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"Young Goodman Brown" (1835) is a short story by American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne. The story takes place in 17th century Puritan New England, a common setting for Hawthorne's works, and addresses the Calvinist/Puritan belief that humanity exists in a state of depravity, exempting those who are born in a state of grace. Hawthorne frequently attempts to expose the hypocrisy of Puritan culture in his literature. In a symbolic fashion, the story follows Young Goodman Brown's journey into self-scrutiny which results in his loss of faith.Plot summaryThe story begins at sunset in Salem, Massachusetts, as young Goodman Brown leaves Faith, his wife of three months, for an unknown errand in the forest. Faith pleads with her husband to stay with her but he insists the journey into the forest must be completed that night. In the forest he meets a man, dressed in a similar manner to himself and bearing a resemblance to himself. The man carries a black serpent-shaped staff. The two encounter Mistress Cloyse in the woods who complains about the need to walk and, evidently friendly with the stranger, accepts his snake staff and flies away to her destination.Other townspeople inhabit the woods that night, traveling in the same direction as Goodman Brown. When he hears his wife's voice in the trees, he calls out to his Faith, but is not answered. He then seems to fly through the forest, using a maple staff the stranger fashioned for him, arriving at a clearing at midnight to find all the townspeople assembled. At the ceremony (which may be a witches' sabbath) carried out at a flame-lit rocky altar, the newest converts are brought forth—Goodman Brown and Faith. They are the only two of the townspeople not yet initiated to the forest rite. Goodman Brown calls to heaven to resist and instantly the scene vanishes.Arriving back at his home in Salem the next morning, Goodman Brown is uncertain whether the previous night's events were real or a dream, but he is deeply shaken, with the belief he lived in a Christian community distorted. He loses his faith in his wife Faith; he loses his faith in humanity. He lives his life an embittered and suspicious cynical man, wary of everyone around him, including his wife Faith. Hawthorne concludes the story by writing: "And when he had lived long, and was borne to his grave...they carved no hopeful verse upon his tombstone, for his dying hour was gloomBackgroundThe story is set during the Salem witch trials, at which Hawthorne's great-great-grandfather John Hathorne was a judge. According to American literature scholar James Mellow, Hawthorne was plagued by guilt by his ancestor's role, wrote the story to vindicate his grandfather by featuring two fictional victims of the witch trials who were witches and not innocent victims of the witch-hunt.[1] It was also this ancestral guilt that inspired Hawthorne to change his family's name, adding a "w" in his early twenties, shortly after graduating from college.[2]In his writings Hawthorne questioned established thought—most specifically NewEngland Puritanism and contemporary Transcendentalism. In "Young Goodman Brown", as with much of his other writing, he exposes ambiguity.[3] The plot and textual references in "Young Goodman Brown" reveal the Puritans as being like "a city upon a hill" as John Winthrop, a founder of Puritanism, said, and wanting to be seen that way as good, holy men. However, their doctrine teaches that all men are inherently evil and they strive to cause each person to come to terms with this and realize their sinful nature. This hypocrisy that Hawthorne presents in his story is how he reflects on the hypocritical teachings of the Puritans. They taught that man was inherently evil in nature much in accordance to Enlightenment philosopher Thomas Hobbes.AnalysisThemes and style"Young Goodman Brown" is often characterized as an allegory about the recognition of evil and depravity as the nature of humanity.[4] Much of Hawthorne's fiction, such as The Scarlet Letter, is set in 17th-century colonial America, particularly Salem, Massachusetts.[5] In order to convey the setting in his work, he used literary techniques such as specific diction, or colloquial expressions, as in "Young Goodman Brown" in which language of the period is used to enhance the setting. Hawthorne gives the characters, specific names that depict abstract pure & wholesome beliefs such as; Young Goodman Brown, and Faith. The characters names' ultimately serve as a paradox in the conclusion of the story. The inclusion of this technique was to provide a definite contrast and irony. Hawthorne aims to critique the ideals of Puritan society and express his disdain for it thus illustrating the difference between the appearance of those in society and their true identities.[6]Literary scholar Walter Shear writes that Hawthorne structured the story in three parts. The first part shows Goodman Brown at his home in his village integrated in his society. The second part of the story is an extended dreamlike sequence in which Goodman Brown is in the forest for a single night. The third part shows his return to society and to his home, yet he is so profoundly changed that in rejecting the greeting of his wife Faith, Hawthorne shows Goodman Brown has lost faith and rejected the tenets of his Puritan world during the course of the night.[7]The story is about Goodman Brown's loss of faith as one of the elect, writes Jane Eberwein in "My Faith is Gone!". Believing himself to be of the elect, Goodman Brown falls into self-doubt after three months of marriage which to him represents sin and depravity as opposed to salvation. His journey to the forest is symbolic of Christian "self-exploration" in which doubt immediately supplants faith. At the end of the forest experience he loses his wife Faith, his faith in salvation, and his faith in human goodness.[Character analysisThe character of Goodman Brown represents that of the common everyday man. His journey through the forest compares to the journey every individual takes to realize their faith and recognize evil. His character shows both innocence and corruptibility through the change of his belief from the pure goodness of human nature to the recognition of thepotential evil within all mankind. At the beginning of the story Goodman Brown believes in the goodness of his father and grandfather, as well as the Christian nature of Goody Cloyse, the minister and Deacon Gooking. As he progresses through his journey he learns that each of these figures are associated with or acquaintances of the old man, likely representing the devil himself. Goodman Browns lack of true religion however wasn’t revealed until the devil indicates at the ceremony that Faith, too, is corruptible.Faith as her name suggests, serves as another symbolic idea and appears to be the most pure-hearted character in the story. Her righteousness serves as a symbol for good, purity, and the faith and devotion Goodman Brown has in God. Their newlywed status serves as a symbol for he reader to realize his relationship has not yet been established with faith or God. When questioning the goodness of people, Goodman Brown clings to Faith as justification to resist temptation.Hawthorne portrays the devil as an ordinary man to suggest that every man (Goodman Brown) has the capacity for evil. Through his physical characteristics, it is interpreted that this man is no different from any other man in Salem Village. This suggests that the devil is simply created as an embodiment of all the worst parts of man. Goody Cloyse was the name of an actual woman who was tried and convicted of witchcraft during the historical Salem Witch Trials of 1692. Hawthorne uses her as a citizen of Salem who teaches the bible to the youth. Although seemingly religious and pure, she secretly attends witch magic ceremonies in the forest. The Minister is a respectable figure as the minister of Salem, who is soon indicated as a follower of the devil. Deacon Gooking is another character who is thought to be very honorable and religious. Although he is a member of the clergy in Salem, he appears to be a follower of the devil.SymbolsThe Devils staff is used to represent temptation as shown in the book of Genesis. The biblical serpent temped Eve to defy God and eat the fruit from the forbidden tree. Similarly, Hawthorne used he serpent on the old mans staff as a symbol of an evil demon. Like Eve, Brown is condemned by his temptation when he chose to pick up the staff for a faster travel. This ultimately represents his loss of innocence towards temptation and curiosity.Faiths pink ribbon is used throughout the story as a symbol of innocence and purity. Early on, Hawthorne mentions the ribbon several times during Goodman Brown and Faith’s conversation. This implie d a happy, youthful ambiance of Faith and their newly found marriage. When Brown was hiding in the forest and began to doubt the goodness of the pure people he knew, the ribbon came fluttering down. This suggest that the one pure and holy thing to him, faith, had fallen into the devils realm. When reunited with Faith at the end of the story, Brown notices that she was again wearing the pink ribbon. Thus casting doubts on Goodman Brown about whether or not his experience was real.Critical response and impactHerman Melville said "Young Goodman Brown" was "as deep as Dante" and Henry James called it a "magnificent little romance".[9] Hawthorne himself believed the story made no more impact than any of his tales. Years later he wrote, "These stories were published... inMagazines and Annuals, extending over a period of ten or twelve years, and comprising the whole of the writer's young manhood, without making (so far as he has ever been aware) the slightest impression on the public."[10] Contemporary critic Edgar Allan Poe disagreed, referring to Hawthorne's short stories as "the products of a truly imaginative intellect".[11]One of Hawthorne's good friends, Herman Melville comments on the underlying depth of the story "you would of course suppose that it was a simple little tale, intended as a supplement to 'Goody Two Shoes' Whereas it is as deep as Dante."1 [12] Moderns scholars and critiques generally view the short story as an allegorical tale written to expose the contradictions in place concerning Puritan beliefs and societies. However, there have been many other interpretations of the text including those who believe Hawthorne sympathizes with Puritan beliefs. Author Harold Bloom comments on the variety of explanations; "Young Goodman Brown has been presented as an allegorical revelation of human depravity, as a symbolic study of sexual initiation, as an inquiry into generational conflict, as a demonstration of Puritan hypocrisy, as evidence of Hawthorn's sympathy towards Puritan society, and even just as an artfully designed short story making no essential reference beyond itself".[13]ThemesTheme 1How the Puritans’ strict moral code and overemphasis on the sinfulness of humankind foster undue suspicion and distrust. Goodman Brown’s experience in the forest—whether dream or reality—causes him to lose his faith in others and die an unhappy man. Note the last words of the story: “They carved no hopeful verse upon his tombstone; for his dying hour was gloom.”Theme 2 The realization that evil can infect people who seem upright. Goodman Brown discovers that even highly respected people in Salem fall victim to the forces of darkness. Today–when corporate executives cheat stockholders, politicians lie to win elections, and members of the clergy defraud their congregations–this theme still resonates.Theme 3One man’s virtue is another man’s sin, and vice versa. “There is no good on earth,” Goodman Brown observes, “and sin is but a name.” In other words, whether an action is good or evil appears to depend on who is viewing the action. The zealotry of a Puritan punishing a wrongdoer—like Goodman Brown’s grandfather lashing “a Quaker woman so smartly through the streets”—might be praised as a just act by another Puritan but condemned as an inhumane act by non-Puritans. These opposing views of the same action seem to confuse Brown; he is like a modern man who is told that “everything goes” or that one moral position is as valid as another, opposing one. There are, of course, absolute moral values which should prevail for everyone, regardless of their religion or lack of it. For example, murder is always wrong; child abuse is always wrong. However, the devil figure succeeds in confounding Brown on what is truly right and what is truly wrong.。

第一页1.YOUNG GOODMAN BROWN came forth at sunset, into the street of Salem village, but put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to exchange a parting kiss with his young wife. And Faith, as the wife was aptly named, thrust her own pretty head into the street, letting the wind play with the pink ribbons of her cap, while she called to Goodman Brown.日落时分，小伙子古德曼·布朗走出家门，来到萨勒姆村街道上，可跨出门槛又回头，与年轻的妻子吻别。

而妻子费丝--这名字对她恰如其分--把漂亮的脑袋伸出门外，任风儿拂弄她帽子上粉红的缎带，呼唤着古德曼·布朗。

2."Dearest heart," whispered she, softly and rather sadly, when her lips were close to his ear, "pr'y thee, put off your journey until sunrise, and sleep in your own bed to-night. A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts, that she's afeard of herself, sometimes. Pray, tarry with me this night, dear husband, of all nights in the year!"“宝贝心肝，”她樱唇贴近他耳朵，伤心地娇声曼语，“求你明天日出再出门旅行，今晚就睡在自家床上嘛。

More about "Young Goodman Brown""Young Goodman Brown" tells the tale of a young Puritan man drawn into a covenant with the Devil. Brown's illusions about the goodness of his society are crushed when he discovers that many of his fellow townspeople, including religious leaders and his wife, are attending a Black Mass. At the end of the story, it is not clear whether Brown's experience was nightmare or reality, but the results are nonetheless the same. Brown is unable to forgive the possibility of evil in his loved ones and as a result spends the rest of his life in desperate loneliness and gloom.Though a work of fiction, "Young Goodman Brown'' is widely considered to be one of the most effective literary works to address the hysteria surrounding the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. Hawthorne is also remembered for helping to establish the short story as a respected form of literature and as a proponent of instilling morals and lessons into his writing.Young Goodman Brown Summary"Young Goodman Brown" opens with Young Goodman Brown about to embark on an evening's journey. His young wife, Faith, fearful for some unknown reason, beseeches him to delay his journey. Goodman Brown, however, stresses that he has a task that must be accomplished before sunrise, and so the newlyweds reluctantly part. As he walks down the street, Goodman Brown chides himself for leaving Faith while he goes on his journey and resolves that, after this night, he will stay by the side of his good and pious wife. Pleased with himself, Goodman Brown then hurries through the forest to accomplish some unknown task.Deeper in the forest Goodman Brown spies an old man, who is actually the Devil in disguise, waiting for him. Goodman Brown blames Faith for making him late. The older man, who has a curious resemblance to Goodman Brown, carries a staff which resembles a black snake. When the older man urges Goodman Brown to take the staff to ease his walk, Goodman Brown expresses second thoughts and his intention to go home. The older man convinces Goodman Brown to walk with him, however, and listen to the reasons why he should continue. Goodman Brown agrees and murmurs that his forefathers, good honest Christians, would never go on such a walk.To his surprise, Brown finds this is not true. His companion tells him that he is well acquainted with the Brown family and that he helped Brown's father and grandfather commit acts such as the punishment of religious dissenters and the massacre of Indians.Plot Summary........It is dusk in the village of Salem, Massachusetts, a community of god-fearing Puritans. At the threshold of the front door of his house, a young man named Goodman Brown kisses his wife, Faith, goodbye and embarks on a journey into the forest. He is not to return until the next morning. What activity would lure him away from his pretty wife, whom he married three months before, and into the dark and menacing uncertainty of the woods? It is a witches’ Sabbath, a meeting at which he and others from Salem and surrounding communities are to be inducted into an evil brotherhood. .......It may be simple curiosity that motivates Brown; after all, would it not be interesting to see witches performing their rituals before a blazing fire? On the other hand, it could be the challenge of braving the forest and confronting the temptation posed by evil forces. Such would be a colonial American version of a modern extreme sport or adventure. Then, too, Goodman Brown may truly wish to join the evil brotherhood........In the forest, he meets a mysterious man with a staff resembling a snake, and together they travel on. The man appears to be a devil figure. From time to time, Brown expresses a desire to turn back, but his feet continue to carry him forward. Along the way, upright citizens–even members of the clergy—pass by on their way to the meeting while Brown hides behind trees and watches. At the site of the meeting, he suffers a terrible shock when he discovers that his wife—beautiful, innocent Faith—is also there. When a “Shape of Evil” prepares to baptize the newcomers into “the mystery of sin,” Goodman Brown tells his wife: “Look up to Heaven, and resist the Wicked One.”.......But as soon as those words pass his lips, he finds himself alone in the forest with only the sound of the wind for company. The next day, after he returns to Salem, life goes on as usual, and Brown wonders whether he had “fallen aslee p, and only dreamed a wild dream of a witch-meeting.” .......Whatever the case, Goodman Brown is never the same again; he becomes “a stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man.” After he dies many years later, he is followed to his grave by Faith, by his children, by his grandchildren, and by neighbors, but “they carved no hopeful verse upon his tombstone; for his dying hour was gloom.”.Characters.Goodman Brown: Recently married Puritan who lives in Salem in the 1600's. He believes in the goodness of the townspeople until he sees many of them attending a witches’ Sabbath in the forest. Goodman is a title equivalent to Mister.Faith: Goodman Brown’s wife.The Devil Figure: Mysterious man who meets Goodman Brown in the forest and accompanies him part way to the witches’ Sabbath, where Brown is to be inducted into an evil brotherhood.Minister: Church leader who leads Goodman Brown to the unhallowed baptismal altar in the forest.Deacon Gookin: Salem Churchman who attends the witches' Sabbath.Goody Cloyse: Teacher of catechism who attends the witches' sabbath.Martha Carrier: Salem resident, described as a "rampant hag," who attends the witches' sabbath. The devil had been promised her that she would be the queen of hell. With Goody Cloyse, she leads Faith to the unhallowed baptismal altar.Powwows: Indian medicine men who attend the witches' sabbath.Various TownspeopleType of Work.. Young Goodman Brown is a short story, one of the greatest in American literature. One may read it as an allegory centering on the temptation everyone faces and on the human tendency to prejudge others on insufficient evidence. The story was published in 1835.SettingThe action takes place in the second half of the seventeenth century in Salem, a town northeast of Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Puritan settlers established Salem in 1626 under the name ofNaumkeag. Several years later, the town changed its name to Salem, apparently after the Hebrew word shalom, meaning peace. (Jerusalem derives the last two syllables of its name from the same Hebrew word. In full, Jerusalem means city of peace.) Salem was a theocracy in which the Christian moral law, as interpreted by the Puritan settlers of the town, was supreme. “Young Goodman Brown” takes place around the time of the Salem witch trials, held in the spring and autumn of 1692. During these infamous trials, twenty innocent women and men were found guilty of witchcraft and executed.SymbolismThe Forest as EdenGoodman Brown appears to 1）represent human beings confronted with temptation–that is, he wishes to enter the dark forest of sin, so to speak, to satisfy his curiosity about the happenings there and perhaps even to take part in them. 2）The man who meets Brown in the forest appears to represent the devil; 3）his staff is a symbol of the devil as a serpent. Thus, we have Adam (Brown, curious to learn forbidden knowledge) facing the serpent in the Garden of Eden. It was, of course, a tree—the Tree of Knowledge—that enticed Adam. Goodman Brown is enticed by an entire forest. Like Adam, he suffers a great fall from innocence. 4）Faith appears to represent Brown’s religious faith and his faith in others; 5）her pink ribbons stand for innocence. But when she also appears at the witches' sabbath—apparently, like Eve, desiring forbidden knowledge—she too loses her innocence. At the last moment before his and his wife's baptism into the evil society gathered in the forest, Brown urges his wife: "Look up to Heaven, and resist the Wicked One." He then finds himself alone in the forest, wondering whether he has awakened from a dream or really did attend the witches' sabbath. But the damage is done, and he becomes "a stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man."Primordial SymbolsPsychologist Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) theorized that all humans share certain inborn impulses and concepts residing in the mind at the unconscious level. For example, all humans react to sunlight in the same way, perceiving it as a symbol of joy, happiness, glory, optimism, truth, a new beginning, or God. Likewise, humans associate dark forests (like the one in "Young Goodman Brown") with danger, obscurity, confusion, and the unknown or with evil, sin, and death. Jung termed external stimuli (such as dark forests) primordial symbols–primordial meaning existing from the beginning of time. Examples of other primordial symbols you may encounter in your study of literature include the following:a river (the passage of time),overcast sky (gloom, depression, despair),lamb (innocence, vulnerability),violent storm (wrath, inconsolable grief),flowers (delicacy, perishability, beauty),mountain (obstacle, challenge),eagle (majesty, freedom)the color white (purity, innocence),the color red (anger, passion, war, blood),the color green (new life, hope),water (birth or rebirth),autumn (old age),winter (death).FaithGoodman Brown's wife, Faith, symbolizes Brown's spiritual faith. When he sees her in the forest at the witches' sabbath, he realizes he is in danger of losing not only his wife but also his spiritual faith.ThemesTheme 1How the Puritans’ strict moral code and overemphasis on the sinfulness of humankind foster undue suspicion and distrust. Goodman B rown’s experience in the forest–whether dream or reality–causes him to lose his faith in others and die an unhappy man. Note the last words of the story: “They carved no hopeful verse upon his tombstone; for his dying hour was gloom.”Theme 2 The realization that evil can infect people who seem upright. Goodman Brown discovers that even highly respected people in Salem fall victim to the forces of darkness. Today–when corporate executives cheat stockholders, politicians lie to win elections, and members of the clergy defraud their congregations–this theme still resonates.Theme 3One man’s virtue is another man’s sin, and vice versa. “There is no good on earth,” Goodman Brown observes, “and sin is but a name.” In other words, whether an action is good or evil appears to depend on who is viewing the action. The zealotry of a Puritan punishing a wrongdoer–like Goodman Brown’s grandfather lashing “a Quaker woman so smartly through the streets”–might be praised as a just act by another Puritan but condemned as an inhumane act by non-Puritans. These opposing views of the same action seem to confuse Brown; he is like a modern man who is told that “everything goes” or that one moral position is as valid as another, opposing one. There are, of course, absolute moral values which should prevail for everyone, regardless of their religion or lack of it. For example, murder is always wrong; child abuse is always wrong. However, the devil figure succeeds in confounding Brown on what is truly right and what is truly wrong.Climax and ConclusionThe climax of the story occurs when Goodman Brown, standing before the altar with Faith to receive the mark of baptism from the devil, hesitates at the last minute and urges his wife to "look up to heaven, and resist the wicked one." The conclusion, or denouement, of the story then begins when he suddenly finds himself alone in the forest, as if he has just awakened from a dream. What he experienced in theforest—whether dream or reality—changes his life. He is now suspicious of everyone, just as the Puritans of real-life Salem were when they participated in a witch hunt that resulted in the execution of men.Dream vs. RealityHawthorne leaves open to question whether Goodman Brown’s experience is real or imagined, as in a dream. Keep in mind that normal, mentally stable people—like you or those around you—sometimes accept delusions, fantasies, or fabrications as real events. Keep in mind, too, that they sometimes see evil in a person who has done no evil.Brown as Thrill-SeekerIt is reasonable to interpret “Young Goodman Brown” in ways other than those already mentioned. For example, Brown could represent an archetypical Ulysses or Faust figure whose curiosity prods him to seek knowledge or, 1) like modern adventurers and thrill-seekers, undergo “extreme” challenges. 2) It is also reasonable to interpret the short story as a tale of rebellion against established beliefs. Like young people today—who, refusing to be cast in the philosophical or theological mold of their parents or friends—explore various ideologies and dabble in nihilism. Brown may have wished to venture into the forbidden zone to discover the world and its ideas for himself.Allusions, Historical References, and VocabularyGoodman: Husband or master of a household.Goody: (1) Housewife, especially an elderly one, of a lower class; (2) any lower-class woman; (3) housewife or mistress of a household.King William (Paragraph 13): William III, king of England from 1689 to 1702.Wot'st: (Paragraph 15): Know.King Philip (Paragraph 18): Nickname of the Wampanoag Indian chief Metacom (or Metacomet). Maltreatment of Indians by whites provoked him into waging what came to be known as King Philip's War against New Englanders in 1675-1676. His defiance instilled fear in the white inhabitants of New England.Lecture-Day (Paragraph 21): Weekday on which a sermon was given.E'en Go Thy Ways (Paragraph 25): Just (righteous) be thy ways.Cinquefoil (Paragraph 32): Flowering plant of the rose family that has white, red, or yellow petals.Wolf's Bane (Paragraph 32): Wolfsbane, a poisonous plant.Devil's Staff (Paragraph 36): The narrator says, "So saying, he threw it [the staff] down at her feet, where, perhaps, it assumed life, being one of the rods which its owner had formerly lent to the Egyptian magi." This passage alludes to verses 8-12 in Chapter 7 of the Bible's Book of Exodus. According to these verses, God directs Moses to tell Aaron, his brother, to cast down his staff before the throne of the pharaoh of Egypt. When he does so, it transforms itself into a serpent. The pharaoh's magicians (magi) then cast down their staffs, which in like manner turned into serpents. However, Aaron's staff consumes the staffs of the magicians..Puritanism and the Witch Trials.......Puritanism began in England in the late Sixteenth Century when Protestant reformers attempted to purge the Church of England (or Anglican Church) of the elaborate ceremonies, rituals, and hierarchical structure it retained from the Roman Catholic Church after King Henry VIII established Anglicanism by acts of Parliament between 1529 and 1536. The Act of Supremacy, approved in 1534, officially established the Church of England as an independent Protestant entity separate from the Roman Catholic Church. However, the Church of England retained Catholic rituals such as the mass and prelates such as bishops. For the Puritans, the pure word of the Bible, presented in part through inspired preaching, took precedence over rituals while direct revelation from the Holy Spirit superseded reason. After Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603, the Puritans petitioned the new monarch, King James I, to adopt their reforms. In January 1604 at a special conference at Hampton Court Palace near London, the king rejected most of the proposed Puritan reforms but he did grant a Puritan request for a new translation of the Bible, which resulted in publication of the King James Version in 1611.Many disenchanted puritans left the country. Those who remained behind joined with members of Parliament opposed to the crown's economic policies. Together they defeated the king's forces in the English Civil War. With the king out of the way, the Puritans became a dominant faction in the new Commonwealth government headed by Oliver Cromwell. However, after Cromwell's death in 1558, a movement to restore the monarchy began, and King Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660. Under the Clarendon Code, approved in 1662, the Church of England expelled all Puritan ministers who refused to accept church tenets. Many Puritans then emigrated to America and established their brand of religion in Massachusetts and other colonies........Puritan ministers were generally well educated, and Puritan congregations promoted ideals that helped lay the foundation for American democracy........However, because of their strict moral code, the Puritans were ever on the lookout for satanic influence and, unfortunately, sometimes saw evil where none existed. In Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, more than 150 people were accused of witchcraft and jailed. Twenty of them were executed. Nineteen were hanged and one was pressed to death. In a pressing, the executioners secured the condemned person, facing upward, on a bed of nails. Then they loaded weights onto his or her body. American dramatist Arthur Miller wrote a play, The Crucible, about these trials. Belief in evil forces such as witches, warlocks, and diabolical spirits was widespread in America and Europe during and before the 17th Century........Although "Young Goodman Brown" is a fictional tale, it is based on the atmosphere prevailing in Salem, Mass., during the time of the witch trials. .。

小伙子古德曼①·布朗日落时分，小伙子古德曼·布朗走出家门，来到萨勒姆村街道上，可跨出门槛又回头，与年轻的妻子吻别。

而妻子费丝——这名字对她恰如其分②——把漂亮的脑袋伸出门外，任风儿拂弄她帽子上粉红的缎带，呼唤着古德曼·布朗。

①古德曼（Goodman）在英文中含“好人”之意。

本故事发生的历史背景是马萨诸塞州萨勒姆一带巫术流行时期。

故事中，小伙子布朗及其妻所皈依的便是巫术。

此地后来发生了“萨勒姆事件”，大规模围剿迷信巫术的老百姓。

请参看本书“爱丽丝·多恩的恳求”及其注释。

②费丝（Faith）在英文中含“忠实”之意。

“宝贝心肝，”她樱唇贴近他耳朵，伤心地娇声曼语，“求你明天日出再出门旅行，今晚就睡在自家床上嘛。

孤单单的女人会做些可怕的梦，生些吓人的念头，有时候连自己都害怕。

今晚就留下来和我相守吧，亲爱的，一年到头只求你这一夜。

”“我的宝贝，亲爱的费丝，”小伙子布朗回答，“一年到头就这一夜，我必须离开你。

我这趟出门，就是你说的旅行，必须现在就走，明天日出时回来。

怎么，我漂亮可爱的妻子，结婚才三个月，你就怀疑我啦？”“那就愿上帝保佑你！”粉红缎带飘飘的费丝道，“愿你回来时看到一切平安。

”“阿门！”古德曼·布朗叫道，”做祷告吧，亲爱的费丝，一天黑就上床，不会有什么东西伤害你的。

”于是二人分手。

小伙子匆匆上路，到礼拜堂旁边，正要拐弯，回头一望，但见费丝仍在伫望，神情忧伤，虽然那粉红缎带仍在飘扬。

“可怜的小费丝！”他骂着自己，“我真够可耻的，竟为了这么趟差使丢下她！她还提到了梦，讲话的样子那么愁，就像已有什么梦警告过她，今晚我要去干啥事。

不，不，她要知道了真会活不下去。

唉，她真是个有福的人间天使，过了今晚这一夜，我再也不离开她的裙边喽，要一直跟着她上天堂。

”对未来的美好信念已定，古德曼·布朗觉得加快实现眼前的邪恶目的，天经地义。

他踏上了一条凄清的小路。

美国文学期末论文( 2011届 )题目：女权主义批评视角下的《小伙子布朗》人物__浅析学院：外国语学院专业：英语学生姓名：方梦婧学号： 08090204指导教师：江玉娇职称：教授合作导师：职称：完成时间：2011年 1 月成绩：OutlineAbstract (3)摘要 (3)1. Introduction (4)1.1 Nathaniel Hawthorne (4)1.2 Young Goodman Brown (4)2. Background2.1 Puritan background (5)2.2 The role of Puritan women (5)3. Analysis of characters (5)3.1 Young Goodman Brown (5)3.2 Faith (6)3.3 The old fellow-traveler .............................................................. 错误!未定义书签。

3.4 Goody Cloyse............................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。

4. Conclusion (7)Work cited (8)Feminist Criticism PerspectiveFang MengjingAbstract:Feminist Criticism, broadly defined, examines how literature and other productions reinforce or undermine the oppression of women. It developed on the basis of women’s liberation movement. It is the concern of feminists critics to probe the marginalization of women in economic, political, social and psychology terms. Feminism represents one of the most significant social and aesthetic revolutions of modern times.From a feminist point of view, Young Goodman Brown, which was universally acclaimed as one of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s best short stories and revealed the themes of the reality of sin, the secret sin as well as the hypocrisy of Puritanism and all human kinds, presents Hawthorne’s particular portraits of women go against the prevailing literary sexism of his day.Key words: Faith,feminism, Puritanism, character analysis女权主义批评视角下的《小伙子布朗》人物浅析方梦婧摘要：女权主义批评，概括地说，是检验文学和其他作品如何影响女性所受压迫的批评方法。

从二元对立的分析来解读《小伙子古德曼·布朗》的主题摘要：《小伙子古德曼·布朗》是霍桑著名的短篇小说之一，作者讲述了主人公布朗一次黑夜林中之旅的传奇经历。

本文采用结构主义的批评策略来分析文本中存在的二元对立：黑与亮，善与恶，从而来更加深刻地了解霍桑本人对宗教错综复杂的矛盾心理。

关键词：二元对立黑与亮善与恶一、引言纳撒尼尔·霍桑一直致力于对人性的探索与思考。

《小伙子古德曼·布朗》正是一篇关于人性的短篇小说，小说描写了布朗在日落之际选择离开新婚的妻子，赶赴神秘的林中之旅。

在黑暗的森林里，他发现他身边可敬的牧师、执事以及虔诚的教徒们，甚至他纯洁忠实的妻子也都赴了黑森林里的魔鬼之宴并且都发誓效忠于魔鬼。

他的心灵受到了创伤，而后他回到村子，发现牧师、执事依旧可敬，教徒们依旧虔诚，妻子依旧纯洁，而在他眼里他们不过是虚伪的罪人，他也不愿与他们再同流合污。

最终，他郁郁寡欢直至凄凉地老去。

小说情节虽然简单，但是隐藏在文本之后的主题意义还需要我们反复地推敲。

结构主义为分析本文提供了一个新策略，根据索绪尔的理论，“人类的思维主要通过对立性来把握差异性，结构主义学家把这种现象称为二元对立：对于两种直接相对观点，我们只有把握一种与另一种的对立关系，才能真正地分别理解这两种观点。

”因此要对文本的主题思想有更深层的了解，就必须对文本进行细致阅读，找到文本中二元对立的因素并对这些二元对立进行解读和分析。

这样就会给文本所蕴含的潜在意义有一个更全面和深刻的了解。

二、对黑与亮二元对立的分析本文中的“黑”多次出现。

在圣经里黑色象征魔鬼、罪恶。

在故事的开端布朗在黑夜来临之时要离开光明的家赶赴森林之约,这是和一般习惯不同的，因为一般的约定是不会约在晚上的，这也就证明了布朗所赶赴的林中之旅不是一般的旅行。

再者，这样的黑夜令他的妻子费思（Faith）感到惧怕。

“孤单单的女人会做些可怕的梦，生些吓人的念头，有时候连自己都害怕……亲爱的，一年到头只求你这一夜。

young good man brown的梗概"Young Goodman Brown"是美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne）于1835年创作的一部短篇小说。

以下是该故事的梗概：
故事发生在17世纪末的新英格兰。

故事的主人公是一个年轻善良的男人，名叫布朗（Goodman Brown）。

一天晚上，他告别妻子离开了家，说要去与其他人一起参加一个黑暗仪式。

这个仪式据说是与魔鬼和邪恶势力有关的。

布朗开始了他的旅程，途中遇到了许多人物，其中包括他的妻子。

他们都似乎与那个黑暗仪式有关。

布朗感到震惊和困惑，开始怀疑身边的人是否都是邪恶的。

最终，布朗到达了目的地，看到了许多当地的教士和当地社区的重要人物都在参与仪式。

他感到极度失望和绝望，觉得自己被背叛了。

他甚至看到了他的妻子也在仪式中。

布朗最终决定放弃信仰，并变得冷漠和孤独。

他回到了家乡，但心中充满了对人性的怀疑和对邪恶力量的恐惧。

他再也无法相信自己曾经认为纯洁善良的人们。

这个故事通过布朗的旅程揭示了人性的复杂性和善恶之间
的斗争。

它探讨了信仰、背叛和道德观念的主题，并引发读者对人类本性的思考。

摘要《好小伙布朗》是美国著名作家霍桑的一部闻名遐迩的小说。

小说思想深刻，笔触细腻，语言犀利，手法独到，深入挖掘了人性中的善恶。

小说中各种写作手法的运用信手拈来，光彩四溢。

本文旨在分析《好小伙布朗》中的象征主义写作手法。

通过分析霍桑小说中的象征手法的运用，深入分析了人性中受原罪驱使的恶的成分，展示了作者对于人性问题的自我思考。

本文第一部分首先简要介绍了该论文的研究目的、意义等。

第二部分介绍了霍桑的生平、写作手法及《好小伙布朗》的主要情节。

第三部分主要分析了《好小伙布朗》象征主义的写作手法。

最后本文针对上述的论述得出结论。

通过分析，本文意图帮助更多的读者深入了解小说中通过象征手法所要表达的深刻思想意义，并领略霍桑优异语言驾驭才能带来的文字盛宴。

关键词：霍桑；《好小伙布朗》；罪恶；象征手法；Abstract: Y oung Goodman Brown is a famous novel written by the American writer Hawthorne. With deep thinking, delicate words, sharp expression and unique writing tact, it explores the kind and evil of the human nature.This paper aims to analyze the writing technique of symbolism in The Y oung Goodman Brown. By analyzing the application of symbolism, this paper analyzes the evil part in the human nature driven by original sin. It demonstrates the retrospection of the author in human nature. The first part of this paper introduces the objective and significance of thispaper. Then it introduces life experience of Hawthorne, his writing techniques and the plot of Y oung Goodman Brown. The third part mainly analyzes the writing technique of symbolism adopted in Y oung Goodman Brown. The last part draws a conclusion according to the above discussion. This paper aims at helping more readers to get know of the deep thinking significance of the novel through using the writing technique of symbolism and appreciating the masterpiece brought about by the excellent language skills of Hawthorne.Key words:Nathaniel Hawthorne; Y oung Goodman Brown; SymbolismContent1. Introduction ............................................................................ 错误！未定义书签。

"年轻的古德曼布朗" 是美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑的一部经典短篇小说，被誉为美国文学的佳作之一。

作品以17世纪普利茅斯镇为背景，描绘了主人公古德曼·布朗在一夜之间所经历的超自然恐怖事件。

小说以其深刻的哲理内涵和精湛的叙事技巧著称，是霍桑成就最高的代表作之一。

本文将从以下几个方面对《年轻的古德曼布朗》进行分析和解读：1. 小说的主题和意义小说通过描写古德曼·布朗在森林中邂逅魔鬼，以及他对人性和信仰的挑战，探讨了人性的扭曲和信仰的动摇。

作品深刻探讨了善恶、信仰、诱惑等永恒主题，揭示了人性的复杂和社会现实的残酷。

通过古德曼·布朗的陷入和觉醒，展现了个体和社会之间的紧张关系和人性的复杂性，引发人们对道德和信仰的思考。

2. 小说的叙事结构和意象小说采用了第三人称的叙述方式，通过对古德曼·布朗在森林中所经历的一系列事件的描写，逐步展现了古德曼·布朗内心的挣扎和痛苦。

作品通过丰富的象征和隐喻，塑造了一个充满神秘和恐怖氛围的故事场景，增强了作品的压抑感和深刻感。

3. 小说的文学价值《年轻的古德曼布朗》以其独特的叙事手法和丰富的象征意义，成为了霍桑创作的典范之一。

作品深刻地反映了人性的复杂和社会的黑暗面，呈现了对人性和信仰的深刻探讨，具有深远的文学价值和启示意义。

通过作品的情节和人物塑造，霍桑展现了对人性的敏锐洞察和对社会现实的深刻思考，为美国文学作出了重要贡献。

4. 小说的影响和意义《年轻的古德曼布朗》作为霍桑的代表作之一，在世界文学史上占有重要地位。

作品通过对人性和信仰的探讨，成为探讨道德、信仰、社会现实等永恒主题的经典之作。

作品在文学史和文化传统上具有深远的影响，成为后世作家的重要创作源泉和文学借鉴。

瑞士作家卡夫卡曾评论过《年轻的古德曼布朗》是霍桑的“代表性短篇小说”，他认为这部小说是自由主义思潮的写照，揭示了人类自身潜在的恶。

“年轻的古德曼布朗”以其深刻的主题、精湛的叙事手法和卓越的文学艺术成就，成为了世界文学史上的经典之作，将继续激发人们的思考和探讨。

<年轻的古德曼>中的象征意义象征意义：1. Goodman Brown：Goodman（goodness, uprightness）Brown（pure，evil）2. Faith：➢Brown’s wife，is also the faith for god that Goodman Brown hold at the beginning of the trip.➢"With Heaven above, Faith below, I will yet stand firm against the devil."➢"My Faith is gone!" "There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil!For th thee is this world given."3. the fellow-traveler：➢The fellow-traveler constantly seduced Brown to go into the forest and participate in the evil party.➢when the "pious old lady saw the traveller, she screamed 'The devil!'"➢the traveller is obviously the "devil".➢the devil bears a considerable resemblance to Brown."I have been as well acquainted with your family as with ever a one among the Puritans"➢These indicates the evil exists in people's heart and people are evil in nature.4. nightNight always represents something bad and depraved. And is always associated with mystery, temptation and crime.5. the dark forest➢The fellow-traveler constantly seduces Brown to the forest.➢symbolizes resident of devil, that is hell➢Before he met the fellow-traveller or, the devil. Brown was taking "a dreary road,darkened by all the gloomist trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through" And the roads "closed immediately behind", there is no doubt that Brown can no longer return to the state of innocence.6. the village➢The village is a counterpart of the dark forest, which is under control of human and the rule. symbolizes the rule of the society and the spirit.➢The aim of employing of the dark forest and the bright town is to show the short distance between good and evil.7. the pink ribbonPink combines red, which is the sign of enthusiasm, and white, which stands for purity and innocence. Therefore, without denying, the pink ribbon is a symbol of good and kindnessThe pink ribbon has appeared three times in the story.The first time, the pink ribbon was playing with the wind(Para.1), indicating that Faithwas pure and kind, just like an angel. At that time, Brown hadn’t begun his journey to the forest and everything took on a good look. And Faith looked more graceful with the pink ribbon which increased her beauty.The second time it appeared was when Brown lost his way in the forest. He heard Faith’s voice and seized her pink ribbon which was fluttered lightly down through the air. When he beheld the ribbon he cried “My faith is gone!”(Para.50)This meant the kindness, innocence and his faith to God had disappeared and what took place of those were evil and sin. The couple are controlled by the devil and moved further toward evil. The third time was the next morning in the street of Salem Village when Faith ran to Brown joyfully with the pink ribbon(Para.70). As for Brown the pink ribbon now was hideous because he believed that everything was but the evil.第一次，粉红丝带随风飘荡(第1段)，表明信仰是纯洁善良的，就像天使一样。

His head being turned back, he passed a crook of the road, and, looking forward again, beheld the figure of a man, in grave and decent attire, seated at the foot of an old tree. He arose at Goodman Brown's approach and walked onward side by side with him."You are late, Goodman Brown," said he. "The clock of the Old South was striking as I came through Boston, and that is full fifteen minutes agone.""Faith kept me back a while," replied the young man, with a tremor in his voice, caused by the sudden appearance of his companion, though not wholly unexpected.It was now deep dusk in the forest, and deepest in that part of it where these two were journeying. As nearly as could be discerned, the second traveller was about fifty years old, apparently in the same rank of life as Goodman Brown, and bearing a considerable resemblance to him, though perhaps more in expression than features. Still they might have been taken for father and son. And yet, though the elder person was as simply clad as the younger, and as simple in manner too, he had an indescribable air of one who knew the world, and who would not have felt abash ed at the governor's dinner table or in King William's court, were it possible that his affairs should call him thither. But the only thing about him that could be fixed upon as remarkable was his staff, which bore the likeness of a great black snake, so curiously wrought that it might almost be seen to twist and wriggle itself like a living serpent.This, of course, must have been an ocular deception, assisted by the uncertain light."Come, Goodman Brown," cried his fellow-traveller, "this is a dull pace for the beginning of a journey. Take my staff, if you are so soon weary.""Friend," said the other, exchanging his slow pace for a full stop, "having kept covenant by meeting thee here, it is my purpose now to return whence I came. I have scruples touchingthe matter thou wot'st of.""Sayest thou so?" replied he of the serpent, smiling apart."Let us walk on, nevertheless, reasoning as we go; and if Iconvince thee not thou shalt turn back. We are but a little wayin the forest yet.""Too far! too far!" exclaimed the goodman, unconsciouslyresuming his walk. "My father never went into the woods onsuch an errand, nor his father before him. We have been a raceof honest men and good Christians since the days of themartyrs; and shall I be the first of the name of Brown that evertook this path and kept""Such company, thou wouldst say," observed the elderperson, interpreting his pause. "Well said, Goodman Brown! Ihave been as well acquainted with your family as with ever aone among the Puritans; and that's no trifle to say. I helpedyour grandfather, the constable, when he lashed the Quakerwoman so smartly through the streets of Salem; and it was Ithat brought your father a pitch-pine knot, kindled at my ownhearth, to set fire to an Indian village, in King Philip's war.They were my good friends, both; and many a pleasant walkhave we had along this path, and returned merrily aftermidnight. I would fain be friends with you for their sake.""If it be as thou sayest," replied Goodman Brown, "I marvelthey never spoke of these matters; or, verily, I marvel not,seeing that the least rumor of the sort would have driven themfrom New England. We are a people of prayer, and good worksto boot, and abide no such wickedness.""Wickedness or not," said the traveller with the twistedstaff, "I have a very general acquaintance here in New England.The deacons of many a church have drunk the communionwine with me; the selectmen of divers towns make me theirchairman; and a majority of the Great and General Court arefirm supporters of my interest. The governor and I, too--Butthese are state secrets.""Can this be so?" cried Goodman Brown, with a stare ofamazement at his undisturbed companion. "Howbeit, I havenothing to do with the governor and council; they have theirown ways, and are no rule for a simple husbandman like me.But, were I to go on with thee, how should I meet the eye ofthat good old man, our minister, at Salem village? Oh, his voicewould make me tremble both Sabbath day and lecture day."Thus far the elder traveller had listened with due gravity;but now burst into a fit of irrepressible mirth, shaking himselfso violently that his snake-like staff actually seemed to wrigglein sympathy."Mingled with fine wheat and the fat of a new-born babe,"said the shape of old Goodman Brown."Ah, your worship knows the recipe," cried the old lady,cackling aloud. "So, as I was saying, being all ready for themeeting, and no horse to ride on, I made up my mind to foot it;for they tell me there is a nice young man to be taken intocommunion to-night. But now your good worship will lend meyour arm, and we shall be there in a twinkling.""That can hardly be," answered her friend. "I may notspare you my arm, Goody Cloyse; but here is my staff, if youwill."So saying, he threw it down at her feet, where, perhaps, itassumed life, being one of the rods which its owner hadformerly lent to the Egyptian magi. Of this fact, however,Goodman Brown could not take cognizance. He had cast up hiseyes in astonishment, and, looking down again, beheld neitherGoody Cloyse nor the serpentine staff, but his fellow-travelleralone, who waited for him as calmly as if nothing hadhappened."That old woman taught me my catechism," said theyoung man; and there was a world of meaning in this simplecomment.They continued to walk onward, while the elder travellerexhorted his companion to make good speed and persevere inthe path, discoursing so aptly that his arguments seemed ratherto spring up in the bosom of his auditor than to be suggested byhimself. As they went, he plucked a branch of maple to servefor a walking stick, and began to strip it of the twigs and littleboughs, which were wet with evening dew. The moment hisfingers touched them they became strangely withered and driedup as with a week's sunshine. Thus the pair proceeded, at agood free pace, until suddenly, in a gloomy hollow of the road,Goodman Brown sat himself down on the stump of a tree andrefused to go any farther."Friend," said he, stubbornly, "my mind is made up. Notanother step will I budge on this errand. What if a wretched oldwoman do choose to go to the devil when I thought she wasgoing to heaven: is that any reason why I should quit my dearFaith and go after her?""You will think better of this by and by," said his acquaintance, composedly. "Sit here and rest yourself a while; and when you feel like moving again, there is my staff to help you along."Without more words, he threw his companion the maple stick, and was as speedily out of sight as if he had vanished into the deepening gloom. The young man sat a few moments by the roadside, applauding himself greatly, and thinking with how clear a conscience he should meet the minister in his morning walk, nor shrink from the eye of good old Deacon Gookin. And what calm sleep would be his that very night, which was to have been spent so wickedly, but so purely and sweetly now, in the arms of Faith! Amidst these pleasant and praiseworthy meditations, Goodman Brown heard the tramp of horses along the road, and deemed it advisable to conceal himself within the verge of the forest, conscious of the guilty purpose that had brought him thither, though now so happily turned from it.On came the hoof tramps and the voices of the riders, two grave old voices, conversing soberly as they drew near. These mingled sounds appeared to pass along the road, within a few yards of the young man's hiding-place; but, owing doubtless to the depth of the gloom at that particular spot, neither the travellers nor their steeds were visible. Though their figures brushed the small boughs by the wayside, it could not be seen that they intercepted, even for a moment, the faint gleam from the strip of bright sky athwart which they must have passed. Goodman Brown alternately crouched and stood on tiptoe, pulling aside the branches and thrusting forth his head as far as he durst without discerning so much as a shadow. It vexed him the more, because he could have sworn, were such a thing possible, that he recognized the voices of the minister and Deacon Gookin, jogging along quietly, as they were wont to do, when bound to some ordination or ecclesiastical council. While yet within hearing, one of the riders stopped to pluck a switch."Of the two, reverend sir," said the voice like the deacon's, "I had rather miss an ordination dinner than to-night's meeting. They tell me that some of our community are to be here from Falmouth and beyond, and others from Connecticut and Rhode Island, besides several of the Indian powwows, who, after their fashion, know almost as much deviltry as the best of us. Moreover, there is a goodly young woman to be taken into communion."Whether Faith obeyed he knew not. Hardly had he spokenwhen he found himself amid calm night and solitude, listeningto a roar of the wind which died heavily away through theforest. He staggered against the rock, and felt it chill and damp;while a hanging twig, that had been all on fire, besprinkled hischeek with the coldest dew.The next morning young Goodman Brown came slowlyinto the street of Salem village, staring around him like abewildered man. The good old minister was taking a walkalong the graveyard to get an appetite for breakfast andmeditate his sermon, and bestowed a blessing, as he passed, onGoodman Brown. He shrank from the venerable saint as if toavoid an anathema. Old Deacon Gookin was at domesticworship, and the holy words of his prayer were heard throughthe open window. "What God doth the wizard pray to?" quothGoodman Brown. Goody Cloyse, that excellent old Christian,stood in the early sunshine at her own lattice, catechizing alittle girl who had brought her a pint of morning's milk.Goodman Brown snatched away the child as from the grasp ofthe fiend himself. Turning the corner by the meeting-house, hespied the head of Faith, with the pink ribbons, gazing anxiouslyforth, and bursting into such joy at sight of him that she skippedalong the street and almost kissed her husband before the wholevillage. But Goodman Brown looked sternly and sadly into herface, and passed on without a greeting.Had Goodman Brown fallen asleep in the forest and onlydreamed a wild dream of a witch-meeting?Be it so if you will; but, alas! it was a dream of evil omenfor young Goodman Brown. A stern, a sad, a darkly meditative,a distrustful, if not a desperate man did he become from thenight of that fearful dream. On the Sabbath day, when thecongregation were singing a holy psalm, he could not listenbecause an anthem of sin rushed loudly upon his ear anddrowned all the blessed strain. When the minister spoke fromthe pulpit with power and fervid eloquence, and, with his handon the open Bible, of the sacred truths of our religion, and ofsaint-like lives and triumphant deaths, and of future bliss ormisery unutterable, then did Goodman Brown turn pale,dreading lest the roof should thunder down upon the grayblasphemer and his hearers. Often, waking suddenly atmidnight, he shrank from the bosom of Faith; and at morningor eventide, when the family knelt down at prayer, he scowledand muttered to himself, and gazed sternly at his wife, andturned away. And when he had lived long, and was borne to hisgrave a hoary corpse, followed by Faith, an aged woman, andchildren and grandchildren, a goodly procession, besidesneighbors not a few, they carved no hopeful verse upon histombstone, for his dying hour was gloom.。

浅析国外象征主义文学的特征及翻译技巧——以《Y oung Goodman Brown》为例王晶晶（对外经济贸易大学，北京100029）【摘要】象征主义文学起源于19世纪中期的法国，并扩及欧美，是象征主义思潮在文学上的体现。

美国19世纪后期著名的浪漫主义和心理小说家纳撒尼尔·霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne，1804-1864）便是其中的代表人物之一，其著名的《Y oung Goodman Brown》，将象征主义的表现手法发挥到了极致，是早期象征主义文学的代表作。

然而该部作品的翻译相对于普通小说而言，也更难以保证译文的原汁原味，信息缺失的现象时有发生，如何弥补这一现象也是众多译者关注的课题。

【关键词】象征主义特征翻译信息缺失一、前言霍桑的小说一贯以“原罪”为主题，描写清教统治之下人的遭遇和命运，揭露宗教对人性的迫害。

霍桑十分擅长运用寓意深刻的象征主义手法暗示主题，并对人物心理进行细腻的刻画与分析。

《Y oung Goodman Brown》（以下简称YGB）是一篇具有典型霍桑写作风格的佳作。

故事描述的是一个名叫Goodman Brown的年轻人，丢下新婚不久的妻子Faith，独自前往恐怖的黑森林，去参加魔鬼盛会的过程中所遭遇的离奇经历，以及他在之后发生的巨大变化。

霍桑巧妙的运用象征主义将作者的内心世界、历史背景以及整个社会的大环境融入到作品当中，并展现在大众面前。

二、象征主义文学的深刻寓意19世纪以来，象征主义文学日趋盛行。

象征手法频频被作家们融入到自己的作品当中。

所谓象征，是指“把一个或一组特殊而复杂的含义赋予一个意象抑或是一个词或词组之中”[4]。

霍桑就惯用象征手法，并彰显出显著的特征。

在《YGB》一文中，霍桑将象征运用到了场景、人、事、物等各个方面，几乎覆盖了小说的各个角落，构思精细巧妙，寓意深刻悠远，并起到了深化主题的作用。

（一）场景象征从地点上看，故事发生在恐怖的黑森林里。

”Young Goodman Brown” （1835) is a short story by American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne。

The story takes place in 17th century Puritan New England，a common setting for Hawthorne's works, and addresses the Calvinist/Puritan belief that humanity exists in a state of depravity, exempting those who are born in a state of grace。

Hawthorne frequently attempts to expose the hypocrisy of Puritan culture in his literature. In a symbolic fashion，the story follows Young Goodman Brown's journey into self—scrutiny which results in his loss of faith。

Plot summaryThe story begins at sunset in Salem, Massachusetts，as young Goodman Brown leaves Faith，his wife of three months, for an unknown errand in the forest. Faith pleads with her husband to stay with her but he insists the journey into the forest must be completed that night。

校园英语 / 文艺鉴赏浅析《Young Goodman Brown》中的象征主义宁夏大学外国语学院/王寅 李文军【摘要】象征主义文学起源于19世纪中期的法国，后来扩及到整个欧美国家。

纳撒尼尔•霍桑是19世纪后期美国著名的浪漫主义和心理小说家的杰出代表，也是美国文学的奠基人之一，其代表作《Young Goodman Brown》就属于“心之寓言”部分的短篇小说，在这部作品中他将象征主义的表现手法发挥到了极致。

【关键词】纳撒尼尔•霍桑 布朗 象征主义纳撒尼尔•霍桑擅长运用寓意深刻的象征主义手法暗示主题，并对人物心理进行细腻的刻画与分析。

《Young Goodman Brown》是一篇具有典型霍桑写作风格的佳作。

故事发生在17世纪末巫术盛行时期，一个名叫布朗的年轻人与妻子费丝先后前往黑森林参加魔鬼盛会的离奇经历。

作者描写了此过程中他们的种种奇幻见闻，以及身心上发生的巨大变化。

霍桑巧妙运用象征主义的手法，虚构了魔鬼、黑森林、梦境等意象，使小说充满了浓郁的神秘感和寓言感。

本文拟从场景、人物、心理这三个方面来解读霍桑小说中的象征主义。

一、场景“黑森林”是小说中的主要场景，它与《了不起的盖茨比》中的灰烬谷，《红楼梦》中的大观园和《源氏物语》中的六条院一样起着关键性的作用。

文中写道，布朗在夜幕降临时赶赴与魔鬼们的黑森林约会，“林间树木黑沉沉地簇拥在周围，密匝匝地挤挨着，只容狭窄的小径勉强蜿蜒穿过，随即又在后面将小路封闭起来。

”此番描写让我们联想到但丁《神曲》中的炼狱，黑暗吞噬着光明，绝望中袭来阵阵恐怖、压抑，令人无处可逃。

霍桑之所以把“黑森林”作为小说的关键性场景是别有用意的，此举也蕴含了他深刻的象征主义。

传统小说中的森林是一个植被密集的生机之地，而霍桑笔下的森林则是一个充满恐怖气息、黑暗围剿的地方。

他让布朗经历黑森林之旅，目睹种种离奇现象，这看似是一个超现实的奇幻小故事，实则向人们展示人性的堕落和罪恶的世界。