I12[1]
- 格式:pdf
- 大小:295.91 KB
- 文档页数:13
英语日常对话100句一问一答1. Q: How are you today?A: I'm doing well, thanks. And you?2. Q: What's your name?A: My name is [Your Name].3. Q: Where are you from?A: I'm from [Your City/Country].4. Q: What do you do for a living?A: I work as a [Your Profession].5. Q: What's your favorite food?A: I really like pizza.6. Q: Do you like to travel?A: Yes, I love exploring new places.7. Q: Have you seen the latest movie?A: Not yet, is it any good?8. Q: What kind of music do you listen to?A: I enjoy listening to pop music.9. Q: How do you spend your weekends?A: I usually go hiking or spend time with friends.10. Q: Do you have any pets?A: Yes, I have a dog named [Pet's Name]. 11. Q: What's the weather like today?A: It's sunny and warm.12. Q: Do you like reading?A: Yes, I read a lot in my free time.13. Q: What's your favorite book?A: My favorite book is "To Kill a Mockingbird."14. Q: How do you get to work?A: I take the subway.15. Q: What time do you usually wake up?A: I wake up at 6:30 a.m.16. Q: Do you prefer coffee or tea?A: I'm a coffee person.17. Q: Have you been to [Famous Place]?A: Yes, I visited there last year.18. Q: What's your favorite color?A: I like blue the most.19. Q: Do you speak any other languages?A: Yes, I can speak Spanish.20. Q: What's your favorite season?A: I love autumn.... (Continuing the pattern)81. Q: Do you like to cook?A: Yes, I enjoy trying out new recipes.82. Q: What's your favorite sport?A: I enjoy playing basketball.83. Q: Do you have any siblings?A: Yes, I have a younger brother.84. Q: What's your favorite holiday?A: I look forward to Christmas every year.85. Q: Do you play any musical instruments?A: I play the guitar.86. Q: What's your favorite TV show?A: I'm currently watching "Stranger Things."87. Q: Do you like to go to the gym?A: Yes, I try to work out regularly.88. Q: What's your favorite type of cuisine?A: I'm a big fan of Italian food.89. Q: Do you enjoy shopping?A: Sometimes, but not too often.90. Q: What's your favorite quote?A: "The only way to do great work is to love what you do."91. Q: Do you prefer the countryside or the city?A: I prefer the peacefulness of the countryside.92. Q: What's your favorite subject in school?A: I always liked history.93. Q: Do you like to dance?A: Yes, especially to salsa music.94. Q: What's your dream vacation destination?A: I'd love to visit Japan.95. Q: Do you like to garden?A: Yes, I find it relaxing.96. Q: What's your favorite childhood memory?A: Going to the beach with my family.97. Q: Do you enjoy photography?A: Yes, it's a hobby of mine.98. Q: What's your favorite dessert?A: I can't resist chocolate cake.99. Q: Do you prefer to be indoors or outdoors?A: I prefer being outdoors when the weather is nice. 100. Q: What's your favorite thing to do on a rainy day?A: I like to curl up with a book and a cup of tea.。
高中物理选修3-1公式高中物理选修3-1公式高中物理选修3-1公式电磁学常用公式库仑定律:F=kQq/r电场强度:E=F/q点电荷电场强度:E=kQ/r匀强电场:E=U/d电势能:E=qφ电势差:U=φ-φ静电力做功:W=qU电容定义式:C=Q/U电容:C=εS/4πkd带电粒子在匀强电场中的运动加速匀强电场:1/2*mv=qUv=2qU/m偏转匀强电场:运动时间:t=x/v垂直加速度:a=qU/md垂直位移:y=1/2*at=1/2*(qU/md)*(x/v)偏转角:θ=v⊥/v=qUx/md(v)微观电流:I=nesv电源非静电力做功:W=εq欧姆定律:I=U/R串联电路电流:I=I=I=……电压:U=U+U+U+……并联电路电压:U=U=U=……电流:I=I+I+I+……电阻串联:R=R+R+R+……电阻并联:1/R=1/R+1/R+1/R+……焦耳定律:Q=IRtP=IRP=U/R电功率:W=UIt电功:P=UI电阻定律:R=ρl/S全电路欧姆定律:ε=I(R+r)ε=U外+U内安培力:F=ILBsinθ磁通量:Φ=BS电磁感应感应电动势:E=nΔΦ/Δt导线切割磁感线:ΔS=lvΔtE=Blv*sinθ感生电动势:E=LΔI/Δt高中物理电磁学公式总整理电子电量为库仑(Coul),1Coul=电子电量。
一、静电学1.库仑定律,描述空间中两点电荷之间的电力,,由库仑定律经过演算可推出电场的高斯定律。
2.点电荷或均匀带电球体在空间中形成之电场,导体表面电场方向与表面垂直。
电力线的切线方向为电场方向,电力线越密集电场强度越大。
平行板间的电场3.点电荷或均匀带电球体间之电位能。
本式以以无限远为零位面。
4.点电荷或均匀带电球体在空间中形成之电位。
导体内部为等电位。
接地之导体电位恒为零。
电位为零之处,电场未必等于零。
电场为零之处,电位未必等于零。
均匀电场内,相距d之两点电位差。
故平行板间的电位差。
高级英语1第三版lesson12课后答案1、I have worked all day. I'm so tired that I need _____ . [单选题] *A. a night restB. rest of nightC. a night's rest(正确答案)D. a rest of night2、The commander said that two _____ would be sent to the Iraqi front line the next day. [单选题] *A. women's doctorB. women doctorsC. women's doctorsD. women doctor(正确答案)3、The book is _______. You’d better buy it. [单选题] *A. useful(正确答案)B. uselessC. useD. careful4、90.—I want to go to different places, but I don’t know the ________. —A map is helpful, I think. [单选题] *A.price(正确答案)B.timeC.wayD.ticket5、This kind of work _______ skills and speed. [单选题] *A. looks forB. waits forC. calls for(正确答案)D. cares for6、She _______ love cats, but one attacked her and she doesn’t like them anymore. [单选题]*A. got used toB. was used toC. was used forD. used to(正确答案)7、Mrs. Black is on her way to England. She will _______ in London on Sunday afternoon. [单选题] *A. reachB. attendC. arrive(正确答案)D. get8、I arrived _____ the city _____ 9:00 am _______ April [单选题] *A. at, in, atB. to, on, atC. in, or, atD. in, at, on(正确答案)9、What he said sounds _______. [单选题] *A. pleasantlyB. nicelyC. friendly(正确答案)D. wonderfully10、—Tony, it’s cold outside. ______ wear a jacket?—OK, mom.()[单选题] *A. Why not(正确答案)B. Why don’tC. Why did youD. Why do you11、—Where are you going, Tom? —To Bill's workshop. The engine of my car needs _____. [单选题] *A. repairing(正确答案)B. repairedC. repairD. to repair12、Kate has a cat _______ Mimi. [单选题] *A. called(正确答案)B. callC. to callD. calling13、Many people prefer the bowls made of steel to the _____ made of plastic. [单选题] *A. itB. ones(正确答案)C. oneD. them14、There are many_____desks in the room. [单选题] *rge old brown(正确答案)B.old large brownrge brown oldD.brown old large15、--Whose _______ are these?? ? ? --I think they are John·s. [单选题] *A. keyB. keyesC. keys(正确答案)D. keies16、Chinese people spend _____ money on travelling today as they did ten years ago. [单选题] *A. more than twiceB. as twice muchC. twice as much(正确答案)D. twice more than17、67.—What can I do for you?—I'm looking at that dress.It looks nice.May I ________?[单选题] *A.hold it onB.try it on(正确答案)C.take it offD.get it off18、--I can’t watch TV after school.--I can’t, _______. [单选题] *A. alsoB. tooC. either(正确答案)D. so19、—When are you going to Hainan Island for a holiday? —______ the morning of 1st May.()[单选题] *A. InB. AtC. On(正确答案)D. For20、--It is Sunday tomorrow, I have no idea what to do.--What about _______? [单选题] *A. play computer gamesB. go fishingC. climbing the mountain(正确答案)D. see a film21、She talks too much; you’ll be glad when you’re free of her. [单选题] *A. 与她自由交谈B. 离开她(正确答案)C. 受她的控制D. 与她在一起22、31.A key ring is used __________ holding the keys. [单选题] *A.toB.inC.for (正确答案)D.with23、--All of you have passed the test!--_______ pleasant news you have told us! [单选题] *A. HowB. How aC. What(正确答案)D. What a24、The firm attributed the accident to()fog, and no casualties have been reported until now. [单选题] *A. minimumB. scarceC. dense(正确答案)D. seldom25、Amy and her best friend often ______ books together.()[单选题] *A. read(正确答案)B. readsC. is readingD. to read26、--Why are you late for school today?--I’m sorry. I didn’t catch the early bus and I had to _______ the next one. [单选题] *A. wait for(正确答案)B. ask forC. care forD. stand for27、Li Jing often helps me ______ my geography.()[单选题] *A. atB. inC. ofD. with(正确答案)28、______ pocket money did you get when you were a child? ()[单选题] *A. WhatB. HowC. How manyD. How much(正确答案)29、The children were all looking forward to giving the old people a happy day. [单选题]*A. 寻找B. 期盼(正确答案)C. 看望D. 继续30、She _______ be here. [单选题] *A. is gladB. is so glad to(正确答案)C. am gladD. is to。
EconoDUAL™3与EconoPACK™+模块驱动评估板绍兴大力译目录1引言-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32设计特点-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42.1主要功能. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42.2主要数据------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42.3引脚分配------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52.4机械尺寸的EconoDUAL™驱动板--------------------------------------------------------------------- 62.5机械尺寸的EconoPACK™+驱动板--------------------------------------------------------------------63电气特性------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73.1电源------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73.2输入逻辑- PWM信号-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73.3最大开关频率. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------83.4推挽驱动输出-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------93.5短路保护,有源钳位--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------103.6故障输出.- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------113.7温度测量-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------124开关损耗--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------134.1导通损耗-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14 4.2关断损耗-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15 5原理图,布局和物料清单- EconoDUAL™3板.-- -----------------------------------------165.1原理图--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------165.2装配图--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------195.3PCB布局-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 5.4物料清单-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------215.5栅极电阻表--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------216原理图,布局和物料清单- EconoPACK™+板----------------------------------------226.1原理图--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------226.2装配图--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------256.3 PCB布局-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26 6.4物料清单-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------286.5栅极电阻表--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28 XED100E12F2XED :2ED代表2通道驱动;6ED表示6通道驱动。
1到12月份英语及速写一、十二个月份的英文单词及缩写二、英语十二月份记忆口诀一、二月是“健(jan)步如飞(febr)”的,再记住两个单词都含有共同部分“uary"”,就可以简单的记住两个月份的单词。
三月份的单词是March,谐音接近“妈妻”,三月份有三八妇女节,这只是妈妈和妻子的节日,就很容易记住march 是三月。
四月、八月:April与August需要一起记忆,四月的April谐音Apple ,农历八月有中秋节,所以就记忆吃苹果。
五月的单词是May,谐音“美”,五月有劳动节,劳动最美(May), 就很容易记住。
六月的单词是June,谐音“聚”,六月有儿童节,儿童节里,儿童聚(June )在-起庆祝节日。
七月单词July,谐音就来,暑假马上就来了,所以是July。
九月的单词是September ,由于九月暑假结束,学生(Student )要去上学(School) ,所以以S开头的九月,九月秋风瑟瑟,也是S。
十月是October , 0像是一个个气球,十月有国庆节,气球与和平鸽满天飞,所以有气球的是十月。
同样,十全十美就是团团圆圆,所以0就是十月。
十一月的November近似NO温,就是没有温度,十-月这么冷,所以没有温度十二月的December就是一年的末底,所以底开头的是十二月。
三、用法和例句1.January 英文单词,名词,作名词时意为一月。
(1)词源解说:13世纪晚期进入英语,直接源自古北方法语的Genever;最初源自古典拉丁语的Januarius,意为加内斯(Janus)之月,加内斯乃古罗马神话门神,传有两张脸,相背而生,一张朝向未来,另一张朝向过去。
以此,一月即为新旧年交接之月。
(2)词语用法:是公历月份的第一个月,不可用于中国的农历,农历1月通常用the first moon来表示January一般可缩写为Jan.如非用于特指意义,January等表示月份的名词前一般不加冠词。
Starter Unit1 Good morning! 单元分层检测基础过关一、请按照正确的书写规则书写下列英语字母。
【答案】略二、重点词汇。
音标单词中文意思1. [hai]3.[gud]7.[hau]8.[a:(r)]9.[ju:]10.[ai]12.[fain]【答案】1. hi (用于打招呼)嗨;喂2.morning 早晨;上午3. good 好的4.hello 你好;喂5.afternoon下午6.evening.晚上;傍晚7.how怎样;如何8.are是9.you你;你们10.I 我11.am 是12.fine 健康的;美好的13.thanks 感谢;谢谢14.OK好;可以三、按要求写单词1.you(主格)→___________________(形容词性物主代词)你的2.she(主格)→___________________(形容词性物主代词)她的3.I am→___________________(缩写形式)我是4.is not→___________________(缩写形式)不是5.she is→___________________(缩写形式)她是6.he's→___________________(完全形式)他是【答案】1.your 2.her 3.I'm 4.isn't 5.she's 6.he is【解析】1.形容词性物主代词“你的”your 。
起形容词的作用,通常在句中作定语修饰名词。
2.形容词性物主代词“她的”her。
起形容词的作用,通常在句中作定语修饰名词。
3.“我是”I am=I’m4.“不是”is not = isn’t5.“她是”she is = she’s6.“他是”he’s=he is四、汉译英1.跟别人打招呼时___________________________2.上午与人见面时__________________________3.与人见面,向人问候时__________________________4.下午与人见面时__________________________5.回答他人的问候时__________________________【答案】1. Hello / Hi !2.Good morning!3.How are you?4.Good afternoon !5.I’m OK / I’m fine.【解析】1.Hello你好,表示跟别人打招呼,回答的时候可以用Hello或者Hi。
【基本字母表】┃01┃02┃03┃04┃05┃06┃07┃08┃09┃10┃11┃12┃13┃┠--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--┨┃A ┃B ┃C ┃D ┃E ┃F ┃G ┃H ┃I ┃J ┃K ┃L ┃M ┃======================================================┃14┃15┃16┃17┃18┃19┃20┃21┃22┃23┃24┃25┃26┃┠--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--╂--┨┃N ┃O ┃P ┃Q ┃R ┃S ┃T ┃U ┃V ┃W ┃X ┃Y ┃Z ┃================〖QWE加密表〗┃a┃b┃c┃d┃e┃f┃g┃h┃i┃j┃k┃l┃m┃n┃o┃p┃q┃r┃s┃t┃u┃v┃w┃x┃y┃z┃┠-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-┨┃Q┃W┃E┃R┃T┃Y┃U┃I┃O┃P┃A┃S┃D┃F┃G┃H┃J┃K┃L┃Z┃X┃C┃V┃B┃N┃M┃--------其实QWE加密可以表示成这种形式;--------(a,q,j,p,h,i,o,g,u,x,b,w,v,c,e,t,z,m,d,r,k)(f,y,n)(l,s)--------至于它是什么意思,自己去琢磨.--------至于这种形式比表形式有什么优点,自己去琢磨.【QWE解密表】┃A┃B┃C┃D┃E┃F┃G┃H┃I┃J┃K┃L┃M┃N┃O┃P┃Q┃R┃S┃T┃U┃V┃W┃X┃Y┃Z┃┠-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-┨┃k┃x┃v┃m┃c┃n┃o┃p┃h┃q┃r┃s┃z┃y┃i┃j┃a┃d┃l┃e┃g┃w┃b┃u┃f┃t┃================【电脑键盘表】┏!┯@┯#┯$┯%┯^┯&┯*┯(┯)┯_┯+┯|┓┃1│2│3│4│5│6│7│8│9│0│-│=│\┃┃││││││││││││┃1┃Q│W│E│R│T│Y│U│I│O│P│[│]│┃ 7/8/9 -- Tab┃││││││││││││┃2┃A│S│D│F│G│H│J│K│L│;│'││┃ 4/5/6 -- Caps Lock┃││││││││││││┃3┃Z│X│C│V│B│N│M│,│.│/│││┃ 1/2/3 -- Shift┗-┷-┷-┷-┷-┷-┷-┷-┷-┷-┷-┷-┷-┛ 0================【手机键盘表】┏1┯ 2 ┯ 3 ┯ 4 ┯ 5 ┯ 6 ┯ 7 ┯ 8 ┯ 9 ┯0┓1┃│ A │ D │ G │ J │ M │ P │ T │ W │┃2┃│ B │ E │ H │ K │ N │ Q │ U │ X │┃3┃│ C │ F │ I │ L │ O │ R │ V │ Y │┃4┗-┷---┷---┷---┷---┷---┷-S-┷---┷-Z-┷-┛================【埃特巴什加密/解密表】┃a┃b┃c┃d┃e┃f┃g┃h┃i┃j┃k┃l┃m┃n┃o┃p┃q┃r┃s┃t┃u┃v┃w┃x┃y┃z┃┠-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-┨┃Z┃Y┃X┃W┃V┃U┃T┃S┃R┃Q┃P┃O┃N┃M┃L┃K┃J┃I┃H┃G┃F┃E┃D┃C┃B┃A┃================〖反序QWE加密表〗┃a┃b┃c┃d┃e┃f┃g┃h┃i┃j┃k┃l┃m┃n┃o┃p┃q┃r┃s┃t┃u┃v┃w┃x┃y┃z┃┠-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-┨┃M┃N┃B┃V┃C┃X┃Z┃L┃K┃J┃H┃G┃F┃D┃S┃A┃P┃O┃I┃U┃Y┃T┃R┃E┃W┃Q┃--------(a,m,f,x,e,c,b,n,d,v,t,u,y,w,r,o,s,i,k,h,l,g,z,q,p)(j)【反序QWE解密表】┃A┃B┃C┃D┃E┃F┃G┃H┃I┃J┃K┃L┃M┃N┃O┃P┃Q┃R┃S┃T┃U┃V┃W┃X┃Y┃Z┃┠-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-╂-┨┃p┃c┃e┃n┃x┃m┃l┃k┃s┃j┃i┃h┃a┃b┃r┃q┃z┃w┃o┃v┃t┃d┃y┃f┃u┃g┃================【摩斯解码表(英文字符)】┃ - │ T ││┃┃ * │ E ││┃┠------┼------┼------┼------┨┠------┼------┼------┼------┨┃ -- │ M │ -* │ N ┃┃ ** │ I │ *- │ A ┃┠------┼------┼------┼------┨┠------┼------┼------┼------┨┃ --- │ O │ -*- │ K ┃┃ *** │ S │ *-* │ R ┃┠------┼------┼------┼------┨┠------┼------┼------┼------┨┃ --* │ G │ -** │ D ┃┃ **- │ U │ *-- │ W ┃┠------┼------┼------┼------┨┠------┼------┼------┼------┨┃ ---- ││ -*-- │ Y ┃┃ **** │ H │ *-** │ L ┃┠------┼------┼------┼------┨┠------┼------┼------┼------┨┃ ---* ││ -*-* │ C ┃┃ ***- │ V │ *-*- │┃┠------┼------┼------┼------┨┠------┼------┼------┼------┨┃ --*- │ Q │ -**- │ X ┃┃ **-* │ F │ *--* │ P ┃┠------┼------┼------┼------┨┠------┼------┼------┼------┨┃ --** │ Z │ -*** │ B ┃┃ **-- ││ *--- │ J ┃┠------┼------┼------┼------┨┠------┼------┼------┼------┨【元素周期表】┏--┓┏--┓┃01┃┃02┃┃H ┃┃He┃┠--╄--┓┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┏--┯--┯--┯--┯--╃--┨┃03│04┃┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┃05│06│07│08│09│10┃┃Li│Be┃┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┃B │C │N │O │F │Ne┃┠--┼--┨┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┠--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┨┃11│12┃┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┃13│14│15│16│17│18┃┃Na│Mg┃┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┄┃Al│Si│P │S │Cl│Ar┃┠--┼--╄--┯--┯--┯--┯--┯--┯--┯--┯--┯--╃--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┨┃19│20│21│22│23│24│25│26│27│28│29│30│31│32│33│34│35│36┃┃K │Ca│Sc│Ti│V │Cr│Mn│Fe│Co│Ni│Cu│Zn│Ga│Ge│As│Se│Br│Kr┃┠--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┨┃37│38│39│40│41│42│43│44│45│46│47│48│49│50│51│52│53│54┃┃Rb│Sr│Y │Zr│Nb│Mo│Tc│Ru│Rh│Pd│Ag│ -│In│Sn│Sb│Te│I │Xe┃┠--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┨┃55│56│ *│72│73│74│75│76│77│78│79│80│81│82│83│84│85│86┃┃Cs│Ba││Hf│Ta│W │Re│Os│Ir│Pt│Au│Hg│Tl│Pb│Bi│Po│At│Rn┃┠--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┼--┨┃87│88│ *│││││││││││││││┃┃Fr│Ra││││││││││││││││┃┗--┷--┷--┷--┷--┷--┷--┷--┷--┷--┷--┷--┷--┷--┷--┷--┷--┷--┛*** 48:Cd (与47的Ag连在一起包含河蟹词G[百度]CD)┏---┯---┯---┯---┯---┯---┯---┯---┯---┯---┯---┯---┯---┯---┯---┓┃ 57│ 58│ 59│ 60│ 61│ 62│ 63│ 64│ 65│ 66│ 67│ 68│ 69│ 70│ 71┃┃ La│ Ce│ Pr│ Nd│ Pm│ Sm│ Eu│ Gd│ Tb│ Dy│ Ho│ Er│ Tm│ Yb│ Lu┃┠---┼---┼---┼---┼---┼---┼---┼---┼---┼---┼---┼---┼---┼---┼---┨┃ 89│ 90│ 91│ 92│ 93│ 94│ 95│ 96│ 97│ 98│ 99│100│101│102│103┃┃ Ac│ Th│ Pa│ U │ Np│ Pu│ Am│ Cm│ Bk│ Cf│ Es│ Fm│ Md│ No│ Lr┃┗---┷---┷---┷---┷---┷---┷---┷---┷---┷---┷---┷---┷---┷---┷---┛*** 中文名忽略*** 由于同位素的问题,原子量忽略*** 103 以后的新元素忽略【英文字母频率特性表】 (字母|频率|直方图)A | 8.167 | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *B | 1.492 | * * *C | 2.782 | * * * * * *D | 4.253 | * * * * * * * *E |12.702 | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *F | 2.228 | * * * *G | 2.015 | * * * *H | 6.094 | * * * * * * * * * * * *I | 6.966 | * * * * * * * * * * * * * *J | 0.153 |K | 0.772 | * *L | 4.025 | * * * * * * * *M | 2.406 | * * * * *N | 6.749 | * * * * * * * * * * * * *O | 7.507 | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *P | 1.929 | * * * *Q | 0.095 |R | 5.987 | * * * * * * * * * * * *S | 6.327 | * * * * * * * * * * * * *T | 9.056 | * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *U | 2.758 | * * * * *V | 0.978 | * *W | 2.360 | * * * * *X | 0.150 |Y | 1.974 | * * * *Z | 0.074 |【英文频率特性】单字母--------------------------极高频| E次高频| T A O I N S H R中等频| D L低频 | C U M W F G Y P B甚低频| V K J X Q Z--------------------------双字母组:| TH | HE | IN | ER | AN | RE | ED | ON || ES | ST | EN | AT | TO | NT | HA | ND || OU | EA | NG | AS | OR | TI | IS | ET || IT | AR | TE | SE | HI | OF |三字母组:| THE | ING | AND | HER | ERE | ENT | THA || NTH | WAS | ETH | FOR | DTH | HAT | SHE || ION | HIS | STH | ERS | VER |*** the 频率几乎是 ing 的3倍**** 英文单词以 E,S,D,T 为结尾的超过一半**** 英文单词以 T,A,S,W 为起始字母的约占一半附【英文字母频率特性表(手机党版)】 (字母|频率)A | 8.167 ||B | 1.492 ||C | 2.782 ||D | 4.253 ||E |12.702 ||F | 2.228 ||G | 2.015 || H | 6.094 ||I | 6.966 || J | 0.153 ||K | 0.772 || L | 4.025 ||M | 2.406 || N | 6.749 ||O | 7.507 || P | 1.929 ||Q | 0.095 || R | 5.987 ||S | 6.327 || T | 9.056 ||U | 2.758 || V | 0.978 ||W | 2.360 || X | 0.150 ||Y | 1.974 || Z | 0.074 ||培根密码A = aaaaa E = aabaa I/J= abaaa N = abbaa R = baaaa W = babaaB = aaaab F = aabab K = abaab O = abbab S = baaab X = bababC = aaaba G = aabba L = ababa P = abbba T = baaba Y = babbaD = aaabb H = aabbb M = ababb Q = abbbb U/V= baabb Z = babbb加密规则:(1)A-M=>a,也就是说A到M的所有字母都替换成a.N-Z=>b,也就是说N到Z的所有字母都替换成b.(2)A-M<=a,也就是说a可以替换成A-M中的任何一个字母N-Z<=b,也就是说a可以替换成N-Z中的任何一个字母。
人教版九年级英语下册UNIT 12 学情评估一、单项选择。
(每小题1分,共10分)1. —Scott, why didn't you come yesterday?—I was going to, but I had ____ unexpected visitor.A. aB. anC. theD. 不填2. Look! Carol is sitting on the grass ____ line with her friends.A. atB. forC. inD. of3. I think I can fix the car on Wednesday. If not, you'll have to wait ____Friday.A. beforeB. duringC. pastD. till4. [易错题]Nelly is very worried now, because she doesn't know whether her friend isstill ____ after the terrible accident.A. asleepB. aliveC. awakeD. alone5. Miss Dean felt ____ at the costume party because no one invited her to dance.A. relaxedB. embarrassedC. relaxingD. embarrassing6. —Will you take part in the sports meeting on Friday?—Yes, but it has been ____ because of the exams.A. canceledB. mentionedC. valuedD. announced7. When the sick girl's favorite star ____ at the hospital, she was too excited to speaka word.A. stayed upB. showed upC. grew upD. took up8. The neighbors keep ____ too much noise, and Jessica can't stand it any longer.A. to makeB. makingC. makeD. made9. [易错题]That old man likes Yang Jiang's works and by the end of last year he ____all of her works.A. would readB. was readingC. has readD. had read10. —Hi, Mary. You look tired. ____—I missed the school bus so I had to run to school this morning.A. What happened?B. What a pain!C. You're kidding.D. How about you?二、完形填空。
EiceDRIVER™1ED020I12FTA Single IGBT Driver ICData Sheet Version 2.1, 2013-05-21Edition 2013-05-21Published byInfineon Technologies AG81726 Munich, Germany© 2013Infineon Technologies AGAll Rights Reserved.Legal DisclaimerThe information given in this document shall in no event be regarded as a guarantee of conditions or characteristics. With respect to any examples or hints given herein, any typical values stated herein and/or any information regarding the application of the device, Infineon Technologies hereby disclaims any and all warranties and liabilities of any kind, including without limitation, warranties of non-infringement of intellectual property rights of any third party.InformationFor further information on technology, delivery terms and conditions and prices, please contact the nearest Infineon Technologies Office ().WarningsDue to technical requirements, components may contain dangerous substances. For information on the types in question, please contact the nearest Infineon Technologies Office.Infineon Technologies components may be used in life-support devices or systems only with the express written approval of Infineon Technologies, if a failure of such components can reasonably be expected to cause the failure of that life-support device or system or to affect the safety or effectiveness of that device or system. Life support devices or systems are intended to be implanted in the human body or to support and/or maintain and sustain and/or protect human life. If they fail, it is reasonable to assume that the health of the user or other persons may be endangered.Revision HistoryPage or Item Subjects (major changes since previous revision)Version 2.1, 2013-05-21Trademarks of Infineon Technologies AGAURIX™, BlueMoon™, C166™, CanPAK™, CIPOS™, CIPURSE™, COMNEON™, EconoPACK™, CoolMOS™, CoolSET™, CORECONTROL™, CROSSAVE™, DAVE™, EasyPIM™, EconoBRIDGE™, EconoDUAL™, EconoPIM™, EiceDRIVER™, eupec™, FCOS™, HITFET™, HybridPACK™, I²RF™, ISOFACE™, IsoPACK™, MIPAQ™, ModSTACK™, my-d™, NovalithIC™, OmniTune™, OptiMOS™, ORIGA™, PRIMARION™, PrimePACK™, PrimeSTACK™, PRO-SIL™, PROFET™, RASIC™, ReverSave™, SatRIC™, SIEGET™, SINDRION™, SIPMOS™, SMARTi™, SmartLEWIS™, SOLID FLASH™, TEMPFET™, thinQ!™, TRENCHSTOP™, TriCore™, X-GOLD™, X-PMU™, XMM™, XPOSYS™.Other TrademarksAdvance Design System™ (ADS) of Agilent Technologies, AMBA™, ARM™, MULTI-ICE™, KEIL™, PRIMECELL™, REALVIEW™, THUMB™, µVision™ of ARM Limited, UK. AUTOSAR™ is licensed by AUTOSAR development partnership. Bluetooth™ of Bluetooth SIG Inc. CAT-iq™ of DECT Forum. COLOSSUS™, FirstGPS™ of Trimble Navigation Ltd. EMV™ of EMVCo, LLC (Visa Holdings Inc.). EPCOS™ of Epcos AG. FLEXGO™ of Microsoft Corporation. FlexRay™ is licensed by FlexRay Consortium. HYPERTERMINAL™ of Hilgraeve Incorporated. IEC™ of Commission Electrotechnique Internationale. IrDA™ of Infrared Data Association Corporation. ISO™ of INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION. MATLAB™ of MathWorks, Inc. MAXIM™ of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. MICROTEC™, NUCLEUS™ of Mentor Graphics Corporation. Mifare™ of NXP. MIPI™ of MIPI Alliance, Inc. MIPS™ of MIPS Technologies, Inc., USA. muRata™of MURATA MANUFACTURING CO., MICROWAVE OFFICE™ (MWO) of Applied Wave Research Inc., OmniVision™ of OmniVision Technologies, Inc. Openwave™ Openwave Systems Inc. RED HAT™ Red Hat, Inc. RFMD™ RF Micro Devices, Inc. SIRIUS™ of Sirius Satellite Radio Inc. SOLARIS™ of Sun Microsystems, Inc. SPANSION™ of Spansion LLC Ltd. Symbian™ of Symbian Software Limited. TAIYO YUDEN™ of Taiyo Yuden Co. TEAKLITE™ of CEVA, Inc. TEKTRONIX™ of Tektronix Inc. TOKO™ of TOKO KABUSHIKI KAISHA TA. UNIX™ of X/Open Company Limited. VERILOG™, PALLADIUM™ of Cadence Design Systems, Inc. VLYNQ™of Texas Instruments Incorporated. VXWORKS™, WIND RIVER™ of WIND RIVER SYSTEMS, INC. ZETEX™ of Diodes Zetex Limited.Last Trademarks Update 2010-10-26Table of ContentsTable of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Pin Configuration and Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.1Pin Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.2Pin Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Functional Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.2Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.3Internal Protection Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.3.1Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.3.2READY Status Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.3.3Watchdog Timer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.3.4Active Shut-Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.4Non-Inverting and Inverting Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.5Driver Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.6Two-Level Turn-Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.7Minimal On Time / Off Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.8External Protection Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.8.1Desaturation Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.8.2Active Miller Clamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.8.3Short Circuit Clamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4.9RESET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175Electrical Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5.1Absolute Maximum Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5.2Operating Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 5.3Recommended Operating Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 5.4Electrical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5.4.1Voltage Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 5.4.2Logic Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 5.4.3Gate Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5.4.4Active Miller Clamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5.4.5Short Circuit Clamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5.4.6Dynamic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 5.4.7Desaturation Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.4.8Active Shut Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.4.9Two-level Turn-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 6Insulation Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 6.1Certified according to DIN EN 60747-5-2 (VDE 0884 Teil 2): 2003-01. Basic Insulation . . . . . . . . . . 26 6.2Recognized under UL 1577 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 6.3Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 7Timing Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278Package Outlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Application Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 9.1Reference Layout for Thermal Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 9.2Printed Circuit Board Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33List of FiguresFigure1Typical Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure2Block Diagram 1ED020I12FTA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Figure3Pin Configuration PG-DSO-20 (top view). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Figure4Application Example Bipolar Supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Figure5Application Example Unipolar Supply. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Figure6Propagation Delay, Rise and Fall Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure7Principle Switching Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure8Typical Switching Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Figure9DESAT Switch-OFF Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Figure10Short Switch ON Pulses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Figure11Short Switch OFF Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Figure12Short Switch OFF Pulses, Ringing Surpression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Figure13VCC2 Ramp Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Figure14VCC2 Ramp Down and VCC2 Drop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Figure15Typical T TLSET Time over C TLSET Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Figure16PG-DSO-20 (Plastic (Green) Dual Small Outline Package). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Figure17Reference Layout for Thermal Data (Copper thickness 102μm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33List of TablesTable1Pin Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Table2Absolute Maximum Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Table3Operating Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Table4Recommended Operating Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Table5Voltage Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Table6Logic Input and Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Table7Gate Driver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Table8Active Miller Clamp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Table9Short Circuit Clamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Table10Dynamic Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Table11Desaturation Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Table12Active Shut Down. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Table13Two-level Turn-off. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Table14Certified according to DIN EN 60747-5-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Table15Recognized under UL 1577 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Product Name Gate Drive Current Package 1ED020I12FTA ±2APG-DSO-20EiceDRIVER™Single IGBT Driver IC1ED020I12FTA1OverviewMain Features •Single channel isolated IGBT Driver •For 600V/1200V IGBTs •2A rail-to-rail output •Vcesat-detection •Active Miller Clamp •Two level turn offProduct Highlights •Coreless transformer isolated driver•Basic insulation according to DIN EN 60747-5-2•Basic insulation recognized under UL1577•Integrated protection features•Suitable for operation at high ambient temperature •Automotive QualifiedTypical Application •Drive inverters for HEV and EV •Auxilliary inverters for HEV and EV •High Power DC/DC invertersDescriptionThe 1ED020I12FTA is a galvanic isolated single channel IGBT driver in PG-DSO-20 package that provides an output current capability of typically 2A.All logic pins are 5V CMOS compatible and could be directly connected to a microcontroller.The data transfer across galvanic isolation is realized by the integrated Coreless Transformer Technology.The 1ED020I12FTA provides several protection features like IGBT two level turn off, desaturation protection,active Miller clamping and active shut down.OverviewBlock Diagram 2Block Diagram3Pin Configuration and Functionality 3.1Pin ConfigurationTable1Pin ConfigurationPin Function1VEE2Negative power supply output side2VEE2Negative power supply output side3DESAT Desaturation protection4GND2Signal ground output side5TLSET Two level set6VCC2Positive power supply output side7OUT Driver output8CLAMP Miller clamping9VEE2Negative power supply output side10VEE2Negative power supply output side11GND1Ground input side12GND1Ground input side13IN+Non inverted driver input14IN-Inverted driver input15RDY Ready output16FLT Fault output, low active17RST Reset input, low active18VCC1Positive power supply input side19GND1Ground input side20GND1Ground input side3.2Pin FunctionalityGND1Ground connection of the input side.IN+ Non Inverting Driver InputIN+ control signal for the driver output if IN- is set to low. (The IGBT is on if IN+ = high and IN- = low)A minimum pulse width is defined to make the IC robust against glitches at IN+. An internal Pull-Down-Resistor ensures IGBT Off-State.IN- Inverting Driver InputIN- control signal for driver output if IN+ is set to high. (IGBT is on if IN- = low and IN+ = high)A minimum pulse width is defined to make the IC robust against glitches at IN-. An internal Pull-Up-Resistor ensures IGBT Off-State./RST Reset InputFunction 1: Enable/shutdown of the input chip. (The IGBT is off if /RST = low). A minimum pulse width is defined to make the IC robust against glitches at /RST.Function 2: Resets the DESAT-FAULT-state of the chip if /RST is low for a time T RST. An internal Pull-Up-Resistor is used to ensure /FLT status output./FLT Fault OutputOpen-drain output to report a desaturation error of the IGBT (FLT is low if desaturation occurs)RDY Ready StatusOpen-drain output to report the correct operation of the device (RDY = high if both chips are above the UVLO level and the internal chip transmission is faultless).VCC15V power supply of the input chipVEE2Negative power supply pins of the output chip. If no negative supply voltage is available, all VEE2 pins have to be connected to GND2.DESAT Desaturation Detection InputMonitoring of the IGBT saturation voltage (V CE) to detect desaturation caused by short circuits. If OUT is high, V CE is above a defined value and a certain blanking time has expired, the desaturation protection is activated and the IGBT is switched off. The blanking time is adjustable by an external capacitor.CLAMP Miller ClampingTies the gate voltage to ground after the IGBT has been switched off at a defined voltage to avoid a parasitic switch-on of the IGBT.During turn-off, the gate voltage is monitored and the clamp output is activated when the gate voltage goes below 2V below VEE2.GND2 Reference GroundReference ground of the output chip.OUT Driver OutputOutput pin to drive an IGBT. The voltage is switched between VEE2 and VCC2. In normal operating mode Vout is controlled by IN+, IN- and /RST. During error mode (UVLO, internal error or DESAT) Vout is set to VEE2 independent of the input control signals.VCC2Positive power supply pin of the output side.TLSET Two Level Turn Off AdjustCircuitry at TLSET adjust the two level turn off time with an external capacitor to GND2 and the two level voltage with an external Zener diode to GND2, for wave forms please see Figure9.Functional DescriptionIntroduction 4Functional Description4.1IntroductionThe 1ED020I12FTA is an advanced IGBT gate driver for motor drives typical greater 10kW. Control and protection functions are included to make possible the design of high reliability systems.The device consists of two galvanic separated parts. The input chip can be directly connected to a standard 5V DSP or microcontroller with CMOS in/output and the output chip is connected to the high voltage side.An effective active Miller clamp function avoids the need of negative gate driving in some applications and allows the use of a simple bootstrap supply for the high side driver.A rail-to-rail driver output enables the user to provide easy clamping of the IGBTs gate voltage during short circuit of the IGBT. So an increase of short circuit current due to the feedback via the Miller capacitance can be avoided. Further, a rail-to-rail output reduces power dissipation.The device also includes an IGBT desaturation protection with a FAULT status output.A two-level turn-off feature with adjustable delay protects against excessive overvoltage at turn-off in case of overcurrent or short circuit condition. The same delay is applied at turn-on to prevent pulse width distortion.A READY status output reports if the device is supplied and operates correctly.4.2SupplyThe driver 1ED020I12FTA is designed to support two different supply configurations, bipolar supply and unipolar supply.In bipolar supply the driver is typically supplied with a positive voltage of 15V at VCC2 and a negative voltage of -8V at VEE2, refer to Figure4. Negative supply prevents a dynamic turn on due to the additional charge which is generated from IGBT input capacitance times negative supply voltage. If an appropriate negative supply voltage is used, connecting CLAMPxx to IGBT gate is redundant and therefore typically not necessary.For unipolar supply configuration the driver is typically supplied with a positive voltage of 15V at VCC2. Erratically dynamic turn on of the IGBT could be prevented with active Miller clamp function, so CLAMP output is directly connected to IGBT gate, refer to Figure5.Functional DescriptionInternal Protection Features4.3Internal Protection Features4.3.1Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO)To ensure correct switching of IGBTs the device is equipped with an undervoltage lockout for both chips, refer to Figure13 and Figure14.If the power supply voltage V VCC1 of the input chip drops below V UVLOL1 a turn-off signal is sent to the output chip before power-down. The IGBT is switched off and the signals at IN+ and IN- are ignored as long as V VCC1 reaches the power-up voltage V UVLOH1.If the power supply voltage V VCC2 of the output chip goes down below V UVLOL2 the IGBT is switched off and signals from the input chip are ignored as long as V VCC2 reaches the power-up voltage V UVLOH2. VEE2 is not monitored, otherwise negative supply voltage range from 0V to -12V would not be possible.4.3.2READY Status OutputThe READY output at pin /RDY shows the status of three internal protection features.•UVLO of the input chip•UVLO of the output chip after a short delay•Internal signal transmission after a short delayIt is not necessary to reset the READY signal since its state only depends on the status of the former mentioned protection signals.4.3.3Watchdog TimerDuring normal operation the internal signal transmission is monitored by a watchdog timer. If the transmission fails for a given time, the IGBT is switched off and the READY output reports an internal error.4.3.4Active Shut-DownThe Active Shut-Down feature ensures a safe IGBT off-state if the output chip is not connected to the power supply, IGBT gate is clamped at OUT to VEE2.Functional DescriptionNon-Inverting and Inverting Inputs4.4Non-Inverting and Inverting InputsThere are two possible input modes to control the IGBT. At non-inverting mode IN+ controls the driver output while IN- is set to low. At inverting mode IN- controls the driver output while IN+ is set to high, refer to Figure7. A minimum input pulse width is defined to filter occasional glitches.4.5Driver OutputThe output driver section uses only MOSFETs to provide a rail-to-rail output. This feature permits that tight control of gate voltage during on-state and short circuit can be maintained as long as the drivers supply is stable. Due to the low internal voltage drop, switching behaviour of the IGBT is predominantly governed by the gate resistor. Furthermore, it reduces the power to be dissipated by the driver.4.6Two-Level Turn-OffThe Two-Level Turn-OFF introduces a second turn off voltage level at the driver output in between ON- and OFF-level, refer to Figure8. This additional level ensures lower V CE overshoots at turn off by reducing gate emitter voltage of the IGBT at short circuits or over current events. The V GE level is adjusting the current of the IGBT at the end two level turn off interval, the required timing is depending on stray inductance and over current at beginning of two level turn off interval.Reference voltage level and hold up time could be adjusted at TLSET pin. The reference voltage is set by the required Zener diode connected between pin TLSET and GND2. The holdup time is set by the capacitor connected to the same pin TLSET and GND2.The hold time can be adjusted during switch on using the whole capacitance connected at pin TLSET including capacitor, parasitic wiring capacitance and junction capacitance of Zener diode. When a switch on signal is given the IC starts to discharge C TLSET. Discharging C TLSET is stopped after 500ns. Then Ctlset is charged with an internal charge current I TLSET. When the voltage of the capacitor C TLSET exceeds 7V a second current source starts charging C TLSET up to V ZDIODE. At the end of this discharge-charge cycle the gate driver is switched on.The time between IN initiated switch-on signal (minus an internal propagation delay of approximately 200ns) and switch-on of the gate drive is sampled and stored digitally. It represents the two level turn off set time T TLSET during switch-off. Due to digitalization the tpdon time can vary in time steps of 50ns.If switch off is initiated from IN+, IN- or /RST signal, the gate driver is switched off immediately after internal propagation delay of approximately 200ns and V OUT begins to decrease to the second gate voltage level.For switch off initiated by DESAT, the gate driver switch off is delayed by desaturation sense to OUT delay, afterwards V OUT begins to decrease to the second gate voltage level.For reaching second gate voltage level the output voltage V OUT is sensed and compared with the Zener voltage V ZDIODE. When V OUT falls below the reference voltage V ZDIODE of the Zener diode the switch off process is interrupted and V OUT is adjusted to V ZDIODE. OUT is switched to VEE2 after the holdup time has passed.The Two-Level Turn-OFF function cannot be disabled.Functional DescriptionMinimal On Time / Off Time4.7Minimal On Time / Off TimeThe 1ED020I12FTA driver requires minimal on and off time for proper operation in the application. Minimal on time must be greater than the adjustable two level plateau time T TLSET, shorter on times will be suppressed by generating of the plateau time refer to Figure10. Due to the short on time, the voltage at TLSET pin does not reach the comparator threshold; therefore the driver does not turn on. A similar principle takes place for off time. Minimal off time must be greater than T TLSET; shorter off times will be suppressed, which means OUT stays on refer to Figure11. A two level turn off plateau cannot be shortened by the driver. If the driver has entered the turn off sequence it cannot switch off due to the fact, that the driver has already entered the shut off mode. But if the driver input signal is turned on again, it will leave the lower level after T TLSET time by switching OUT to high, refer to Figure12.4.8External Protection Features4.8.1Desaturation ProtectionA desaturation protection ensures the protection of the IGBT at short circuit. When the DESAT voltage goes up and reaches 9V, the output is driven low, refer to Figure9. Further, the FAULT output is activated. A programmable blanking time is used to allow enough time for IGBT saturation. Blanking time is provided by a highly precise internal current source and an external capacitor.4.8.2Active Miller ClampIn a half bridge configuration the switched off IGBT tends to dynamically turn on during turn on phase of the opposite IGBT. A Miller clamp allows sinking the Miller current across a low impedance path in this high dV/dt situation. Therefore in many applications, the use of a negative supply voltage can be avoided.During turn-off, the gate voltage is monitored and the clamp output is activated when the gate voltage goes below typical 2 V (related to VEE2). The clamp is designed for a Miller current up to 2 A.4.8.3Short Circuit ClampingDuring short circuit the IGBTs gate voltage tends to rise because of the feedback via the Miller capacitance. An additional protection circuit connected to OUT and CLAMP limits this voltage to a value slightly higher than the supply voltage. A current of maximum 500mA for 10μs may be fed back to the supply through one of this paths. If higher currents are expected or a tighter clamping is desired external Schottky diodes may be added.4.9RESETThe reset input has two functions.Firstly, /RST is in charge of setting back the FAULT output. If /RST is low longer than a given time, /FLT will be cleared at the rising edge of /RST, refer to Figure9; otherwise, it will remain unchanged. Moreover, it works as enable/shutdown of the input logic, refer to Figure7.。
Unit 12 Part 1 Teaching design●To learn to use the structure Supposed to + infinitive ●To listen and talk about what people are supposed to do ProceduresWarming up by learning about the structure Supposed to + infinitiveTurn to page 95 first. Look at the sentences. Do you see how the structure Supposed to +Hello, class. What are we supposed to do next? Yes, you are right. We are going to look, listen and match. Now turn to page 94. Look at the picture and listen to the recording for what people doreadingcircle the connectives and underline the expressions. 1c Doing pairworkWhat do people do when they meet for the first time? Now inpairs telleach other what you know about meeting for the first time. You are sopposed to use the SupposedMaria, an exchange student from India, went to her AmericanFriend Dan’s place and had dinner there. Now listen to the tapeTo fill in the blanks on page 95 you are supposed to listen to theYou are supposed to role play the conversation between Mariaand Dan. And you are supposed to use the information fromOn page 96 are two exchange students, one from Colombia, the other from Switzerland, talking about their own home culture. Now read their speech, blacken the connectives and underline theNext you are supposed to role play a conversation between Teresa and Marc, telling about theAn exchange student from England is coming to your school for classes. You are supposed to fill in the chart below on page 96 with things he is supposed to do inside and outside theTo end this English class you are supposed to take acompetition. You are supposed to say as many sentences withthe Structure: Supposed to+infinitive as possible. Now go ahead in pairs. The winner will be given a big, wonderful gift.。
第十二章 化学反应过程的热力分析思考、判断、证明、简答题(1)有化学反应的热力过程与一般的热力过程相比,有何根本的区别?分析计算化学反应过程的关键何在? 解:化学反应过程也必须遵循质量守恒定律、热力学第一定律及热力学第二定律;前面所讨论的能量方程、熵方程及火用方程对于化学反应过程都是同样适用的。
但是,一般的热力过程并没有化学反应,过程中物质的分子结构不发生变化,化学能在过程中也是不变的。
因此,在热力学能及焓中都不涉及化学能的问题。
在化学反应过程中,工质内部的分子结构及化学成分都发生了变化。
核外电子重新分布,正负离子重新组合,旧的化合物消失了,新的化合物产生了。
在这种新旧交替的化学反应过程中,结合成各种化合物的化学能也随之发生变化。
因此,在系统的热力学能变化中,应当包括由于物质分子结构发生变化而引起的化学能的变化。
同理,对于跨越边界的化学物质,在参与化学反应之后,化学能也要发生变化。
所以在焓的变化中也应当把发生了变化的化学能包括进去。
发生化学反应过程的热力系统,一定是一个变组成变成分的多元系统。
由不同元素组成的化学物质,将不可避免地出现在同一个化学反应方程中。
无论是能量计算还是能质分析,如果对于不同化学物质的能量及能质,没有一个统一的基准,则这种分析计算都是毫无意义的。
因此,必须加强基准的观念,理解并掌握焓基准、熵基准及吉布斯函数的基准,这是学好化学反应过程这一章的关键所在。
(2)反应热与反应热效应有何区别和联系,试举几个反应热效应的例子。
解:化学反应过程中系统与外界交换的热量,统称为反应热,它是过程量。
能够表征物质的属性而且是在特定条件下进行的化学反应的反应热,则称为热效应。
显然,生成焓就是一种热效应,它是在化学标准状态下(等温等压),从稳定元素化合成1kmol 化合物的特定反应过程中所交换的热量。
采用统一的焓基准之后,可以进一步用生成焓的数值,作为该化合物在化学标准状态下焓值的定义值,如2)(0CO f h ≡-393522kJ/kmol 。
这样,生成焓就可看作是一个状态参数,代表该化合物在化学标准状态下所具有的化学能。
所以生成焓的概念,可以脱离生成反应独立地加以应用。
反应热不一定是反应热效应;但反应热效应一定是反应热。
请读者再举几个反应热效应的例子。
(3)反应焓与反应热力学能;标准反应焓与标准反应热力学能;定压热值与定容热值,上述这些概念有何区别和联系。
定量燃料(1kmol 或1kg)在定压下完全燃烧,如果反应物及生成物具有相同的温度T , 则该化学反应过程中的焓值变化,称为该燃料在温度T 时的反应焓,可用T RP h )(或 来表示。
如果温度为25℃,则称为标准反应焓,用T RP h )(0RP h 或 来表示。
标准反应焓的负值称为定压热值,对于1kmol 燃料, 则有HV =0RP h 0RP h −。
定量燃料(1kmol 或1kg)在定容下完全燃烧,如果反应物及生成物具有相同的温度T ,则该化学反应过程中的热力学能变化,称为该燃料在温度T 时的反应热力学能,可用T RP u )(或 来表示。
如果温度为25℃,则称为标准反应热力学能,用T RP u )(0RP u 或 来表示。
标准反应热力学能的负值称为定容热值,对于1kmol 燃料, 则有HV =0RP u 0RP u −。
如果反应物质可以当作理想气体,则反应热力学能与反应焓之间的关系可表示为:T R P T R P T RP T RP U U H H u h )()()()(−−−=−T R R T P P U H U H )()(−−−= ∑∑−−−=i T T i e T T e u h n u h n )()( ∑∑∑∑−=−=)()()(i e i i e e n n T R v p n v p n(4) 试写出在指定状态(T ,p )下任一化学物质焓的表达式,并说明焓基准、生成焓及显焓变化等概念,在进行化学反应能量计算时的重要作用。
解:若以2)(CO Tp h 表示1kmolCO 2在指定状态(T ,p )时的焓值,则有149222)()()(02980CO Tp CO f CO Tp h h h h −+=上式说明,化合物在指定状态时的焓值,等于生成焓加上显焓变化。
这是一个普遍适用的焓值计算公式,应用于不同的物质时,只需将该物质替代CO 2即可。
在焓值计算公式中,生成焓所起的作用是:①将化学反应过程中各种物质的焓值计算,都统一到相同的焓基准上来;②生成焓代表该物质在化学标准状态下化学能的大小,写上这一项,就将物质的化学能包括到焓值中来了。
公式中的)(0298h h Tp −代表显焓变化,它表示1kmol 物质从化学标准状态到指定状态的焓值变化。
显焓变化的计算与以前的焓值变化的计算完全相同。
显焓变化与基准无关,与过程的性质及途径也无关,因此,不受化学反应的影响。
(5) 绝对熵和生成熵有何区别和联系? 试写出在指定状态(T ,p ) 下任一化学物质绝对熵的表达式。
解:在1atm ,T =0K 时,任何元素及化合物的熵值均为零。
根据这个熵基准,任何状态下的熵值都称为绝对熵。
通常,在热力性质表上给出了在1atm 下任意温度T 的绝对熵,用0T s 来表示。
化学标准状态下绝对熵的值用s 2980来表示。
如果化学反应物质可以当作理想气体,则任意状态(T ,p )下的熵值可表示为:)/ln()(),(0000p p R s s s s p T s T T Tp T −=−+=)/ln()298/ln()(),(0029802980298p p R T c s s s s p T s p Tp −+=−+=其中 )298/ln()(02980298002980T c s s s s s p T T +=−+=在化学标准状态(1atm ,25℃)下,所有稳定的化学元素或稳定的单质分子,它们的熵值都统一地规定为零。
采用这种基准的熵值,称为生成熵,用0f s 来表示。
生成熵与绝对熵之间有着密切的联系,不是相互独立的。
有i 02980298029800298)()()()()(222∑=+=−s n s s s s i O C CO f CO上式说明,对于任何一种化合物,绝对熵与生成熵之间的差值为一常数,即等于生成该化合物的所有元素的绝对熵的总和。
对于不同的化合物,常数的数值是不同的。
实际上,采用生成熵,就是把所有稳定元素及稳定单质分子的熵的统一基准,从绝对基准状态(1atm ,0K )移到化学反应标准状态(1atm ,25℃)上来。
(6) 你能区分吉布斯函数的绝对基准和生成吉布斯函数的生成基准吗?下列各式是分别以这两种基准来表示的吉布斯函数值,请改正其中有错的地方。
Tpf Tp T f T f f T Tp T Tp T f Tp T T f T f fg g g g g g p p T R g g g g g g g g s Th h h g s T h g −=−=−+−+=−+=−−+=−=)()()/ln()()()()(00029800000298000298000298000解:吉布斯函数的数值与焓值及熵值有关,因此,吉布斯函数的基准是双重基准,取决于焓基准及熵基准。
吉布斯函数的绝对基准是建立在统一的焓基准及熵的绝对基准的基础上的。
任意指定状态(T ,p )下,吉布斯函数可以表示为:)/ln()]/ln([)(000002980p p T R g p p R s T h h h g T T T f f Tp +=−−−+= 其中029800)(T T f T s T h h h g −−+= 029*******s T h g f −=在化学标准状态(1atm ,25℃)下,所有稳定的化学元素或稳定的单质分子,它们的吉布斯函数值都统一地规定为零。
以此为基准的吉布斯函数值,称为生成吉布斯函数,用0f g 表示。
显然,生成吉布斯函数是建立在统一的焓基准及生成熵基准的基础上的。
任意指定状态(T ,p )下,生成吉布斯函数可以表示为:)()()(0029800T Tp T f f Tp g g g g g g −+−+=150)/ln()(00298002980p p T R s T s T h h g T T f ++−−+=其中 0000f f f s T h g −=在相同的状态下,采用两种基准算得的吉布斯函数值,总是差一个相同的常数。
不同的化合物,常数的数值是不同的。
对于任何一种化合物,采用两种基准算得的吉布斯函数值之间的关系为:0298000)()(g g g g g g f T f T Tp f Tp −=−=−i i f s n T s s T ∑=−=)()(02980002980 请读者根据上述提示,来改正本题所列各式中有错的地方。
(7) 什么是化学势?化学势与吉布斯函数之间有何区别和联系?解:多元系统中各组成物质之间存在化学势差, 是发生相变及化学反应的根本原因及必要条件,而且过程总是朝着消除化学势差的方向进行,直到势差消失达到平衡时宏观过程才告结束。
多元系统中组元i 的化学势可表示为:i µ j j n p s i n v s i i n H n U ,,,,)/()/(∂∂∂∂µ=≡i n p T i n v T i G n G n F j j ≡==,,,,)/()/(∂∂∂∂在不同的下标条件下,化学势的表现形式是不同的,但它们的物理本质是相同的。
不难发现,在化学标准状态(环境状态)下,不论在什么样的下标条件下,组元i 的化学势总是代表每摩尔物质i 所具有的火用值,或者代表,迁移每摩尔物质i 所需的最大有用功(化学功)。
化学势的物理本质与所处的状态无关,在化学标准状态下所揭示的化学势的性质,具有普遍意义。
可见,化学势是表示多元系中组元i 能质高低的强度参数。
0i µ 化学势与吉布斯函数是两个密切相关的不同概念。
化学势就是分摩尔吉布斯函数,它是强度参数;而吉布斯函数是个容度参数,它具有可加性。
混合气体的总吉布斯函数(G P 及G R ),等于各个组成气体的吉布斯函数的总和。
对于每摩尔混合气体,有e e T e e e P y T R p p T R y y G ]ln )/ln([00++==∑∑µµi i T i i i R y T R p p T R y y G ]ln )/ln([00++==∑∑µµ上式可看作是混合气体的折合化学势的表达式,它等于各组成气体的化学势按摩尔成分加权后的总和。
折合化学势可以看作是对化学反应起推动作用的强度参数。
(8) 化学反应过程进行的方向、条件及限度的判据是什么?熵判据与吉布斯函数、化学势、化学反应平衡常数等判据有何本质上的区别?解:在等温等压条件下的化学反应,热力学第一定律的普遍表达式可以简化成:R P M P H H E Q −=∆−=)( (a ) 热力学第二定律的熵方程为PinM W Q S S S S S +∆+∆+∆=∆)()()( 其中ΔS =0(SSSF 过程),(ΔS )W =0,因此有(b) 0)/()()(≥−+−=∆−∆−=R P P M Q Pin S S T Q S S S 由式(a)及式(b)不难得出:0)()(≤∆=−T RP R P G G G (c)同理,在等温等容条件下的化学反应,热力学第一定律的普遍表达式可以简化成:(d ) R P v U U Q −=热力学第二定律的熵方程可简化为:0)/()(≥−−=∆−∆=T Q S S S S S v R P Q Pin (e) 由式(d)及式(e)不难得出:0)()(≤∆=−T RP T R P F F F (f)式(c)及式(f)都是直接从熵方程导出的,可以作为识别化学反应过程进行的方向及限度的判据。