneither cloaths, nor houshold furniture, except what is of ourown growth and manufacture: Of utterly rejecting the materials and instruments that promote foreign luxury: Of curing the expensiveness ofpride, vanity, idleness, and gaming in our women: Of introducing a veinof parsimony, prudence and temperance: Of learning to love our country, wherein we differ even from Laplanders, and the inhabitantsof Topinamboo: Of quitting our animosities and factions, nor acting anylonger like the Jews, who were murdering one another at the very momenttheir city was taken: Of being a little cautious not to sell our countryand consciences for nothing: Of teaching landlords to have at least onedegree of mercy towards their tenants. Lastly, of putting a spirit of honesty, industry, and skill into our shop-keepers, who, if a resolutioncould now be taken to buy only our native goods, would immediately uniteto cheat and exact upon us in the price, the measure, and the goodness,nor could ever yet be brought to make one fair proposal of just dealing,though often and earnestly invited to it.Therefore I repeat, let no man talk to me of these and the likeexpedients, 'till he hath at least some glympse of hope, that there willever be some hearty and sincere attempt to put them into practice.But, as to my self, having been wearied out for many years with offeringvain, idle, visionary thoughts, and at length utterly despairing of success, I fortunately fell upon this proposal, which, as it is whollynew, so it hath something solid and real, of no expence and little trouble, full in our own power, and whereby we can incur no dangerin disobliging England. For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation, and flesh being of too tender a consistence, to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country, whichwould be glad to eat up our whole nation without it.After all, I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion, as to rejectany offer, proposed by wise men, which shall be found equally innocent,cheap, easy, and effectual. But before something of that kind shall beadvanced in contradiction to my scheme, and offering a better, I desirethe author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points. First, As things now stand, how they will be able to find food and raiment for a hundred thousand useless mouths and backs. And secondly, There being a round million of creatures in humane figure throughout this kingdom, whose whole subsistence put into a common stock, would leave them in debt two million of pounds sterling, adding those who arebeggars by profession, to the bulk of farmers, cottagers and labourers,with their wives and children, who are beggars in effect; I desire those politicians who dislike my overture, and may perhaps be so bold to attempt an answer, that they will first ask the parents of these mortals, whether they would not at this day think it a great happinessto have been sold for food at a year old, in the manner I prescribe, andthereby have avoided such a perpetual scene of misfortunes, as they havesince gone through, by the oppression of landlords, the impossibilityofpaying rent without money or trade, the want of common sustenance, withneither house nor cloaths to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather, and the most inevitable prospect of intailing the like, or greater miseries, upon their breed for ever.I profess, in the sincerity of my heart, that I have not the least personal interest in endeavouring to promote this necessary work, havingno other motive than the publick good of my country, by advancingour trade, providing for infants, relieving the poor, and giving some pleasure to the rich. I have no children, by which I can propose toget a single penny; the youngest being nine years old, and my wife pastchild-bearing.。

Proposal范文AbstractThe growing prevalence of overweight and obesity is a major public health concern. Among the U.S. adult population, the prevalence of obesity (defined as a body mass index ranges from 30.0 kg/m2 to 99.8 kg/m2) increased from approximately 20% in 2000 to 27% in 2008. Previous researches indicated that obesity might be significantly associated with depression. Several researches conducted in the United States and Canada have indicated associations between obesity and depressive sym ptoms, measures of psychological distress, and history of depression. However, none of the studies to date has been conducted based on the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey (BRFSS). The propounded study participants will be 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) responders. The 2006 BRFSS was chosen due to a significant set of “healthy days” questions along with some optional modules and state- added questions. Findings from this research can provide instructions to government officers on making social policy decisions to help people in need of mental health services.Key words: obesity, depression, PHQ, BRFSSSpecific AimsThe growing prevalence of overweight and obesity is a major public health concern. Among the U.S. adult population, the prevalence of obesity (defined as a body mass index ranges from 30.0 kg/m2 to 99.8 kg/m2) increased from approximately 20% in 2000 to 27% in 2008 [1]. Obesity can lead to many kinds of disease problems, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, asthma, arthritis and poor health status. Usually, the overweight or obesity prevalence is perceived due to the consequence of an energy imbalance, with energy intake exceeding that of energy expenditure. It is estimated that each year, among the U.S. death persons, 280,000 of whom are attributed to obesity or overweight [2]. Obesity-related morbidity is estimated to account for 9.1% of total annual U.S. medical expenditures each year [3].Previous researches indicated that obesity might be significantly associated with depression [4,5]. Depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders [6]. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 2000 estimated that 9.5% of the U.S. populations suffer from a depressive illness in any given year [7]. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) estimated that, during the years 2005-2006, 11.29% of total U.S. adults had experienced serious psychological distress in past year [8]. Several researches conducted in the United States and Canada have indicated associations between obesity and depressive symptoms [9], measures of psychological distress [10], and history of depression [11]. It is reported that the relationship between depression and obesity is dependent upon different gender, age, and race/ ethnics. People younger than 65 years old are much more prone to get de pressed than their counterparts [9]. Besides, significant positive associations between depression and obesity are observed among women but not men [12,13,14]. However, when it comes to the relationship between depression and obesity dependent upon different races, there are some discrepancies. One report indicated that the Non-Hispanic Whites had a higher rate of depression compared to Non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians [15]. Another report observed that Hispanics are much more prone to get depressed than Whites and Blacks [9].The association between o本论文由英语论文网整理提供besity and anxiety or substance use disorders is poorly understood. In epidemiology study, anxiety symptoms have indicated moderate positiveassociations with obesity in community and clinic sam ples [16]. Alcohol abuse has been associated with a lower risk of obesity [17].We conduct this research to seek for the answer to the paradoxical results regarding the ethnicity differences and to investigate the relationship between obesity and substance use disorders. Meanwhile, to our knowledge, none of the studies to date has been conducted based on the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey (BRFSS). In the 2006 BRFSS, depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) instead of using just a single question in the 2001 BRFSS. The PHQ can evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms as well as establish provisional diagnoses of major and minor depression. Findings from this research can give instructions to governme nt officers on making social policy decisions to help people in need of mental health services.Background and SignificanceUnderstanding the causes of obesity is pivotal for improving health balance and reducing obesity-related diseases. Most researchers have investigated that the combination of a redundant nutritional food intake and a sedentary lifestyle are the main reasons for the rapid acceleration of overweight and obesity in Western countries in the last quarter of the 20th century. In spite of the widespread availability of nutritional information in schools, doctors’ offices, on the Internet and on groceries, it is evident that overeating remains a substantial problem. For instance, reliance on energy-dense fast-food meals tripled between 1977 and 1995, and calorie intake quadrupled over the same period. However, dietary intake in itself is inadequate to explain the phenomenal increase in levels of obesity in many of the industrialized world in recent years [18].Weight regulation is very complex due to series of individual-level influences. In the United States, the prevalence of obesity is higher among middle-aged and older adults than that among younger adults [19]. Besides, obesity is more common among women than men [20]. In developed co untries, obesity is inversely related to income and education level [21,22].Previous researches indicated that obesity might be significantly associated with depression [4,5]. Depression is one of the most prevalent mental disorders [6]. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 2000 estimated that 9.5% of the U.S. populations suffer from a depressive illness in any given year [7]. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) estimated that, during the years 2005-2006, 11.29% of total U.S. adults had experienced serious psychological distress in past year [8]. Several researches conducted in the United States and Canada have indicated associations between obesity and depressive symptoms [9], measures of psychological distress [10], and history of depression [11]. It is reported that the relationship between depression and obesity is dependent upon different gender, age, and race/ ethnics [9]. One previous study examined the association between obesity and depression dependent on sex differences, reporting a significant positive association among women but not men [12,13,14]. Another national study which examined the association between the depressive mood and obesity based on the results of 2001 BRFSS reported a stro本论文由英语论文网整理提供nger relationship between obesity and depression among those younger than 65 years [9]. However, when it comes to this relationship dependent upon ethnicity differences, there are some discrepancies. One study used data from the National Co-morbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) to examine the relationship between obesity and a range of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders in the U.S. adult population. The results indicated that the Non-Hispanic whites had a higher rate of depression compared to Non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and Asians [15]. Another study used data from the 2001 BRFSS observed that Hispanics are much more prone to get depressed than Whites and Blacks [9].The association between obesity and anxiety or substance use disorders is poorly understood. In epidemiology study, anxiety symptoms have indicated moderate positive associations with obesity in /Ghostwrite/Research+Proposal.html community and clinic samples [16]. Alcohol abuse has been associated with a lower risk of obesity [17].Hypotheses of the Research1. Y oung obese women are much more prone to be depressed than non-obese women.2. Hispanics are much more prone to be depressed than Whites and Blacks, OR3. Non-Hispanic Whites have a higher rate of depression compared to Non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians.4. Smokers are more likely to get depressed than non-smokers.5. Heavy drinkers have a higher rate of depression than those who are not.Research Design and MethodsData from the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) will be analyzed for the study. The BRFSS is established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1984. It is the largest, continuously conducted telephone health survey system in the world. The BRFSS is designed to identify and monitor risk factors for diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, asthma, nutritional related maladies and more. Mental health is chosen as one of these risk factors. This system can provide abundant data information based on individual- level healthy behaviors of U.S. adults each year. During the survey, the participants would be asked to answer several questions that related to healthy 代写research proposal behaviors, such as dietary intake (fruits and vegetables), nutrition and physical activity, tobacco and alcohol use, health care access, hypertension, as well as some biological factors including height and weight [23].Study SubjectThe propounded study participants will be 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) responders. These individuals responded to the 10 questions regarding anxiety and depression. The 2006 BRFSS was chosen due to a significant set of “healthy days” questions along with some optional modules and state- added questions.The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8)The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) was conducted in 41 states and territories; it consisted of 8 questions based on the Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) [24,25]. It was modified from a self-report paper format to a format compatible to telephone interview in order to be used in the 2006 BRFSS. The responders were asked to answer the questions on what they had experienced about emotions or behaviors related to depression during the past two weeks (Appendix 1). The total score for the PHQ-8 ranged from 0 to 14, which also meant the total number of days for a responder that might have experienced emotions or behaviors.In order to separate varying levels of depression, the CDC developed three algorithms (Appendix 2). The total number of days was converted to a point scale ranging from 0 to 3 (0 = “0 to 1 day”, 1 = “2 to 6 days”, 2 = “7to 11 days”, and 3 = “12 to 14 days”) [26]. Depending on the algorithm used, the total points were used to determine whether the responders were depressed at the time they were interviewed.In this study, we will use the CDC developed Algorithm 3 (Depression severity score is divided into two groups: less than 10 and greater than 10) due to its validity in detecting depression in the general population and its simplicity in use.In addition to the eight questions regarding emotions and behaviors, the re are two more questions on whether the responder had ever been told by a healthcare provider that he/she had been diagnosedof depression/anxiety.Demographic CharacteristicsDemographic characteristics, including age, sex, race/ ethnicity, height a nd weight, were obtained from the participants’ self-reports. Obesity was defined by BMI [weight (kg) / height2 (m2)] and was classified into three groups: non-overweight/ obese (BMI<25); BMI≤overweight (25< 30). Previous studies indicated that≥30); obese (BMI self-reported height and weight were highly correlated with physical measurements [27,28], but self-reports tended to underestimate weight and overestimate height [28,29], resulting in lower estimates of overweight and obesity.Age, sex, race/ ethnicity, and health status are regarded as moderators in this study. Age groups are defined as young (age 18-64 years) and old (age 65 + years). Race is defined as White/ Non-Hispanic, African American, Hispanic, and Other, by self-report. Health status is defined as Smoking Status (Not At Risk and At Risk) and Heavy Drinking Status (Not At Risk and At Risk). Besides, we will use the following socio-economic variables: education level is defined as less than High School (H.S.), H.S. or General Educational Development (G.E.D.), Post-H.S., and College Graduates; income level is defined as $15,000 to $24,999, $25,000 to $49,999, and $50,000 +; marital status is defined as Married, Divorced/ Separated, Widowed, Never Married and Unmarried.Statistical AnalysisWe will apply a normalized weight to each participant based on a sample weight variable provided in the BRFSS dataset in all analyses. This can ensure unbiased estimates for the general populations. The descriptive data on depression are treated as prevalence, which are used as a function of age, sex, race, smoking status, and heavy drinking status.Logistic regression models will be used for comparative and moderator analyses. Meanwhile, we will control for the socio-economic variables. The results of the comparative analyses are presented as OR with the confidence interval parameter set at 95%. Confidence intervals are used to estimate statistical significance in the comparative analyses to determine whether there are any difference between the variables and the prevalence of depression. 95% CI means if repeated same sample size from the same population were collected or the prevalence rates of depression were recalculated, approximately 95% of the newly estimated intervals would contain the true rate, or we can be 95% confidence that the samples would include the true rate.For the moderator analysis, we will test本论文由英语论文网整理提供appropriate race, obesity⨯sex, obesity ⨯age, obesity ⨯intersection terms (i.e., obesity smoking status, and obesi⨯ heavy drinking status) based on their main⨯ty effects and socio-economic variables [30].Appendix 1. PHQ-8 Questions on the BRFSSNow I am going to ask you some questions about your mood. When answering these questions, please think about how many days each of the following has occurred in the past 2 weeks.1. Over the last 2 weeks, how many days have you had little interest or pleasure in doing things?2. Over the last 2 weeks, how many days have you felt down, depressed or hopeless?3. Over the last 2 weeks, how many days have you had trouble falling asleep or staying asleep or sleeping too much?4. Over the last 2 weeks, how many days have you felt tired or had little energy?5. Over the last 2 weeks, how many days have you had a poor appetite or ate too much?6. Over the last 2 weeks, how many days have you felt bad about yourself or that you were a failure or had let yourself or your family down?7. Over the last 2 weeks, how many days have you had trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching?8. Over the last 2 weeks, how many days have you moved or spoken so slowly that other people could have noticed? Or the opposite- being so fidgety or restless that you were moving around a lot more than usual?9. Has a doctor or other healthcare provider EVER told you that you had an anxiety disorder (including acute stress disorder, anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, or social anxiety disorder)?10. Has a doctor or other healthcare provider EVER told you that you have a depressive disorder (including depression, major depression, dysthymia, or minor depression)?Appendix 2. CDC Developed Algorithms for the PHQ-8Algorithm 1*:Score: Depression Severity:0 to 4.9 No depression5 to 9.9 Mild depression10 to 14.9 Moderate depression15 to 19.9 Moderately severe depression20 Severe depression*Scores that are greater than ten are classified as “current depression”.Algorithm 2:Score Depression Severity:0 to 1 No depression• Negative response (< 7 days) to Questions 1 &本论文由英语论文网整理提供; 2 OR• Positive response (7+ days) to < 2 questions2 to 4 Minor Depression• Positive response (7+ days) to Questions 1 or 2 AND• Positive response (7+ days) to between 2-4 questions5 to 8 Major Depression• Positive response (7+ days) to Questions 1 or 2 AND• Positive response (7+ days) to a total of 5+ questionsAlgorithm 3:Score: Depression Severity:0 to 9 Depression Severity Score Less than 1010 or greater Depression Severity Score Greater than 10References1. BRFSS Prevalence Data Comparison: 2000 v.s. 2008 /brfss/display_c.asp?yr_c=2008&yr=2000&cat=OB&state=US&bkey=20000020&qkey=4409&qtype=C&grp=0&SUBMIT2=Compare2. Allison DB, Fontaine KR, et al. Annual Deaths Attributable to Obesity in the Uni ted States. JAMA. 1999;282(16):1530-1538.3. Finkelstein EA, Fiebelkorn LC, et al. National Medical Spending Attributable to Overweight and Obesity: How Much, and Who’s Paying? Health Affairs. 2003;W3: 219-226.4. Stunkard AJ, Faith MS, Allison KC. Depression and Obesity. Biol Psychiatry 2003;54: 330-337.5. Faith MS, Matz PE, Jorge MA. Obesity- Depression Associations in the Population. J Psychosom Res 2002;53: 935-942.6. Pinto-Meza A, Serrano-Blanco A, et al. Assessing Depression in Primary Care with the PHQ-9: Can It Be Carried /Ghostwrite/Research+Proposal.html Out over the Telephone? J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(8): 738-42.7. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of twelve-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry, 2005 Jun;62(6):617-27.8. /2k6state/adultTabs.htm#T ab229. Heo M, Pietrobelli A, et al. Depressive Mood and Obesity in U S Adults: Comparison and Moderation by Sex, Age, and Race. Int J Obes(Lond) 2006;30: 513-519.10. Roberts RE, Strawbridge WJ, et al. Are the Fat more Jolly? Ann Behav Med 2002;24: 169-180.11. Dong C, Sanchez L, Price R. Relationship of Obesity to Depression: A Family- based Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: 790-795.12. Palinkas lA, Wingard DL, et al. Depressive Symptoms in Over-weight and Obese Older Adults: A Test of the “Jolly Fat” Hypothesis. J Psychosom Res 1996;40: 59-66.13. Carpenter KM, Hasin DS, et al. Relationships between Obesity and DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorder, Suicide Ideation, and Suicide Attempts: Results from a General Population Study. Am J Public Health 2000;90:251-257.14. Onyike CU, Crum RM, et al. Is Obesity Associated with Major Depression? Results From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol 2003;158: 1139-1147.15. Simon GE, Korff MV, Saunders K, et al. Association Between Obes。

我认为你⾸先要明确对⽅向你要proposal的⽬的是什么？对⽅⾸先是想通过你的研究计划看你发现问题，分析问题以及提出解决⽅法的能⼒。

这⾥⾯牵涉到的问题很多：1、你的proposal是否具有创新性，你对当前国际最新的研究进展是否熟悉，你有⽆⾃⼰的思路？2、你提的计划是否结合你⾃⼰和对⽅的背景知识，是否具有可⾏性？3、你的计划是否充分完备，是否提供备⽤⽅案，也就是说你是否充分估计了你计划实施的困难？呵呵，上⾯说的三条看起来有些空洞。

但是写作组织起来并不复杂。

第⼀段，背景介绍，充分阅读相关最新的⽂献（04、05年的），提出科学问题；第⼆段，简要分析你的主要思路及意义；第三——？段，制定相关研究计划，不需要具体的每步的细节，但是你的论述应该让对⽅认为你对该细节有着充分了解和认知，并⾮天马⾏空似的漫谈；最后⼀部分，分析你的Proposal中潜在问题，并进⼀步提出潜在⽅案。

我想如果对⽅发现你的思路如此明确，即使⽅案在他看来还⽐较naive或者premature，他也会对你另眼相看的。

What's the purpose of a research plan?It depends on who's asking the question, and who’s answering it. From your immediate point of view the purpose of a research plan is to help get you hired.The research plan, though, serves another, very important function: It contributes to your development as a scientist. Your research plan is a map for your career as a research science professional. As will become apparent later in this document, one of the functions of a research plan is to demonstrate your intellectual vision and aspirations. It's also an opportunity to begin to demonstrate the creative and independent thinking required of a successful scientist.Not yet on the job market? Just starting out as a postdoc? A research plan isn't just for demonstrating; it's also for honing and refining. It's possible to function quite well as a postdoc or grad student while giving little thought to your future. Writing a research plan casts your gaze forward and prompts you to begin planning for when you have your own laboratory. And if you've already started to think about your own lab, it will help you to refine your plans. So take a stab at writing a research plan, even if you don't expect to be on the job market for a while. Think of it as a rough draft, a fantasy trip for your career.* * *But never mind about that. Most of you are trying to get hired. In that case what matters is, What is the committee looking for? The answer: relief from anxiety.Hiring committees desperately want to avoid making a serious mistake by investing institutional and intellectual capital in the wrong person. The aim of your research plan, then, as of the rest of your application, is to assure the hiring committee that life with you will be pain-free.How do you do this? Provide the committee a compelling, reassuring, believable image of what their life will be like when you are working down the hall.Tell them a story--a believable, credible story--about what your lab will be like 5 years from now: well-funded, vibrant, productive, pursuing a valuable, ambitious but realistic research agenda that meshes well with the department's mission and with the other research going on in the department.Please don't misunderstand: You shouldn't tell them this ("in 5 years my lab will be vibrant, productive, and well-funded ..."; rather, you need to lead them to believe it by describing a research agenda that persuades them that you will succeed. There are two parts to this: You have to tell a good story, and you have to make them believe it. If the story isn't compelling you won't get hired, and if they can't quite imagine it becoming reality, you won't get hired.How do I tell a good story?* First, choose an important subject. If the research you plan is not compelling, no rhetorical skill will make it compelling to a committee of smart scientists. If the research you propose is not manifestly, obviously important, if you don't know why it's important, or if you can't convey its importance effectively, convincing the committee to hire you won't be easy. Note that there are two issues here: believing in the importance of your own work, and persuading others that your work is important.If you don't think the work you'll be doing is important, your best bet is to change fields. The goal of science may be to uncover truth, but uncovering objective truth is a very difficult thing to do, and doing it requires passion. If you aren't passionate about your work, your best bet is to find work about which you can be passionate. It isn't easy to change gears midcourse, but getting yourself into an important area of research will be well worth the effort in the long term--to your hirability, your fundability, your tenurability, and also to your career satisfaction. Do another postdoc if you must.Passion for your work is a necessary, but insufficient, condition for capturing the attention of hiring committees. After all, some people are passionate about, um, peculiar things. To convince the committee to hire you, you must convince them that your passion is justified and that they will benefit from investing in your passion--that is, that your work is important.* Be specific. Curing cancer is not a suitable goal for one individuals' research plan--exciting, yes, but much too big to be believable. Inhibiting tumor growth? That's better, says one of our respondents--especially when that general goal is supported by more specific strategies. "[That kind of research] can travel down several different mechanistic routes," this respondent says, "i.e., angiogenesis, breakdown of extracellular matrix, gene activation, induction of molecules involved--it can use different models--implanting tumors, using different tumor models, in vivo, in vitro, etc." The combination of a manifestly important goal with manifestly interesting, feasible approaches is the foundation of the research plan.Being specific is not the same thing as including loads of detail. Being specific means including only as much detail as the job requires--not more. "Vague generalities are the sign of a vague mind," says one source. "This means that the proposal must walk the fine line of enough detail to show the reader that the candidate knows what they are talking about, but not too much detail that it confuses or bores the search committee."* Keep it short and focus on the major themes. "Brevity and clarity are the most important elements," wrote another respondent, expressing a sentiment shared by everyone. "Clear, concise writing ... is a plus," said another. "Superfluous details are not just unnecessary, they are often the hallmark of a poor plan. The specific aims must be clear and succinct." Identify your goals, state why those goals are important, define your approach to achieving those goals, and indicate the kinds of evidence that will validate your approach. Oh, and do it clearly and succinctly."If you were sitting for 4 hours reading such proposals, what would you look for? Clear and to the point wins every time in this arena."Effective communication requires anticipating readers' needs, giving them exactly the information they need just when they need it. Constructing a research plan along these lines strengthens your application in three ways: You avoid alienating the committee by boring them; you tell the committee precisely what you intend to do; and you show that you have a subtle mind and a deep knowledge of your field.Can't do this yet? No hurry--consider spending another year as a postdoc, and study hard.* Be serious about writing. Writes one respondent: "If the proposal confuses the reader in almost any way, it is simply tossed out. I strongly recommend that the candidate have colleagues pre-review the proposal and make sure the English is clear and ideas explained so that a variety of people in the general area can understand what is being proposed and the importance of the work."If your writing skills are weak, it might be time to strengthen them. Or hire an editor. And by all means have several people--preferably senior colleagues who have served on hiring committees--critique your research plan.But there were two parts to this, remember? You not only have to tell a good story--you also have to make it seem real, to make them expect it to come true.How do I make my research plan seem real?* Have a solid, well-considered, realistic plan. If you want to get a job at an institution that takes its research seriously, you'll have to convince your future colleagues that you've gotten past the young, impressionable phase, where every idea glitters with promise despite the fact that it isn't feasible and isn't likely to work. Show the committee that, while your high ideals remain intact, your years of graduate and postdoctoral study have helped you to know the difference between good ideas and good intentions. In the words of one scholar, "You can tell a 'building castles in the sky' research plan. They are not built on solid data and go to the very bottom of the pool." Indeed ...* Include preliminary data. Preliminary data offer the most convincing argument for the viability of your research plan. If you have them, use them--positive results will be of interest and persuasive to hiring committee members. The nature of your preliminary data and findings will vary--some will have much to share, others might be forced to share very preliminary data. Nothing grounds your hopes and dreams in the real world like good, solid data. Your plan might sound exciting, but will it work? It's one thing to make it sound good; if you can show that you've already taken the first, tentative but successful steps of that long journey, reaching your destination will seem a lot less like a pipe dream. One of my sources was unequivocal onthis point: "Does the research question build on the preliminary data the person has generated? No preliminary data = no research question." Which also equals no job offer at that institution.It is important to remember that just as institutions vary widely in their practices, so too do the expectations of hiring committees. Do your homework: Learn about the culture of the department and the experiences of previous faculty hires.* Include redundant approaches. If you want to succeed as a scientist you have to be resourceful. You can't be a one-trick pony. And the focus must be on the science--on the problem you aim to solve--not on the scientist or a particular approach. No matter how knowledgeable you are, no matter how well considered your research plan, you can't predict the future. And if you haven't done the work yet, you don't know how it will turn out. That means that any one approach you specify might not work, even if it seems compelling. So if you want to convince the committee that you will succeed, give them not one, but two, or even three, compelling approaches, all of which have a good chance of success.How do I demonstrate my independence?Different institutions expect you to be at different stages of your career. Think of it as a continuum: At one end sit well-established researchers with strong research records, many first-author (or last-author) publications, and their own research funding. At the other end sit rosy-cheeked freshly minted Ph.D.s full of enthusiasm, promise, and ideas, but with little yet to show for it. Most candidates for entry-level tenure-track faculty jobs at institutions that require research (that is, most of the people who write research plans for job applications) are somewhere in the middle. You probably won't get hired anywhere if you aren't well prepared to start a productive research program at a scale appropriate for the institution.But these days some institutions and departments are looking for more than that. Increasingly, especially in the biomedical field, universities are hiring established researchers, even at the "entry" (assistant professor) level. How is this possible? These days some pre-tenure-track scientists are setting up their own research programs. Increasingly, senior postdocs are being promoted to research associate or research faculty positions during what the GrantDoctor calls the "postpostdoc" phase of their research career. In that position they write research grants in their own names and their host institutions sponsor them. Very often these folks have an R01 before they begin applying for a tenure-track job.The key objective if you’re applying to one of these institutions is securing research grants: If you have a grant in your own name you'll be a strong candidate; if you don't have your own grant, you are less competitive. It's a cynical copout on the institution’s part, really, taking a pass on the difficult job of evaluating talent and capitulating to the reality of big-time biomedical research: It's all about the cash. Still, increasingly it's a fact of life. But how do you know if the institution to which you hope to apply is one of these? Ask.Those scientists and institutions--the ones sitting at the experienced far end of the continuum--are exceptional. Indeed, second-tier research institutions tend to expect the most experience; Harvard and Johns Hopkins do not expect you to have your own research grant. Most hiring committees aren't looking for completely independent work; they're looking for original, creative ideas, together with a record of accomplishment. Few people applying for tenure-track jobs have had the opportunity to start their own research programs. After all, traditionally that's what assistant professorships are all about, and most institutions still think that way. It helps to be somewhere in the middle of that continuum, but most committees are still looking more for promise than for guarantees.Demonstrate your promise by displaying your potential and actual independence. Show the committee that you have the deep thinking and talent to operate independent of your adviser.How do you demonstrate your independence when you have never been given the chance to work independently?Likely as not, all your data were collected in someone else's lab, as a part of someone else's r e s e a r c h a g e n d a . H o w , t h e n , d o y o u d i s t i n g u i s h y o u r r e s e a r c h f r o m y o u r a d v i s e r ' s r e s e a r c h ? / p > p > / p > p > * O n p a p e r . I t ' s a n a p p a r e n t C a t c h - 2 2 : Y o u n e e d t o s h o w t h a t y o u r i d e a s a r e f r e s h , n e w , a n d y o u r s , a n d y o u h a v e t o s h o w t h e y ' r e g r o u n d e d i n w o r k y o u ' v e a l r e a d y d o n e , u s u a l l y i n s o m e o n e e l s e ' s l a b . I t ' s a t o u g h s e l l , b u t m o s t o f y o u r c o m p e t i t o r s a r e i n t h e s a m e b o a t . / p > p > / p > p > S o h o w d o y o u d o i t ? O n e r e s p o n d e n t s a i d i t b e a u t i f u l l y : " T h e b e s t p l a n s u s u a l l y b u i l d o n t h e p r i o r e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e a p p l i c a n t , b u t a r e n o t d i r e c t e x t e n s i o n s o f t h e i r p o s t d o c t o r a l w o r k . " / p > p > / p > p > I ' m g o i n g t o t y p e t h a t p h r a s e a g a i n , i t ' s s o i m p o r t a n t : T h e b e s t p l a n s u s u a l l y b u i l d o n t h e p r i o r e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e a p p l i c a n t , b u t a r e n o t d i r e c t e x t e n s i o n s o f t h e i r p o s t d o c t o r a l w o r k . / p > p > / p > p > U n l e s s y o u ' r e o n e o f t h e s e l e c t f e w a p p l i c a n t s w i t h l o t s o f e x p e r i e n c e l e a d i n g y o u r o w n l a b , t h a t ' s t h e k e y t o y o u r r h e t o r i c a l s t r a t e g y . T h a t ' s t h e o u t l i n e o f t h e s t o r y y o u m u s t t e l l : " I d i d t h i s w o r k a s a g r a d s t u d e n t / p o s t d o c a n d i t w a s i m p o r t a n t a n d i t w a s g r e a t . N o w , a s a f a c u l t y m e m b e r , I w a n t t o d o s o m e t h i n g a l i t t l e b i t d i f f e r e n t , b u t t h e w o r k I ' m p r o p o s i n g t a k e s f u l l a d v a n t a g e o f t h e k n o w l e d g e a n d s k i l l s I g a i n e d d u r i n g t h e t r a i n i n g p h a s e o f m y c a r e e r . " I t ' s d i f f e r e n t e n o u g h t o b e o r i g i n a l , b u t s i m i l a r e n o u g h t h a t y o u r y e a r s o f t r a i n i n g a r e n ' t w a s t e d . / p > p > / p > p > A n o t h e r r e s p o n d e n t w r o t e , " M o s t c a n d i d a t e s ( 9 5 % ) s t i c k to e x t e n s i o n s o f w h a t t h e y a r e m o s t f a m i l i a r w i t h , b u t t h e k e y i s , h a v e t h e y f i g u r e d o u t s o m e r a t h e r c r e a t i v e n e w d i r e c t i o n s f o r t h e r e s e a r c h a n d h a v e t h e y d o n e a g o o d j o b c o n v i n c i n g u s t h a t t h e y c a n d o i t b a s e d o n w h a t i s a l r e a d y k n o w n ? " " O n c e w e h a v e a s h o r t l i s t o f c a n d i d a t e s , " w r i t e s y e t a n o t h e r s o u r c e , " t h e r e s e a r c h p r o p o s a l s a r e l o o k e d a t m o r e c a r e f u l l y f o r i m a g i n a t i v e i d e a s t h a t d i f f e r f r o m t h e c a n d i d a t e s P h . D . o r p o s t d o c t o r a l r e s e a r c h . " G e t t h e m e s s a g e ? / p > p > / p > p > * W i t h y o u r a d v i s e r ' s c o o p e r a t i o n . O n e k e y t o d o i n g t h i s s u c c e s s f u l l y i s t o m a k e s u r e y o u r b o s s t e l l s t h e s a m e s t o r y . H o p e f u l l y y o u h a v e a g o o d , o p e n r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h y o u r a d v i s e r ; i f y o u d o , g o i n a n d c h a t a n d c o o r d i n a t e y o u r s t r a t e g i e s . D e c i d e w h a t t u r f i s h i s o r h e r s , w h a t t u r f i s y o u r s , a n d w h a t s t o r y y o u i n t e n d t o t e l l i n y o u r r e s e a r c h p l a n a n d h i s o r h e r l e t t e r o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n . B u t m a k e s u r e t h e y d o n ' t m a t c h t o o p r e c i s e l y . / p > p > / p > p > I s t h i s s o r t o f c o o r d i n a t i o n u n e t h i c a l ? H a r d l y . T h e r e ' s n o d e c e p t i o n h e r e , n o a t t e m p t t o p u l l t h e w o o l o v e r t h e c o m m i t t e e ' s e y e s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , i t ' s c l a r i t y y o u ' r e s e e k i n g : i n y o u r r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h y o u r a d v i s e r a n d w i t h t h e h i r i n g c o m m i t t e e . / p > p > / p > p > B e c a r e f u l t h o u g h : T h i s i s t r i c k y e t h i c a l t e r r i t o r y . T h e i d e a s y o u ' r e c l a i m i n g m u s t b e y o u r s . D o n ' t j u s t t a k e y o u r a d v i s e r ' s i d e a s a n d p a c k a g e t h e m a s y o u r o w n , e v e n i f y o u r a d v i s e r s i g n s o f f o n t h e p l a n . / p > p > / p > p > I f y o u r r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h y o u r a d v i s e r i s n ' t s o c h u m m y , y o u s t i l l w a n t t o d o t h e s e s a m e t h i n g s ; y o u j u s t w a n t t o d o i t m o r e c a r e f u l l y . / p > p > / p > p > * I f y o u s t i l l h a v e t i m e , s e t u p y o u r o w n l a b i n t h e c o r n e r o f y o u r a d v i s e r ' s . I f y o u a r e n ' t a p p l y i n g f o r j o b s r i g h t n o w , t h e r e ' s s t i l l t i m e . T a l k t o y o u r a d v i s e r a b o u t c a r v i n g o u t y o u r o w n r e s e a r c h n i c h e w i t h i n t h e l a r g e r r e s e a r c h e f f o r t , w h e r e y o u d o w o r k m o t i v a t e d b y y o u r o w n o r i g i n a l i d e a s , s o m e t h i n g r e l a t e d b u t o b l i q u e t o w h a t y o u r a d v i s e r i s d o i n g i n t h e r e s t o f t h e l a b . / p > p > / p > p > I s t h e r e s e a r c h p l a n m o r e i m p o r t a n t i n t h e s c r e e n i n g p h a s e o r l a t e i n t h e g a m e ? / p > p > I n g e n e r a l , r e s e a r c h p l a n s a r e w e i g h e d m o r e h e a v i l y l a t e r i n t h e g a m e , w i t h m o r e r e a d i l y c o m p r e h e n s i b l e e v i d e n c e ( e s p e c i a l l y p e d i g r e e , l e t t e r s o f r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , i m p a c t f a c t o r o f j o u r n a l s , e t c . ) b e i n g w e i g h e d m o r e h e a v i l y i n t h e e a r l y r o u n d s . / p > p > / p > p > H o w e v e r , y o u r r e s e a r c h p l a n m u s t b e d e s i g n e d t o s e r v e m o r e t h a n o n e p u r p o s e . I t m u s t w i t h s t a n d i n t e n s e s c r u t i n y i n t h e l a t e r r o u n d s o f t h e j o b s e a r c h , a n d i t m u s t m a k e a g o o d f i r s t i m p r e s s i o n . / p > p > / p > p > * * * / p > p > / p > p > H o w l o n g s h o u l d i t b e ? / p > p > O p i n i o n s v a r y . O n e p e r s o n I s p o k e t o s a i d t h a t a r e s e a r c h p l a n s h o u l d b e " a b o u t t h r e e p a g e s o f 1 . 5 - s p a c e d t e x t , a n d N E V E R m o r e t h a n f i v e . " A n o t h e r s o u r c e p r e f e r s " t h r e e s e m i - i n d e p e n d e n t ( b u t r e l a t e d ) s u b p r o p o s a l s n o t m o r e t h a n a b o u t t h r e e t o f o u r p a g e s ( s i n g l e - s p a c e d ) e a c h w i t h a h a l f p a g e o f i m p o r t a n t a n d r e l e v a n t r e f e r e n c e s . " T h a t ' s n i n e t o 1 2 p a g e s . T h e r e i s s o m e v a r i a t i o n f r o m o n e d i s c i p l i n e t o t h e n e x t ( t h e f i r s t o f t h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s c a m e f r o m a m e d i c a l s c h o o l , t h e s e c o n d f r o m a d e p a r t m e n t o f c h e m i s t r y ) , b u t t h e r e a r e f e w i f a n y s t a n d a r d s e v e n w i t h i n a f i e l d . T h i s s h o w s h o w m u c h o f a c r a p s h o o t g e t t i n g h i r e d c a n b e : B e c a u s e y o u u s u a l l y d o n ' t k n o w i n a d v a n c e h o w l o n g a d o c u m e n t t h e h i r i n g c o m m i t t e e i s l o o k i n g f o r , t h e r e ' s l i t t l e c h a n c e o f t h e s a m e c a n d i d a t e , n o m a t t e r h o w q u a l i f i e d , g e t t i n g o f f e r s f r o m b o t h o f t h e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s . / p > p > / p > p > M y r e c o m m e n d a t i o n ? C a l l t h e c h a i r o f t h e h i r i n g c o m m i t t e e ( o r s e n d e - m a i l ) a n d a s k f o r a d v i c e . I f n o a d v i c e i s f o r t h c o m i n g , a i m f o r f i v e p a g e s , 1 2 - p o i n t T i m e s N e w R o m a n , 1 . 5 s p a c e d . S o m e w i l l t h i n k i t ' s a b i t t o o l o n g , o t h e r s a b i t t o o s h o r t , b u t n o o n e w i l l t h r o w i t o u t b e c a u s e o f i t s l e n g t h . / p > p > / p > p > / p > p > R e m e m b e r t h a t w e s a i d t h a t a r e s e a r c h p l a n n e e d s t o h e l p y o u t h r o u g h i n i t i a l s c r e e n i n g a n d w i t h s t a n d c a r e f u l s c r u t i n y i n t h e l a t e r s t a g e s . / d i v > / d i v > s c r i p t i d = " s h o w _ g _ d 1 " > / s c r i p t > s c r i p t s r c = " / / j s . 5 1 t e s t . n e t / m _ j s _ n e w / m _ s h o w _ d o w n . j s " > / s c r i p t > d i v c l a s s = " l i s t - b o x " >。

A Modest Proposal（一个温和的建议）[1] It is a melancholy Object to those, who walk through this great Town, 1 or travelin the Country, when they see the Streets, the Roads, and Cabin-Doors, crowded with Beggars of the female Sex, followed by three, four, or six Children, all in Rags, and importuning every Passenger for an Alms.对于走过这座大城市，或在乡间旅行的人，他们看到的这些景象真是悲凉：街上、马路上、茅屋内挤满了女乞丐，后面跟着三个、四个或六个衣衫褴褛的孩子，向每个路人强要施舍。

These Mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in Strolling, to beg Sustenance for their helpless Infants, who, as they grow up either turn Thieves for want of work, or leave their dear native Country to fight for the Pretender in Spain, 2 or sell themselves to the Barbadoes.这些母亲无法靠诚实劳动谋生，被迫终日游荡去养活那些无助的孩子，这些孩子长大后要么因找不到工作而沦为小偷，要么背井离乡去为西班牙那个觊觎王位者卖命，也许还会卖身到巴巴多斯。

A Modest ProposalFor preventing the children of poor people in Ireland,from being a burden on their parents or country,and for making them beneficial to the publick.by Dr.Jonathan Swift1729It is a melancholy object to those,who walk through this great town,or travel in the country,when they see the streets,the roads,and cabbin-doors crowded with beggars of the female sex,followed by three,four,or six children,all in rags,and importuning every passenger for an alms.These mothers, instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood,are forced to employ all their time in stroling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who,as they grow up,either turn thieves for want of work,or leave their dear native country,to fight for the Pretender in Spain,or sell themselves to the Barbadoes.I think it is agreed by all parties,that this prodigious number of children in the arms,or on the backs,or at the heels of their mothers,and frequently of their fathers,is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom,a very great additional grievance;and therefore whoever could find out a fair,cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the commonwealth,would deserve so well of the publick,as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation. But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed beggars:it is of a much greater extent,and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain age,who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them,as those who demand our charity in the streets.As to my own part,having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject,and maturely weighed the several schemes of our projectors,I have always found them grossly mistaken in their computation.It is true,a child just dropt from its dam,may be supported by her milk,for a solar year,with little other nourishment:at most not above the value of two shillings, which the mother may certainly get,or the value in scraps,by her lawful occupation of begging;and it is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner,as,insteadof being a charge upon their parents,or the parish,or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives,they shall,on the contrary,contribute to the feeding,and partly to the clothing of many thousands.There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme,that it will prevent those voluntary abortions,and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children,alas!too frequent among us,sacrificing the poor innocent babes,I doubt,more to avoid the expence than the shame,which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast.The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half,of these I calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple,whose wives are breeders;from which number I subtract thirty thousand couple,who are able to maintain their own children,(although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom)but this being granted,there will remain a hundred and seventy thousand breeders.I again subtract fifty thousand,for those women who miscarry,or whose children die by accident or disease within the year.There only remain a hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents annually born.The question therefore is,How this number shall be reared and provided for?which,as I have already said,under the present situation of affairs,is utterly impossible by all the methods hitherto proposed.For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture;they neither build houses,(I mean in the country) nor cultivate land:they can very seldom pick up a livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old;except where they are of towardly parts,although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier;during which time they can however be properly looked upon only as probationers;as I have been informed by a principal gentleman in the county of Cavan,who protested to me,that he never knew above one or two instances under the age of six,even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in that art.I am assured by our merchants,that a boy or a girl,before twelve years old,is no saleable commodity,and even when they come to this age,they will not yield above three pounds,or three pounds and half a crown at most,on the exchange;which cannot turn to account either to the parents or kingdom,the charge of nutriments and rags having been at least four times that value.I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts,which I hope will not be liable to the least objection.I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London,that a young healthy child well nursed, is,at a year old,a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food,whether stewed,roasted,baked,or boiled;and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a fricasee,or a ragoust.I do therefore humbly offer it to publick consideration,that of the hundred and twenty thousand children,already computed, twenty thousand may be reserved for breed,whereof only one fourth part to be males;which is more than we allow to sheep, black cattle,or swine,and my reason is,that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage,a circumstance not much regarded by our savages,therefore,one male will be sufficient to serve four females.That the remaining hundred thousand may,at a year old,be offered in sale to the persons of quality and fortune, through the kingdom,always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month,so as to render them plump, and fat for a good table.A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends,and when the family dines alone,the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish,and seasoned with a little pepper or salt,will be very good boiled on the fourth day,especially in winter.I have reckoned upon a medium,that a child just born will weigh12pounds,and in a solar year,if tolerably nursed, encreaseth to28pounds.I grant this food will be somewhat dear,and therefore very proper for landlords,who,as they have already devoured most of the parents,seem to have the best title to the children. Infant’s flesh will be in season throughout the year,but more plentiful in March,and a little before and after;for we are told by a grave author,an eminent French physician,that fish being a prolifick dyet,there are more children born in Roman Catholick countries about nine months after Lent,than at any other season; therefore,reckoning a year after Lent,the markets will be more glutted than usual,because the number of Popish infants,is at least three to one in this kingdom,and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage,by lessening the number of Papists among us.I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggar’s child(in which list I reckon all cottagers,labourers,and four-fifths of the farmers)to be about two shillings per annum, rags included;and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good fat child,which,as I have said,will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat,when hehath only some particular friend,or his own family to dine with him.Thus the squire will learn to be a good landlord,and grow popular among his tenants,the mother will have eight shillings neat profit,and be fit for work till she produces another child. Those who are more thrifty(as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass;the skin of which,artificially dressed,will make admirable gloves for ladies,and summer boots for fine gentlemen.As to our City of Dublin,shambles may be appointed for this purpose,in the most convenient parts of it,and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting;although I rather recommend buying the children alive,and dressing them hot from the knife, as we do roasting pigs.A very worthy person,a true lover of his country,and whose virtues I highly esteem,was lately pleased in discoursing on this matter,to offer a refinement upon my scheme.He said,that many gentlemen of this kingdom,having of late destroyed their deer,he conceived that the want of venison might be well supplied by the bodies of young lads and maidens,not exceeding fourteen years of age,nor under twelve;so great a number of both sexes in every county being now ready to starve for want of work and service:and these to be disposed of bytheir parents if alive,or otherwise by their nearest relations.But with due deference to so excellent a friend,and so deserving a patriot,I cannot be altogether in his sentiments;for as to the males,my American acquaintance assured me from frequent experience,that their flesh was generally tough and lean,like that of our schoolboys,by continual exercise,and their taste disagreeable,and to fatten them would not answer the charge. Then as to the females,it would,I think,with humble submission, be a loss to the publick,because they soon would become breeders themselves:and besides,it is not improbable that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice, (although indeed very unjustly)as a little bordering upon cruelty, which,I confess,hath always been with me the strongest objection against any project,how well soever intended.But in order to justify my friend,he confessed,that this expedient was put into his head by the famous Psalmanaazor,a native of the island Formosa,who came from thence to London, above twenty years ago,and in conversation told my friend,that in his country,when any young person happened to be put to death,the executioner sold the carcass to persons of quality,as a prime dainty;and that,in his time,the body of a plump girl of fifteen,who was crucified for an attempt to poison the Emperor,was sold to his imperial majesty’s prime minister of state,and other great mandarins of the court in joints from the gibbet,at four hundred crowns.Neither indeed can I deny,that if the same use were made of several plump young girls in this town,who without one single groat to their fortunes,cannot stir abroad without a chair,and appear at a playhouse and assemblies in foreign fineries which they never will pay for,the kingdom would not be the worse.Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people,who are aged,diseased, or maimed;and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course may be taken,to ease the nation of so grievous an incumbrance.But I am not in the least pain upon that matter, because it is very well known,that they are every day dying,and rotting,by cold and famine,and filth,and vermin,as fast as can be reasonably expected.And as to the young labourers,they are now in almost as hopeful a condition.They cannot get work,and consequently pine away from want of nourishment,to a degree, that if at any time they are accidentally hired to common labour, they have not strength to perform it,and thus the country and themselves are happily delivered from the evils to come.I have too long digressed,and therefore shall return to my subject.I think the advantages by the proposal which I have made are obvious and many,as well as of the highest importance.For first,as I have already observed,it would greatly lessen the number of Papists,with whom we are yearly overrun,being the principal breeders of the nation,as well as our most dangerous enemies,and who stay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender,hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many good Protestants,who have chosen rather to leave their country,than stay at home and pay tithes against their conscience to an episcopal curate. Secondly,The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own,which by law may be made liable to a distress,and help to pay their landlord’s rent,their corn and cattle being already seized,and money a thing unknown.Thirdly,Whereas the maintainance of a hundred thousand children,from two years old,and upwards,cannot be computed at less than ten shillings a piece per annum,the nation’s stock will be thereby encreased fifty thousand pounds per annum, besides the profit of a new dish,introduced to the tables of all gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom,who have any refinementin taste.And the money will circulate among our selves,the goods being entirely of our own growth and manufacture. Fourthly,The constant breeders,besides the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale of their children,will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year. Fifthly,This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns, where the vintners will certainly be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection;and consequently have their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen,who justly value themselves upon their knowledge in good eating;and a skilful cook,who understands how to oblige his guests,will contrive to make it as expensive as they please.Sixthly,This would be a great inducement to marriage,which all wise nations have either encouraged by rewards,or enforced by laws and penalties.It would encrease the care and tenderness of mothers towards their children,when they were sure of a settlement for life to the poor babes,provided in some sort by the publick,to their annual profit instead of expence.We should soon see an honest emulation among the married women,which of them could bring the fattest child to the market.Men would become as fond of their wives,during the time of their pregnancy,as they are now of their mares in foal,their cows incalf,or sows when they are ready to farrow;nor offer to beat or kick them(as is too frequent a practice)for fear of a miscarriage. Many other advantages might be enumerated.For instance, the addition of some thousand carcasses in our exportation of barrel’d beef:the propagation of swine’s flesh,and improvement in the art of making good bacon,so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs,too frequent at our tables;which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well grown,fat yearling child,which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a Lord Mayor’s feast,or any other publick entertainment.But this,and many others,I omit,being studious of brevity.Supposing that one thousand families in this city,would be constant customers for infants flesh,besides others who might have it at merry meetings,particularly at weddings and christenings,I compute that Dublin would take off annually about twenty thousand carcasses;and the rest of the kingdom (where probably they will be sold somewhat cheaper)the remaining eighty thousand.I can think of no one objection,that will possibly be raised against this proposal,unless it should be urged,that the number of people will be thereby much lessened in the kingdom.This Ifreely own,and was indeed one principal design in offering it to the world.I desire the reader will observe,that I calculate my remedy for this one individual Kingdom of Ireland,and for no other that ever was,is,or,I think,ever can be upon Earth. Therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients:Of taxing our absentees at five shillings a pound:Of using neither clothes, nor houshold furniture,except what is of our own growth and manufacture:Of utterly rejecting the materials and instruments that promote foreign luxury:Of curing the expensiveness of pride,vanity,idleness,and gaming in our women:Of introducing a vein of parsimony,prudence and temperance:Of learning to love our country,wherein we differ even from Laplanders,and the inhabitants of Topinamboo:Of quitting our animosities and factions,nor acting any longer like the Jews,who were murdering one another at the very moment their city was taken: Of being a little cautious not to sell our country and consciences for nothing:Of teaching landlords to have at least one degree of mercy towards their stly,of putting a spirit of honesty, industry,and skill into our shopkeepers,who,if a resolution could now be taken to buy only our native goods,would immediately unite to cheat and exact upon us in the price,the measure,and the goodness,nor could ever yet be brought tomake one fair proposal of just dealing,though often and earnestly invited to it.Therefore I repeat,let no man talk to me of these and the like expedients,till he hath at least some glympse of hope,that there will ever be some hearty and sincere attempt to put them into practice.But,as to myself,having been wearied out for many years with offering vain,idle,visionary thoughts,and at length utterly despairing of success,I fortunately fell upon this proposal,which, as it is wholly new,so it hath something solid and real,of no expence and little trouble,full in our own power,and whereby we can incur no danger in disobliging England.For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation,and flesh being of too tender a consistence,to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country,which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it.After all,I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion,as to reject any offer,proposed by wise men,which shall be found equally innocent,cheap,easy,and effectual.But before something of that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme,and offering a better,I desire the author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points.First,As things nowstand,how they will be able to find food and raiment for a hundred thousand useless mouths and backs.And secondly, There being a round million of creatures in humane figure throughout this kingdom,whose whole subsistence put into a common stock,would leave them in debt two million of pounds sterling,adding those who are beggars by profession,to the bulk of farmers,cottagers and labourers,with their wives and children,who are beggars in effect;I desire those politicians who dislike my overture,and may perhaps be so bold to attempt an answer,that they will first ask the parents of these mortals, whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to have been sold for food at a year old,in the manner I prescribe, and thereby have avoided such a perpetual scene of misfortunes, as they have since gone through,by the oppression of landlords, the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade,the want of common sustenance,with neither house nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather,and the most inevitable prospect of intailing the like,or greater miseries,upon their breed for ever.I profess in the sincerity of my heart,that I have not the least personal interest in endeavouring to promote this necessary work,having no other motive than the publick good of mycountry,by advancing our trade,providing for infants,relieving the poor,and giving some pleasure to the rich.I have no children, by which I can propose to get a single penny;the youngest being nine years old,and my wife past child-bearing.End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Modest Proposal,by Jonathan Swift ***END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MODEST 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Project proposal in Englishxx年xx月xx日目 录CATALOGUE •Project background•Project proposal content•Plan Implementation Plan•Risk assessment and countermeasures•Plan evaluation andoptimization•Summary of projectproposal01Project backgroundIndustry background01The project is related to the development of the tourism industry, whichis a rapidly growing sector that has significant economic, social, andenvironmental impacts.02The tourism industry is influenced by various factors, includingeconomic conditions, cultural trends, and environmental factors.03The industry has seen a shift towards sustainable tourism practices thatprioritize environmental and social responsibility.Project initiator and objectivesProject Purpose and Significance•The purpose of the project is to develop a tourism destination thatcontributes to sustainable development and community well-being.•The significance of the project lies in its potential to create positiveimpacts on the local economy, environment, and society.•The project will contribute to the local tourism industry by offering aunique and sustainable tourism experience, which will encouragevisitors to stay longer and spend more money in the area.•The project will also provide employment opportunities and revenuestreams for local businesses and communities, leading to improvedlivelihoods and economic development.02Project proposal contentOverall project planningProject overviewProvide a brief overview of the project, including its objectives,key features, and the problem it aims to solve.Project timelineSpecify the overall timeframe for the project, including keymilestones and expected completion date.Project teamIdentify the team members involved in the project and theirrespective responsibilities.Resources requiredSpecify the resources needed for the project, including human,financial, and material resources.MethodologyDescribe the approach and techniques that will be used to implement the project. Identify potential risks andchallenges that may ariseduring the project andsuggest strategies toaddress them.Propose a plan formanaging changes to theproject scope, timeline, orbudget.Provide details on thetechnical aspects of theproject, including software,tools, and technologies thatwill be used.Risk assessment Change management TechnicalimplementationProject Implementation DetailsSpecify the expected outcomes and benefits of the project, aligned with the project's objectives.Project objectivesList the tangible outputs that will be delivered as a result of the project.ProjectdeliverablesDescribe the impact of the project on the organization, including expected improvements in operations, processes, or financial performance.Project impactPropose a plan for evaluating the success of the project and suggest metrics for measuring its performance.Project evaluationExpected project outcomes03Plan Implementation PlanTime arrangement•Timeline: The project will be implemented over a period of 12 months,starting from January 1st, 2023 and ending on December 31st, 2023.•Phase 1: The first three months (January-March) will be dedicated toplanning and preparation. This includes research, design, andprocurement of necessary materials and equipment.•Phase 2: The next four months (April-July) will focus onimplementation. This phase involves building the project structure,conducting trials, and collecting data.•Phase 3: The last five months (August-December) will be dedicated toevaluation, refinement, and finalization. This phase includes analyzingthe data, making necessary adjustments, and completing the finalreport.Personnel division of laborDesignerResponsible for designing theproject structure and user interface.ResearcherResponsible for conducting research, collecting data, and analyzing results.Project ManagerResponsible for overall project coordination, resource allocation, and communication with stakeholders.DeveloperResponsible for programming and implementing the project.TesterResponsible for testing the project's functionality and ensuring its reliability.Requirement for high-performance computers, servers, and other necessary equipment. Requirement for various software tools for research, design, development, and testing.Requirement for a team of experienced professionals with different skills and expertise. Requirement for financial resources to cover costs such as salaries, equipment, and other expenses.Resource demand04Risk assessment and countermeasuresPotential RiskTechnical RiskThe project may face challenges in terms oftechnology implementation and system integration.Market RiskChanges in market conditions or competition mayaffect the project's profitability and commercialsuccess.Risk Response Strategies•Technical Risk: Conduct technical due diligence and engageexperienced technology partners or consultants to assist in technologyimplementation and integration challenges.•Financial Risk: Establish a project budget and monitor expenses closelyto avoid overruns. Seek financing options or合作伙伴关系以减轻财务压力。