Session 14, Information Technology and Virtual Su

信息与计算科学的英语英文回答：Information and Computing Science (ICS) is an interdisciplinary field that combines the study of information with the study of computing. ICS researchers are interested in how information is created, stored, processed, and transmitted. They also study the design and implementation of computing systems, as well as the applications of computing in various fields.ICS is a relatively new field, but it has already had a major impact on society. The development of the internet, for example, has revolutionized the way people communicate and share information. ICS has also played a major role in the development of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence and robotics.ICS is a rapidly growing field, and there is a high demand for ICS professionals. ICS graduates can work in avariety of fields, including information technology, software development, and data science.Here are some of the specific topics that ICS researchers study:Information theory studies the mathematical properties of information.Computer science studies the design and implementation of computing systems.Data science studies the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.Artificial intelligence studies the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.Robotics studies the design and construction of robots.ICS is a challenging and rewarding field. ICS graduateshave the opportunity to make a real difference in the world by developing new technologies that solve important problems.中文回答：信息与计算科学（ICS）是一门交叉学科，它将信息的学习与计算的学习结合在一起。

第1篇IntroductionThe purpose of this English classroom research and development (教研) activity is to explore effective strategies for enhancing English language learning in our school. By engaging in a collaborative教研session, teachers can share their experiences, discuss challenges, and brainstorm innovative teaching methods. This activity aims to foster a supportive learning environment and improve the overall quality of English instruction.I. BackgroundIn recent years, the importance of English language proficiency has been increasingly recognized in our school. However, despite the efforts of our dedicated teachers, there are still areas that need improvement. To address these challenges, we have organized this教研活动 to promote knowledge sharing and professional growth among the English faculty.II. Objectives1. To identify common challenges faced by English language teachers in our school.2. To discuss effective teaching strategies and resources that can be implemented in the classroom.3. To encourage collaborative planning and sharing of best practices among teachers.4. To enhance the overall quality of English language instruction.III. Activity StructureThe教研 activity will be conducted over a period of two hours and will consist of the following segments:A. Introduction and Icebreaker- Objective: To create a comfortable and collaborative atmosphere among participants.- Activities:1. A brief welcome speech by the教研 leader.2. A fun icebreaker activity to get everyone engaged and comfortable.B. Sharing of Experiences and Challenges- Objective: To identify common challenges faced by English language teachers.- Activities:1. Each teacher will share their experiences and challenges in teaching English.2. A group discussion to identify common issues and brainstorm potential solutions.C. Effective Teaching Strategies- Objective: To explore and discuss effective teaching strategies.- Activities:1. A presentation on various teaching strategies, such as project-based learning, cooperative learning, and technology integration.2. A roundtable discussion on how these strategies can be applied in the English classroom.D. Resource Sharing- Objective: To promote the sharing of teaching resources among teachers.- Activities:1. A showcase of innovative teaching materials and resources.2. A platform for teachers to exchange and discuss resources that have been successful in their classrooms.E. Collaborative Planning and Best Practices- Objective: To encourage collaborative planning and the sharing of best practices.- Activities:1. Small group discussions on how to create engaging lesson plans.2. A presentation of best practices from each group.F. Feedback and Reflection- Objective: To gather feedback and reflect on the activity.- Activities:1. A brief feedback session to discuss the strengths and areas for improvement of the教研 activity.2. A reflective activity to encourage participants to think about how they can implement new strategies and ideas in their own classrooms.IV. Expected OutcomesWe anticipate that this教研 activity will lead to the following outcomes:1. A deeper understanding of common challenges faced by English language teachers.2. Increased knowledge of effective teaching strategies and resources.3. Enhanced collaboration and communication among teachers.4. Improved overall quality of English language instruction.V. ConclusionThis English classroom research and development activity is a crucial step towards enhancing English language learning in our school. By fostering a collaborative and supportive environment, we can ensure that our students receive the highest quality of English instruction. We look forward to the positive outcomes of this activity and the continued growth of our English faculty.References- Brown, H. D., & Yule, G. (1983). Teaching the language skills: A practical guide. Cambridge University Press.- Harmer, J. (2007). The practice of English language teaching (4th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.- Nunan, D. (1991). Language teaching methodology: A textbook for teachers. Cambridge University Press.第2篇Introduction:The English language teaching and research department at our school has recently organized a comprehensive教研活动 aimed at enhancing thequality of English language instruction. This activity brought together teachers, educational experts, and administrators to discuss current teaching practices, explore innovative methods, and share insights into effective English language teaching. The following report details the highlights of the教研活动, including the objectives, methodologies, outcomes, and recommendations for future improvement.I. Objectives of the Research and Development Activity1. To identify the current challenges and strengths in English language teaching at our school.2. To explore and implement innovative teaching strategies that promote student engagement and language proficiency.3. To enhance the professional development of English language teachers through collaborative learning and knowledge sharing.4. To assess the effectiveness of the new teaching approaches and make necessary adjustments for continuous improvement.II. MethodologyThe教研活动采用以下方法进行：1. Pre-activity surveys: Teachers were asked to complete surveys regarding their teaching experiences, challenges, and areas for improvement.2. Workshops: Experts from various educational institutions were invited to conduct workshops on innovative teaching methods and student-centered approaches.3. Case studies: Successful teaching practices from other schools were presented and discussed to inspire new ideas.4. Group discussions: Teachers were divided into small groups to share their experiences, brainstorm solutions, and collaborate on lesson planning.5. Action research: Teachers were encouraged to conduct small-scale experiments in their classrooms to test new teaching strategies and gather feedback.III. Outcomes1. Enhanced teacher awareness: Participants gained a deeper understanding of the importance of student engagement, language proficiency, and cultural competence in English language teaching.2. New teaching strategies: Teachers learned about various techniques such as project-based learning, cooperative learning, and technology integration to improve student learning outcomes.3. Collaborative learning: The activity fostered a sense of community among teachers, promoting knowledge sharing and mutual support.4. Improved student performance: Preliminary results indicate that students who participated in the new teaching approaches showed improved language proficiency and engagement in the classroom.IV. Recommendations for Future Improvement1. Ongoing professional development: Regular training sessions and workshops should be organized to keep teachers updated on the latest teaching trends and best practices.2. Continuous evaluation: Regular assessments should be conducted to monitor the effectiveness of the new teaching approaches and make necessary adjustments.3. Technology integration: Schools should invest in technology resources to support teachers in implementing innovative teaching strategies.4. Collaboration with other schools: Establishing partnerships with other educational institutions can facilitate knowledge sharing and collaborative research.5. Parental involvement: Encouraging parental involvement in theirchild's language learning can contribute to a more conducive learning environment.Conclusion:The English language教研活动取得了显著成果，不仅提高了教师的教学水平和学生的语言能力，还促进了教师之间的合作与交流。

第1篇Objective:The main objective of this English Integrated Skills class is to enhance students' ability to use English effectively in real-life situations. This will be achieved by integrating listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills through various activities and tasks.Grade Level:Grade 8Duration:1 hourMaterials:- Projector and computer for multimedia presentations- Handouts with reading passages and writing prompts- Whiteboard and markers- Timetable for activities- Headphones for listening exercises- Role-play props (if applicable)Lesson Overview:This lesson focuses on the theme of "Global Citizenship." Students will explore the concept of being a responsible global citizen through various integrated skills activities.I. Introduction (10 minutes)- Begin with a brief warm-up activity to get students thinking about the theme.- Use a PowerPoint slide to introduce the topic of global citizenship.- Ask students to share their initial thoughts and ideas about what it means to be a global citizen.II. Listening and Note-Taking (15 minutes)- Play a short audio clip related to global citizenship (e.g., a TEDTalk or a news report).- Instruct students to listen actively and take notes on key points.- Pause the audio at intervals and ask students to share their notes and discuss the information they have gathered.III. Reading and Discussion (20 minutes)- Distribute a handout with a reading passage on global citizenship.- Encourage students to read the passage silently and then discuss it in pairs or small groups.- Ask questions to guide the discussion, such as:- What are the main challenges faced by global citizens?- How can individuals contribute to global issues?- What are some positive examples of global citizenship?IV. Speaking and Role-Play (15 minutes)- Divide the class into groups of three or four.- Assign each group a scenario related to global citizenship (e.g., environmental conservation, cultural exchange, or social justice).- Instruct students to prepare a short role-play based on their scenario, using the information from the listening and reading activities.- Have each group present their role-play to the class, and thenfacilitate a discussion about the scenarios.V. Writing and Reflection (20 minutes)- Provide students with a writing prompt related to global citizenship (e.g., "How can you be a more responsible global citizen in your daily life?").- Instruct students to write a short essay or journal entry in response to the prompt.- Encourage students to reflect on their own experiences and ideas, and to use evidence from the lesson to support their arguments.VI. Conclusion and Assessment (10 minutes)- Summarize the key points of the lesson and reinforce the importance of global citizenship.- Conduct a quick assessment of the students' understanding by asking them to share one thing they learned or one action they plan to take as a result of the lesson.- Provide feedback on the students' writing and encourage them to continue exploring the theme of global citizenship in their own time.Assessment Criteria:- Active participation in all activities- Accuracy and fluency in speaking and listening- Clarity and coherence in writing- Depth of understanding and application of the themeExtensions:- Assign a research project on a specific global issue for homework.- Organize a school-wide event or campaign to promote global citizenship.- Invite a guest speaker from a relevant organization to discuss the topic with the class.Evaluation:This lesson will be evaluated based on students' engagement in activities, the quality of their writing, and their ability to demonstrate an understanding of the theme of global citizenship. Formative assessments will be used throughout the lesson to monitor progress and provide feedback. Summative assessments will be conducted at the end of the lesson to evaluate the overall effectiveness of the teaching strategies and activities.第2篇Objective:The objective of this English comprehensive practice class is to enhance students' overall English proficiency through various activities that focus on reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills. The class aims to create an interactive and engaging learning environment that encourages students to apply their language skills in real-life situations.Subject: EnglishGrade Level: 8th GradeDuration: 2 hoursMaterials:- Projector and computer for multimedia presentations- Whiteboard and markers- Handouts with reading materials- Writing materials (pens, pencils, notebooks)- Flashcards for vocabulary practice- English songs or audio clips for listening practice- Role-playing props or costumes (optional)Lesson Overview:This lesson will be divided into four main sections: reading, writing, speaking, and listening. Each section will have specific activities designed to develop the respective skills. The activities will be interactive, allowing students to work individually, in pairs, or in groups.I. Introduction (10 minutes)1. Greet the students and review the objectives of the lesson.2. Briefly explain the structure of the class and what each section will entail.II. Reading (20 minutes)1. Distribute handouts with reading materials relevant to the unit's theme.2. Students will read the material silently for 5 minutes.3. Facilitate a group discussion on the reading material, asking guiding questions to encourage critical thinking.4. Assign a reading comprehension task, such as summarizing the main points or identifying the author's purpose.III. Writing (25 minutes)1. Introduce a writing prompt related to the reading material or a current event.2. Students will write a short essay or paragraph based on the prompt, focusing on proper grammar, punctuation, and vocabulary usage.3. Provide students with a checklist to self-assess their writing.4. Peer-editing session: Students will exchange their writings with a partner and provide constructive feedback.5. Teacher will provide individual feedback on selected essays.IV. Speaking (15 minutes)1. Divide the class into small groups.2. Assign each group a role-play scenario based on the unit's theme.3. Provide students with a list of vocabulary and phrases that may be useful for their role-play.4. Allow each group 5 minutes to practice their role-play.5. Conduct a round of role-plays, with each group presenting their scenario to the class.6. Facilitate a class discussion on the role-plays, encouraging students to analyze the characters' motivations and actions.V. Listening (10 minutes)1. Play an English song or an audio clip related to the unit's theme.2. Students will listen to the audio and answer comprehension questions.3. Discuss the content of the audio and its relevance to the unit's topic.4. Assign a listening comprehension task, such as filling in missing words or identifying the main idea.VI. Conclusion (10 minutes)1. Recap the main points of the lesson, emphasizing the importance of each skill.2. Provide students with a homework assignment that reinforces theskills learned in class.3. Thank the students for their participation and encourage them to continue practicing their English skills outside of the classroom.Assessment:The assessment of this lesson will be based on the following criteria:- Participation and engagement in class activities- Quality of writing and ability to follow the checklist- Performance in role-plays and ability to apply learned vocabulary- Comprehension and understanding of the reading and listening materialsHomework:1. Students will write a short story or journal entry using the vocabulary and themes covered in the lesson.2. Students will listen to an English podcast or watch an English video related to the unit's theme and complete a listening comprehension worksheet.This English comprehensive practice class aims to provide a well-rounded approach to language learning, encouraging students to develop their reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills through interactive and engaging activities.第3篇Objective:The main objective of this English comprehensive practical class is to enhance students' ability to use English in real-life situations, promote their cultural awareness, and foster their critical thinking skills. The class will focus on integrating language learning with practical activities, cultural exploration, and collaborative learning.Duration:Two hoursGrade Level:Grade 7Class Size:30 studentsMaterials Needed:- Projector and computer for presentations- Whiteboard and markers- Handouts (maps, travel brochures, cultural articles)- Interactive online resources (websites, videos, quizzes)- Group work materials (notebooks, pens, scissors, glue)- World mapLesson Overview:1. Introduction (10 minutes)- Welcome and icebreaker activity to get students comfortable with the class environment.- Briefly introduce the topic of the class: Exploring the World Through English.2. Cultural Awareness (15 minutes)- Present a short video clip showcasing different cultures around the world.- Discuss the cultural aspects presented in the video, emphasizing the importance of cultural sensitivity and understanding.3. Language in Use (20 minutes)- Introduce key vocabulary related to travel and cultural exploration (e.g., “adventure,” “sightseeing,” “local cuisine”).- Conduct a role-play activity where students act out a conversation between two tourists and a local guide.- Provide feedback and correct any grammatical errors.4. Interactive Presentation (15 minutes)- Each student selects a country from a world map and presents abrief overview of its culture, history, and famous landmarks.- Use the projector to display relevant images and information.5. Group Activity: Travel Brochure Creation (30 minutes)- Divide the class into groups of three or four.- Each group is given a list of countries and must create a travel brochure for one of the countries.- The brochure should include information about the country’s culture, popular attractions, and tips for tourists.- Students must use the target language (English) to convey their information.6. Collaborative Review (15 minutes)- Each group presents their travel brochure to the class.- The class provides feedback and suggestions for improvement.- The teacher circulates and offers additional support as needed.7. Cultural Exchange (15 minutes)- Students exchange brochures with another group and take turns presenting the information to their peers.- This activity encourages students to engage with the material from different perspectives and deepen their understanding.8. Reflection and Conclusion (10 minutes)- Conduct a brief reflection activity where students write down one thing they learned about another culture and one thing they would like to explore in the future.- Summarize the main points of the class and encourage students to continue exploring the world through English in their daily lives.Assessment:- Participation in class activities and discussions.- Quality and creativity of the travel brochure.- Reflection writing.- Homework assignment: Students will write a short essay on their favorite country from the class and explain why they find it interesting.Additional Notes:- Encourage students to use technology and online resources to research their chosen countries.- Provide opportunities for students to correct each other’s work and learn from each other’s mistakes.- Ensure that the classroom environment is inclusive and respectful of all cultures.- Adjust the difficulty level of the activities according to the students’ proficiency levels.By the end of this comprehensive practical class, students should have a better understanding of different cultures, improved their English language skills, and developed a passion for exploring the world through language.。

信息管理与信息系统专业英语Information Management and Information Systems is a field that focuses on the use of technology and systems to manage and organize information. This includes the design, implementation, and management of information systems, databases, and other information resources. Students in this major learn about a variety of subjects including information technology, computer science, management, and organizational behavior. They also develop skillsin areas such as data analysis, programming, and project management. Graduates from this program can pursue careers as database administrators, IT consultants, systems analysts, and information managers in a variety of industries such as healthcare, finance, and government. This field is constantly evolving with the development of new technologies, making it an exciting and dynamic area of study.中文翻译:信息管理与信息系统是一个专注于利用技术和系统来管理和组织信息的领域。

OET练习题一、听力理解1. Listen to a conversation between a patient and a doctor. What is the patient's main concern?2. Listen to a short presentation about a new medical procedure. What are the potential risks mentioned?3. Listen to a doctor explaining a medical condition to a patient. What are the symptoms of the condition?4. Listen to a nurse describing the steps of a patient's treatment plan. What is the first step in the plan?5. Listen to a healthcare professional discussing the importance of hand hygiene. What are the key points made in the discussion?二、阅读理解1. Read an article about the impact of sleep on health. What are the main findings of the study?3. Read a report on the effectiveness of a new treatment for a chronic disease. What are the key results of the study?4. Read a case study about a patient who has been diagnosed with a rare condition. What are the challenges faced the patient and their family?5. Read an editorial about the importance of preventive healthcare. What are the main arguments presented in the editorial?三、写作1. Write a letter to a patient explaining the importance of following their medication regimen.2. Write a report on the findings of a medical study, including the methodology, results, and conclusions.3. Write a summary of a patient's medical history, highlighting the key symptoms and treatments.5. Write a reflective essay on the role of empathy in healthcare, providing personal examples to support your arguments.四、口语1. Discuss the importance of patient education in healthcare.2. Describe a challenging situation you have encountered in a healthcare setting and how you resolved it.4. Discuss the impact of technology on healthcare delivery.5. Describe a healthcare policy you believe should be implemented and why.OET练习题五、听力理解6. Listen to a healthcare professional discussing the importance of regular health checkups.7. Listen to a conversation between a nurse and a patient discussing postoperative care instructions.8. Listen to a doctor explaining the benefits of a new diagnostic test to a patient.9. Listen to a speech about the challenges of managing a chronic illness.10. Listen to a patient sharing their experience of dealing with a rare disease.六、阅读理解11. Read an article on the latest advancements in medical technology.13. Read a research paper on the effectiveness of alternative medicine in treating certain conditions.14. Read a policy document outlining the guidelines for managing patient confidentiality.15. Read a review of a new book on healthcare ethics.七、写作17. Write a memo to a healthcare team outlining the steps to be taken in the event of a medical emergency.18. Write a letter to a patient's family explaining the importance of home care following a hospital discharge.19. Write a press release announcing the opening of a new healthcare facility.20. Write a blog post discussing the role of nutrition in disease prevention.八、口语21. Discuss the role of interdisciplinary teams in healthcare.22. Describe a situation where you had to prioritize patient care and explain your decisionmaking process.24. Explain how healthcare professionals can support patients in managing stress.25. Discuss the challenges of maintaining worklife balance in the healthcare profession.九、听力理解26. Listen to a healthcare professional discussing the importance of mental health awareness.27. Listen to a conversation between a patient and a pharmacist discussing medication interactions.28. Listen to a talk about the impact of environmental factors on public health.29. Listen to a panel discussion on the future of telemedicine in healthcare.30. Listen to a patient sharing their experience of navigating the healthcare system.十、阅读理解31. Read an article on the global health crisis caused a pandemic.33. Read a review of a study on the effectiveness of a new vaccine.34. Read a policy brief on the challenges of healthcare accessibility in rural areas.OET练习题十一、听力理解36. Listen to a healthcare provider discussing the importance of patientcentered care.37. Listen to a patient describing their experience witha rehabilitation program.38. Listen to a doctor explaining the process of a medical procedure to a patient's family.39. Listen to a healthcare administrator discussing the challenges of managing a healthcare budget.40. Listen to a healthcare professional discussing the importance of infection control in healthcare settings.十二、阅读理解42. Read a patient education handout on managing diabetes through lifestyle changes.43. Read a research abstract on the effectiveness of a new treatment for a neurological disorder.45. Read a journal article on the psychological effects of longterm hospitalization.十三、写作46. Write a speech outline for a presentation on the importance of health literacy among patients.47. Write a brief report on the findings of a survey on patient satisfaction with healthcare services.48. Write a reflective essay on a personal experience that highlighted the importance of teamwork in healthcare.49. Write a press release announcing the launch of a new healthcare app.50. Write a letter to a healthcare provider expressing concerns about a patient's care and suggesting improvements.十四、口语51. Discuss the role of healthcare professionals in promoting health and wellness.53. Discuss the importance of patient confidentiality in the digital age.54. Explain how healthcare professionals can contribute to reducing healthcare disparities.55. Discuss the impact of burnout on healthcare professionals and strategies for prevention.十五、听力理解56. Listen to a healthcare professional discussing the use of telehealth in remote areas.57. Listen to a conversation between a nurse and a patient discussing the importance of followup appointments.58. Listen to a talk about the role of nutrition in the prevention of chronic diseases.59. Listen to a healthcare provider discussing the importance of patient advocacy.60. Listen to a patient sharing their experience with a support group for individuals with a similar condition.十六、阅读理解61. Read an editorial on the need for healthcare reform in the context of an aging population.63. Read a research paper on the effectiveness of mindfulness practices in healthcare settings.64. Read a policy analysis on the impact of healthcare policies on rural healthcare access.65. Read a book review on a healthcarerelated topic that has influenced your practice or understanding.OET练习题十七、听力理解66. Listen to a healthcare professional discussing the importance of health promotion in schools.67. Listen to a conversation between a doctor and a patient discussing the risks and benefits of a proposed surgery.68. Listen to a talk about the role of genetics in personalized medicine.69. Listen to a patient describing their experience witha rehabilitation program following an injury.70. Listen to a healthcare administrator discussing the challenges of implementing electronic health records (EHR) in a hospital.十八、阅读理解71. Read an article on the global burden of mental health issues and the need for increased resources.72. Read a patient information leaflet on the use of a new class of medications for managing chronic pain.73. Read a case study on the successful implementation ofa health information technology system in a healthcare organization.74. Read a report on the impact of climate change on public health and the need for adaptive strategies.75. Read a review of a study on the effectiveness of telemedicine in mental health care.十九、写作76. Write a letter to a healthcare professional requesting a referral to a specialist.79. Write a reflection on a recent healthcare training session and how it has improved your practice.80. Write a summary of a healthcare conference presentation, highlighting the key takeaways and implications for practice.二十、口语81. Discuss the importance of patient engagement in their own healthcare decisions.85. Discuss the challenges and benefits of working in a multicultural healthcare environment.二十一、听力理解. Listen to a healthcare provider discussing the importance of patient education in managing longterm conditions.87. Listen to a conversation between a nurse and apatient discussing the importance of medication adherence.88. Listen to a talk about the role of physical activity in preventing chronic diseases.89. Listen to a healthcare professional discussing the ethical considerations in endoflife care.90. Listen to a patient sharing their experience with a support group for individuals with a rare disease.二十二、阅读理解91. Read an article on the impact of sleep deprivation on healthcare professionals and patient care.92. Read a patient education guide on the signs and symptoms of a heart attack.93. Read a research paper on the effectiveness of mobile health applications in managing chronic diseases.94. Read a policy brief on the challenges of healthcare inequality and the need for equitable access.答案：一、听力理解1. What is the patient's main concern?2. What are the potential risks mentioned?3. What are the symptoms of the condition?4. What is the first step in the plan?5. What are the key points made in the discussion?二、阅读理解1. What are the main findings of the study?2. What are the possible side effects of the medication?3. What are the key results of the study?4. What are the challenges faced the patient and their family?5. What are the main arguments presented in the editorial?三、写作1. Write a letter to a patient explaining the importance of following their medication regimen.2. Write a report on the findings of a medical study, including the methodology, results, and conclusions.3. Write a summary of a patient's medical history, highlighting the key symptoms and treatments.5. Write a reflective essay on the role of empathy in healthcare, providing personal examples to support your arguments.四、口语1. Discuss the importance of patient education in healthcare.2. Describe a challenging situation you have encountered in a healthcare setting and how you resolved it.4. Discuss the impact of technology on healthcare delivery.5. Describe a healthcare policy you believe should be implemented and why.五、听力理解6. What is the importance of regular health checkups?7. What are the postoperative care instructions?8. What are the benefits of the new diagnostic test?9. What are the challenges of managing a chronic illness?10. What is the patient's experience with a rare disease?六、阅读理解11. What are the latest advancements in medical technology?13. What are the key findings of the study on alternative medicine?14. What are the guidelines for managing patient confidentiality?15. What are the main arguments presented in theeditorial on healthcare ethics?七、写作17. Write a memo to a healthcare team outlining the steps to be taken in the event of a medical emergency.18. Write a letter to a patient's family explaining the importance of home care following a hospital discharge.19. Write a press release announcing the opening of a new healthcare facility.20. Write a blog post discussing the role of nutrition in disease prevention.八、口语21. Discuss the role of interdisciplinary teams in healthcare.22. Describe a situation where you had to prioritize patient care and explain your decisionmaking process.24. Explain how healthcare professionals can support patients in managing stress.25. Discuss the challenges of maintaining worklife balance in the healthcare profession.九、听力理解26. What is the importance of patientcentered care?27. What are the medication interactions discussed?28. What are the environmental factors discussed?29. What is the impact of telemedicine in healthcare?30. What is the patient's experience with a rare disease?十、阅读理解31. What is the global health crisis caused a pandemic?33. What are the findings of the study on alternative medicine?34. What are the challenges of healthcare accessibility in rural areas?35. What are the ethical implications of genetic testing in medicine?。

信息技术应用与管理英文## Information Technology Application and Management.Information technology (IT) has become an integral part of our lives. It is used in every industry, from healthcare to finance to education. IT professionals are in high demand, and the job outlook for this field is expected to grow faster than average in the coming years.If you are interested in a career in IT, you will need to have a strong foundation in computer science and technology. You will also need to be able to work independently and as part of a team. You should be able to communicate effectively with both technical and non-technical audiences.There are many different types of IT jobs available. Some of the most common include:Network administrators design, implement, and maintaincomputer networks.Systems administrators install, configure, and maintain computer systems.Database administrators manage and maintain databases.Web developers create and maintain websites.Software developers design, develop, and test software applications.IT project managers plan, implement, and manage IT projects.IT security analysts identify and mitigate security risks.IT support specialists provide technical support to users.The specific skills and knowledge required for each ofthese jobs will vary. However, all IT professionals should have a strong foundation in computer science and technology.If you are interested in a career in IT, there are many different resources available to help you get started. You can take courses at a local college or university, or you can learn online. There are also many professional development opportunities available for IT professionals.No matter how you choose to learn about IT, the important thing is to get started. The field of IT is constantly changing, so it is important to stay up-to-date on the latest trends.## Benefits of Information Technology.Information technology offers many benefits to businesses and organizations. These benefits include:Increased productivity: IT can help businesses and organizations to automate tasks, streamline processes, and improve communication. This can lead to increasedproductivity and efficiency.Reduced costs: IT can help businesses and organizations to reduce costs by automating tasks, reducing paperwork, and improving communication.Improved customer service: IT can help businesses and organizations to improve customer service by providing customers with faster and more efficient access to information and support.Increased sales and marketing opportunities: IT can help businesses and organizations to increase sales and marketing opportunities by providing them with new ways to reach customers and promote their products and services.Improved decision-making: IT can help businesses and organizations to make better decisions by providing them with access to real-time data and information.## Challenges of Information Technology.Information technology also poses some challenges to businesses and organizations. These challenges include:Security risks: IT systems are vulnerable to a variety of security risks, such as hacking, viruses, and malware.Privacy concerns: IT systems can store and process large amounts of personal data. This raises concerns about privacy and data protection.Cost: IT systems can be expensive to purchase, implement, and maintain.Complexity: IT systems can be complex and difficult to manage. This can make it difficult for businesses and organizations to get the most out of their IT investments.## Future of Information Technology.The future of information technology is bright. IT is constantly evolving, and new technologies are emerging all the time. These new technologies are expected to have amajor impact on businesses and organizations in the years to come.Some of the most promising new IT technologies include:Artificial intelligence (AI): AI is the ability of computers to think and learn for themselves. AI is expected to have a major impact on a wide range of industries, from healthcare to finance to manufacturing.Blockchain: Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that is used to create secure and transparent records. Blockchain is expected to have a major impact on a variety of industries, from supply chain management to healthcare.Cloud computing: Cloud computing is a model for delivering IT services over the Internet. Cloud computingis expected to become increasingly popular in the years to come as businesses and organizations seek to reduce costs and improve agility.Internet of Things (IoT): IoT is the network of physical objects that are connected to the Internet. IoT is expected to have a major impact on a wide range of industries, from manufacturing to retail to healthcare.These are just a few of the many new IT technologies that are expected to emerge in the years to come. These technologies have the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work.。

信息管理与信息系统专业英语英文回答：Information Management and Information Systems.Information management is the collection, storage, organization, and dissemination of information. It is a critical function for any organization, as it allows for the effective use of information to make decisions and achieve goals. Information systems are the tools and technologies used to manage information. They can range from simple spreadsheets to complex enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.The field of information management and information systems is constantly evolving, as new technologies emerge and new ways of working are developed. This has led to a growing demand for professionals with the skills and knowledge to manage information effectively.Skills and Knowledge Required for Information Management and Information Systems Professionals.Professionals in the field of information management and information systems typically need to have the following skills and knowledge:A strong understanding of information management concepts and principles.Proficiency in a variety of information systems software applications.Excellent communication and interpersonal skills.The ability to work independently and as part of a team.A strong work ethic and a commitment to excellence.Career Opportunities for Information Management and Information Systems Professionals.There are a wide range of career opportunitiesavailable for professionals with skills and knowledge in information management and information systems. Some of the most common job titles include:Information manager.Information systems manager.Database administrator.Systems analyst.Business analyst.Project manager.Professionals in these roles can work in a variety of industries, including healthcare, finance, manufacturing, and government.Education and Training for Information Management and Information Systems Professionals.There are a variety of educational and training programs available for professionals who want to work inthe field of information management and information systems. Some of the most common programs include:Bachelor's degree in information management or information systems.Master's degree in information management orinformation systems.MBA with a concentration in information management or information systems.Certificate programs in information management or information systems.Professional Development for Information Management and Information Systems Professionals.In order to stay up-to-date on the latest trends and technologies in the field of information management and information systems, professionals should pursue ongoing professional development. This can be done through a variety of activities, such as:Attending conferences and workshops.Reading industry publications.Taking online courses.Participating in online forums and discussion groups.中文回答：信息管理与信息系统专业。

信息管理与信息系统在海外专业名称1. 简介信息管理与信息系统是一门综合性的学科，旨在培养学生掌握现代信息技术和管理理论，从而能够在企业、政府和非营利组织等各个领域中运用信息技术进行决策和管理。

海外专业名称主要是指在国外大学提供的相关学位课程或专业。

2. 海外专业名称分类根据不同国家和大学的教育体系和文化背景，海外专业名称可以分为以下几类：2.1 计算机科学类•Computer Science•Information Technology•Software Engineering•Computer Information Systems•Computer Engineering这些专业主要注重计算机科学基础知识的教育，涵盖了计算机编程、软件开发、数据库管理等方面的内容。

2.2 信息系统管理类•Management Information Systems•Business Information Systems•Information Systems Management这些专业侧重于将信息技术与管理理论相结合，培养学生具备信息系统规划、设计、实施和管理的能力，以支持组织决策和运营。

2.3 数据科学与分析类•Data Science•Data Analytics•Business Analytics•Big Data Analytics这些专业着重培养学生在大数据时代进行数据分析和决策的能力，包括数据挖掘、统计分析、机器学习等技术。

2.4 电子商务与数字营销类•E-commerce•Digital Marketing•E-business•Internet Marketing这些专业关注电子商务和数字营销领域的知识和技能，培养学生能够利用互联网和数字技术进行商务活动和市场推广。

3. 海外专业名称特点3.1 多元化海外专业名称多样化，涵盖了信息技术、管理理论、数据科学等多个领域，以满足不同学生的需求和兴趣。

Introduction 工作坊簡介：結合空間資訊、生物資訊及行為資訊的場域資訊學，近年來不但在研究領域上獲得高度注目，在實務與科技的開發應用上也有蓬勃的發展。

臺大智活特別邀請日本京都大學資訊學教育與研究中心場域資訊學門的教授群，透過工作坊的方式，與參加者深入探討與分享他們的研究經驗與成果。

內容包括了跨國合作格網(Language Grid)、文化工程 (Cultural Computing)、自然觀察(Biologging)、使用者參與式研發 ( Participatory production) 以及嵌入式模擬與遊戲設計( Participatory simulation/gaming)等豐富主題。

Program 議程：TIME TOPIC SPEAKER09:00 – 09:40 Registration09:40 – 10:00 Greeting and brief introduction ofField InformaticsProf. Toru Ishida石田亨 教授(京都大學)Session 1: Computing for Collective Intelligence and Culture10:00 ‐ 11:00 Service Oriented CollectiveIntelligence (Language Grid)Prof. Toru Ishida石田亨 教授(京都大學)11:00 ‐ 12:00 Cultural Computing : ExploringJapanese CultureProf. Naoko Tosa土佐尚子 教授(京都大學)12:00 – 13:30 LunchSession 2: Sensing Activities in Field13:30 ‐ 14:30 Biologging Asst. Prof. Junichi Okuyama奥山隼一 助理教授(京都大學)14:30 – 15:00 Tea BreakSession 3: Participatory Approaches15:00 ‐ 16:00 Participatory Production by End Usersand Industrial AccumulationProf. Hajime Kita喜多一 教授(京都大學)16:00 ‐ 17:00 Participatory simulation/gaming forscience communication: The role ofexperimentation in building futureAsso. Prof. Reiko Hishiyama菱山玲子 副教授(早稻田大學)※ 全程採英文演說，現場將不會提供同步中文翻譯。

信息管理与信息系统英语Information Management and Information SystemsInformation management refers to the process of organizing, storing, retrieving, and disseminating information in an organization. It involves managing data, knowledge, and technology to support decision-making, communication, collaboration, and innovation. Information management aims to ensure that the right information is available to the right people at the right time.Information systems, on the other hand, are the tools and technologies used to manage and process information. These systems can range from basic filing systems to complex enterprise resource planning systems. Information systems support the collection, storage, processing, and presentation of data in various forms, such as text, graphics, audio, and video.Information management and information systems are closely related and often used interchangeably. Information systems are an essential component of information management, as they provide the means to manage and process information effectively. However, information management goes beyond just technology and includes the human, organizational, and cultural aspects of managing information.Effective information management and information systems can provide several benefits to an organization. These include improved decision-making, increased efficiency and productivity, enhanced communication and collaboration, reduced costs, andimproved customer service. Additionally, information management and information systems can help organizations gain a competitive advantage by enabling them to capture, analyze, and utilize data and knowledge effectively.In conclusion, information management and information systems are integral to the functioning of organizations. They involve the management of information and the use of technology to support decision-making, communication, collaboration, and innovation. Effective information management and information systems can provide numerous benefits to organizations and help them gain a competitive advantage.。

信息技术导论英语Information technology (IT) has become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we communicate, work, and access information. This diverse field encompasses a wide range of domains, including computer hardware and software, networking, cybersecurity, data management, and artificial intelligence, among others. At its core, IT aims to develop and utilize technological solutions to enhance productivity, efficiency, and connectivity across various sectors.One of the most significant impacts of IT is the transformation of communication. The advent of the internet and digital communication platforms has shrunk the world, allowing individuals and organizations to connect and collaborate seamlessly across geographical boundaries. Email, instant messaging, video conferencing, and social media have become indispensable tools for personal and professional interactions. Additionally, IT has facilitated the rapid dissemination of information, making knowledge more accessible and democratizing education through online platforms and digital resources.In the realm of business, IT has revolutionized operational processesand decision-making strategies. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, customer relationship management (CRM) software, and data analytics tools enable organizations to streamline operations, optimize resource allocation, and gain valuable insights into market trends and consumer behavior. Moreover, the integration of IT into supply chain management has enhanced logistics and distribution networks, facilitating efficient product delivery and inventory management.Healthcare is another sector that has witnessed tremendous advancements due to IT. Electronic health records (EHRs) have improved data management and patient care coordination, while telemedicine applications have expanded access to medical services, particularly in remote or underserved areas. Furthermore, advanced imaging technologies, robotic surgeries, and computational drug design have revolutionized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, leading to improved patient outcomes and advancing medical research.Cybersecurity has emerged as a critical aspect of IT, as the increasing reliance on digital systems and the exchange of sensitive information has made data protection a paramount concern. IT professionals work diligently to develop robust security measures, such as firewalls, encryption techniques, and intrusion detection systems, to safeguard against cyber threats and ensure the confidentiality, integrity, andavailability of digital assets.Moreover, IT has played a pivotal role in advancing scientific research and innovation. High-performance computing (HPC) systems and sophisticated simulations have enabled scientists to tackle complex problems, analyze vast amounts of data, and model intricate phenomena across various disciplines, from astrophysics and climate research to drug discovery and materials science.As IT continues to evolve, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are poised to further transform our lives. AI algorithms are being integrated into numerous applications, from virtual assistants and predictive analytics to autonomous vehicles and intelligent decision support systems. IoT, on the other hand, is enabling the interconnectivity of physical devices and sensors, paving the way for smart homes, cities, and industrial automation.While the advancements in IT have brought about numerous benefits, they also raise ethical considerations and challenges. Issues related to privacy, data security, algorithmic bias, and the responsible development and deployment of AI systems require careful deliberation and proactive governance to ensure that technology serves the greater good of society.In conclusion, information technology has permeated virtually every aspect of our modern world, reshaping the way we live, work, and interact. As a dynamic and ever-evolving field, IT continues to push the boundaries of innovation, driving progress and shaping the future of our global society. Embracing the potential of IT while addressing its ethical implications will be crucial in navigating the technological landscape ahead.。

Minutes of meetingLC Paper NO.CB (1)63/00-01 Ref: CB1/PL/ITB/1Legislative CouncilPanel on Information Technology and BroadcastingMinutes of meetingHeld on Tuesday, 10 October 2000, at 12:30 pmIn the Chamber of the Legislative Council BuildingMembers present: Mr. Sun Changkai (Chairman)Mr. Howard Yang, JP (Deputy Chairman)Mr. Chen KunlunMiss Hu YifeiMembers absent: Mr. Li DapengMr. Zeng Xiaoxian.Clerk in Attendance: Miss Polly WenChief Assistant SecretaryStaff in Attendance: Ms. PaulineAssistant Secretary GeneralI. Election of Chairman and Deputy Chairman1. Mr. Chen Kunlun, the member with the highest precedence inthe Panel present at the meeting, presided at the election of the Chairman of the Panel for the 2000-1 session.2. Mr. Chen Kunlun invited nominations for the chairmanship. Mr.Sun Changkai was nominated by Mr. Yang Mincheng and seconded by Miss Emily Liu. Mr. Sun accepted the nomination.3. There being no other nomination, Mr. Sun Changkai wasdeclared elected Chairman of the Panel for the 2000-01 session.4. Mr. Sun Changkai took the chair and called for nominations forthe deputy chairmanship.5. Mr. Howard Yang was nominated by Mr. Chen Kunlun andseconded by Mr. Yang Mincheng. Mr. Yang accepted the nomination.6. There being no other nomination, Mr. Howard Yang wasdeclared elected Deputy Chairman of the Panel for the 2000-01 session.II. Schedule of meetings for the 2000-2001 session7. Members agreed that the regular monthly meetings of thePanel would be held on the second Monday of each month at2:30 p.m., starting from the month of November 2000. (Post-meeting note: Panel members have been informed of the schedule for the 2000-01 session vides LC Paper NO.CB(1)33/00-01.)III. Discussion items for next meeting8. Members agreed to schedule a special meeting for Thursday, 2November 2000, at 2:30 p.m.to discuss the following items.(a)…(b)…9. Members also agreed to discuss …+time.10. Members further agreed that…subject to the available of time,the following items would be considered at the meeting + time.(a)…(b)…IV. Any other business11. The Chairman remained members that the policy briefing bythe Secretary for Information Technology and Broadcasting on the policy areas of information technology and broadcasting would be held on Friday, 20 October 2000, at 11:30 a.m.12. The meeting ended at 12:45 p.m.Legislative Council Secretariat 12 October 2000。

第1篇Introduction:The English research and teaching hearing activity was organized with the aim of fostering a collaborative environment among English language educators to enhance teaching methodologies, share innovative ideas, and improve the overall quality of English language instruction. This summary aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key points discussed, the activities conducted, and the insights gained during the event.I. Event OverviewThe English research and teaching hearing activity was held over two days, attracting a diverse group of educators from various schools and educational institutions. The event was structured into a series of workshops, presentations, and interactive sessions, designed to cater to the needs of both experienced and novice English language teachers.II. Key Points Discussed1. Current Trends in English Language TeachingThe first session focused on the latest trends in English language teaching, emphasizing the importance of technology integration, project-based learning, and flipped classrooms. Participants were encouraged to explore these methodologies and adapt them to their teaching practices.2. Assessing Student LearningA crucial aspect of effective teaching is the ability to assess student learning accurately. The session on assessment techniques highlighted the significance of formative and summative assessments, as well as the use of rubrics and standards-based grading. Participants shared their experiences and best practices in this area.3. Teacher Development and Professional GrowthThe importance of continuous professional development for English language teachers was emphasized. The session explored various resourcesand opportunities for teachers to enhance their skills, such as online courses, workshops, and mentorship programs.4. Engaging Diverse LearnersAs English language classrooms become increasingly diverse, it is essential for teachers to be equipped with strategies to engage all learners effectively. The session on diverse learners discussed the importance of cultural sensitivity, inclusive teaching practices, and differentiation to cater to the varying needs of students.5. Language Skills and Content IntegrationParticipants were reminded of the importance of integrating language skills (reading, writing, speaking, and listening) into the curriculum. The session emphasized the significance of content-based instruction and how it can help students develop their language skills in a meaningful context.III. Activities Conducted1. Workshop on Technology IntegrationA hands-on workshop was conducted to introduce participants to various digital tools and resources that can be used in English language teaching. Participants engaged in practical activities, creating interactive lessons and exploring online platforms.2. Case Studies and Peer ReviewParticipants were divided into small groups to discuss case studies of successful English language teaching practices. Each group presented their findings to the larger group, followed by a peer review and feedback session.3. Interactive Sessions on Content-Based InstructionIn a series of interactive sessions, participants were encouraged to share their experiences and ideas on content-based instruction. These sessions were designed to promote collaboration and the exchange of innovative teaching strategies.IV. Insights Gained1. The importance of collaboration and networking among educatorsThe event highlighted the significance of building a strong professional network to support ongoing development and growth in the field of English language teaching.2. The need for continuous professional developmentParticipants recognized the importance of investing in their own professional development to stay updated with the latest teaching methodologies and technologies.3. The power of technology in English language teachingThe event showcased the potential of technology to enhance the learning experience and make English language instruction more engaging and interactive.4. The importance of cultural sensitivity and inclusive teaching practicesParticipants were reminded of the importance of creating a supportive and inclusive learning environment that respects and values the diverse backgrounds of learners.Conclusion:The English research and teaching hearing activity was a valuable opportunity for educators to come together, share ideas, and learn from one another. The event provided a platform for professional growth and collaboration, fostering a sense of community among English language educators. By incorporating the insights gained from this event into their teaching practices, participants are well-equipped to providehigh-quality English language instruction that meets the needs of diverse learners.第2篇Introduction:The English Research and Teaching Listening Activity, held on [Date], aimed to enhance the quality of English language teaching within our educational institution. The activity was attended by a panel of educators, including experienced teachers, department heads, and education experts. The session focused on improving listening skills, an essential component of language acquisition, and explored various strategies and techniques to be implemented in the classroom. This summary aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the activities, discussions, and insights gained from the session.Activity Overview:The listening activity was structured into three main segments: a demonstration lesson, a panel discussion, and a Q&A session. Each segment was designed to cater to different aspects of English language teaching and to foster a collaborative learning environment.1. Demonstration Lesson:The demonstration lesson was conducted by [Teacher's Name], an experienced English teacher known for her innovative teaching methods. The lesson focused on developing listening skills through a series of activities designed to engage students actively. The lesson began with a warm-up activity that encouraged students to predict the content of a short passage based on a given title. This was followed by a listening exercise where students had to listen to a recording and answer comprehension questions.Key highlights of the demonstration lesson included:- Active Engagement: The teacher used a variety of visual aids and gestures to keep students engaged and focused on the task at hand.- Differentiated Instruction: The teacher adapted the activities to cater to different learning styles and abilities within the class.- Technological Integration: The teacher effectively utilized technology to enhance the listening experience, such as using headphones and interactive whiteboards.2. Panel Discussion:The panel discussion was a platform for educators to share theirinsights and experiences regarding effective listening strategies. The panelists included:- [Panelist 1]: An English language curriculum developer with extensive experience in designing listening activities.- [Panelist 2]: A head of the English department, who provided an institutional perspective on implementing listening skills in the classroom.- [Panelist 3]: An educational psychologist specializing in language acquisition and learning strategies.Key points discussed during the panel discussion included:- Importance of Listening Skills: The panelists emphasized the importance of listening skills in language acquisition and its role in overall academic success.- Effective Listening Strategies: Various strategies were shared, suchas providing context before listening, using varied types of listening materials, and encouraging students to take notes while listening.- Teacher Training and Support: The need for continuous professional development for teachers in the area of listening skills was highlighted, along with the importance of providing them with adequate resources and support.3. Q&A Session:The Q&A session allowed participants to ask questions and seek clarification on specific topics. Some of the key questions and their corresponding answers are as follows:- Question: How can we encourage shy students to participate inlistening activities?- Answer: Create a supportive classroom environment where studentsfeel safe to express themselves, and use pair or group work to reduce individual pressure.- Question: What are some effective ways to assess listening skills?- Answer: Use a mix of formative and summative assessments, such as listening quizzes, reflection essays, and peer evaluations.Conclusion:The English Research and Teaching Listening Activity was a highly successful event that provided valuable insights and practicalstrategies for enhancing listening skills in the classroom. The demonstration lesson, panel discussion, and Q&A session were all instrumental in achieving the objectives of the activity.Key takeaways from the event include:- The importance of active engagement and differentiated instruction in listening activities.- The need for continuous professional development for teachers in the area of listening skills.- The value of using technology and varied types of listening materials to enhance the learning experience.Overall, the activity was a significant step towards improving the quality of English language teaching within our institution. We look forward to implementing the strategies and insights gained from this session to create a more effective and engaging learning environment for our students.第3篇Introduction:The English research and teaching listening activity was conducted with the aim of enhancing the teaching quality of English language education. The activity involved a series of lessons observed by a team ofeducators and researchers. This summary aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the activities, the observed teaching strategies, the strengths, and the areas for improvement.I. Background and ObjectivesThe English research and teaching listening activity was held at [Name of School/Institution] from [Start Date] to [End Date]. The main objectives of the activity were:1. To assess the effectiveness of different teaching strategies used in English language classrooms.2. To identify areas of strength and weakness in the teaching and learning process.3. To provide constructive feedback to teachers for continuous improvement.4. To promote a culture of research and innovation in English language education.II. Activities and MethodsThe activity comprised a series of observation sessions, follow-up discussions, and reflection meetings. The following methods were employed:1. Observation: A team of educators and researchers observed the lessons conducted by English language teachers. They focused on various aspects such as teaching methods, classroom management, student engagement, and assessment techniques.2. Interviews: After the observation sessions, the team conducted interviews with the teachers to gain insights into their teaching approaches and the rationale behind their choices.3. Student Surveys: Students were surveyed to gather their perspectives on the teaching and learning process. This helped in understanding the students' experiences and expectations.4. Reflection Meetings: Regular reflection meetings were held to discuss the observations, feedback, and suggestions for improvement.III. Observations and FindingsThe following are some key observations and findings from the activity:A. Teaching Strategies1. Teachers utilized a variety of teaching strategies, including interactive whiteboards, group work, and project-based learning.2. Teachers focused on developing students' speaking and listeningskills through activities such as debates, discussions, and role-plays.3. Teachers encouraged students to participate actively in the classroom by asking questions and providing opportunities for students to express their opinions.B. Classroom Management1. Teachers maintained a positive and supportive classroom environment, which fostered student engagement.2. Teachers were effective in managing classroom behavior and ensuring that all students were involved in the learning process.3. Teachers used classroom routines and procedures to maintain order and facilitate smooth transitions between activities.C. Student Engagement1. Students were generally engaged in the lessons, with many participating actively in discussions and activities.2. The observed lessons encouraged critical thinking and creativity among students.3. However, some students appeared less confident in speaking and required additional support from teachers.D. Assessment Techniques1. Teachers used a variety of assessment techniques, including formative and summative assessments.2. Teachers provided timely feedback to students, which helped them in understanding their strengths and areas for improvement.3. Some teachers could benefit from incorporating more diverse and innovative assessment methods to better evaluate students' language proficiency.IV. StrengthsThe following strengths were identified during the activity:1. Teachers demonstrated a good understanding of the English language curriculum and its objectives.2. The observed lessons were well-structured and focused on developing students' language skills.3. Teachers were supportive and encouraged students to participate actively in the learning process.V. Areas for ImprovementThe following areas for improvement were identified:1. Teachers should provide more opportunities for students to practice speaking and listening skills, especially for those who are less confident.2. Teachers could benefit from incorporating more varied and engaging assessment methods to better evaluate students' language proficiency.3. Continuous professional development and training for teachers in innovative teaching strategies and techniques are recommended.Conclusion:The English research and teaching listening activity provided valuable insights into the teaching and learning process in English language education. By identifying strengths and areas for improvement, theactivity has contributed to the continuous enhancement of teaching quality. It is essential for educators and researchers to collaborate and share their experiences to promote innovation and excellence in English language education.。

isa transactions引用格式（原创实用版）目录1.ISA transactions 的概述2.ISA transactions 的引用格式3.ISA transactions 的引用示例正文一、ISA transactions 的概述ISA transactions，全称为“Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard for Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Part 2: Data communication - Open Systems Interconnection - Basic Reference Model: Application Layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer", 是由国际电气和电子工程师协会（IEEE）制定的一种通讯协议。

该协议主要用于规定不同系统之间的信息交换，以实现开放系统互联（OSI）模型中的应用层、表示层和会话层的功能。

二、ISA transactions 的引用格式在撰写涉及 ISA transactions 的论文或报告时，需要按照规定的引用格式进行引用。

ISA transactions 的引用格式如下：【ISA transactions 引用格式示例】示例 1：根据 ISA transactions 的规定，我们可以实现不同系统之间的信息交换。

示例 2：在实现开放系统互联（OSI）模型中的应用层、表示层和会话层的功能时，我们需要遵循 ISA transactions 的规范。

三、ISA transactions 的引用示例在撰写论文或报告时，可以按照以下示例引用 ISA transactions：示例：根据 ISA transactions 的规定，我们可以实现不同系统之间的信息交换（参见 ISA transactions, IEEE Standard for Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Part 2: Data communication - Open Systems Interconnection - Basic Reference Model: Application Layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, 1988）。

Unit 1 : Our worldWords and Expressions分层练习一：英译汉1.digital __________________________________________2. typical _________________________________________3.onto _________________________________________4. midnight _________________________________________5. routine _________________________________________6. death _________________________________________7. button _________________________________________8. type _________________________________________9. select _________________________________________10. partner _________________________________________11. currently _________________________________________12. schedule _________________________________________13. conference _________________________________________14. tip _________________________________________15. location _________________________________________16. length _________________________________________17. electricity _________________________________________18. material _________________________________________19. junior _________________________________________20. dorm _________________________________________21. aspect _________________________________________22. edit _________________________________________23. element _________________________________________24. behavior _________________________________________25. related _________________________________________26. lantern _________________________________________27. time capsule _________________________________________28. hula hoop _________________________________________29. paper towel _________________________________________30. Chinese knot _________________________________________31. dragon boat _________________________________________二：汉译英1. _______________发生的事情;(尤指）重要的事情，大事2. _______________场面;片段;镜头；(尤指不愉快事情发生的）地点，现场3. _______________挣得；赚得；挣钱4. _______________独特的：唯一的5. _______________反应6. _______________机构；团体；组织7. _______________目标；目的8. _______________（使）改进：（使)改善9. _______________质量；品质10. _______________给予；递送11. ______________________________激励；鼓舞12. _______________获得；习得13. _______________挑战14. _______________义务工作者；志愿者；自愿做;义务做15. _______________高级的；较年长的人16. _______________(权利或状态)自由17. _______________探究；研究；探测18. _______________专指的；特指的19. _______________传统20. _______________显示，表明，表达21. _______________态度；看法22. _______________尊重23. _______________描述24. _______________ 视频片段；视频剪辑25. _______________ 总共26. _______________ 富有的；富裕的27. _______________ 喜爱；对…着迷;有兴趣28. _______________ 为⋯…感到羞愧29. _______________ 代表…30. _______________ 描述；涉及：与⋯相关一：词汇转换1.________________v.获得，习得________________adj.后天的，已获得的________________n.捕获，探测，习得________________n.取得，学得，才能，成就2.________________v&n. 挑战，质疑________________adj.挑战的引起挑战性兴趣的________________n.挑战者3.________________v. 修剪；减少n.夹子，片段________________adj.头等的，极好的________________adj.省略一部分的________________n.快速帆船，大剪刀________________ 视频剪辑________________ 纸夹________________ 剪贴画4.________________n.死亡________________adj.无生命的，呆板的n.死者________________adj. 临终的，垂死的________________adj. 致命的，死一般的adv.非常________________adj. 死了一样的5.________________v.描述，形容________________adj.描写的，叙述的________________n. 描写，描述6.________________adj.电的n.电路系统________________adj. 有关电的，电器科学的________________adv. 电力地，有关电地________________n.电力，电流________________n.电工7.________________v.激励，鼓舞________________adj.有灵感的________________adj.鼓舞人心的________________n.灵感，鼓舞8.________________v.反射，反映________________adj.反射的，反映的________________n.反射，沉思9.________________v.选择，挑选________________adj.挑选出来的________________adj.选择性的________________n.选择，挑选________________n.选择器，挑选者________________n.选择性，分离性10.________________v.回答，回应________________adj.负责的，可靠的________________adj.回答的，应答的________________adj.响应的，应答的________________n.责任，义务二：词汇翻译1. tipn. 尖端；小费；建议；vt. 给小费；倾斜，翻倒；装顶端；vi. 给小费；翻倒；倾覆；Stress analysis in variation states at crack tip and notch crown tip is presented.n. 时刻表，进度表；清单，明细表；预定计划；目录；vt. 排定，安排；将…列表；为…作目录；Next, the courtyard line suggestion's running schedule, is the very scientific reasonable running schedule.n. 常规；例行程序；生活乏味；（演出中的）一套动作；adj. 例行的；常规的；日常的；普通的；Routine ventilatory functions and F V curve configuration were determined with routine methods.vt.& vi. 回答，响应；vi. 作出反应，响应；回报或回复；n. [建]（柱，拱基等的）对称，壁联；Meanwhile, I have chosen not to respond to personal attack launched by MCA President.vt.& vi. 反射（光、热、声或影像）；考虑；vt. 反射，反照；表达；显示；折转；vi. 映出；反射；深思熟虑；慎重表达；Yet the Rockets reflect his vision the same way the Astros reflect Drayton McLane's.____________________________________________________________________________________________一：重点词汇长难句翻译1. routine n.常规；正常顺序While preparing for take-off,the flight attendant began her routine safety briefing. <2021年静安区一模阅读理解A篇>____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.reflect v.显示，表明，表达Every time I reflect on that cross-country season, I’m reminded of something: Pride is no substitute for pace. <2021年宝山区一模阅读理解A篇>____________________________________________________________________________________________3.select v.选择；挑选The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts,pure, unprejudiced, objectively selected facts. <2020年松江区一模阅读理解C篇>____________________________________________________________________________________________4.tip n.指点；实用的提示A garden expert will share tips and advice for the best gardening practices during the 45-minute session (beginning on June 2).<2020年青浦区一模阅读理解B篇>____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.deliver v.给予；递送David Miles, an Australian inventor has been accused of cheating desperate farmers by charging up to $50,000 Australian dollars for delivering rain on demand without so much as explaining the technology behind his business. <2020年杨浦区一模阅读理解A篇>____________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.inspire v.激励；鼓舞The student’s question inspired Belkhir’s latest research on the global emissions footprint of information and communications technology. <2020年崇明区一模阅读理解C篇>____________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.refer to phrase.描述；涉及；与…有关Sentimental Americans often refer to themselves not as cat-owners but as the cat’s “mommy” or “daddy”. <2020年静安区一模阅读理解A篇>____________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.scene n.场面；片段；镜头The first time I visited the fireflies, I didn’t have the pressure of trying to capture and convey this astonishing scene. <2020年长宁区二模阅读理解A篇>____________________________________________________________________________________________。

信息技术对大学生学习的影响的英语六级作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Awesome and Scary World of Technology for University StudentsHi there! My name is Timmy and I'm 8 years old. My big sister Sophie just started university last year, and she's been telling me all about her experiences with using technology for learning. It's crazy how much things have changed since my parents were in university! Let me tell you about some of the awesome and scary ways that information technology is impacting university students like my sister.First off, the awesome parts! One of the biggest ways technology helps is by making it super easy to access information from anywhere. My sister can use her laptop, tablet or even just her smartphone to instantly look up facts, definitions, videos and all sorts of learning materials online whenever she needs them for her classes and assignments. It's like having a whole library at her fingertips 24/7!She also uses lots of educational apps, websites and online learning platforms for her courses. Her professors post video lectures, readings, quizzes and other materials for students to go through. That means if she misses a class or needs to re-watch something, it's right there for her. She can learn at her own pace and on her own schedule, which is really convenient.Speaking of convenience, technology allows her to collaborate with classmates and professors so easily now too. They can discuss assignments and group projects over video chat, shared documents and messaging apps. Her professors have online office hours via video call as well for extra help. She doesn't have to be in the same room as someone to work together, which is awesome!Another great use of technology is for doing research for papers and projects. With so many academic databases, journals, and digital libraries online now, she has the world's knowledge at her fingertips for finding sources and information. It makes the research process way easier compared to how it used to be done with just physical books and libraries.Those are some of the biggest awesome ways technology is helping university students learn. But there are definitely some scary sides to it too that my sister has faced. One issue is that willall that connectivity and information accessible anywhere, it can be really distracting and hard to stay focused. It's so tempting to get sucked into social media, video games, online shopping and whatever else when you're trying to study or do work.Another downside is about online privacy and security. My sister has to be super careful to keep her passwords, personal info and data secure from hackers and identity theft when using technology for school. There's also the risk of cheating happening more easily by students sharing files and information in underhanded ways.Speaking of cheating, technology has made plagiarism a bigger problem too. It's easier than ever to copy information from online sources without properly citing it. So academic integrity rules have had to become much stricter to prevent that.A final scary aspect is the physical toll technology overuse can take. Looking at screens for hours and hours can really strain your eyes and body. My sister got tendonitis in her wrists from too much time typing on a laptop without proper posture. Universities actually have to emphasize teaching students healthy tech habits now.So in conclusion, while information technology has revolutionized university learning by vastly increasing access toknowledge, connectivity and convenience, it has also created new risks and challenges around distraction, cheating,privacy/security and physical health that students have to learn to manage responsibly. It has opened up an awesome new world of opportunities, but also requires being really careful and disciplined to not get trapped in the scary sides of that world.Those are my 8-year-old thoughts based on what I've learned from my sister! Even though I'm still a kid, I can see how important yet complicated this technology stuff is already becoming, especially for older students. I'm honestly kind of nervous but also excited to go through the university experience with even more advanced tech than she had when I'm older. I just hope I can stay focused enough to maximize the awesome benefits without falling victim to the scary downsides. Wish me luck!篇2The Impact of Information Technology on College Students' LearningHey there, everyone! Today, I want to talk to you about something really cool and important – information technology and how it affects college students' learning. Informationtechnology, or IT for short, is all about computers, the internet, and gadgets like smartphones and tablets. Let's dive right in!First of all, information technology has made learning super fun and easy. Back in the old days, students had to rely on heavy textbooks and handwritten notes. But now, with IT, we have access to a whole world of knowledge right at our fingertips. We can search for any information we need on the internet and find it in just a few seconds. Plus, there are so many educational websites, videos, and apps that make learning interactive and interesting.Not only that, but information technology has also made communication between students and teachers much easier. We can send emails to our professors, chat with classmates in virtual study groups, and even participate in online discussions. This means we can get help and feedback on our assignments faster and more conveniently. It's like having a virtual classroom where we can connect with others anytime, anywhere.Another amazing thing about information technology is that it helps us stay organized and manage our time effectively. There are many apps and software that can help us create schedules, set reminders, and track our progress. We can use online calendars to keep track of our assignments and deadlines. WithIT tools, we can be more productive and avoid procrastination. It's like having a personal assistant that keeps us on track!But hey, we need to remember that information technology also has its challenges. One big challenge is distractions. With social media, online games, and funny cat videos just a click away, it's easy to get sidetracked from our studies. We need to learn how to use technology responsibly and set boundaries for ourselves. It's important to find a balance between using technology for learning and having fun.Moreover, we must also be cautious when it comes to the reliability of information we find online. Not everything we see on the internet is true, so we need to develop critical thinking skills to evaluate the credibility of sources. It's always a good idea to cross-check information from multiple sources before considering it as accurate and reliable.In conclusion, information technology has had a tremendous impact on college students' learning. It has made learning more accessible, interactive, and convenient. We can find information quickly, communicate easily, and stay organized with the help of IT tools. However, we must also be mindful of the potential distractions and the need to verify the accuracy of theinformation we find online. So, let's embrace the wonders of information technology while being responsible digital learners!That's all for today, folks! I hope you enjoyed learning about the impact of information technology on college students' learning. See you next time!Word count: 404 words.篇3The Big Computers and How They Help Big Kids LearnHi there! My name is Johnny and I'm 8 years old. I love learning about all the cool things in the world, especially the big computers that my older brother Jake uses for his university classes. Jake is a really smart big kid who goes to a place called "university" to learn grown-up stuff. I don't fully understand what he's studying, but I know it has something to do with those big computers!You see, when Jake has to do his homework or write big papers for his classes, he uses this thing called the "internet" to find information. The internet is like a massive library that's inside the computer, except it has way more books and information than any regular library! Jake can search for anythinghe wants to learn about, and the internet will give him websites, articles, videos, and all sorts of stuff to help him out.But that's not all the internet does! Jake also uses it to talk to his classmates and professors. There are these cool apps that let him video chat with his friends, even if they're far away. They can discuss their assignments, share files, and work together on projects. It's like having a group study session without ever leaving the house! Jake says this helps them learn better because they can bounce ideas off each other and get feedback.Another way Jake uses the big computers is for something called "online classes." Sometimes, instead of going to a physical classroom, his professors will teach the whole lesson through the computer! Jake can log in from anywhere and watch the lectures, participate in discussions, and even take tests or submit assignments online. It's like having a virtual classroom that he can access anytime, anywhere.But wait, there's more! Jake also uses these special computer programs to help him with his work. For example, he has this one program that helps him write really good essays and papers. It checks his grammar, suggests better word choices, and even helps him organize his ideas. It's like having a super-smart writing tutor built right into the computer!And that's not all – Jake also uses programs to help him with math, science, and even coding (which is like teaching the computer how to do tricks!). These programs give himstep-by-step instructions, practice problems, and even video explanations to help him understand the tough stuff.Now, you might be thinking, "Wow, that's a lot of computer stuff! Doesn't it make Jake's brain tired?" Well, that's a great question! Jake says that while all these tools are super helpful, he still has to work hard and learn the material himself. The computers can't do all the work for him – they're just there to make things a bit easier and more efficient.But you know what's really cool? Sometimes, Jake even gets to use really advanced computers and technology for his classes! Like, there's this one class where he gets to program little robots to do tasks and solve problems. And in another class, he gets to use virtual reality headsets to explore 3D simulations of things like historical events or scientific concepts. It's like stepping into another world right through the computer screen!But overall, Jake says that these big computers and the internet have been a game-changer for his university education. They've made it easier for him to access information, collaborate with others, and even learn in new and exciting ways. And whoknows, maybe one day when I'm a big kid like Jake, I'll get to use all these cool technologies to learn too!So there you have it, folks – a glimpse into the world of information technology and how it's helping big kids like my brother Jake learn all sorts of amazing things. It's like having a whole library, classroom, and tutor rolled into one magical machine! And who knows what other incredible things these computers will be able to do in the future? I can't wait to find out!篇4The Impact of Information Technology on College Students' LearningHello everyone! Today, I want to talk about how information technology affects our learning as college students. Information technology has become an essential part of our lives, and it has greatly influenced the way we learn and acquire knowledge. Let's explore the positive and negative effects of information technology on our studies!Firstly, information technology provides us with easy access to a vast amount of information. With just a few clicks, we can find answers to our questions and explore various subjects.Online resources, such as e-books, articles, and videos, offer a wealth of knowledge at our fingertips. This convenience helps us to study more efficiently and saves us a lot of time. We can quickly research and gather information for our assignments and projects.Moreover, information technology has opened up new avenues for interactive learning. We can join online discussion forums or participate in virtual classrooms to engage with fellow students and instructors. Through video conferencing and messaging apps, we can easily communicate with our classmates and teachers, even if they are far away. This enables us to collaborate on group projects, discuss ideas, and seek help when needed. The ability to connect with a global community of learners broadens our perspectives and enhances our learning experience.Additionally, information technology has revolutionized the way we take notes and organize our study materials. Gone are the days of carrying heavy textbooks and notebooks everywhere. Now, we can use digital tools like laptops, tablets, and smartphones to store and access our study materials. With note-taking apps and cloud storage, we can create and updateour notes anytime, anywhere. This not only saves paper but also makes our study materials more organized and easily searchable.However, we must also be aware of the potential distractions that information technology brings. Social media platforms and online games can easily divert our attention from studying. It is crucial for us to develop self-discipline and set boundaries to ensure that we use technology for educational purposes rather than getting sidetracked by its entertainment value. We should learn to balance our screen time and prioritize our studies.In conclusion, information technology has had a profound impact on college students' learning. It provides us with quick access to information, facilitates interactive learning, and improves our study organization. However, we need to be cautious of the distractions it can present and learn to use technology responsibly. By harnessing the benefits of information technology while managing its drawbacks, we can make the most of this powerful tool in our educational journey. Let's embrace technology and become smart learners of the digital age!I hope you found my essay interesting and informative. Keep learning and exploring the possibilities that information technology offers!篇5Title: The Impact of Information Technology on College Students' LearningIntroduction:Hi everyone! I want to talk about how information technology affects college students' learning. Information technology is all about using computers, the internet, and other cool gadgets to do amazing things. It has changed the way we learn in many ways. Let's find out more!Body:Access to Information:With information technology, college students can easily access a vast amount of information. They can search for any topic on the internet and find lots of helpful resources. This makes learning more fun and interesting because they can explore different perspectives and learn beyond what is in their textbooks.Online Learning:Information technology has made online learning possible. College students can now take online courses and attend virtualclassrooms. This is super convenient because they can learn from anywhere, anytime. They can even replay lessons if they don't understand something. Online learning opens up more opportunities for students who may not have access to certain courses in their own schools.Collaboration:Information technology allows college students to collaborate with their classmates easily. They can use tools like email, instant messaging, and video conferencing to work on group projects and share ideas. This helps them learn how to work as a team and improves their communication skills.Digital Resources:Gone are the days of carrying heavy backpacks filled with books. Information technology provides digital resources likee-books, online libraries, and educational apps. College students can read textbooks on their tablets or smartphones, making it more convenient and eco-friendly. They can also use interactive apps and multimedia tools to make learning more engaging.Communication with Teachers:Information technology has made it easier for college students to communicate with their teachers. They can sendemails or use online platforms to ask questions or seek guidance. This helps them clarify doubts and get feedback on their assignments quickly. It also promotes a closer student-teacher relationship.Conclusion:In conclusion, information technology has greatly impacted college students' learning. It has revolutionized the way they access information, learn new things, collaborate with others, and communicate with their teachers. As technology continues to advance, it will bring even more exciting changes to the way we learn. So, let's embrace the power of information technology and make our learning journey even more amazing!Word Count: 331 words篇6The Amazing Impact of Information Technology on College Students' LearningHi there! I'm here to tell you about the incredible ways that information technology has influenced college students' learning. Technology has become an essential part of our lives, and it has revolutionized the way we learn and study. Let'sexplore some of the amazing ways it has shaped our educational journey!Firstly, information technology has made learning more accessible than ever before. With the help of computers, tablets, and smartphones, college students can access a vast amount of information with just a few clicks. Gone are the days when we had to spend hours searching through books in the library. Now, we can simply use search engines and online databases to find the information we need in no time!Moreover, online learning platforms have become increasingly popular among college students. They offer a wide range of courses and resources that can be accessed from anywhere, anytime. This flexibility allows students to create personalized study schedules that fit their needs. Whether it's reviewing lecture notes, watching educational videos, or participating in online discussions, information technology has made learning a dynamic and interactive experience.Another significant impact of information technology is the ability to collaborate with peers and professors more effectively. Through online platforms and social media, students can connect with classmates to discuss assignments, exchange ideas, and provide support. Additionally, digital communication toolssuch as email and video conferencing enable students to reach out to their professors and ask questions outside of class. This instant and convenient communication fosters a sense of community and enhances the overall learning experience.Furthermore, information technology has revolutionized the way we take notes and organize our study materials. Instead of carrying heavy notebooks and textbooks, students can now use note-taking apps and cloud storage systems to keep their study materials organized and accessible. These digital tools allow us to search for specific information quickly, create interactive study guides, and easily share resources with classmates.In addition to these benefits, information technology has also opened up new avenues for creativity and self-expression. College students can use various multimedia tools to create presentations, videos, and interactive projects to showcase their knowledge. This not only enhances their understanding of the subject matter but also develops their critical thinking and communication skills.However, it's important to remember that while information technology offers incredible opportunities, it also comes with challenges. The abundance of online information can be overwhelming, making it crucial for students to develop strongdigital literacy skills to evaluate and verify the credibility of sources. Additionally, the constant presence of technology can sometimes be distracting, so it's important for students to practice self-discipline and time management.In conclusion, information technology has had a profound impact on college students' learning experiences. It has made learning more accessible, flexible, and interactive. From accessing information with a few clicks to collaborating with peers and professors, technology has transformed the way we learn and study. So, embrace the power of information technology, but remember to use it wisely and responsibly. Happy learning!。

介绍发明英文1Before the invention of the electric light, our world was plunged into darkness once the sun set. People relied on candles and oil lamps for illumination, but they were dim and unstable, causing many difficulties. Can you imagine how inconvenient it was to read or work under such poor light? However, everything changed with the advent of the electric light!The principle behind the electric light is the conversion of electrical energy into light energy. This seemingly simple principle has brought about an earth-shattering revolution. With the electric light, cities are now ablaze with light at night. The streets are no longer dark and scary; instead, they are filled with vitality and activity. People can enjoy various recreational activities at night, and businesses can operate around the clock.The invention of the electric light has truly transformed our lives and work patterns. We can study, work, and socialize freely at night. Isn't it amazing how such a simple invention has had such a profound impact on humanity? It has opened up a new world of possibilities and has made our lives brighter and more convenient than ever before!2Smartphones have undoubtedly become one of the most remarkable modern technological inventions! How did this happen? Well, let's explore.The technological innovation of smartphones is truly astonishing. They are equipped with advanced processors, high-resolution screens, and highly sensitive touchscreens. These features have brought about a revolutionary change in our lives.The functions of smartphones are incredibly diverse. They have transformed the way we communicate. We can now easily make video calls with friends and family who are far away, isn't that wonderful? Moreover, they have revolutionized the way we entertain ourselves. We can play various games, watch movies, and listen to music anytime, anywhere.The impact of smartphones on how we obtain information is also huge. With just a few taps, we can access a wealth of knowledge and the latest news from all over the world. We can also use various apps to learn new skills and expand our horizons.In conclusion, smartphones have become an indispensable part of our lives. They have connected people from different corners of the world and provided us with endless possibilities. How amazing is that?3Printing, an extraordinary invention that has transformed the world! Imagine a time before printing was invented. Books were painstakingly handwritten, a process that was not only incredibly time-consuming but also extremely expensive. Only the wealthy and privileged could afford to own books, and knowledge was confined to a select few.But then came the invention of printing! What a revolutionary moment it was! With the ability to reproduce text and images in large quantities, knowledge could spread like wildfire. Suddenly, books became more accessible and affordable for the masses. This breakthrough had an immeasurable impact on the dissemination of culture and the spread of education.How did it change the world? It allowed for the rapid sharing of ideas and information. It opened the door to widespread literacy and learning. It gave people from all walks of life the opportunity to acquire knowledge and expand their horizons. Isn't it amazing how one invention could have such a profound and far-reaching effect?Printing truly is a testament to human ingenuity and the power of innovation. It has shaped our civilization and continues to play a crucial role in our progress and development.4Airplanes and the Internet are two remarkable inventions that have transformed human society in distinct yet profound ways. Airplanes have undoubtedly revolutionized long-distance travel! They have shrunk the vast distances between continents, enabling people to reach far-off destinations in a matter of hours. Isn't it amazing how we can now traverse the globe with such speed and ease? However, air travel comes with its limitations. It is costly and has a significant environmental impact.In contrast, the Internet has brought about an information revolution! It allows for the instantaneous transmission of knowledge and communication across the world. We can access an infinite amount of information at the click of a button. How wonderful is that? But it also poses challenges, such as the spread of misinformation and issues related to privacy.The airplane has opened up the world for tourism and business, fostering cultural exchange and economic growth. Meanwhile, the Internet has connected people like never before, facilitating remote work and global collaboration. Both inventions have their strengths and weaknesses, but they have undoubtedly shaped the modern world in ways we could never have imagined. So, which one do you think has had a more profound impact on humanity?5Vaccines are truly one of the most remarkable inventions in the field of medicine! How did they come into being? The process of their development is a long and painstaking one, involving countless experiments and research. Scientists have dedicated their lives and efforts to this cause.The mechanism of vaccines is fascinating! They work by stimulating the body's immune system to produce antibodies that can recognize and fight specific diseases. This is like giving the body a "training session" tobe ready for any potential invaders.The contribution of vaccines to global public health is simply immeasurable! For instance, the smallpox vaccine has eradicated this once terrifying disease that claimed countless lives. Polio vaccines have significantly reduced the incidence of polio, allowing children to grow up healthy and strong.Vaccines have been the guardians of human health and life safety! Without them, how many more lives would have been lost? How much more suffering would humanity have endured? We should be grateful for this wonderful invention and continue to support the research and development of more effective vaccines. How amazing and indispensable they are!。

In traditional supply chain inventory management, orders are the only information firms exchange, but information technology now allows firms to share demand and inventory data quickly and inexpensively. We study the value of sharing these data in a model with one supplier, N identical retailers, and stationary stochastic consumer demand. There are inventory holding costs and back-order penalty costs. We compare a traditional information policy that does not use shared information with a full information policy that does exploit shared information. In a numerical study we find that supply chain costs are 2.2% lower on average with the full information policy than with the traditional information policy, and the maximum difference is 12.1%. We also develop a simulation-based lower bound over all feasible policies. The cost difference between the traditional information policy and the lower bound is an upper bound on the value of information sharing: In the same study, that difference is 3.4% on average, and no more than 13.8%. We contrast the value of information sharing with two other benefits of information technology, faster and cheaper order processing, which lead to shorter lead times and smaller batch sizes, respectively. In our sample, cutting lead times nearly in half reduces costs by 21% on average, and cutting batches in half reduces costs by 22% on average. For the settings we study, we conclude that implementing information technology to accelerate and smooth the physical flow of goods through a supply chain is significantly more valuable than using information technology to expand the flow of information.Inventory management is a commercial enterprise management of the core areas, Enterprises can also achieve an effective key, if we can achieve from the purchase of stock, Sales then the entire flow of goods and capital flow situation for the unified management and reasonable production, timely sales and inventory is the smallest. reduce the backlog of material, then the business will achieve the best results.1.sessionIn my experience, session word is probably second only to the extent of the abuse of transaction, even more interesting is the transaction and the session in the context of the meaning of some of the same.session, the Chinese often translated into the session, its original meaning refers to the beginnings and ends of a series of action / information, such as a phone call from the dial to pick up the phone to hang up the middle of the process can be described as a series of session. Sometimes we can see that the case "during the session in a browser session ,...", term used here is its original meaning, is open from a browser window to close the period of ①. The most confusing is the "user (client) during the first session," the words, it may refer to a series of user actions (generally with a specific purpose related to a series of actions, such as log on to buy goods from to sign out such an online shopping checkout process, sometimes also called a transaction), but sometimes may be just that a connection could also be that the meaning of ①, the difference can only be inferred by context ②.However, when the term session is associated with the network protocol when it often implies a "connection-oriented" and / or "on hold" so the two meanings, "connection-oriented" refers to both the communication in the communication prior to first establish a communication channel, such as phone calls, until the other party answered the phone communication can begin, and this is the opposite of writing, before you sent the letter, the time you and can not confirm the other side of the address iscorrect, communication channels Buyi Ding can be established, but the sender, the communication has already begun. "Keep state" means the communication party is able to associate a series of messages, making messages between each other depends, for example, a waiter can recognize old customers come back and remember the last time the customer still owes a store, dollar . Examples of this type, "a TCP session" or "a POP3 session"③.And to the web server flourishing, session in the context of semantic web development has a new expansion, its meaning is mean to the client and server to maintain state between the solution ④. Session is also sometimes used to refer to such solutions, storage structures, such "stored in the session to xxx where" ⑤. For various 用于web development languages are available to some extent on the support of such a solution, so in the context of a particular language 下, session also used to denote a solution on behalf of the language, such as regular Java in the provision of javax.servlet.http.HttpSession referred to as the session ⑥.In view of this confusion has been changed, in this article use the term session will have different meanings depending on the context, drew attention to the resolution. In this article, the use of Chinese "during the browser session," to convey the meaning of ①, use "session mechanism" to convey the meaning ④, use the "session" expression meaning ⑤, use specific "HttpSession" to convey the meaning ⑥Second, HTTP protocol and the state to maintainHTTP protocol itself is stateless, HTTP protocol which is consistent with the original purpose of the client only needs a simple request to download some file server, either the client or the server not have been necessary records of past behavior to each other, and each time between the request are independent, like a customer and a vending machine or an ordinary (non-membership) as the relationship between supermarkets.However, smart (or greedy?) People soon discovered that if they can provide on-demand generation of dynamic web information will become more useful, like a cable TV with on-demand the same function. This demand on the one hand to force gradually add HTML form, script, DOM and other client-side behavior, on the other hand there is the server-side CGI practices to respond to client-side dynamic request, the HTTP protocol as the transport carrier also added a file upload , cookie these characteristics. The role which cookie is to solve the stateless HTTP protocol efforts defects. As for the subsequent emergence of the session mechanism is yet another in between the client and the server state solution.Let us use some examples to describe the session cookie and the differences and similarities between the mechanisms. I once frequented a coffee shop with free gifts to drink five cups of coffee offers a cup of coffee, but a one-time consumption of five cups of coffee is remote, then need a way to record a customer's consumption. Imagine that in fact nothing less than the following several options:1, the store's staff is very powerful, able to remember each customer's consumption, as long as customers entered the cafe, shop assistants know how to deal with the. This approach is the agreement itself to support the state.2, issue customers a card recording the number of consumers in general have a validity period. Each consumer, if this card is produced, then the consumer will be with the consumer before or after linking up. This approach is maintained in the client state.3, a membership card issued to customers, in addition to any information outside the card number is not recorded, each consumer, if the card is produced, then the records clerk in the store to find the card number corresponds to the record to add some consumer information. This approach is maintained in the server-side state.As the HTTP protocol is stateless, but due to various considerations do not want to become a state, therefore, the last two programs has become a realistic option. Specifically cookie mechanism is used to maintain state of the client program, which uses a session mechanism to maintain state in the server-side program. We also see that, thanks to server-side maintain state of the program in customer client but also Xuyaobaocun a logo, so mechanisms may need the help of session cookie mechanism to identify the purpose of Da Dao saved, it actually alternatives are available.Third, the cookie mechanismThe basic principle cookie mechanism as simple as the above example, but there are several issues to resolve: "membership card" how to distribute; "membership card" of the content; and customers how to use the "Member Card."Orthodox cookie distribution is by extending the HTTP protocol to achieve, and the server through the HTTP response header with a line of special instructions to prompt the browser in accordance with the instructions generates the corresponding cookie. But pure client-side scripting such as JavaScript or VBScript can also generate the cookie. The cookie used by the browser in the background according to certain principles automatically sent to the server. Check all stored browser cookie, if a cookie is greater than or equal scope statement will be the location of the requested resources, put the resources of the HTTP request cookie attached to the head sent the request to the server. Means that McDonald's membership card can only be produced in the McDonald's store, if a store has also issued its own membership card, then enter the store when the addition to produce McDonald's membership card, but also to produce a member of the store card.cookie's contents include: name, values, expiration time, path and domain.You can specify a domain in which a domain such as. , the equivalent of main store signs, such as Procter & Gamble, you can also specify a specific domain of a machine under such or , can float Flexibility to do than. Path is the name behind the URL with the path, such as / or / foo, etc., can do more than a counter Rejoice.Path together with the domain constitutes a cookie's scope.If you do not set the expiration time, then the lifetime of this cookie to the browser during the session, simply close the browser window, cookie disappears. This period of life of the cookie browser session is called session cookie. Session cookie is generally not stored on the hard disk but kept in memory, of course, provided that it is not standardized. If you set the expiration time, the browser the cookie will be saved to the hard disk, open again after closing the browser, the cookie is still valid until the expiration time exceeds a set.Stored in a cookie on your hard disk in a different browser, shared between processes, such as the two IE windows. And stored in memory for the cookie, different browsers have different approaches. For IE, open windows in a press Ctrl-N (or from the File menu) to open the window can be shared with the original window while using other means to open the IE process will not have to open the windows shared memory cookie; for Mozilla Firefox0.8, all of the process and can share the same tab the cookie. In general is the window.open javascript window will open with the original windows shared memory cookie.Browser, this cookie for the session cookie does not believe that people only recognize the approach to the use of the regular session of web application development mechanism causing great distress.Here is a goolge set cookie response header exampleHTTP/1.1 302 FoundLocation: /intl/zh-CN/Set-Cookie: PREF = ID = 0565f77e132de138: NW = 1: TM = 1098082649: LM = 1098082649: S = KaeaCFPo49RiA_d8; expires = Sun, 17-Jan-2038 19:14:07 GMT; path = /; domain =. google . comContent-Type: text / htmlThis is the use of HTTPLook the HTTP Sniffer HTTP communications software to capture the part of the recordGoolge browser to access the resources again, automatically send out cookieUse Firefox can easily observe the current value of cookieUse HTTPLook with Firefox cookie can easily understand the working principle.IE can be set to ask before accepting cookieThis is a dialog box asking to accept cookie.Fourth, understand the session mechanismmechanism is a server-side session mechanism, the server uses a hash table is similar to the structure (and probably is to use a hash table) to save the information.When the program needs for a client's request to create a session when the server first checks the client's request is included in a session ID - known as the session id, if the description contains a session id for this client previously Create over session, the server in accordance with the session id to retrieve the session out of the use (if not retrieved, may be the new one), if the client request does not include session id, then create a session for this client and generate a session with this associated with the session id, session id value should be a not only will not repeat, not easy to find the law to copy the string, the session id to be returned in this response to the client saved.Save the session id of the ways to use cookie, so the interaction of the browser can automatically identify this play by the rules to the server. The name of this cookie are generally similar to SEEESIONID, and. For example, web applications weblogic generated cookie, JSESSIONID = ByOK3vjFD75aPnrF7C2HmdnV6QZcEbzWoWiBYEnLerjQ99zWpBng! -145788764, Its name is JSESSIONID.As the cookie can be artificially prohibited, there must be other mechanisms to be banned in the cookie when the session id still be able to pass back to the server. Often use a technique called URL rewriting, the session id is attached to the URL path directly behind, there are two additional ways, one is the URL path as additional information, showing the form of http:// ... .. / xxx; jsessionid = ByOK3vjFD75aPnrF7C2HmdnV6QZcEbzWoWiBYEnLerjQ99zWpBng! -145788764The other is as a URL query string appended to the back, showing the form of http://...../xxx?jsessionid=ByOK3vjFD75aPnrF7C2HmdnV6QZcEbzWoWiBYEnLerjQ99zWpBng!-1 45788764Both ways is no different for users, and only a server parsing the time to deal with the different ways, using the first ways are conducive to turning one kind of session id's information and to distinguish normal program parameters.Wei Liao Zai the interaction always maintain state, we must each client may request a path to the rear of containing this session id.Another technique known as hidden form fields. Is that the server will automatically modify the form, add a hidden field, so when the form is submitted to the session id passed back to the server. Example, the following form<form name="testform" action="/xxx"><input type="text"></ Form>Being passed to client will be rewritten before<form name="testform" action="/xxx"><input type="hidden" name="jsessionid" value="ByOK3vjFD75aPnrF7C2HmdnV6QZcEbzWoWiBYEnLerjQ99zWpBng!-145788764"><input type="text"></ Form>Application of this technology is now less, I contacted the very old iPlanet6 (SunONE Application Server's predecessor) on the use of this technology.In fact this technology can simply apply to the action URL rewriting instead.When talking about the session mechanism, often heard of such a misunderstanding, "as long as the browser is closed, session disappears." In fact, imagine the example card, unless the customer to make sales on the store card, otherwise the store would not easily remove the customer information. This is also true of the session, unless the procedure to inform the server to delete a session, otherwise the server will remain on the program are generally done in the user log off when the send a command to delete the session. However, the browser will never take the initiative to notify the server will be shut off, so the server will not have the opportunity to know the browser has been the reason why there is such a misconception, the majority of session mechanism to use a session cookie to store the session id and close your browser the session id is gone, once again connect to the server will not be able to find when the original session. If the server cookie settings are saved to the hard disk, or use some means to rewrite the browser's HTTP request header sent to the original session id sent to the server, then re-open the browser can still find the original session.It is precisely because of the closure does not cause the browser session is deleted, forcing server seesion set up a failure time, as the distance between the first use of the client session for more than the failure time, the server that the client has ceased its activities, the session will be deleted to save storage space.5, javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionHttpSession session mechanism is the Java platform implementation of norms, because it is only the interface, specific to each web application server providers, in addition to standard support, there will still be no requirement of some norms in the nuances. Here we are with BEA's Weblogic Server8.1 as an example to demonstrate.First of all, Weblogic Server provides a set of parameters to control its HttpSession implementation, including the use of cookie switch option to use URL rewriting switches,session persistence settings, session failure time setting, as well as for the cookie a variety of settings, such as set cookie name, path, domain, cookie survival time.In general, session are stored in memory, when the process is stopped, or restart the server when the memory of the session will also be empty, if you set the session persistence feature, the server will save the session to your hard drive When the server process restart or the information can be used again, Weblogic Server supports sustainable manner including documents, databases, client-side cookie preservation and reproduction.Strictly speaking not a persistent copy saved, because the session is actually stored in memory, but the same information is replicated to each server process within the cluster, so even if a server process to stop working and still available from other processes obtain session.cookie settings will affect the survival time of the browser generates a session cookie is a cookie. The default is to use a session cookie. Interested can use it to test us in the fourth quarter, as mentioned in the misunderstanding.cookie path for the web application is a very important option, Weblogic Server on the default handling of this option makes it significantly different from other servers. We will discuss the topic later.Settings on the session reference [5] /wls/docs70/webapp/weblogic_xml.html # 10368696, HttpSession Frequently Asked Questions(In this section the implications for the session mixed ⑤ and ⑥)1, session is created whenA common misconception is that the session in a client visit, was created, but the fact is that until a server-side program called HttpServletRequest.getSession (true) when such a statement is created, note that if the JSP does not appear to use <% @ page session = "false"%> closed session, the JSP file will be automatically compiled into a Servlet when the inclusion of such a statement HttpSession session = HttpServletRequest.getSession (true); This is also implied in JSP session object origin.As the session will consume memory resources, so if you do not intend to use the session, all the JSP should be turned off it.2, session is deleted whenComprehensive discussions earlier, session is deleted in the following cases a. program calls HttpSession.invalidate (); or b. from the last time before the client sends the session id than the interval session timeout settings; or c. server process is stopped (non-persistent session)3, how to do delete the browser closed sessionStrictly speaking, can not do this. Approach can do a little effort is all clients usethe javascript 代码 window.oncolose page to monitor the browser's closing movement, and then send to the server to delete a Qingqiu session. But the collapse or forced to kill the browser process is still powerless these unconventional means.4, there is how the matter HttpSessionListenerYou can create such a listener to monitor the session creation and destruction events, so in the event of such an event you can do some relevant work. Note that session creation and destruction of action trigger listener, not the reverse. Similar to the listener with the HttpSession also HttpSessionBindingListener, HttpSessionActivationListener and HttpSessionAttributeListener.5, stored in a session of the object must be serializable for youNot required. Requested objects can be serialized only to session in the cluster can be copied or saved to a lasting or temporary, where necessary, the session server can exchange the memory. The session in Weblogic Server can not be placed in a serialized object in the console will receive a warning. I used a iPlanet version if there can not be serialized session objects in the session there will be a destruction of Exception, very strange.6, how to correctly deal with the possibility of the client against cookieThe URL for all URL rewriting to use, including hyperlinks, form of action, and the redirection of URL, the specific approach, see [6]/wls/docs70/webapp/sessions.html # 1007707, open two browser windows to access the application will use the same session or a different sessionSee the discussion of the third section of the cookie, the session id is not only the recognition of identification, so different browsers, different methods and different windows open the cookie is stored will affect the answer to this question.8, how to prevent the user to open two browser windows operating session due to confusion This issue is to prevent multiple submits of similar form, you can set to solve the client's token. Is generated each time the server returns a different id to the client, while preserving the session, the client submits the form must also return the id server, the program first compares the return of id and the value stored in the session are the same in , and if not then explain this operation has been submitted before. Can see "J2EE Core Model" on the part of the layer model. Note that the use of javascript window.open to open the window, generally do not set the id, or use a separate id, to prevent the main window does not operate, it is recommended not to open the window window.open make changes to operations, so that you can not set.9, why change the session in Weblogic Server to re-call after the value of a session.setValueIn order to do this action is mainly in the cluster environment prompted Weblogic Server session in the value has changed, need to copy to other server processes the value of the new session.10 Why is gone sessionRule out the failure factors, the normal session, the server itself will be very littlepossibility, although the author plus a number of patches in iPlanet6SP1 Solaris version has faced down; the possibility of browser plug-second, I also encountered 3721 plug-in caused problems; theory firewall or proxy server in cookie handling could also be a problem.Most of the reasons for this problem occurs, the errors are the most common is an application to access another application. We discuss this issue in the next section. 7, cross-application sharing sessionOften such a situation, a large project divided into a number of small project development, in order to be able to interference from each other, requires that each small item as a separate web application development, but to suddenly find that last between a few small projects need to share some information, or want to use the session to achieve SSO (single sign on), stored in the session login user information, the most natural requirement is that between applications can access each other's session.However, in accordance with the Servlet Specification, session of the current scope should be limited to application procedures, between the different applications can not access each other's session of each other. Each application server, both from the practical effect of compliance with this specification, but implementation details might vary, so to address cross-application session to share the methods are different.First of all, look at the Tomcat web application is how to achieve isolation between the session, from Tomcat to set the cookie path of view, its application in different set cookie path is different, so different applications used by the session id is different, so even in the same browser window access different applications, sent to the server's session id can be different.According to this feature, we can speculate Tomcat in the session memory structure as follows.I've used the iPlanet also used the same way, it is estimated between SunONE and iPlanet will not be much difference. For the server this way, the idea is very simple to solve, the actual practice it is not difficult. Or all applications sharing a session id, or let the application access to other applications session id.iPlanet there is a very simple way to achieve sharing a session id, that is the path of each application of the cookie are set to / (in fact should be / NASApp, for the application in terms of its functions as the root).<session-info><path> / NASApp </ path></ Session-info>Note that the operation of some shared session should follow the programming conventions, such as session attribute name preceded by the prefix of the application, making setAttribute ("name", "neo") into setAttribute ("", "neo"), to avoid namespace conflicts, leading to overwrite each other.In Tomcat the choice is not so easy. In the Tomcat version 3, we also have some meansto share the session. For version 4 and above Tomcat, now I have not yet found a simple way. With only the power of third parties, such use of files, databases, JMS, or client-side cookie, URL parameter or hidden fields and other means.Let's look at how to handle session Weblogic Server is the.From the screenshot you can see the Weblogic Server screen all applications to set the cookie path is /, this mean that the default in the Weblogic Server can share the session out? However, even a small experiment can prove that different applications use the same session, each application is still only have access to his own set of those attributes. This shows that the Weblogic Server in the following session of the memory structure mayFor such a structure, the mechanism itself in the session to resolve the problem sharing session should be impossible. In addition to the power by means of a third party, such as using files, databases, JMS, or client-side cookie, URL parameter or hidden fields and other means, there is a more convenient approach is to put a ServletContext application session, so that Another application can be obtained from the ServletContext reference to the previous application. Sample code is as follows,Application Acontext.setAttribute ("appA", session);Application BcontextA = context.getContext ("/ appA");HttpSession sessionA = (HttpSession) contextA.getAttribute ("appA");It is noteworthy that this use can not be transplanted, because under the ServletContext the JavaDoc, application server for security reasons in context.getContext ("/ appA"); return a null value, the above approach adopted in Weblogic Server 8.1.So why should all the Weblogic Server applications are set cookie path to / do? The original is to SSO, all sharing the session application can share authentication information. A simple experiment can demonstrate this, modify the first log of the application descriptor weblogic.xml, to modify the cookie path to / appA access another application requirements will be re-login, even if, in turn, first visit cookie path to / application, and then changed the path of this visit, though no longer prompted to log on, but the user login information will be lost. Note that this experiment should be used when the authentication FORM, because the browser and web server basic authentication on the other approach, the second request for certification is not achieved through the session. Specifically see [7] secion 14.8 Authorization, you can modify the attached sample programs to do these tests.8, Summarysession mechanism itself is not complicated, but its implementation and configuration flexibility has made specific complex. This also requires that we can not just a one time experience or the browser, the server experiences as a universal experience, but still needs a concrete analysis of concrete situations.。