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司法考试票据法要点详解备注：1.有因性存在于直接前后手之间，有因可抗辩；无因性存在于间接前后手间，无因不能抗辩，这保证了票据的流通性，后手不受前手的抗辩影响。
2.追索是反向的，连带的，单向的。
二、背书（一）回头背书：（二）禁止转让背书（三）背书的涂消：票据权利人故意将背书中背书人的签名或其他记载事项等记载文句的一部或全部涂去或消除。
三、承兑和保证承兑：是指远期汇票的付款人在汇票上签名，同意按出票人指示到期付款的行为。
保证：是指汇票的债务人以外的第三人以担保特定的汇票债务人承担汇票付款为目的，在汇票上签章及记载必要事项的票据行为。
四、票据的伪造：指假冒或虚构他人名义为票据行为并在票据上签章。
五、票据变造：指无合法变更权限的人，对除签章外的票据记载事项加以变更。
票据权利的种类1.付款请求权票据法规定持票人最基本的权利是请求付款人按票据金额支付款项。
付款请求权是票据的第一次权利，实践中人们常称此权利为主票据权利。
付款请求权须符合以下条件：（1）持票人持有处在有效期内的票据，其中汇票和本票的有效期自票据到期日起2年以内；见票即付的汇票和本票，自出票日起2年以内；支票自出票起6个月以内。
（2）持票人须将原票据向付款人提示付款，如果不能提供票据原件的，不能请求付款，付款人也不得付款；（3）持票人只能请求付款人支付票据上确定的金额，付款人须一次性将债务履行完毕，因此，持票人也不得向付款人请求少于票据确定的金额付款。
（4）持票人得到付款后，必须将票据移交给付款人，原票据上的权利可能由付款人承受，向其他债务人请求付款，从而使付款请求权呈持续状态。
（5）付款人支付票据金额后，如果发现该票据有伪造、变造情况的，有权向持票人请求返还所给付的金额。
这是对票据权利不确切的处置。
2.追索权指持票人行使付款请求受到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款时，或有其他法定事由请求付款未果时，向其前手请求支付票据金额的权利。
由于这一请求是在第一次请求未果后的再次请求，所以将其称为第二次请求权，是票据权利的再次行使追索权的追索对象视票据种类的不同，可以分别包括出票人、背书人、保证人、承兑人和参加承兑人，这些人在票据中的地位是连带债务人，持票人可以不按照汇票债务人的先后顺序，对其中的法\律|教育网任何一人、数人或全体行使追索权；持票人对汇票债务人仍可行使追索权。
司法考试票据法要点详解备注：1.有因性存在于直接前后手之间，有因可抗辩；无因性存在于间接前后手间，无因不能抗辩，这保证了票据的流通性，后手不受前手的抗辩影响。
2.追索是反向的，连带的，单向的。
二、背书（一）回头背书：（二）禁止转让背书（三）背书的涂消：票据权利人故意将背书中背书人的签名或其他记载事项等记载文句的一部或全部涂去或消除。
三、承兑和保证承兑：是指远期汇票的付款人在汇票上签名，同意按出票人指示到期付款的行为。
保证：是指汇票的债务人以外的第三人以担保特定的汇票债务人承担汇票付款为目的，在汇票上签章及记载必要事项的票据行为。
四、票据的伪造：指假冒或虚构他人名义为票据行为并在票据上签章。
五、票据变造：指无合法变更权限的人，对除签章外的票据记载事项加以变更。
票据权利的种类1.付款请求权票据法规定持票人最基本的权利是请求付款人按票据金额支付款项。
付款请求权是票据的第一次权利，实践中人们常称此权利为主票据权利。
付款请求权须符合以下条件：（1）持票人持有处在有效期内的票据，其中汇票和本票的有效期自票据到期日起2年以内；见票即付的汇票和本票，自出票日起2年以内；支票自出票起6个月以内。
（2）持票人须将原票据向付款人提示付款，如果不能提供票据原件的，不能请求付款，付款人也不得付款；（3）持票人只能请求付款人支付票据上确定的金额，付款人须一次性将债务履行完毕，因此，持票人也不得向付款人请求少于票据确定的金额付款。
（4）持票人得到付款后，必须将票据移交给付款人，原票据上的权利可能由付款人承受，向其他债务人请求付款，从而使付款请求权呈持续状态。
（5）付款人支付票据金额后，如果发现该票据有伪造、变造情况的，有权向持票人请求返还所给付的金额。
这是对票据权利不确切的处置。
2.追索权指持票人行使付款请求受到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款时，或有其他法定事由请求付款未果时，向其前手请求支付票据金额的权利。
由于这一请求是在第一次请求未果后的再次请求，所以将其称为第二次请求权，是票据权利的再次行使追索权的追索对象视票据种类的不同，可以分别包括出票人、背书人、保证人、承兑人和参加承兑人，这些人在票据中的地位是连带债务人，持票人可以不按照汇票债务人的先后顺序，对其中的法\律|教育网任何一人、数人或全体行使追索权；持票人对汇票债务人仍可行使追索权。
中科院博士英语考试辅导1.引言1.1 中科院博士英语考试辅导的重要性The importance of coaching for the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) doctoral English exam cannot be overstated. As one of the most prestigious academic institutions in China, CAS sets high standards for its entrance exams, including the English proficiency test for prospective doctoral students. This exam plays a crucial role in evaluating candidates' language skills and overall readiness for advanced academic studies in an international environment.1.2 背景介绍中科院博士英语考试是中国科学院博士研究生招生考试中的一部分，是评判考生英语水平的重要指标。
随着我国对科学技术人才需求的增加，中科院博士英语考试的难度和要求也在不断提高。
考生在备考过程中需要有针对性地提升自己的英语能力，以确保能够顺利通过考试。
中科院博士英语考试的背景可以追溯到我国改革开放以来高等教育水平的不断提升，科研机构对高水平科学家的需求日益增加。
中科院作为我国科研力量的核心之一，选拔优秀的研究生以培养未来的科研人才是其重要使命。
而英语作为国际科研交流的重要语言之一，对于科研人员来说具有重要意义。
中科院博士英语考试的设置旨在考察考生的英语综合能力，为他们提供展示自己的机会，也是中科院选拔最优秀学生的重要途径之一。
PART ? STRUCTURE&VOCA BULA RY ( 25minutes,15points)sectionA( 0.5 point eath)direction: choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring answer sheet.16.Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no__________ but to report him to the local police.A. timeB. chanceC. authorityD. alternative17.Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to __________regret.A. teemB. brim withC. come withD. look with18.There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young one has a glorious future before him and the old one has a _______future behind him.A. splendidB. conspicuousC. uproariousD. imminent19. That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only_________necessity.A. within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of20. A young man sees a sunset and unable to understand of express the emotion that it _________in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A. reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates21.______________the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10minutes or until most of the water has evaporated.A. Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up22.Banks shall be unable to ___________,or claim relief against the first 15%of any loan or bankrupted debt left with them .A. write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come over23.I am to inform you ,that you may ,if you wish , attend the inquiry ,and at the inspectors di scretion state your case _________or through an entrusted representative.A. in personB. in depthC. in secretD. in excess24.In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by “being___________,”being open to all kinds of art.A. gratifyingB. predominatingC. excellingD. accommodating25.In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens _________the 1stgrade.A. leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances26.Desert plants ________ two categories according to the way they deal with the problem of surviving drought.A. break downB. fall intoC. differ inD. refer to27.In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roar of aircraft engines which _________ all other sounds.A. dwarfedB. diminishedC. drownedD. relative28.Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not _________ and should be avoided if possible.A. constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relative29. The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the ____________ of investigations.A. caseB. chaseC. causeD. course30. Since neither side was ready to __________ what was necessary for pe ace, hostility were resumed in 1980.A. precedeB. recedeC. concedeD. intercede31.Such an _________act of hostility can only lead to war.A. overtB. episodicC. ampleD. ultimate32._________ both in working life and everyday living to different setsof values, and expectations places a severe strain on the individual.A. RecreationB. TransactionC. DisclosureD. Exposure33. It would then be replaced by interim government, which would _______ __be replaced by a permanent government after four months.A. in stepB. in turn B. in practice D. in haste34. Haven’t I told you I don’t want you keeping ____________ with those awful riding-about bicycle boys?A. companyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place35.Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were qui te simply _________ every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price of Section B (0.5 point each)Directions : in each of the following sentences there are four parts und erlined and marked A, B, C, and D. Indicate which of the four parts is i ncorrectly used. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice by drawinga single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.36. The auctioneer must know fair accurately the current market values of the goods he isA B C Dselling.37.Children are among the most frequent victims of violent, drug-related crimes that have nothingA B Cdoing with the cost of acquiring the drugs.D38. A large collection of contemporary photographs, including some taken by Mary are on displayA B Cat the museum.D39.There is much in our life which we do not control and we are not even responsible for.A B C D40. Capital inflows will also tend to increase the international value of the dollar, make it moreA B Cdifficult to sell U.S. exports.D41. It can be argued that the problems, even something as fundamental as the ever-increased worldA B Cpopulation, have been caused by technological adcance.D42. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revengeA B Cas subfected to uncivilized behavior.D43. While experts in basic science are important, skilled talents shouldbe the overriding majorityA B Csince they are at heavy demand in the market.D44.Retailers offered deep discounts and extra hours this weekend in thebid to lure shoppers.A B C D45.The amendments of the laws on patent, trademark and copyright have en hanced protection ofA Bintellectual property rights and made them conform to WTO rules.C DPART3 CLOZE TEST (15minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase mark ed A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding l etter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have und ergone change, One of the more obvious ___46____ has occurred in the rol es that women 47 . Women have moved into the world of work and have beco me adept at meeting expectations in that arena, 48 maintaining their family roles of nurturing and creating a(n) 49 that is a haven for all family members. 50 many women experience strain from trying to “do it all,”they often endoy the increased 51 that can result from playing multiple roles. As women’s roles have changed, changing expectations about me n’s roles have become more 52 . Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility 53 the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men’s roles, however, is in the emotional 54 of family life. Menare increasingly 55 to meet the emotional needs of their families, 56 their wives.In fact, expectations about he emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on 57 marriage has ch anged over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emo tional side of the relationship, and the importance of sharing in the “emotion work”58 to nourish marriages and other family relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent, 59 b oth partners nurture each other, attend and respond to each other, and e ncourage and promote each other. We are thus seeing marriages in which m en’s and women’s roles are becoming increasingly more 60 .46. A. incidents B. changes C. results D. effects47. A. take B. do C. play D. show48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D. Nevertheless51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent53. A. as B. of C. from D. for54. A. section B. constituent C. domain D. point55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted56. A. not to mention B. as well as C. including D. especially57. A. how B. what C. why D. if58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because60. A. pleasant B. important C. similar D. manageablePART 4 REA DING COMPREHENSION (60minutes, 30 points) Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some ques tions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read each passage carefully, and th en select the choice that best answers the question or completes the sta tement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage1The man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1833 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who, durin g the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheelrer. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex Liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registe red a trademark for something called French Wine Coca-Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant, a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Compa ny, and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M. Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a batch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886-a year in which, as contemporary Coca-Coca o fficials like to point our, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and Fra nce unveiled the Statue of Liberty-Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he ca lled Coca-Coca. It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had ta ken our the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other o ils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his glowing bookkeeper’s script, presently devised a label, on which “Coca-Cola”was written in the fa shion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less asa refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose heada che could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in 1886,one such victim of the night before dragged hi mself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a doolop of Cola-Cola. Dru ggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water,but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to the fresh- water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up al most at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.64. What dose the passage tell us about John Styth Pemberton?A. He was highly respected by AtlantansB. He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C. He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D. He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62. Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton’s Company?A. Skills to make French wineB. Talent for drawing picturesC. An acute sense of smell.D. Ability to work with numbers.63.Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?A. He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes’sB. He brought a quite profitable product into being.C. He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D. He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution64.One modification made of French Wine Coca formula was__________A. used beer bottles were chosen as containersB. the amount of caffeine in it was increasedC. it was blended with oils instead of waterD. Cola nut extract was added to taste65. According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially for ________A. the young as a soft drinkB. a replacement of French Wine CocaC. the relief of a hangoverD. a cure for the common headache66. The last paragraph mainly tells___________A. the complaint against the lazy shop-assistantB. a real test of Coca-cola as a headache cureC. the mediocre service of the drugstoreD. a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-ColaPassage 2Between 1833 and 1837, the publishers of a “penny press”proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what am ounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advert ising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the c ommon citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business communi ty, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon p olitical party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handing of the news and opinion fu nctions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic a dvances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; hu man interest stories overshadowed important news, and crime and sex stor ies were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social and economic brackets, its sensationalism was modi fied. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A populari zed style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny pa per became a respectable publication that offered s ignificant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the h igher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had rea ched.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York Sun in 1833. The sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison;but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest featuresto important but dull political speech reports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New York daily newsp apers combined when the sun first appeared. In those same four years Jam es Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald (1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day’s success founded the Philadel phia Public ledger (1836) and the Baltimore sun (1837).The four penny sh eets all became famed newspapers.67. What does the first paragraph say about the “penny press?”A. It was known for its in-depth news reportingB. It had an involvement with some political parties.C. It depended on the business community for survival.D. It aimed at pleasing the general public.68. In its early days, a penny paper often ___________--A. paid much attention to political issuesB. provided stories that hit the public tasteC. offered penetrating editorials on various issuesD. covered important news with inaccuracy69. As the readership was growing more diverse, the penny paper_________ ___A. improved its contentB. changed its writing styleC. developed a more sensational styleD. became a tool for political parries70. The underlined word “ventures”in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by ___________A. editorsB. reportersC. newspapersD. companies71. What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore sun.?A. They turned out to be failures.B. They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C. They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D. They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72. This passage is probably taken from a book on ___________A. the work ethics of the American mediaB. the techniques in news reportingC. the history of sensationalism in A merican mediaD. the impact of mass media on A merican societyPassage 3Forget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs—a room of one’s own. The writer she had in mind wasn’t at work on a novel in cybers pace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of t rancey, chiming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark A merika—his legally adopted name; don’t ask him about his b irth name—composed much of his novel Grammatron. But Grammatron isn’t just a story. It’s an online narrative () that uses the c apabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicate knots. In the four year it took to produce—it was completed in 199 7—each new advance in computer software became anther potential story d evice. “I became sort of dependent on the industry,”jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper. “That’s unusual for a writer, because if you just write on paper the ‘technology’is pretty stable.”Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi—mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual “city”in cyberspace w hare visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic, The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron’s 1,000-puls text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reachthe next screen, just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a t rapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and th ere’s a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is in some sense thestory you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. “I tell them not to get caught up in mere plot,”he says. Some avant-garde writers—Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino—have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author’s control. “But what makes the Net so exciting, “says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, ran domly generated links, 3-D modeling, animaion.”That room of one’s ownis turning into a fun house.73. The passage is mainly to tell __________________.A. differences between conventional and modern novelsB. how Mark A merika composed his novel GrammatronC. common features of all modern electronic novelsD. why Mark A merika took on a new way of writing74. Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities of a writer?A. Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B. It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C. Modern writers will get nowhere without a word processorD.It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75.As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because it______________.A. provides potentials for the story developmentB. is one of the novels atC. can be downloaded free of chargeD. boasts of the best among cyber stories76.By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark A merika meant that _________.A. he could not help but set his Grammatron and thers in Industrial RevolutionB. conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technologyC. much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependentD. he couldn’t care less about new advance in computer software77. As the passage shows , Grammatron makes it possible for readers to _____________-A. adapt the story for a video versionB. “walk in”the story and interact with itC. develop the plots within the author’s controlD. steal the show and become the main character78. A merika told his students not to ____________A.immerse themselves only in creating the plotB. be captivated by the plot alone while readingC. be lagged far behind in the plot developmentD. let their plot get lost in the on-going storyPassage 4In 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading a much smaller boy out of a Liberpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2, away fromhis mother, who was shopping , and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroas track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, s mearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before heaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train.The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went of to watch cartoons.Today the boys are18-year-ole men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release--probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English justice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sils decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For ht e rest of their lives, Venable sands Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English media outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts of the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks are also prohibited.In the U.S, which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. “We’re clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world,”says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in theU.S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U.S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts ,which, for example, ban all video cameras.But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim’s family is enraged, as are the ever eager British tabloids. “What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?”asks Bulger’s mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials have insisted that citizens have a right to know if Venables of Thompson move in next door. Says conserbative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins;”It almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a completely new life.”79. What occurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A. 2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in playB. James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C. Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D. A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80.According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson___________A. hav been treated as juvenile delinquentsB. have been held in protective custody for their murder gameC. were caught while watching cartoons eight years agoD. have already served out their 10 years in prison81.The British justice system is afraid that the two young men would____A. hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general publicB. be doomed to become social outcasts after releaseC. still remain dangerous and destructive if set freeD. be inclined to commit a recurring crime82. According to the British courts, after their return to society, thetwo adults will be __________A. banned from any kind of press interviewB. kept under constant surveillance by policeC. shielded from being identified an killersD. ordered to report to police their whereabouts83. From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Venables or T hompson would________.A. have no freedom to go wherever he wantsB. serve a life imprisonment for the crimeC. be forbidden to join many of his relativesD. no doubt receive massive publicity in the U>S>84. As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells that ________________A. it is controversial as it goes without precedentB. the British media are sure to do the contraryC. Bulger’s family would enter all appeal against itD. Conservatives obviously conflict with LiberalsPassage 5Can the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor’s office? The silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology co mpanies, is launching a pilot program to test online “virtual visits “between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 6,000 emplo yees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees won’t have to skip workto tend to minor ailments of to follow up on chronic conditions. “With our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your doctor in your h ometown can be a big chunk of time, “says Cindy Conway, benefits direc tor at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors aren’t clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they sp end enough unpaid time ton the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a pa tient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so, according to the r esearch firm Cyber Dialogue.”We are not stupid,”says Stirling Somers, executive of the Silicon Valley employers group. “Doctors getting jpai d is a critical piece in getting this to work.”In the pilot program, p hysicians will get $20 per online consultation, about what they get fora simple office visit.Doctors also fear they’ll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell ever ything but what’s needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will u se technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Calif.-based start-up. Healinx’s “Smart Symptom Wizard”questions patients and turns answers i nto a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common c onditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor’s office? Many conditions, such as persis tent cough, require a stethoscope to discover what’s wrong—and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor’s gr oups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor’s visits offer a “very narrow”sliver of service between hone calls to an advice nurse an a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine wh ether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset thecost of the service. So far, the Internet’s record in the health fieldhas been underwhelming. The experiment is “a huge roll of the dice for Healinx,”notes Michael Barrett, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits”succeed, expect some HMOs(Heal th Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, empl oyers, and patients aren’t satisfied, figure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85. the Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the pu rpose of ___________A. rewarding their employeesB. gratifying the local hospitalsC. boosting worker productivityD. testing a sophisticated technology86. What can be learned about the on-line doctors’visits?A. They are a quite promising business.B. They are funded by the local government.C. They are welcomed by all the patientsD. They are very much under experimentation.。
中科大的考博英语由陈纪梁命题，陈老师只公布了最新到2007年的试卷，后面的题没有公布过，所以大家不用在网上四处寻找2007之后的试卷了，如果能找到，不是假的，就是骗钱的。
考上中科大后，博士英语课是陈老师给上课，上课过程中发现他给的资料上很多单词、阅读非常熟悉，后来仔细一想才知道是当年考题上曾经考过的。
所以下面的这些资料对于考博的同学参考价值非常大，大家背单词的话，就背资料上的就足够了，每年的真题中都会涉及到的。
资料请联系QQ910394538，2002-2007的中科大考博英语真题可以免费赠送大家。
资料构成：
1、中科大考博英语历年真题及答案解析03-07年（仅电子版）
2、中科大考博英语内部复习讲义
此讲义由命题的陈老师编著，并未出版过，由数篇文章组成，文章后面有配套的习题，词汇，翻译等。
文章中的单词及句子很重要，真题中很多词汇题或翻译直接来自文章。
3、中科大命题老师编著的快速阅读10篇
陈老师上课讲解此快速阅读时，经常说“此文章在某年考博真题中作为翻译考过”，参考价值大家自己想像。
4、博士英语模拟题一套
此模拟题为新入学博士第一年上课结束时的模拟题，为考博英语命题人陈老师所出。
以上所有资料，专业针对中科大考博英语，非其它高校杂七杂八的辅导班资料。
中科院阅读理解解析（一）在任何英语考试中阅读理解部分都是让考生颇为头疼的题型。
而往往阅读部分的分数在整张试卷中所占比例都特别大，大概占整张试卷的30%——45%。
做阅读理解时考生大都遇到这样的问题——明明文章中所有的单词都看的懂，为什么看文章时总是似懂非懂，而且每次答题时都只对一半，并且对的那一半还是蒙的。
这种问题的发生往往是因为考生没有阅读理解的真正意义。
阅读理解，顾名思义，先阅读后理解，也就是说先把文章中的单词、词组、俚语、成语、固定用法都理解后再经过自己大脑的分析加工后才可以做对全部题目。
奇怪的是，几乎中国80%以上的考生都忽略了逻辑分析这个环节，天真的以为只要背一定量的单词，就可以再阅读理解中取得高分，其实阅读理解重点考察的是理解，而我下面要讲解的就是怎样在储备一定量的词汇的基础上对文章进行理解。
下面选取的文章是中科院07年试题中的第一道阅读理解题。
中科院阅读理解共五篇文章占30分，答题时间为一小时，也就是说要求考生平均12分钟做完一篇阅读理解。
而在做阅读理解前考生已经答完词汇和完形填空部分的题，大概会用去30分钟，这也就是说，到了这个时间考生正好刚刚进入考试状态，只要平时训练有素，这部分答题的效率将会非常的高。
下面我们看一下文章。
Passage OneMost people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face the courts if they handle things badly.文章大意：众所周之，美国大多数民众都服用的高品质的医药。
中国科学院考博英语模拟试卷30(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．This is only a______agreement: nothing serious concluded yet by far.A．tentativeB．localC．decisiveD．kidding正确答案：A解析：形容词词义辨析。
tentative“试验性的，尝试的，暂定的”；local“地方的，当地的”；decisive“决定性的”；kidding“戏弄的，玩笑的”。
题中所填的词修饰的是agreement，后文中对这个协议做了说明：真正的还未达成。
显然所填的词应当与“真正的”表达的意思相反。
故答案为A。
2．Some workers in the nuclear power station were exposed to high levels of______.A．radiationB．cancerC．microwavesD．high temperature正确答案：A解析：名词词义辨析。
radiation“辐射，放射线，放射物”；cancer“癌症”；microwaves“微波”；hightemperature“高温”。
根据句中the nuclear power station 提供的语境，只有radiation符合句意。
故答案为A。
3．A______refers to an animal that is born from its mother’s body, not form an egg, and drinks its mother’s milk as a baby.A．mammothB．penguinC．mosquitoD．mammal正确答案：D解析：上下文语义。
