Torlone An Approach to Heterogeneous Data Translation based on XML Conversion

小学上册英语第二单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What is 2 + 2?A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 6B2.I want to ______ a superhero. (become)3.Which animal is known for its ability to change colors?A. ChameleonB. ElephantC. TigerD. Bear4.Many plants are ______ (多年生) and return each year.5.I can’t wait to show my friends my new ____. (玩具名称)6.Which fruit is yellow and sour?A. AppleB. LemonC. OrangeD. Cherry7.What do we call the process of making fabric from fibers?A. WeavingB. KnittingC. SewingD. SpinningA8.What is the smallest continent?A. AfricaB. EuropeC. AustraliaD. Asia9.I like to run in the ______ (公园) every morning to stay fit.10. A rabbit has long _______ that help it navigate the world.11.What do we call a young crocodile?A. HatchlingB. CalfC. KitD. PupA Hatchling12.What do we use to write on a blackboard?A. PenB. CrayonC. ChalkD. MarkerC13.I love to _____ (study) different plant species.14.Geologists use the term "strata" to refer to ______ of rock layers.15.We go to the ______ (市场) for fresh fruits.16.What is the term for a large body of salt water?A. RiverB. LakeC. OceanD. PondC17.What do we call a machine used to take pictures?A. CameraB. ProjectorC. ScannerD. Television18.I saw a _________ in the garden. (蜗牛)19.What is the capital city of Indonesia?A. JakartaB. BaliC. BandungD. SurabayaA20.My friend, ______ (我的朋友), loves to play basketball.21.The _____ (铁路) connects cities.22.This game is very _______ (有趣).23.I want to _____ (eat/drink) some water.24.How many states are in the USA?A. 50B. 51C. 52D. 4825. A chemical _______ shows how substances react with each other. (反应式)26.The bee is _____ on the flower. (buzzing)27.I enjoy ______ (与家人一起) playing sports.28.I enjoy playing with my ______ (玩具车) in the living room. It goes ______ (快).29.The classroom is ________ and bright.30.What do frogs live in?A. TreesB. WaterC. DesertD. CavesB31.What is the name of the fairy tale character with long hair?A. Snow WhiteB. RapunzelC. BelleD. ArielB32.The chemical formula for potassium permanganate is _____.33.The _____ (叶片) can be broad or narrow.34.The chemical formula for ammonium phosphate is _____.35.Wildflowers grow __________ (自然) in meadows.36.The cake is ________ (非常好吃).37.I see a _______ (fox) in the distance.38.The capital of Cabo Verde is __________.39.The ancient Egyptians used _______ to write on. (纸草)40.What is the name of the ship that sank in 1912?A. LusitaniaB. TitanicC. BritannicD. MayflowerB41.We will visit our ______ (uncle) next weekend.42. A balanced chemical equation has the same number of ______ on both sides.43.Curtain symbolized the divide between ________ (东西方). The Kore44.Table sugar is also known as _____.45.What do you call the movement of air?A. WindB. BreezeC. StormD. CurrentA46.I like to practice ______ (瑜伽) to relax and stay healthy.47.How many letters are in the word "elephant"?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 9答案:B48.My ________ (玩具名称) is a source of inspiration.49.The Sahara is the largest _______ in Africa.50.The _______ (The Enlightenment) emphasized reason and individualism.51.The chemical symbol for germanium is __________.52.What is the name of the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. MississippiD. YangtzeB53.What is the name of the famous Egyptian structure built as a tomb?A. ColosseumB. Great WallC. PyramidD. Taj MahalC54.He is a firefighter, ______ (他是一名消防员), responding to emergencies.55.Which day comes after Friday?A. MondayB. SaturdayC. SundayD. ThursdayB56.The first human-made object to land on the moon was _______.57.What is the fastest land animal?A. ElephantB. CheetahC. HorseD. KangarooB58.The ______ teaches us about scientific discoveries.59.How many bones are in a child's body?A. 206B. 205C. 300D. 25060.What is the capital of Greece?A. AthensB. ThessalonikiC. CreteD. Rhodes61. A __________ is a substance that can conduct electricity when dissolved in water.62.The __________ is a major geographical region in Africa. (撒哈拉沙漠)63.The _____ (营养) from the soil is vital for growth.64.The teacher gives us _____ for homework. (assignments)65.The ice is very ___. (slippery)66. A hamster's cheeks can hold a lot of ______ (食物).67.My favorite game is ________ (视频游戏) on the computer.68.The water is ________ in the lake.69.What is the name of the device we use to listen to music?A. RadioB. TelevisionC. ComputerD. PhoneAA. CombB. ToothbrushC. TowelD. SpoonB71.What is 7 + 8?A. 16B. 15C. 14D. 13A72.The ______ (蓝鲸) is known to be the largest animal ever.73. A frog's legs help it swim and ______ (跳).74.I enjoy going to ______ with my family.75.We have a _____ (活动) this weekend.76.The capital of Sri Lanka is __________.77.What is the opposite of 'happy'?A. SadB. ExcitedC. AngryD. Joyful78. A _______ is a measure of the amount of solute in a solution.79.The ________ (地理学) is fascinating to study.80.My brother loves __________ (学习新技能).81.In the spring, I see many ______ (蝴蝶).82.The children are ___ a game. (playing)83.The ____ is a small rodent that likes to nibble on seeds.84. A ______ (松鼠) stores nuts for winter.85.What do farmers grow?A. BooksB. CropsC. CarsD. ClothesB86.The Earth's atmosphere is made up of different gases, primarily ______.87.Which season comes after spring?A. WinterB. SummerC. FallD. Autumn88.Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. CircleC. TriangleD. RectangleCA. HatB. ShoesC. GlovesD. ScarfB90.They are going to ________ the zoo.91.The _____ (袋鼠) carries its baby in a pouch.92. A _______ is a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute.93.Which animal is known for its ability to change color?A. ChameleonB. EagleC. SharkD. PenguinA Chameleon94.My ________ (玩具名称) is a celebration of fun.95.The first man on the moon was __________ (尼尔·阿姆斯特朗).96.What do we call a baby llama?A. CalfB. FoalC. CriaD. KidC Cria97.Which animal is known for its ability to hop?A. FrogB. DogC. CatD. FishA98.The chemical formula for hydrochloric acid is ________.99.We will _______ (join) the club.100.What do we call the process of making a choice?A. Decision-makingB. PlanningC. OrganizingD. ArrangingA。

1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn. 美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。

2. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。

4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued. 由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。

5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。

6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。

2021年托福试题阅读理解模拟题考点分析（卷十）Title：The Cambrian ExplosionThe earliest fossil evidence for eukaryotes complex organisms whose cells contain a distinct nucleus dates to only about 1.2 billion years ago. The fossil record suggests that animal evolution progressed slowly, with relatively little change seen between fossils from 1.2 billion years ago and those from a half-billion years later. But then something quite dramatic happened as can be judged by the many different animal groups that suddenly appear in the fossil record.Biologists classify animals according to their basic body plans. For example, the basic body plan shared by mammals and reptiles is fundamentally different from that of insects.Animals are grouped by body plan into what biologists call phyla. Mammals and reptiles both belong to the single phylum Chordata, which includes animals with internal skeletons. Insects, crabs, and spiders belong to the phylum Arthropoda, which contains animals with body features such as jointed legs, an external skeleton, and segmented bodies. Classifying animals into phyla is an ongoing project for biologists, but modern animals appear to comprise about 30 different phyla, each representing a different body plan.Remarkably, nearly all of these different body plans, plus a few others that have gone extinct, make their first known appearance in thegeological record during a period spanning only about 40 million years less than about 1 percent of Earth's history. This remarkable flowering of animal diversity appears to have begun about 545 million years ago, which corresponds to the start of the Cambrian period. Hence it is called the Cambrian explosion.The fact that the Cambrian explosion marks the only major diversification of body plans in the geological record presents us with two important and related questions: Why, so long after the origin of eukaryotes, did the pace of evolution suddenly accelerate dramatically at the beginning of the Cambrian, and why hasn't there been another period of similarly explosive diversification since then We can identify at least four factors that might have contributed to the Cambrian explosion. First, the oxygen level in our atmosphere may have remained well below its present level until about the time of the Cambrian explosion. Thus, the rapid diversification in animal life may have occurred at least in part because oxygen reached a critical level for the survival of larger and more energy-intensive life forms.A second factor that may have been important was the evolution of genetic complexity.As eukaryotes evolved, they developed more and more genetic variation in their DNA. Some scientists believe that the Cambrian explosion marks the point at which organisms developed certain kinds of genes (homeobox genes) that control body form and thatcould be combined in different ways, allowing the evolution of a great diversity of forms over time。

TPO 34阅读解析第一篇Population and Climate【P1】地球人口的增长已经对大气和生态环境产生了影响。

化石燃料的燃烧，毁林，城市化，种植大米，养殖家畜，生产作为助推燃料和制冷剂的CFC增加了空气中CO2，甲烷，二氧化氮，二氧化硫灰尘和CFOs 的含量。

约70%的太阳能量穿过大气直射地球表面。

太阳射线提高了土地和海洋表面的温度，随后土地和海洋表面将红外射线反射会太空中。

这能使地球避免温度过高。

但是并不是所有的红外射线被返回会太空中，一些被大气中的气体吸收，然后再次反射回地球表面。

温室气体就是其中吸收了红外射线的一种气体，然后再次反射一些红外线到地球。

二氧化碳，CFC，甲烷和二氧化氮都是温室气体。

大气中温室效应形成和建立的很自然。

事实上，大气中如果没有温室气体，科学家预测地球温度比当前的能够低33度。

【P2】大气中当前二氧化碳浓度是360ppm。

人类活动正在对大气中二氧化碳浓度的增加有着重要的影响，二氧化碳浓度正在快速增长，目前预估在未来50-100年内，浓度将是目前的一倍。

IPCC在1992中做出一份报告，在该份报告中大多数大气科学家中观点一致，预测二氧化碳浓度翻倍可能会将全球气温提高1.4-4.5度。

IPCC在2001年的报告中做出的预测是气温几乎将会提高2倍。

可能发生的气温升高比在冰河时期发生的变化要大很多。

这种温度的升高也不会是一直的，在赤道周围变化最小，而在极点周围的变化则是2-3倍。

这些全球变化的本地化影响很难预测，但是大家一致认为可能会影响洋流的改变，在北半球的一些区域可能增加在冬天发洪水的可能性，在一些区域夏天发生干旱的概率提高，还有海平面的升高也可能会淹没位置较低的国家。

【P3】科学家积极参与地球气候系统中物理，化学和生物成分的调查，为了对温室气体的增加对未来全球气候的影响做出准确预测。

全球环流模型在这个过程中是重要的工具。

这些模型体现包含了当前对大气环流模式，洋流，大陆影响和类似东西所掌握的知识，在变化的环境下预测气候。

Université Libre de BruxellesInstitut de Recherches Interdisciplinaireset de Développements en Intelligence Artificielle Ant Colony Optimization:Overview andRecent AdvancesMarco Dorigo and Thomas St¨u tzleIRIDIA–Technical Report SeriesTechnical Report No.TR/IRIDIA/2009-013May2009IRIDIA–Technical Report SeriesISSN1781-3794Published by:IRIDIA,Institut de Recherches Interdisciplinaireset de D´e veloppements en Intelligence ArtificielleUniversit´e Libre de BruxellesAv F.D.Roosevelt50,CP194/61050Bruxelles,BelgiumTechnical report number TR/IRIDIA/2009-013The information provided is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the members of IRIDIA.The authors take full responsability for any copyright breaches that may result from publication of this paper in the IRIDIA–Technical Report Series.IRIDIA is not responsible for any use that might be made of data appearing in this publication.Ant Colony Optimization:Overview and Recent AdvancesMarco Dorigo and Thomas St¨u tzleMay20091IntroductionAnt Colony Optimization(ACO)[57,59,66]is a metaheuristic for solving hard combinatorial optimization problems.The inspiring source of ACO is the pheromone trail laying and following behavior of real ants,which use pheromones as a communication medium.In analogy to the biological example,ACO is based on indirect communication within a colony of simple agents, called(artificial)ants,mediated by(artificial)pheromone trails.The pheromone trails in ACO serve as a distributed,numerical information,which the ants use to probabilistically construct solutions to the problem being solved and which the ants adapt during the algorithm’s execution to reflect their search experience.Thefirst example of such an algorithm is Ant System(AS)[55,63,64,65],which was pro-posed using as example application the well known traveling salesman problem(TSP)[6,99,128]. Despite encouraging initial results,AS could not compete with state-of-the-art algorithms for the TSP.Nevertheless,it had the important role of stimulating further research both on algorithmic variants,which obtain much better computational performance,and on applications to a large va-riety of different problems.In fact,there exist now a considerable number of applications of such algorithms where world class performance is obtained.Examples are applications of ACO algo-rithms to problems such as sequential ordering[76],scheduling[18],assembly line balancing[19], probabilistic TSP[7],2D-HP protein folding[132],DNA sequencing[25],protein–ligand docking [98],packet-switched routing in Internet-like networks[47],and so on.The ACO metaheuris-tic provides a common framework for the existing applications and algorithmic variants[57,59]. Algorithms which follow the ACO metaheuristic are called ACO algorithms.The(artificial)ants in ACO implement a randomized construction heuristic which makes prob-abilistic decisions as a function of artificial pheromone trails and possibly available heuristic in-formation based on the input data of the problem to be solved.As such,ACO can be interpreted as an extension of traditional construction heuristics,which are readily available for many com-binatorial optimization problems.Yet,an important difference with construction heuristics is the adaptation of the pheromone trails during algorithm execution to take into account the cumulated search experience.The rest of this chapter is organized as follows.In Section2,we briefly overview construction heuristics and local search algorithms.In Section3,we present a specific version of the ACO metaheuristic that focuses on applications to N P-hard problems.Section4outlines the inspiring biological analogy and describes the historical developments leading to ACO.In Section5,we illustrate how the ACO metaheuristic can be applied to different types of problems and we give an overview of its successful applications.Section6gives an overview of recent developments in ACO and Section7concludes the chapter.2Approximate approachesMany important combinatorial optimization problems are hard to solve.The notion of problem hardness is captured by the theory of computational complexity[79,123]and for many important problems it is well known that they are N P-hard,that is,the time needed to solve an instance1procedure Greedy Construction Heuristics p=empty solutionwhile s p not complete1Other approximate methods are also conceivable.For example,when stopping exact methods,like Branch &Bound,before completion[10,95](for example,after some given time bound,or when some guarantee on the solution quality is obtained through the use of lower and upper bounds),we can convert exact algorithms into approximate ones.procedure IterativeImprovement(s∈S)s′=Improve(s)while s′=s dos=s′s′=Improve(s)endreturn send IterativeImprovementFigure2:Algorithmic skeleton of iterative improvement.Figure3:Schematic illustration of a2-exchange move.The proposed move reduces the total tour length if we consider the Euclidean distance between the points.2.2Local search algorithmsLocal search algorithms start from a complete initial solution and try tofind a better solution in an appropriately defined neighborhood of the current solution.In its most basic version,known as iterative improvement,the algorithm searches the neighborhood for an improving solution.If such a solution is found,it replaces the current solution and the local search continues.These steps are repeated until no improving neighbor solution can be found and the algorithm ends in a local optimum.An outline of an iterative improvement algorithm is given in Figure2.The procedure Improve returns a better neighbor solution if one exists,otherwise it returns the current solution, in which case the algorithm stops.The choice of an appropriate neighborhood structure is crucial for the performance of local search algorithms and has to be done in a problem specific way.The neighborhood structure defines the set of solutions that can be reached from s in one single step of the algorithm.An example neighborhood for the TSP is the k-exchange neighborhood in which neighbor solutions differ by at most k edges.Figure3shows an example of a2-exchange neighborhood.The2-exchange algorithm systematically tests whether the current tour can be improved by replacing two edges.To fully specify a local search algorithm,it is necessary to designate a particular neighborhood examination scheme that defines how the neighborhood is searched and which neighbor solution replaces the current one.In the case of iterative improvement algorithms,this rule is called the pivoting rule [157]and examples are the best-improvement rule,which chooses the neighbor solution giving the largest improvement of the objective function,and thefirst-improvement rule,which uses thefirst improved solution found when scanning the neighborhood to replace the current one.A common problem with local search algorithms is that they easily get trapped in local minima and that the result strongly depends on the initial solution.3The ACO metaheuristicArtificial ants used in ACO are stochastic solution construction procedures that probabilistically build a solution by iteratively adding solution components to partial solutions by taking into account(i)heuristic information about the problem instance being solved,if available,and(ii)(artificial)pheromone trails which change dynamically at run-time to reflect the agents’acquired search experience.A stochastic component in ACO allows the ants to build a wide variety of different solutions and hence to explore a much larger number of solutions than greedy heuristics.At the same time, the use of heuristic information,which is readily available for many problems,can guide the ants towards the most promising solutions.More important,the ants’search experience can be used to influence,in a way reminiscent of reinforcement learning[149],the solution construction in future iterations of the algorithm.Additionally,the use of a colony of ants can give the algorithm increased robustness and in many ACO applications the collective interaction of a population of agents is needed to efficiently solve a problem.The domain of application of ACO algorithms is vast.In principle,ACO can be applied to any discrete optimization problem for which some solution construction mechanism can be conceived. In the following of this section,wefirst define a generic problem representation that the ants in ACO may exploit to construct solutions,and then we define the ACO metaheuristic.3.1Problem representationLet us consider minimization problems2and define a general model of a combinatorial optimization problem.Definition3.1A model P=(S,Ω,f)of a combinatorial optimization problem consists of •a search space S that is defined by afinite set of decision variables,each with afinite domain, and a setΩof constraints among the variables;•an objective function f:S→I R+0that is to be minimized.The search space is defined by afinite set of variables X i,i=1,...,n,each having an associated domain D i of values that can be assigned to it.An instantiation of a variable consists in an assignment of a value v j i∈D i to variable X i and it is denoted by X i=v j i.A feasible solution s∈S is an assignment to each variable of a value in its domain such that all the problem constraints inΩare satisfied.IfΩis empty,then the problem is unconstrained and each decision variable can take any value from its domain,independent of the other variables.In this case,P is an unconstrained problem model;otherwise it is called constrained.A feasible solution s∗∈S is called a global minimum of P if and only if we have that f(s∗)≤f(s)∀s∈S.We denote by S∗⊆S the set of all global minima.This model of a combinatorial optimization problem can be directly used to derive a generic pheromone model that is exploited by ACO algorithms.To see how,let us call the instantiation of a variable X i with a particular value v j i of its domain a solution component,which is denoted by c j i.Ants then need to appropriately combine solution components to form high-quality,feasible solutions.To do so,each solution component c j i will have an associated pheromone variable T ij. We denote the set of all solution components by C and the set of all pheromone variables by T. Each pheromone variable T ij has a pheromone valueτij;this value indicates the desirability of choosing solution component c j i.Note that,as said before,the pheromone values are time-varying and therefore they are a function of the algorithm iteration t.In what follows we will,however, omit the reference to the iteration counter and write simplyτij instead ofτij(t).As an example of this formalization,consider the TSP.In this case,the solution components are the moves from one city to another one.This can be formalized by associating one variable to each city.Each variable X i has then associated n−1values,j=1,...,n,j=i.As a result,with each edge between a pair of cities is associated one pheromone valueτij.An instantiation of the decision variables corresponds to a feasible solution,if and only if the set of edges corresponding to the values of the decision variables forms a Hamiltonian cycle.(Note that for the TSP it is easily possible to guarantee that ants generate feasible solutions.)The objective function f(·)computes for each feasible solution the sum of the edge lengths,that is,the length of the Hamiltonian cycle.procedure ACO algorithm for combinatorial optimization problemsInitializationwhile(termination condition not met)doC onstructAntSolutionsA pplyLocalSearch%optionalG lobalUpdatePheromonesendend ACO algorithm for combinatorial optimization problemsFigure4:Algorithmic skeleton for ACO algorithms applied to combinatorial optimiza-tion problems.The application of a local search algorithm is a typical example of apossible daemon action in ACO algorithms.3.2The metaheuristicA general outline of the ACO metaheuristic for applications to static combinatorial optimization problems,3is given in Figure4.After initializing parameters and pheromone trails,the main loop consists of three main steps.First,m ants construct solutions to the problem instance under consideration,biased by the pheromone information and possibly by the available heuristic information.Once the ants have completed their solutions,these may be improved in an optional local search phase.Finally,before the start of the next iteration,the pheromone trails are adapted to reflect the search experience of the ants.The main steps of the ACO metaheuristic are explained in more detail in the following.Initialization.At the start of the algorithm,parameters are set and all pheromone variables are initialized to a valueτ0,which is a parameter of the algorithm.ConstructAntSolutions.A set of m ants constructs solutions to the problem instance being tackled.To do so,each ant starts with an initially empty solution s p=∅.At each construction step,an ant extends its current partial solution s p by choosing one feasible solution component c j i∈N(s p)⊆C and adding it to its current partial solution.N(s p)is the set of solution components that may be added while maintaining feasibility and it is defined implicitly by a solution construction process that the ants implement.If a partial solution cannot be extended maintaining feasibility,it depends on the particular construction mechanism whether the solution construction is abandoned or an infeasible,complete solution is constructed.In the latter case, infeasible solutions may be penalized in dependence of the degree to which they violate problem constraints.The choice of the solution component to add is done probabilistically at each construction step. Various ways for defining the probability distributions have been considered.The most widely used rule is that of Ant System(AS)[65]:ταij·[η(c j i)]βp(c j i|s p)=3Static problems are those whose topology and costs do not change while they are being solved.This is the case,for example,for the classic TSP,in which city locations and intercity distances do not change during the algorithm’s run-time.In contrast,in dynamic problems the topology and costs can change while solutions are built. An example of such a problem is routing in telecommunications networks[47],in which traffic patterns change all the time.ApplyLocalSearch.Once complete candidate solutions are obtained,these may further be improved by applying local search algorithms.In fact,for a wide range of combinatorial optimiza-tion problems,ACO algorithms reach best performance when coupled with local search algorithms [66].More generally,local search is one example of what have been called daemon actions[57,59]. These are used to implement problem specific or centralized actions that cannot be performed by individual ants.GlobalUpdatePheromones.The pheromone update is intended to make solution components belonging to good solutions more desirable for the following iterations.There are essentially two mechanisms that are used to achieve this goal.Thefirst is pheromone deposit,which increases the level of the pheromone of solution components that are associated with a chosen set S upd of good solutions.The goal is to make these solution components more attractive for ants in the following iterations.The second is pheromone trail evaporation,which is the mechanism that decreases over time the pheromone deposited by previous ants.From a practical point of view,pheromone evaporation is needed to avoid a too rapid convergence of the algorithm towards a sub-optimal region.It implements a useful form of forgetting,favoring the exploration of new areas of the search space.The pheromone update is commonly implemented as:τij=(1−ρ)τij+s∈S upd|c ji ∈sg(s)(2)where S upd is the set of solutions that are used to deposit pheromone,ρ∈(0,1]is a parameter called evaporation rate,g(·):S→I R+is a function such that f(s)<f(s′)⇒g(s)≥g(s′).It determines the quality of a solution and it is commonly called evaluation function.ACO algorithms typically differ in the way pheromone update is implemented:different spec-ifications of how to determine S upd result in different instantiations of update rule2.Typically, S upd is a subset of S iter∪{s gb},where S iter is the set of all solutions constructed in the current iteration of the main loop and s gb is the best solution found since the start of the algorithm(gb stands for global-best).4HistoryThefirst ACO algorithm to be proposed was Ant System(AS).AS was applied to some rather small TSP instances with up to75cities.It was able to reach the performance of other general-purpose heuristics like evolutionary computation[55,65].Despite these initial encouraging results, AS did not prove to be competitive with state-of-the-art algorithms specifically designed for the TSP.Therefore,a substantial amount of research in ACO has focused on ACO algorithms which show better performance than AS when applied,for example,to the TSP.In the following of this section wefirst briefly introduce the biological metaphor on which AS and ACO are inspired,and then we present a brief history of the early developments that have led from the original AS to more performing ACO algorithms.4.1Biological analogyIn many ant species,individual ants may deposit a pheromone(a chemical that ants can smell) on the ground while walking[43,80].By depositing pheromone,ants create a trail that is used, for example,to mark the path from the nest to food sources and back.Foragers can sense the pheromone trails and follow the path to food discovered by other ants.Several ant species are capable of exploiting pheromone trails to determine the shortest among the available paths leading to the food.Deneubourg and colleagues[43,80]used a double bridge connecting a nest of ants and a food source to study pheromone trail laying and following behavior in controlled experimentalconditions.4They ran a number of experiments in which they varied the ratio between the length of the two branches of the bridge.The most interesting,for our purposes,of these experiments is the one in which one branch was longer than the other.In this experiment,at the start the ants were left free to move between the nest and the food source and the percentage of ants that chose one or the other of the two branches was observed over time.The outcome was that,although in the initial phase random oscillations could occur,in most experiments all the ants ended up using the shorter branch.This result can be explained as follows.When a trial starts there is no pheromone on the two branches.Hence,the ants do not have a preference and they select with the same probability either of the two branches.It can be expected that,on average,half of the ants choose the short branch and the other half the long branch,although stochastic oscillations may occasionally favor one branch over the other.However,because one branch is shorter than the other,the ants choosing the short branch are thefirst to reach the food and to start their travel back to the nest.5But then,when they must make a decision between the short and the long branch,the higher level of pheromone on the short branch biases their decision in its favor.6Therefore,pheromone starts to accumulate faster on the short branch,which will eventually be used by the great majority of the ants.It should be clear by now how real ants have inspired AS and later algorithms:the double bridge was substituted by a graph,and pheromone trails by artificial pheromone trails.Also, because we wanted artificial ants to solve problems more complicated than those solved by real ants,we gave artificial ants some extra capacities,like a memory(used to implement constraints and to allow the ants to retrace their solutions without errors)and the capacity for depositing a quantity of pheromone proportional to the quality of the solution produced(a similar behavior is observed also in some real ants species in which the quantity of pheromone deposited while returning to the nest from a food source is proportional to the quality of the food source[9]).In the next section we will see how,starting from AS,new algorithms have been proposed that, although retaining some of the original biological inspiration,are less and less biologically inspired and more and more motivated by the need of making ACO algorithms better or at least competitive with other state-of-the-art algorithms.Nevertheless,many aspects of the original Ant System remain:the need for a colony,the role of autocatalysis,the cooperative behavior mediated by artificial pheromone trails,the probabilistic construction of solutions biased by artificial pheromone trails and local heuristic information,the pheromone updating guided by solution quality,and the evaporation of pheromone trail,are present in all ACO algorithms.4.2Historical developmentAs said,AS was thefirst ACO algorithm to be proposed in the literature.In fact,AS was originally a set of three algorithms called ant-cycle,ant-density,and ant-quantity.These three algorithms were proposed in Dorigo’s doctoral dissertation[55]andfirst appeared in a technical report[63,64] that was published a few years later in the IEEE Transactions on Systems,Man,and Cybernetics [65].Other early publications are[34,35].While in ant-density and ant-quantity the ants updated the pheromone directly after a move from a city to an adjacent one,in ant-cycle the pheromone update was only done after all the ants had constructed the tours and the amount of pheromone deposited by each ant was set to be a function of the tour quality.Because ant-cycle performed better than the other two variants, it was later called simply Ant System(and in fact,it is the algorithm that we will present in the following subsection),while the other two algorithms were no longer studied.The major merit of AS,whose computational results were promising but not competitive with other more established approaches,was to stimulate a number of researchers,mostly in Europe,to develop extensions and improvements of its basic ideas so as to produce better performing,and often state-of-the-art,algorithms.4.2.1Thefirst ACO algorithm:Ant System and the TSPThe TSP is a paradigmatic N P-hard combinatorial optimization problem,which has attracted an enormous amount of research effort[6,94,99].The TSP is a very important problem also in the context of Ant Colony Optimization because it is the problem to which the original AS wasfirst applied[55,63,64,65],and it has later often been used as a benchmark to test new ideas and algorithmic variants.In AS each ant is initially put on a randomly chosen city and has a memory,which stores the partial solution it has constructed so far(initially the memory contains only the start city). Starting from its start city,an ant iteratively moves from city to city,which corresponds to adding iteratively solution components as explained in Section3.2.When being at a city i,an ant k chooses to go to an as yet unvisited city j with a probability given by Equation1.The heuristic information is given byηij=1/d ij and N(s p)is the set of cities that ant k has not yet visited.The solution construction ends after each ant has completed a tour,that is,after each ant has constructed a sequence of length n,corresponding to a permutation of the city indices.Next,the pheromone trails are updated.In AS this is done by using Equation2,where we haveS upd=S iter(3) andg(s)=1/f(s),(4) where f(s)is the length of the tour s.Hence,the shorter the ant’s tour is,the more pheromoneis received by edges(solution components)belonging to the tour.7In general,edges which are used by many ants and which are contained in shorter tours will receive more pheromone and therefore are also more likely to be chosen in future iterations of the algorithm.4.2.2Ant System and its extensionsAs previously stated,AS was not competitive with state-of-the-art algorithms for the TSP.Re-searchers then started to extend it to try to improve its performance.Afirst improvement,called the elitist strategy,was introduced in[55,65].It consists in giving the best tour since the start of the algorithm(called s gb)a strong additional weight.In practice, each time the pheromone trails are updated by Equation2,we have that S upd=S iter∪{s gb}and that g(s),s=s gb,is given by Equation4.For s gb we have that g(s gb)=e/f(s gb),where e is a positive integer.Note that this type of pheromone update is afirst example of daemon action as described in Section3.2.Other improvements were rank-based Ant System(AS rank),MAX–MIN Ant System(MM AS), and Ant Colony System(ACS).AS rank[30]is in a sense an extension of the elitist strategy:it sorts the ants according to the lengths of the tours they generated and,after each tour construc-tion phase,only the(w−1)best ants and the global-best ant are allowed to deposit pheromone. The r th best ant of the colony contributes to the pheromone update with a weight given by max{0,w−r}while the global-best tour reinforces the pheromone trails with weight w.This can easily be implemented by an appropriate choice of S upd and g(s)in Equation2.MM AS[144,147,148]introduces upper and lower bounds to the values of the pheromone trails,as well as a different initialization of their values.In practice,in MM AS the allowed rangeof the pheromone trail strength is limited to the interval[τmin,τmax],that is,τmin≤τij≤τmax∀τij, and the pheromone trails are initialized to the upper trail limit,which causes a higher explorationat the start of the algorithm.In[144,148]it is discussed how to set the upper and lower pheromone trail limits in a principled way.Pheromone updates are performed using a strong elitist strategy: only the best solution generated is allowed to update pheromone trails.This can be the iteration-best solution,that is,the best in the current iteration,or the global-best solution.The amount of pheromone deposited is then given by g(s b)=1/f(s b),where s b is either s ib,the iteration-best solution,or s gb.In fact,in MM AS the iteration-best ant and the global-best ant can be used alternately in the pheromone putational results have shown that best results are obtained when pheromone updates are performed using the global-best solution with increasing frequency during the algorithm execution[144,148].As an additional means for increasing the explorative behavior of MM AS(and of ACO algorithms,in general),occasional pheromone trail reinitialization is used.MM AS has been improved also by the addition of local search routines that take the solution generated by ants to their local optimum just before the pheromone update.ACS[60,61,75]improves over AS by increasing the importance of exploitation of information collected by previous ants with respect to exploration of the search space.8This is achieved via two mechanisms.First,a strong elitist strategy is used to update pheromone trails.Second, ants choose a solution component(that is,the next city in the TSP case)using the so-called pseudo-random proportional rule[61]:with probability q0,0≤q0<1,they move to the city j for which the product between pheromone trail and heuristic information is maximum,that is,j=arg maxc ji ∈N(s p){τij·ηβij},while with probability1−q0they operate a biased exploration inwhich the probability p ij(t)is the same as in AS(see Equation1).The value q0is a parameter: when it is set to a value close to1,as it is the case in most ACS applications,exploitation is favored over exploration.Obviously,when q0=0the probabilistic decision rule becomes the same as in AS.Also,as in MM AS,in ACS only the best ant(the global-best or the iteration-best ant)is allowed to add pheromone after each algorithm iteration;the former is the most common choice in applications of ACS.The amount of pheromone deposited is then given by g(s b)=ρ/f(s gb), whereρis the pheromone evaporation.Finally,ACS also differs from most ACO algorithms because ants update the pheromone trails while building solutions(as in ant-quantity and in ant-density).In practice,ACS ants“eat”some of the pheromone trail on the edges they visit.This has the effect of decreasing the probability that the same path is used by all ants(that is,it favors exploration,counterbalancing this way the other two above-mentioned modifications that strongly favor exploitation of the collected knowledge about the problem).Similarly to MM AS,ACS also usually exploits local search to improve its performance.One could continue by enumerating the modifications that have been proposed in various other ACO algorithms that have been reported in the literature.Instead,we give an overview of the various developments on ACO algorithms for N P-hard problems in Table1.There we give for each of the main ACO variants that have been proposed,the main references to these algorithms, the year in which they have been proposed and whether they have been tested on the TSP.In fact,(published)tests of most ACO variants have been done on the TSP,which again confirms the central role of this problem in ACO research.4.2.3Applications to dynamic network routing problemsThe application of ACO algorithms to dynamic problems,that is,problems whose characteristics change while being solved,is among the main success stories in ACO.Thefirst such application [131]concerned routing in circuit-switched networks(e.g.,classical telephone networks).The proposed algorithm,called ABC,was demonstrated on a simulated version of the British Telecom network.The main merit of ABC was to stimulate the interest of ACO researchers in dynamic。

松江区2023学年度第二学期模拟考质量监控试卷高三英语（满分140分，完卷时间120分钟）2024.4 考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

2．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写学校、班级、姓名和考号。

3．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

Ⅰ．Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1．A．At 8:00. B．At 8:15. C．At 8:30. D．At 8:45.2．A．A professor. B．A coach. C．An engineer. D．A nurse.3．A．In a restaurant. B．In a hairdres ser’s.C．At a cinema. D．At a tailor’s. 4．A．Ways to visit a university. B．Two student tour guides.C．A tour of Fudan University. D．The campus of Fudan University.5．A．They did not make it there finally.B．They were not well received there.C．They experienced something unpleasant on the way.D．They had a wonderful time before they arrived there.6．A．Excited. B．Interested. C．Confused. D．Annoyed. 7．A．Practice the presentation in front of him. B．Watch how he makes a presentation. C．Reduce the time spent in practicing. D．Find out who her audience will be.8．A．She is always absent-minded. B．She forgot to tell the man about it.C．She is unclear about Sophie’s plan.D．She slipped in the neighboring town. 9．A．Because it took him much time to go to work.B．Because he had to save money for his journey.C．Because the job arranged many business journeys.D．Because he considered it unlucky to have that job.10．A．Buy a new printer with less noise. B．Ask the man to borrow a printer.C．Read a book on how to fix the printer. D．Get someone to repair the printer.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11．A．How encores came into existence. B．How bands perform encores properly.C．Why audiences used to need encores. D．Why encores are part of a performance. 12．A．The 17th century. B．The 18th century. C．The 19th century. D．The 20th century. 13．A．French people were more interested in encores than others.B．Bands usually prepare more than two encores for each show.C．Recording technology boosted audiences’ needs for encores.D．Musicians can get recharged during the break before encores.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14．A．Because of the rule for the class. B．Because of the course materials.C．Because the speaker changed his topics. D．Because the speaker disliked technology. 15．A．The students do not assess the speaker’s class fairly.B．The students are satisfied with the class environment.C．The speaker did not favor leaving technology at the door.D．The speaker were worried about students’ evaluation on him.16．A．It will stop students getting on well together.B．It may help students better understand themes.C．It will improve teaching effect by giving students more help.D．It may distract students from digging deep within themselves.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17．A．Doctor and patient. B．Salesman and customer.C．Teacher and student. D．Employer and employee.18．A．Fishing industry. B．Statistics. C．Computer modeling. D．Note-taking. 19．A．She is good at making model computers. B．She has decided on the title of the essay. C．She is uninterested in coping with statistics. D．She has always been weak at note-taking. 20．A．Learn to take notes immediately. B．Find out possible strategies alone.C．Read for more useful information. D．Work on her weaknesses by herself. Ⅱ．Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Remote Work Slows Senior Housing Market RecoveryWith the rise of remote work, the market for senior housing has met with problems in its recovery. Only a few old people choose to live in senior-living communities （21）______the growing senior population and the cancelation of COVID-19 restrictions once making family visits difficult.（22）______ this trend suggests is that people’s shift to remote work contributes to the slow rebound of the senior housing market. That is, remote work is keeping many older Americans from moving into senior-living communities once warmly （23）______（welcome）.When more adults began working remotely during the pandemic（流行病）, they were able to check in on aging parents easily —they （24）______ take care of their parents’ issues on short notice.Experts have been analyzing the phenomenon in different ways. Some found that the greater flexibility to care for parents （25）______（mean）people’s delay in sending aged parents to expensive senior-housing accommodations. Therefore, markets with high levels of people working from home usually have lower senior-housing occupancy rates. Others said remote work might have some effect but also pointed to different factors. For instance, many seniors think that their family wallets are getting thinner, making some of them reluctant （26）______（send）to senior-living communities.The age at which people enter senior housing is also increasing, （27）______serves as another sign that shows people are choosing to delay transitioning. The rising cost of senior living weighs heavily on that decision. The CPI （consumer-price index）for nursing homes and adult day services rose 4.5% last May compared with （28）______in May, 2022.Still, many senior-housing operators are optimistic. When （29）______（illustrate）their point, they showed an increase in the number of people turning 80 years old over the following years and the actual wealth they have collected. Moreover, they find remote work arrangements are decreasing in some parts of the country, （30）______ employees there have seen their lowered productivity while working from home.Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A．accompanied B．allowed C．feasibly D．fueled E．intensity F．option G．prompting H．routine I．surgically J．underlying K．variedBrain Signals for Lasting PainBrain signals that reveal how much pain a person is in have been discovered by scientists who say the work is a step towards new treatments for people living with lasting pain.It is the first time researchers have decoded the brain activity 31 patients’ lasting pain. That has raised the hope that brain stimulation treatment alre ady used for Parkinson’s and major depression can help those running out of any other 32 . “We’ve learned that lasting pain can be tracked and predicted in the real world,” said Prasad Shirvalkar, lead researcher on the project at the University of California.Lasting pain affects nearly 28 million adults in the UK alone, and the causes are 33 . ranging from cancer to back problems. That being the case, lasting pain has 34 a rise in taking powerful painkillers. But nomedical treatments work well for the condition, 35 experts to call for a complete rethink in how health services handle patients with lasting pain.For the latest study, Shirvalkar and his colleagues 36 implanted electrodes（电极）into four patients with lasting pain hard to deal with after the loss of legs. The devices 37 the patients to record activity and collect data in two brain regions—the ACC and the OFC—at the press of one button on a remote handset. Several times a day, the volunteers were asked to complete short surveys on the 38 of pain, meaning how strong the pain was, and then record their brain activity. These scientists, armed with the survey responses and brain recordings, found they could use computers to predict a person’s pa in based on the electrical signals in their OFC. “We found very different brain activity 39 severe pain and have developed an objective biomarker for that kind of pain,” said Shirvalkar. The finding may explain, at least in part, why 40 painkillers are less effective for lasting pain. “The hope is that we can use the information to develop personalized brain stimulation treatment for the most severe forms of pain.”Ⅲ．Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The way of recording things has never ceased to develop. In the 1980s, as sales of video recorders went up, old 8mm home movies were gradually replaced by VHS （video home system）tapes. Later, video tapes of family holidays lost their appeal and the use of DVDs 41 . Those, too, have had their day. Even those holding their childhood memories in digital files on their laptops now know these files face the risk of 42 .Digitising historical documents brings huge benefits—files can be 43 and distributed, reducing the risk of their entire loss through physical damage caused by fire or flooding. And developing digital versions reduces44 on the original items. The International Dunhuang Project, 45 , has digitised items like manuscripts（手稿）from the Mogao caves in China, enabling scholars from around the world to access records easily without touching the real items.But the news that the Ministry of Justice of the UK is proposing to scan the 110 million people’s wills it holds and then destroy a handful of 46 after 25 years has shocked historians. The ministry cites this as a way of providing easier access for researchers. But that only justifies digitisation, not the 47 of the paper copies. The officials note the change will be economically efficient （saving around £4.5m a year）while keeping all the essential information.Scholars 48 . Most significantly, physical records can themselves carry important information — the kind of ink or paper used may be part of the history that historians are 49 . and error s are often made in scanning. Besides, digital copies are arguably more 50 than the material items, just in different ways. The attack from the Internet on the British Library last October has prevented scholars from 51 digitised materials it holds: imagine if researchers could not return to the originals. Some even think digitised information can easily be lost within decades no matter what 52 are put in place.The government says that it will save the original wills of “famous people for historic record”, such as that of Princess Diana’s. However, assuming that we know who will 53 to future generations is extraordinarilyproud. Mary Seacole, a pioneering nurse who now appears on the national school course in the UK, was largely54 for almost a century.The digitisation of old documents is a valuable, even essential measure. But to destroy the originals once they have been scanned, is not a matter of great 55 , but of huge damage.41．A．paused B．boomed C．recovered D．disappeared 42．A．getting outdated B．coming into style C．being fined D．making an error 43．A．deleted B．named C．copied D．altered 44．A．fight or flight B．life or death C．wear and tear D．awe and wonder 45．A．unfortunately B．additionally C．in summary D．for example 46．A．the originals B．the essentials C．the visualised D．the digitised 47．A．preservation B．classification C．publication D．destruction 48．A．applaud B．disagree C．discriminate D．withdraw 49．A．revising B．abandoning C．uncovering D．enduring 50．A．meaningful B．favourable C．resistant D．delicate 51．A．inventing B．adjusting C．accessing D．damaging 52．A．outcomes B．safeguards C．deadlines D．byproducts 53．A．matter B．respond C．lose D．live 54．A．spared B．discussed C．forgotten D．protected 55．A．sacrifice B．courage C．efficiency D．admirationSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）Charles Robert Darwin was born on 12 February 1809 in Shropshire, England. Darwin’s childhood passion was science, and his interest in chemistry, however, was clear; he was even nicknamed ‘Gas’ by his classmates.In 1825, his father sent him to study medicine at Edinburgh University, where he learned how to classify plants. Darwin became passionate about natural history and this became his focus while he studied at Cambridge. Darwin went on a voyage together with Robert Fitzroy, the captain of HMS Beagle, to South America to facilitate British trade in Patagonia. The journey was life-changing. Darwin spent much of the trip on land collecting samples of plants, animals and rocks, which helped him to develop an understanding of the processes that shape the Earth’s surface. Darwin’s analysis of the plants and animals that he gathered led him to express doubts on former explanations about how species formed and evolved over time.Darwin’s work convinced him that natural selection was key to understanding the development of the natural world. The theory of natural selection says that individuals of a species are more likely to survive when they inherit （经遗传获得）characteristics best suited for that specific environment. These features then become more widespread and can lead eventually to the development of a new species. With natural selection, Darwin argued how a wide variety of life forms developed over time from a single common ancestor.Darwin married his cousin, Emma Wedgwood, in 1839. When Darwin’s eldest daughter, Annie, died from a sudden illness in 1851, he lost his belief in God. His tenth and final child, Charles Waring Darwin, was born in 1856．Significantly for Darwin, this baby was disabled, altering how Darwin thought about the human species. Darwin had previously thought that species remained adapted until the environment changed; he now believed that every new variation was imperfect and that a struggle to survive was what drove species to adapt.Though rejected at the beginning, Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is nowadays well acc epted by the scientific community as the best evidence-based explanation for the diversity and complexity of life on Earth. The Natural History Museum’s library alone has 478 editions of his On the Origin of Species in 38 languages.56．What made Darwin reconsider the origin and development of species?A．Examining plants and animals collected.B．His desire for a voyage to different continents.C．Classifying samples in a journey to South America.D．His passion for natural history at Edinburgh University.57．We can learn from paragraphs 1 to 3 that Darwin ______.A．used natural selection to develop new speciesB．enjoyed being called nicknames related to scienceC．learned some knowledge about plants when studying medicineD．argued with others over the diversity of life forms for a long period58．Which of the following changed Darwin’s view on the human species?A．That he had ten children in all. B．His youngest son’s being disabled.C．That he lost his eldest daughter. D．His marriage with Emma Wedgwood.59．This passage is mainly about ______.A．Darwin’s passion for medical science B．Darwin’s theory and experimentsC．Charles Darwin’s changing interest D．Charles Darwin’s life and work（B）Welcome to Muir Woods! This rare ancient forest is a kingdom of coast redwoods, many over 600 years old. How to get here?People using personal vehicles must have reservations before arriving at the park. （Details at.）Muir Woods National Monument is open daily, 8 a. m. to sunset. Stop by Visitor Center to get trails（路线）and program information, and to take in exhibits.What’s your path?Enjoy a walk on the paved Redwood Creek Trail （also called Main Trail）. Choose short, medium, or long loops（环线）. Other trails go deep into Muir Woods and Mount Tamalpais State Park.（Refer to the map of Muir Woods on the right for details.）Ready to explore more?Muir Woods is part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which includes Marin Headlands, Alcatraz, the Presidio, and Ocean Beach. Download the app at /goga.Stay safe and protect your park.Wi-Fi and cell service are not available. ·Watch for poisonous plants and falling branches. ·Do not feed or disturb animals. ·Fishing is prohibited in the park. ·Do not mark or remove trees, flowers, or other natural features. ·Go to the park website for more safety tips and regulations.AccessibilityWe make a great effort to make facilities, services, and programs accessible to all. For information, go to Visitor Center, ask a ranger, call, or check our website.More InformationMuir Woods National Monument /muwo Mill Valley, CA 94941-269660．Muir Woods will probably attract ______.①redwood lovers ②hunting lovers ③fishing lovers ④hiking loversA．①②B．③④C．①④D．②③61．What can be learned from the passage?A．Muir woods is surrounded by highland and ocean beaches.B．Visitors can read electronic maps using Wi-Fi in Muir Woods.C．Visitors are advised to call Visitor Center for safety tips and regulations.D．Reservations should be made if visitors drive private cars to Muir Woods.62．According to the map of Muir Woods, ______.A．Bridge 4 is the farthest from the parking lots of all bridgesB．Mill Valley is located on the southwest side of Muir BeachC．Bootjack Trail can lead one to Visitor Center from Bridge 3D．food and gifts can be bought on various sites in Muir Woods（C）Precognitive dreams are dreams that seemingly predict the future which cannot be inferred from actually available information. Former US President Abraham Lincoln once revealed the frightening dream to his law partner and friend Ward Hill Lamon, “…Then I heard people weep… ‘Who is dead in the White House?’ I demanded. ‘The President,’ ‘he was killed!’…” The killing did happen later.Christopher French, Professor in the Department of Psychology at Goldsmiths, stated the most likely explanation for such a phenomenon was coincidence（巧合）. “In addition to pure coincidences we must also consider the unreliability of memory”, he added. Asked what criteria would have to be met for him to accept that precognitive dreams were a reality, he said, “The primary problem with tests of the claim is that the subjects are unable to tell when the event（s）they’ve dreamed about will happen.”However, some claimed to make such tests practicable. Professor Caroline Watt at the University of Edinburgh, has conducted studies into precognitive dreaming. She stated that knowing future through dreams challenged the basic assumption of science — causality （relationship of cause and effect）.Dick Bierman, a retired physicist and psychologist, who has worked at the Universities of Amsterdam, Utrecht and Groningen, has put forward a theory that may explain precognitive dreams. It is based on the fact that when scientists use certain mathematical descriptions to talk about things like electromagnetism（电磁学）, these descriptions favour the belief that time only moves in one direction. However, in practice the wave that is running backwards in time does exist. This concept is called the time symmetry, meaning that the laws of physics look the same when time runs forward or backward. But he believes that time symmetry breaks down due to external conditions. “The key of the theory is that it assumes that there is a special context that restores th e broken time-symmetry, if the waves running backwards are ‘absorbed’ by a consistent multi-particle（多粒子）system. The brain under a dream state may be such a system where broken time-symmetry is partially restored. This is still not a full explanation for precognitive dreams but it shows where physics might be adjusted to accommodate the phenomenon,” he explains.Although Bierman’s explanation is still based on guesses and has not accepted by mainstream science, Watt does think it is worth considering. For now, believing that it’s possible to predict future with dreams remains an act of faith. Yet, it’s possible that one day we’ll wake up to a true understanding of this fascinating phenomenon. 63．According to French, what makes it difficult to test precognitive dreams?A．Unavailability of people’s dreams.B．That coincidences happen a lot in reality.C．That criteria for dream reliability are not trustworthy.D．People’s inability to tell when dreamt events will happen.64．Believers in precognitive dreams may question the truth of ______.A．the assumption of causality B．the time symmetryC．memories of ordinary people D．modern scientific tests65．We can infer from the passage that ______.A．Lincoln was warned of the killing by his friendB．Watt carried out several experiments on causalityC．researches on electromagnetism are based on the time symmetryD．time’s moving in two directions may justify precognitive dreams66．Which might be the best title of the passage?A．Should Dreams Be Assessed?B．Can Dreams Predict the Future?C．How Can Physics Be Changed to Explain Dreams?D．Why Should Scientists Study Precognitive Dreams?Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.A．Labeling poses even more of a problem when it comes to kids.B．It can be helpful for those not quite able to understand why they feel the way they do.C．There seems to be a desire to see negative emotions as something requiring intervention or diagnosis. D．Labeling leads to children’s overcoming their addiction to what is posted online.E．Someone has had only a certain experience and judges all behavior with that experience.F．The basic function of a diagnosis is to give you a name for those behaviors once felt unusual.Addiction to LabelingMaybe you’ve noticed it in the comments section of popular social media posts about anxiety. depression or things alike, with a number of people claiming to pick these labels for themselves.These days, labeling is everywhere. （67）______ However, the negative part is that it’s easy for someone to identify with the characteristics without truly recognizing the context in which these characteristics would require diagnosis, according to Charlotte Armitage, a registered integrative psychotherapist and psychologist.If you have done your research and genuinely feel that you have some form of mental health concern, then finally having a name for your behaviors can be great. But the risk is that many people will seek labels and intervention for any behavior, pattern or emotion that is outside of the permanent happy group that society has set as the norm. “（68）______ Then the saying ‘a little bit of knowledge is dangerous’ springs to my mind,” Armitage adds.（69）______“Children are still developing and evolving, and many childhood behavioral features may seem like those of a disorder when there’re other potential explanations for that behavior,” Armitage notes. Ideally, a diagnosis for a child should be carried out by a qualified mental health professional. So it is with an adult.Nevertheless, the most important thing to bear in mind is that diagnosis doesn’t mean to indicate that you are broken or less capable.（70）______ And if you go deeper, it can alert you to the fact that you are not alone, and that many people experience life in the same way as you do.Ⅳ．Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.71．Why Willing to Wait?First it was the fried chicken. Then a variety of fancy milkshakes. No matter what time it is or how bad the streets smell, there are plenty of people waiting in line for hours to get their hands on the food that everyone’s talking about. If you are not the type of person crazy for trendy foods, you probably wonder why someone would like to wait in a long line just to get a taste of a popular cream tea. There is a bit of psychology behind the craze of waiting before getting one’s chopsticks on a trendy food.People are born curiosity hunters, especially for fresh ideas, according to some experts. At the sight of a long waiting line, they just can’t help having a try. And when the trendy foods are novel in looks and favors, even innovative in their sales environment, the desire for them is upgraded. All those stimulate people to investigate more—to deal with their curiosity.In addition, having access to something that is sought out but hard to possess equips people with a feeling that improves their self-definitions. When someone is envied due to something he gained with efforts, his self-worth gets enhanced. Although it is yet to be determined whether the number of likes he receives on the photos of foods he’s posted online is connected with the level of envy from on-lookers, that feeling automatically becomes stronger.Even more, “mob psychology” comes into play: when many people are doing something—waiting in line for the sought-after milkshakes, for instance —others are eager to be part of the group and share such a type of social familiarity, kind of like the natural pursuit of a sense of belonging. Tasting the same wait-worthy food has something in common.Ⅴ．TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72．大多数中国人喜欢在生日的时候吃碗面。

S C I论文写作中一些常用的句型总结(一)很多文献已经讨论过了一、在Introduction里面经常会使用到的一个句子：很多文献已经讨论过了。

它的可能的说法有很多很多，这里列举几种我很久以前搜集的：A.??Solar energy conversion by photoelectrochemical cells?has been intensively investigated.?(Nature 1991, 353, 737 - 740?)B.?This was demonstrated in a number of studies that?showed that composite plasmonic-metal/semiconductor photocatalysts achieved significantly higher rates in various photocatalytic reactions compared with their pure semiconductor counterparts.C.?Several excellent reviews describing?these applications are available, and we do not discuss these topicsD.?Much work so far has focused on?wide band gap semiconductors for water splitting for the sake of chemical stability.（DOI:10.1038/NMAT3151）E.?Recent developments of?Lewis acids and water-soluble organometalliccatalysts?have attracted much attention.（Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666）F.?An interesting approach?in the use of zeolite as a water-tolerant solid acid?was described by?Ogawa et al（Chem.Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666）G.?Considerable research efforts have been devoted to?the direct transition metal-catalyzed conversion of aryl halides toaryl nitriles. (J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7984-7989) H.?There are many excellent reviews in the literature dealing with the basic concepts of?the photocatalytic processand the reader is referred in particular to those by Hoffmann and coworkers,Mills and coworkers, and Kamat.(Metal oxide catalysis,19,P755)I. Nishimiya and Tsutsumi?have reported on（proposed）the influence of the Si/Al ratio of various zeolites on the acid strength, which were estimated by calorimetry using ammonia. (Chem.Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666)二、在results and discussion中经常会用到的：如图所示A. GIXRD patterns in?Figure 1A show?the bulk structural information on as-deposited films.?B.?As shown in Figure 7B,?the steady-state current density decreases after cycling between 0.35 and 0.7 V, which is probably due to the dissolution of FeOx.?C.?As can be seen from?parts a and b of Figure 7, the reaction cycles start with the thermodynamically most favorable VOx structures（J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 24950?24958）这与XX能够相互印证：A.?This is supported by?the appearance in the Ni-doped compounds of an ultraviolet–visible absorption band at 420–520nm (see Fig. 3 inset), corresponding to an energy range of about 2.9 to 2.3 eV.B. ?This?is consistent with the observation from?SEM–EDS. (Z.Zou et al. / Chemical Physics Letters 332 (2000) 271–277)C.?This indicates a good agreement between?the observed and calculated intensities in monoclinic with space groupP2/c when the O atoms are included in the model.D. The results?are in good consistent with?the observed photocatalytic activity...E. Identical conclusions were obtained in studies?where the SPR intensity and wavelength were modulated by manipulating the composition, shape,or size of plasmonic nanostructures.?F.??It was also found that areas of persistent divergent surfaceflow?coincide?with?regions where convection appears to be consistently suppressed even when SSTs are above 27.5°C.(二)1. 值得注意的是...A.?It must also be mentioned that?the recycling of aqueous organic solvent is less desirable than that of pure organic liquid.B.?Another interesting finding is that?zeolites with 10-membered ring pores showed high selectivities (>99%) to cyclohexanol, whereas those with 12-membered ring pores, such as mordenite, produced large amounts of dicyclohexyl ether. (Chem. Rev. 2002, 102,3641?3666)C.?It should be pointed out that?the nanometer-scale distribution of electrocatalyst centers on the electrode surface is also a predominant factor for high ORR electrocatalytic activity.D.?Notably,?the Ru II and Rh I complexes possessing the same BINAP chirality form antipodal amino acids as the predominant products.?(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2002, 41: 2008–2022)E. Given the multitude of various transformations published,?it is noteworthy that?only very few distinct?activation?methods have been identified.?(Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009,?38, 2178-2189)F.?It is important to highlight that?these two directing effects will lead to different enantiomers of the products even if both the “H-bond-catalyst” and the?catalyst?acting by steric shielding have the same absolute stereochemistry. (Chem. Soc. Rev.,?2009,?38, 2178-2189)G.?It is worthwhile mentioning that?these PPNDs can be very stable for several months without the observations of any floating or precipitated dots, which is attributed to the electrostatic repulsions between the positively charge PPNDs resulting in electrosteric stabilization.(Adv. Mater., 2012, 24: 2037–2041)2.?...仍然是个挑战A.?There is thereby an urgent need but it is still a significant challenge to?rationally design and delicately tail or the electroactive MTMOs for advanced LIBs, ECs, MOBs, and FCs.?（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2 014, 53, 1488 – 1504）B.?However, systems that are?sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use?have not yet been realized.C.??It?remains?challenging?to?develop highly active HER catalysts based on materials that are more abundant at lower costs. (J. Am. Chem.Soc.,?2011,?133, ?7296–7299)D.?One of the?great?challenges?in the twenty-first century?is?unquestionably energy storage. (Nature Materials?2005, 4, 366 - 377?)众所周知A.?It is well established (accepted) / It is known to all / It is commonlyknown?that?many characteristics of functional materials, such as composition, crystalline phase, structural and morphological features, and the sur-/interface properties between the electrode and electrolyte, would greatly influence the performance of these unique MTMOs in electrochemical energy storage/conversion applications.（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2014,53, 1488 – 1504）B.?It is generally accepted (believed) that?for a-Fe2O3-based sensors the change in resistance is mainly caused by the adsorption and desorption of gases on the surface of the sensor structure. (Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 582)C.?As we all know,?soybean abounds with carbon,?nitrogen?and oxygen elements owing to the existence of sugar,?proteins?and?lipids. (Chem. Commun., 2012,?48, 9367-9369)D.?There is no denying that?their presence may mediate spin moments to align parallel without acting alone to show d0-FM. (Nanoscale, 2013,?5, 3918-3930)(三)1. 正如下文将提到的...A.?As will be described below（也可以是As we shall see below）,?as the Si/Al ratio increases, the surface of the zeolite becomes more hydrophobic and possesses stronger affinity for ethyl acetate and the number of acid sites decreases.（Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666）B. This behavior is to be expected and?will?be?further?discussed?below. (J. Am. Chem. Soc.,?1955,?77, 3701–3707)C.?There are also some small deviations with respect to the flow direction,?whichwe?will?discuss?below.（Science, 2001, 291, 630-633）D.?Below,?we?will?see?what this implies.E.?Complete details of this case?will?be provided at a?later?time.E.?很多论文中，也经常直接用see below来表示，比如：The observation of nanocluster spheres at the ends of the nanowires is suggestive of a VLS growth process (see?below). (Science, 1998, ?279, 208-211)2. 这与XX能够相互印证...A.?This is supported by?the appearance in the Ni-doped compounds of an ultraviolet–visible absorption band at 420–520 nm (see Fig. 3 inset), corresponding to an energy range of about 2.9 to 2.3 eVB.This is consistent with the observation from?SEM–EDS. (Chem. Phys. Lett. 2000, 332, 271–277)C.?Identical conclusions were obtained?in studies where the SPR intensity and wavelength were modulated by manipulating the composition, shape, or size of plasmonic nanostructures.?（Nat. Mater. 2011, DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3151）D. In addition, the shape of the titration curve versus the PPi/1 ratio,?coinciding withthat?obtained by fluorescent titration studies, suggested that both 2:1 and 1:1 host-to-guest complexes are formed. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9463-9464)E.?This unusual luminescence behavior is?in accord with?a recent theoretical prediction; MoS2, an indirect bandgap material in its bulk form, becomes a direct bandgapsemiconductor when thinned to a monolayer.?(Nano Lett.,?2010,?10, 1271–1275)3.?我们的研究可能在哪些方面得到应用A.?Our ?ndings suggest that?the use of solar energy for photocatalytic watersplitting?might provide a viable source for?‘clean’ hydrogen fuel, once the catalyticef?ciency of the semiconductor system has been improved by increasing its surface area and suitable modi?cations of the surface sites.B. Along with this green and cost-effective protocol of synthesis,?we expect that?these novel carbon nanodots?have potential applications in?bioimaging andelectrocatalysis.(Chem. Commun., 2012,?48, 9367-9369)C.?This system could potentially be applied as?the gain medium of solid-state organic-based lasers or as a component of high value photovoltaic (PV) materials, where destructive high energy UV radiation would be converted to useful low energy NIR radiation. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013,?42, 29-43)D.?Since the use of?graphene?may enhance the photocatalytic properties of TiO2?under UV and visible-light irradiation,?graphene–TiO2?composites?may potentially be usedto?enhance the bactericidal activity.?(Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012,?41, 782-796)E.??It is the first report that CQDs are both amino-functionalized and highly fluorescent,?which suggests their promising applications in?chemical sensing.(Carbon, 2012,?50,?2810–2815)(四)1. 什么东西还尚未发现/系统研究A. However,systems that are sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use?have not yet been realized.B. Nevertheless,for conventional nanostructured MTMOs as mentioned above,?some problematic disadvantages cannot be overlooked.（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2014,53, 1488 – 1504）C.?There are relatively few studies devoted to?determination of cmc values for block copolymer micelles. (Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1033-1040)D. This might be the reason why, despite of the great influence of the preparation on the catalytic activity of gold catalysts,?no systematic study concerning?the synthesis conditions?has been published yet.?(Applied Catalysis A: General2002, 226, ?1–13)E.?These possibilities remain to be?explored.F.??Further effort is required to?understand and better control the parameters dominating the particle surface passivation and resulting properties for carbon dots of brighter photoluminescence. (J. Am. Chem. Soc.,?2006,?128?, 7756–7757)2.?由于/因为...A.?Liquid ammonia?is particularly attractive as?an alternative to water?due to?its stability in the presence of strong reducing agents such as alkali metals that are used to access lower oxidation states.B.?The unique nature of?the cyanide ligand?results from?its ability to act both as a σdonor and a π acceptor combined with its negativecharge and ambidentate nature.C.?Qdots are also excellent probes for two-photon confocalmicroscopy?because?they are characterized by a very large absorption cross section?(Science ?2005,?307, 538-544).D.?As a result of?the reductive strategy we used and of the strong bonding between the surface and the aryl groups, low residual currents (similar to those observed at a bare electrode) were obtained over a large window of potentials, the same as for the unmodified parent GC electrode. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5883-5884)E.?The small Tafel slope of the defect-rich MoS2 ultrathin nanosheets is advantageous for practical?applications,?since?it will lead to a faster increment of HER rate with increasing overpotential.(Adv. Mater., 2013, 25: 5807–5813)F. Fluorescent carbon-based materials have drawn increasing attention in recent years?owing to?exceptional advantages such as high optical absorptivity, chemical stability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity.(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2013, 52: 3953–3957)G.??On the basis of?measurements of the heat of immersion of water on zeolites, Tsutsumi etal. claimed that the surface consists of siloxane bondings and is hydrophobicin the region of low Al content. (Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666)H.?Nanoparticle spatial distributions might have a large significance for catalyst stability,?given that?metal particle growth is a relevant deactivation mechanism for commercial catalysts.?3. ...很重要A.?The inhibition of additional nucleation during growth, in other words, the complete separation?of nucleation and growth,?is?critical(essential, important)?for?the successful synthesis of monodisperse nanocrystals. (Nature Materials?3, 891 - 895 (2004))B.??In the current study,?Cys,?homocysteine?(Hcy) and?glutathione?(GSH) were chosen as model?thiol?compounds since they?play important (significant, vital, critical) roles?in many biological processes and monitoring of these?thiol?compounds?is of great importance for?diagnosis of diseases.(Chem. Commun., 2012,?48, 1147-1149)C.?This is because according to nucleation theory,?what really matters?in addition to the change in temperature ΔT?(or supersaturation) is the cooling rate.(Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014,?43, 2013-2026)(五)1. 相反/不同于A.?On the contrary,?mononuclear complexes, called single-ion magnets (SIM), have shown hysteresis loops of butterfly/phonon bottleneck type, with negligiblecoercivity, and therefore with much shorter relaxation times of magnetization. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417)B.?In contrast,?the Dy compound has significantly larger value of the transversal magnetic moment already in the ground state (ca. 10?1?μB), therefore allowing a fast QTM. （Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417）C.?In contrast to?the structural similarity of these complexes, their magnetic behavior exhibits strong divergence.?(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417)D.?Contrary to?other conducting polymer semiconductors, carbon nitride ischemically and thermally stable and does not rely on complicated device manufacturing. (Nature materials, 2009, 8(1): 76-80.)E.?Unlike?the spherical particles they are derived from that Rayleigh light-scatter in the blue, these nanoprisms exhibit scattering in the red, which could be useful in developing multicolor diagnostic labels on the basis not only of nanoparticle composition and size but also of shape. (Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)2. 发现，阐明，报道，证实可供选择的词包括：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of?举例：A. These stacks appear as nanorods in the two-dimensional TEM images, but tilting experiments?confirm that they are nanoprisms.?(Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)B. Note that TEM?shows?that about 20% of the nanoprisms are truncated.?(Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)C. Therefore, these calculations not only allow us to?identify?the important features in the spectrum of the nanoprisms but also the subtle relation between particle shape and the frequency of the bands that make up their spectra.?(Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)D. We?observed?a decrease in intensity of the characteristic surface plasmon band in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy for the spherical particles at λmax?= 400 nm with a concomitant growth of three new bands of λmax?= 335 (weak), 470 (medium), and 670 nm (strong), respectively. (Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)E. In this article, we present data?demonstrating?that opiate and nonopiate analgesia systems can be selectively activated by different environmental manipulationsand?describe?the neural circuitry involved. (Science 1982, 216, 1185-1192)F. This?suggests?that the cobalt in CoP has a partial positive charge (δ+), while the phosphorus has a partial negative charge (δ?),?implying?a transfer of electron density from Co to P.?(Angew. Chem., 2014, 126: 6828–6832)3. 如何指出当前研究的不足A. Although these inorganic substructures can exhibit a high density of functional groups, such as bridging OH groups, and the substructures contribute significantly to the adsorption properties of the material,surprisingly little attention has been devoted to?the post-synthetic functionalization of the inorganic units within MOFs. (Chem. Eur. J., 2013, 19: 5533–5536.)B.?Little is known,?however, about the microstructure of this material. (Nature Materials 2013,12, 554–561)C.?So far, very little information is available, and only in?the absorber film, not in the whole operational devices. （Nano Lett.,?2014,?14?(2), pp 888–893）D.?In fact it should be noted that very little optimisation work has been carried out on?these devices. (Chem. Commun., 2013,?49, 7893-7895)E. By far the most architectures have been prepared using a solution processed perovskite material,?yet a few examples have been reported that?have used an evaporated perovskite layer. (Adv. Mater., 2014, 27: 1837–1841.)F. Water balance issues have been effectively addressed in PEMFC technology through a large body of work encompassing imaging, detailed water content and water balance measurements, materials optimization and modeling,?but very few of these activities have been undertaken for?anion exchange membrane fuel cells,? primarily due to limited materials availability and device lifetime. (J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 2013, 51: 1727–1735)G. However,?none of these studies?tested for Th17 memory, a recently identified T cell that specializes in controlling extracellular bacterial infections at mucosal surfaces. (PNAS, 2013,?111, 787–792)H. However,?uncertainty still remains as to?the mechanism by which Li salt addition results in an extension of the cathodic reduction limit. (Energy Environ. Sci., 2014,?7, 232-250)I.?There have been a number of high profile cases where failure to?identify the most stable crystal form of a drug has led to severe formulation problems in manufacture. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014,?43, 2080-2088)J. However,?these measurements systematically underestimate?the amount of ordered material. ( Nature Materials 2013, 12, 1038–1044)(六)1.?取决于a.?This is an important distinction, as the overall activity of a catalyst will?depend on?the material properties, synthesis method, and other possible species that can be formed during activation.?(Nat. Mater.?2017,16,225–229)b.?This quantitative partitioning?was determined by?growing crystals of the 1:1 host–guest complex between?ExBox4+?and corannulene. (Nat. Chem.?2014,?6177–178)c.?They suggested that the Au particle size may?be the decisive factor for?achieving highly active Au catalysts.(Acc. Chem. Res.,?2014,?47, 740–749)d.?Low-valent late transition-metal catalysis has?become indispensable to?chemical synthesis, but homogeneous high-valent transition-metal catalysis is underdeveloped, mainly owing to the reactivity of high-valent transition-metal complexes and the challenges associated with synthesizing them.?(Nature2015,?517,449–454)e.?The polar effect?is a remarkable property that enables?considerably endergonic C–H abstractions?that would not be possible otherwise.?(Nature?2015, 525, 87–90)f.?Advances in heterogeneous catalysis?must rely on?the rational design of new catalysts. (Nat. Nanotechnol.?2017, 12, 100–101)g.?Likely, the origin of the chemoselectivity may?be also closely related to?the H?bonding with the N or O?atom of the nitroso moiety, a similar H-bonding effect is known in enamine-based nitroso chemistry. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.?2014, 53: 4149–4153)2.?有很大潜力a.?The quest for new methodologies to assemble complex organic molecules?continues to be a great impetus to?research efforts to discover or to optimize new catalytic transformations. (Nat. Chem.?2015,?7, 477–482)b.?Nanosized faujasite (FAU) crystals?have great potential as?catalysts or adsorbents to more efficiently process present and forthcoming synthetic and renewablefeedstocks in oil refining, petrochemistry and fine chemistry. (Nat. Mater.?2015, 14, 447–451)c.?For this purpose, vibrational spectroscopy?has proved promising?and very useful.?(Acc Chem Res. 2015, 48, 407–413.)d.?While a detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated and?there is room for improvement?in the yields and selectivities, it should be remarked that chirality transfer upon trifluoromethylation of enantioenriched allylsilanes was shown. (Top Catal.?2014,?57: 967.?)e.?The future looks bright for?the use of PGMs as catalysts, both on laboratory and industrial scales, because the preparation of most kinds of single-atom metal catalyst is likely to be straightforward, and because characterization of such catalysts has become easier with the advent of techniques that readily discriminate single atoms from small clusters and nanoparticles. (Nature?2015, 525, 325–326)f.?The unique mesostructure of the 3D-dendritic MSNSs with mesopore channels of short length and large diameter?is supposed to be the key role in?immobilization of active and robust heterogeneous catalysts, and?it would have more hopeful prospects in?catalytic applications. (ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces,?2015,?7, 17450–17459)g.?Visible-light photoredox catalysis?offers exciting opportunities to?achieve challenging carbon–carbon bond formations under mild and ecologically benign conditions. (Acc. Chem. Res.,?2016, 49, 1990–1996)3. 因此同义词：Therefore, thus, consequently, hence, accordingly, so, as a result这一条比较简单，这里主要讲一下这些词的副词词性和灵活运用。

托福阅读备考之长难句分析：地球上的二氧化碳下面给大家分享托福阅读备考之长难句分析：消失的化石记录的相关内容，希望你们喜欢。

托福阅读备考之长难句分析：地球上的二氧化碳The answer to the first question is that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth, but now, instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide, it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks, such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans. ( TPO41, 53) abundance /?'b?nd(?)ns/ n. 丰富，充裕atmospheric /?tm?s'fer?k/ adj. 大气的dissolve /d?'z?lv/ v. 溶解limestone /?la?m?st??n/ n. 石灰石marble /'mɑ?b(?)l/ n. 大理石大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解The answer to the first question is ( that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth), but now, (instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide), it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks, (such as the limestone and marble) (that formed in the oceans.) ( TPO41, 53) 托福阅读长难句分析：这个句子的主干是：The answer to the first question is 从句 , but now, it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks 修饰一：(that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth) ，从句中文：在地球上二氧化碳依然可以大量被找到修饰二：(instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide) ，介词短语中文：它不是以大气中的二氧化碳的形式出现修饰三：(such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans.) ，介词短语中文：例如在海洋中形成的石灰石和大理石修饰四：(that formed in the oceans.) ，从句中文：在海洋中形成的参考翻译：第一个问题的答案是，在地球上二氧化碳依然可以大量被找到，但是现在，它不是以大气中的二氧化碳的形式出现，它溶解在海洋里或者通过化学作用进入碳酸盐岩中，例如在海洋中形成的石灰石和大理石。

A novel approach to translymphaticchemotherapy targeting sentinel lymph nodes of patients with oral cancer using intra-arterial chemotherapy -preliminary studyJunkichi Yokoyama *,Shin Ito,Shinichi Ohba,Mitsuhisa Fujimaki and Katsuhisa IkedaIntroductionThe sentinel lymph node (SLN)is defined as the lymph node that firstly receives lymphatic drainage from the primary cancer [1].The SLN is thought to be the first possible micrometastatic site via lymphatic drainage from the primary cancer.Thus,the pathological status of the SLN can predict the status of all regional lymph nodes.If the SLN is recognized as being negative forcancer metastasis,unnecessary dissection may be avoided and a positive prognosis achieved.This SLN concept is well established in the treatment of patients with several types of solid carcinomas,such as mela-noma and breast cancer [2-4].The SLN concept has revolutionized the approach to surgical staging of both the melanoma and breast cancer,and these techniques can benefit patients by preventing various complications due to unnecessary prophylactic dissection when the SLN is negative for cancer metastasis.Recently,the SLN concept has been extended to many other solid tumors,*Correspondence:*******************.jpDepartment of Otolaryngology,Head and Neck Surgery,Juntendo University School of Medicine,Tokyo,JapanYokoyama et al .Head &Neck Oncology 2011,3:42/content/3/1/42©2011Yokoyama et al;licensee BioMed Central Ltd.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0),which permits unrestricted use,distribution,and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited.including head and neck cancers[5,6].In this study,we consider a newly developed translymphatic chemother-apy procedure targeting the SLN using intra-arterial chemotherapy for oral cancer to improve prognosis and to preserve significant organs[7-9].ObjectiveEvaluate CDDP concentrations in SLNs and non-SLNs. Determine the usefulness of translymphatic chemother-apy targeting SLNs in patients with oral cancer using intra-arterial chemotherapy.Method and PatientsFive patients with tongue cancer(T3N0M0)were trea-ted by intra-arterial chemotherapy as neoadjuvant che-motherapy from November2010to June2011.After a week of chemotherapy,surgical treatment including par-tial resection of the tongue and neck dissection was per-formed.Intra-arterial chemotherapy was administeredat50mg/m2of CDDP either one or two times weekly. CT-angiography confirmed that the areas of tongue can-cer were stained and that lymph nodes were not stained (Figure1).Five mg of ICG was administered via a cathe-ter positioned in the lingual artery at the beginning of the surgery(Figure2).SNLs were detected by ICG fluorescence imaging(Photodynamic Eye,Hamamatsu Photonics)and non-SNLs were detected in two subman-dibular lymph nodes located near the tongue cancer. These were monitored as controls.In order to measure CDDP concentrations,0.1g of each of the SLNs and the two non-SLNs were resected and the rests of each of the SLNs were examined intraoperatively by means of routine frozen pathological examination.The CDDP concentrations were measured by atomic absorption analysis.A conventional method of identifying SLNs using radioactive injection was also performed the day before surgery.The pre-treatment characteristics of the patients are shown in table1.Patients’informed consent was obtained prior to treat-ment,and this study was approved by the Human Ethics Review Committee of Juntendo University.The difference between the two groups CDDP con-centrations were tested by Student’s t-test and Wil-coxon test.;p values<0.05were considered to indicate significance.ResultsDetection of SLNs were clearly demonstrated by ICG fluorescence imaging(Figure3,4).The mean number of SLNs was5.6(3-8).ICG fluorescence imaging showed a greater number of SLNs in our intra-arterial infusion than seen when injecting radiocolloid intratumor(mean 3.4).SLNs detected by ICG fluorescence imaging included all of the SLNs detected by the conventional radioactive method.Histopathological examination was performed for29 SLNs and90non-SLNs(Table1).All5patients with his-topathologically verified metastasis in their SLNs demon-strated positive results in ICG fluorescence imaging.No false negative cases were identified within each SLN basin. However,of the7metastatic lymph nodes,one was not identified by means of conventional methods.The mean CDDP concentrations of SLNs and non-SNLs were1.2μg/g and0.35μg/g respectively.TheFigure1CT-angiography infusing the lingual artery.CT-angiography confirmed the stained tongue cancer(a and b) indicated by triangls.There was no staining in any lymph nodes(c and d)indicated by arrowheads.Arrows represent the catheter inserted in the lingual artery.Figure2Tongue cancer after injection of ICG.a:tongue cancer, b:tongue cancer with ICG fluorescence imaging.CDDP concentration of SLNs was significantly higher than non-SLNs.The mean CDDP concentration of ton-gue cancer was2.3μg/g.No hematological complications were caused by intra-arterial chemotherapy.All patients are alive with no evi-dence of disease and are able to consume food as they were able to before surgery.DiscussionChemoradiation therapy has significantly enhanced the preservation of important organs in the treatment of head and neck cancer.However,because of severe mucositis and low sensitivity to chemotherapy,tongue cancer has not been treated by chemoradiation as often as other sites of head and neck cancer[10].CDDP is a most promising drug for the treatment of head and neck cancers.To increase the CDDP concentration in tongue cancer resistant to chemotherapy we have adopted intra-arterial chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced tongue cancer.This procedure has resulted in a positive prognosis and good organ preservation[7,9]. We found that the administration of CDDP to the pri-mary tongue cancer has a powerful effect on the pri-mary cancer as well as occult neck metastasis.As a result,we have hypothesized that intra-arterial chemotherapy for the treatment of primary tongue cancer,also results in translymphatic chemotherapy to control the subclinical metastatic tumor in SLNs.The schema of translymphatic chemotherapy is illustrated in Figure5.This schema shows that CDDP adminis-tered to the primary tongue cancer moves selectively to SLNs via lymphatic canals.CDDP is accumulated in the SNLs and results in a high CDDP concentration in the pared with the 2.3μg/g CDDPTable1Patients characteristicscases site age M/F TNM No of SLNs by radiocolloid No of SLNs by ICG No of non-SLNs 1tongue34M T3N0M034112tongue57F T3N0M03(FN)6213tongue37M T3N0M036144tongue63M T3N0M046165tongue59M T3N0M04728Mean50 3.4 5.618FN:False Negative,LN:Lymph nodeIntraoperative navigation surgery using ICG fluorescence imaging.Number(1~5)means SLNs.a and b represent represent level III and IV dissection.concentration measured within the tongue cancer,the mean CDDP concentration measured in SLNs was recorded at1.2μg/g.However,the difference between the CDDP concentrations of SLNs and tongue cancer was significant.In our preliminary study,all SLNs were detected by ICG fluorescence imaging infused via the lingual artery in5cT3N0tongue cancer patients.The number of SLNs resulting from intra-arterial infusion was greater than could be seen when by means of conventionalspecimens.a:Rt side represents the caudal side.Number(1~7)represents SLNs.b:level I,c:level II and III,injection to the intratumor.This is because ICG was administered to the lingual artery and ICG spread throughout half of the tongue(Figure2).ICG moved via lymphatic canals from half of the tongue including the tongue cancer.Even in micrometastatic SLNs,an affer-ent lymphatic sometimes occluded by micrometastatic cancer based on sentinel navigation or CT lymphograpy [11].In our examination,we also did not detect a meta-static SLN by conventional methods due to occlusion of afferent lymphatics from the tongue cancer(Figure6).It contained CDDP as high as1.68μg/g.This was because, each lymph node has several afferent lymphatics and ICG or CDDP could move to micrometastatic SLN via several other afferent lymphatics in the case of intra-arterial infusion.CDDP was released continuously from the primary tongue cancer via the translymphatic canal for a period of over more than one week.CDDP was selectively accumulated in SLNs and continued to effect micrometastasis in SLNs over a long period.After a per-iod of several weeks,the CDDP concentrations between the primary cancer and SLNs gradually will become the same and maintained equilibrium.Our intra-arterial chemotherapy is suspected to contribute not only to pri-mary organ preservation,but also to a positive prognosis by controlling the metastatic SLNs.Preservation of patients quality of life in advanced cT3N0tongue cancer is achieved by means of intra-arterial chemotherapy and through targeting SLN metastasis with translympha-tic chemotherapy.We believe that ICG fluorescence imaging is very useful for navigation surgery as there appear to be no limitations.An additional reason for difficulties in detecting SLNs was the close proximity of the primary tumor to the lymph node basin.This caused difficulties for both preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative radi-olocalization,because of the well described phenomena of“shine-through’’radioactivity and scatter from the primary site[4].Specifically,it was particularly difficult to detect SLNs on the floor of the mouth in any other sites of head and neck cancers[12,13].In order to avoid the influence of‘shine-through’we firstly resected the close primary tumor before sentinel mapping.However, it was difficult to completely avoid the influence of ‘shine-through’after resection of the primary tumor.As for ICG fluorescence imaging,SLNs were clearly detected even in close proximity to the primary tumor and‘shine-through’could be avoided.The ICG fluores-cence imaging procedure demonstrated better success rates of detecting SLNs for patients with tumors in the floor of the mouth than the radioactivity method. Further studies will be required to verify the effective-ness and safety of intra-arterial chemotherapy as a method of lymphatic chemotherapy for the treatment of occult lymph node metastatsis.Our results suggest that a drug delivery system based on the SLN concept should be developed for local chemotherapy targeting SLNs in patients with cN0oral cancer,for whom there is poten-tial for metastasis in SLNs.Further investigations may lead to the development of a new minimally invasive multimodal therapy targeting both the primary tumor and SLNs in the near future. ConclusionOur study verified the possibility that intra-arterial che-motherapy may be effective not only for organ preserva-tion therapy,but also serve as an efficient procedure for translymphatic chemotherapy targeting SLNs in patients with oral cancer through the use of ICG fluorescence imaging.The CDDP concentrations recorded in SLNs were significantly higher than in non-SNLs.This novel drug delivery system is feasible for trans-lymphatic chemotherapy targeting SLNs in patients with cT3N0oral cancer with the possibility of occult metas-tasis in SLNs.AcknowledgementsThis research was funded in part by a Grant for Clinical Cancer Research from the Ministry of Health,Labor,and Welfare of Japan.Authors’contributionsJY and SI prepared and edited this manuscript.SO and MF contributed to the collection of data.KI performed the statistical analysis.JY and KI gave final approval for this version of the manuscript.All authors read and approved the final manuscriptCompeting interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.Received:2August2011Accepted:19September2011Published:19September 2011Figure6A metastatic SLN not detected by the conventional method.a:left side low power magnification.b:right side high power magnification.This lymph node contained CDDP as high as 1.68μg/g.References1.Morton DL,Wen DR,Wong JH,Economou JS,Cagle LA,Storm FK,Foshag LJ,Cochran AJ:Technical details of intraoperative lymphaticmapping for early stage melanoma.Arch Surg1992,127:392-399.2.Giuliano AE,Kirgan DM,Guenther JM,Morton DL:Lymphatic mapping andsentinel Lymphadene-ctomy for breast cancer.Ann Surg1994,220:391-401.3.Morton DL,Thompson JF,Essner R,Elashoff R,Stern SL,Nieweg OE,Roses DF,Karakousis CP,Mozzillo N,Reintgen D,Wang HJ,Glass EC,Cochran AJ:Validation of the accuracy of intraoperative lymphaticmapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy for early-stage melanoma:amulticenter trial.Multicenter Selective Lymphadenectomy Trial Group.Ann Surg1999,230:453-463.4.Krag D,Weaver D,Ashikaga T,Moffat F,Klimberg VS,Shriver C,Feldman S,Kusminsky R,Gadd M,Kuhn J,Harlow S,Beitsch P:The sentinel node inbreast cancer-a multicenter validation study.N Engl J Med1998,339:941-946.5.Rinaldo A,Devaney KO,Ferlito A:Immunohistochemical studies in theidentification of lymph node micrometastases in patients withsquamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec2004,66:38-41.6.De Cicco C,TrifiròG,Calabrese L,Bruschini R,Ferrari ME,Travaini LL,Fiorenza M,Viale G,Chiesa F,Paganelli G:Lymphatic mapping to tailorselective lymphadenectomy in cN0tongue carcinoma:beyond thesentinel node concept.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging2006,33:900-5.7.Yokoyama Junkichi:Present role and future prospect of superselectiveintra-arterial infusion chemotherapy for head and neck cancer.Jpn JChemother2002,29:169-175.8.Shiga Kiyoto,Yokoyama Junkichi,Hashimoto Sho,Saijo S,Tateda M,Ogawa T,Watanabe M,Kobayashi T:Combined therapy aftersuperselective arterial cisplatin infusion to treat maxillary squamous cell carcinoma.Otolaryngol Head and Neck Surg2007,136:1003-1009.9.Robbins KT:The evolving role of combined modality therapy in headand neck cancer.Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2000,126:265-269. 10.Hanna E,Alexiou M,Morgan J,Badley J,Maddox AM,Penagaricano J,Fan CY,Breau R,Suen J:Intensive chemoradiotherapy as a primarytreatment for organ preservation in patients with advanced cancer ofthe head and neck:efficacy,toxic effects,and limitations.ArchOtolaryngol Head Neck Surg2004,130:861-7.11.Matsuzuka T,Kano M,Ogawa H,Miura T,Tada Y,Matsui T,Yokoyma S,Suzuki Y,Suzuki M,Omori K:Sentinel node mapping for node positiveoral cancer:potential to predict multiple ryngoscope2008, 118:646-9.12.Civantos F,Zitsch R,Bared A:Sentinel node biopsy in oral squamous cellcarcinoma.J Surg Oncol2007,96:330-6.13.Ross GL,Soutar DS,MacDonald DG,Shoaib T,Camilleri I,Roberton AG,Sorensen JA,Thomsen J,Grupe P,Alvarez J,Barbier L,Santamaria J,Poli T, Massarelli O,Sesenna E,Kovács AF,Grünwald F,Barzan L,Sulfaro S,Alberti F:Sentinel node biopsy in head and neck cancer:preliminaryresults of a multicenter trial.Ann Surg Oncol2004,11:690-6.。

2014年山东专升本（英语）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. V ocabulary and Structure 2. Reading Comprehension 5. Translation 6. Writing 11. Listening ComprehensionV ocabulary and Structure1．The improvements in technology have______the prices of computer considerably in recent months.A．brought backB．brought downC．brought onD．brought up正确答案：B解析：短语辨析题。

bring back意为“使恢复”，bring down意为“降低，减少”，bring on意为“引起，导致”，bring up意为“抚养”。

参考例句：The bad weather brought on his cold again恶劣的天气使他再次感冒。

2．As the manager’s private secretary, Helen has easy______to all his correspondence.A．accessB．approachC．accentD．response正确答案：A解析：固定表达题。

have access to意为“有机会……”。

access意为“接触的机会”；approach意为“靠近；方法”；accent意为“口音”；response意为“反应”。

3．The editor asked his journalists not to______any details in their reports of the accidentA．leave forB．leave onC．leave offD．leave out正确答案：D解析：短语辨析题。

三种常见原生动物对褐潮藻种抑食金球藻(Aureococcusanophagefferens)的摄食陈瑶;杨茜露;何学佳【摘要】微型浮游动物在抑食金球藻(Aureococcus anophagefferens)引发褐潮时表现的摄食压力可潜在控制褐潮的爆发和消亡.本研究就三种海洋常见原生动物——海洋尖尾藻(Oxyrrhis marina)、海洋尾丝虫(Uronema marinum)和扇形游仆虫(Euplotes vannus)——对单种饵料及混合饵料中抑食金球藻中国株的摄食进行了研究.单种抑食金球藻指数期细胞喂食的三种原生动物的生长率和摄食率呈现米氏方程变化趋势.比较三种原生动物摄食抑食金球藻的最大摄食率,发现其随动物粒径的增大而增大,但仅为摄食球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)的30％～59％.海洋尖尾藻和海洋尾丝虫的最大生长率(μmax)与饵料种类无关,扇形游仆虫摄食抑食金球藻时的μmax值小于摄食球等鞭金藻的个体.海洋尖尾藻、海洋尾丝虫和扇形游仆虫摄食抑食金球藻时的毛生长率(gross growth efficiency,GGE)分别为65.8％、35.2％和49.1％.三种原生动物摄食抑食金球藻指数期细胞和球等鞭金藻以不同比例混合的饵料时表现出对抑食金球藻的选择倾向;在含有抑食金球藻稳定期细胞的混合饵料喂食的情况下,三种原生动物避食抑食金球藻或不表现明显摄食倾向性.抑食金球藻释放胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)的测定结果显示,细胞从指数期生长至稳定期释放出的EPS的水平显著上升(P<0.05),可能与原生动物对不同生长期藻细胞具有不同选择偏好有关.【期刊名称】《热带海洋学报》【年(卷),期】2018(037)006【总页数】13页(P120-132)【关键词】褐潮;抑食金球藻;原生动物;摄食;EPS【作者】陈瑶;杨茜露;何学佳【作者单位】暨南大学赤潮与海洋生物学研究中心,水体富营养化与赤潮防治广东普通高校重点实验室,广东广州 510632;暨南大学赤潮与海洋生物学研究中心,水体富营养化与赤潮防治广东普通高校重点实验室,广东广州 510632;暨南大学赤潮与海洋生物学研究中心,水体富营养化与赤潮防治广东普通高校重点实验室,广东广州510632【正文语种】中文【中图分类】Q178.53;Q958.12+2.2抑食金球藻(Aureococcus anophagefferens)是引发褐潮的主要原因种之一, 其引发的褐潮在美国和南非等地持续了20年之久(Bricelj et al, 1997; Probyn et al, 2001; Deonarine et al, 2006)。

TPO67阅读-3Taxonomy of Organisms原文 (1)译文 (3)题目 (4)答案 (8)背景知识 (9)原文Taxonomy of Organisms①Classification schemes are used by biologists to place the huge number of organisms on Earth into natural groupings.Ideally,these groupings are made by taxonomists on the basis of shared distinguishing features.Today taxonomists use such features as anatomy,developmental stages,and biochemical similarities to categorize organisms.Early classification schemes placed all organisms into either the plant or animal ter,close examination of the unique structure of fungi and the diversity of single-celled organisms made it necessary to propose additional kingdoms that recognized the fundamental differences among plants, animals,fungi,and unicellular prokaryotes(organisms whose cells do not have a distinct membrane-bound nucleus)and eukaryotes(organisms whose cells have a distinct membrane-bound nucleus).The current scheme consisting of five kingdoms—Monera,Protista,Animalia,Fungi,and Plantae—was devised in response to this need.②Scientists do not know how many species share our world.Each year7000to 10,000new species are named.The total number of named species is currently around1.4million.However,many scientists believe that7million to10million species may exist,and estimates range as high as30million.Of all of the species that have been identified,about5percent are in the Monera and Protista kingdoms.An additional22percent are plants and fungi,and the rest are animals. This distribution has little to do with the actual abundance of these organisms and a lot to do with the size of the organisms,how easy they are to classify,and the number of scientists studying them.③The kingdom Protista,defined as comprising all single-celled eukaryotic organisms,is not a natural grouping,and scientists disagree about whichorganisms it should include.Plants,animals,and fungi all have close protistan relatives,and the separation of single-celled organisms from multicellular organisms is sometimes problematic.It is especially so for the algae,which have both single-celled and multicellular representatives within most smaller taxonomic groupings.Can closely related organisms be placed into separate kingdoms, Protista and Plantae,simply on the basis of multicellularity?If you look at different textbooks,you will see that the algae,photosynthetic organisms with simple reproduction，are sometimes placed entirely into Protista,and sometimes they are split between Protista and Plantae depending on whether they are single celled or multicellular.Some taxonomists split the multicellular algae into two kingdoms, placing the multicellular brown and red algae with the protists and the multicellular green algae into the plant kingdom.These different attempts to classify closely related organisms are good examples of how difficult it is to develop standard criteria for grouping organisms,even at the kingdom level.④One approach to this problem,enthusiastically endorsed by Lynn Margulis,a biologist at the University of Massachusetts,is the creation of the kingdom Protoctista.This taxonomic category would include single-celled organisms and their close descendants(for example,the multicellular algae but not the animals, fungi,and plants).Margulis describes the kingdom Protoctista as“the entire motley and unruly group of nonplant,nonanimal,nonfungal organisms representative of lineages of the earliest descendants of the eukaryotes.”⑤It is conceptually difficult to group one of the largest multicellular organisms in the world,the brown algae called giant kelps,with simple microscopic single-celled organisms.Kelps,some of which are up to60meters long,possess a tissuelike level of organization that is relatively complex and can transport materials over long distances,as can the tissues of higher plants.The cells in kelps and some other algae are specialized and show division of labor.However,kelps reproduce like other algae and differently from plants.Thomas Cavalier-Smith of the University of British Columbia has proposed that brown algae merit their own kingdom (kingdom Chromista)based on ultrastructural features and molecular comparisons of all algae.So,even among the algae,there are clear differences that some scientists believe are sufficient to justify the status of a separate kingdom.⑥As we learn more about the relationships between organisms and refine the criteria used to classify them,classification schemes will change.As the superficially simple question“In which kingdom should we place the algae?”illustrates,the taxonomic categories in textbooks are tentative and subject to revision as we continue to discover more about life on Earth.译文有机物的分类①生物学家使用分类方案将地球上数量庞大的生物进行自然分组。

TPO67阅读-1 Crop Engineering原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文Crop Engineering①Our current ability to precisely engineer crop genomes was preceded by a long history of genetic manipulation in agriculture. Human impact and its accompanying effects began early in our history at many tropical and subtropical sites around the globe. Our ancestors were omnivores, consuming whatever plant or animal material they fortuitously encountered. Even then, humans had considerable effects on the environment, reducing and even driving to extinction populations of the animal species they hunted and expanding the distribution of plants by accidentally distributing seeds as they migrated.②Humans probably first realized that seeds could yield a stable food supply through agriculture when they observed plants arising from refuse or wasteland, perhaps fruit trees growing along forest and jungle paths from discarded or defecated seeds or else vegetables sprouting in garbage dumps at temporary settlements. A more organized approach to agriculture began about eight to ten thousand years ago coincidentally at a number of locations around the globe. The most diverse farming developed in the Near East, with legumes, cereals, flax, sesame, and fruit trees. At about the same time, New World residents were growing beans, maize, squashes, and potatoes，and Asian farmers were beginning to cultivate rice.③These early domesticated crops foreshadowed the overwhelming changes contemporary agriculture has wrought in plants. Humans soon learned to separate varieties that could be grown as crops from wild types in order to prevent characteristics undesirable for cultivation from mingling with those selected for farming.Continued selection of crops with desirable characteristics increased the separation between feral (wild) and managed plants and accelerated the diminishing diversity and more limited variation found in today's crops.④The simplest way to select crops is to save seeds preferentially from plants withbeneficial traits, and the first farmers selected for large seeds and fruit, increased seed production, lack of dormancy, faster germination, higher annual yield, and reduced seed scattering. The success of this early selection resulted in an accelerating impact of agriculture on crop diversity and feral plants. Crops quickly became commodities, moved and traded over a rapidly widening area, so that many plants were distributed well beyond their previous ranges, and some throughout the globe.⑤Three phenomena have characterized the more recent impact of agriculture on Earth. The first was the increase in human population, which has doubled at shorter and shorter intervals over the last thousand years. The result was increased acreage under cultivation and a fundamental remodeling of the globe toward managed rather than wild ecosystems. By 1998 there were 3,410,523,800 acres of land under cultivation worldwide, an area larger than the United States. Entire ecosystems have disappeared, others remain but are threatened, and the sheer volume of people and area of farmland have been major forces of biological change.⑥The second event through which agriculture modified our planet was European colonization. Previously, migration and trade had moved crops between countries and continents, but the Europeans inaugurated an unprecedented dispersal of biological material worldwide. Maize, tomatoes, and potatoes were transported from the New World to the Old; wheat, rye, and barley were carried from the Old World to the New; and rice, soybeans, and alfalfa were moved from their Asian sources to every arable continent. Each of these and innumerable other introductions conveyed not only unique material but also assemblages of introduced plant pests and diseases that today cause the majority of pest-management problems around the world.⑦The third factor shaping the nature of agriculture and the environment alike is the increasing precision with which we have selected and bred crops. This acuity stemmed from many advances, but at its heart lies the work of two men—one, the English naturalist Charles Darwin, and the other, an Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel. The concepts of evolution and genetics were not their work alone, but both of them were decades ahead of their colleagues in synthesizing the companion concepts of natural selection and inheritance that are at the core of all contemporary biological science and that form the substrate upon which biotechnology grew.译文作物工程①我们目前能准确设计农作物基因组的能力是由在农业中长期的基因操控得来的。

The primary goal of the environmental protection project is to _____.A. reduce pollution levelsB. increase industrial productionC. promote tourismD. expand urban areasWhich of the following is NOT a characteristic of a successful entrepreneur?A. Strong leadership skillsB. Risk-averse natureC. Innovative mindsetD. Ability to adapt to changeThe study of _____ focuses on the relationship between language and society.A. sociologyB. psychologyC. linguisticsD. anthropologyIn the field of computer science, _____ refers to the process of organizing and storing data.A. programmingB. data structureC. software developmentD. algorithm designThe theory of plate tectonics explains the movement and interaction of _____.A. atmospheric layersB. Earth's magnetic fieldsC. large sections of Earth's crustD. ocean currentsC（正确答案）Which of the following is a key principle in sustainable development?A. Maximizing immediate profitsB. Meeting present needs without compromising future generationsC. Rapid industrializationD. Unlimited resource extractionThe term "novel" originated from the Italian word "novella," which means _____.A. a short storyB. a historical accountC. a poemD. a philosophical treatiseIn economics, the concept of "supply" refers to the _____.A. total amount of goods and services producedB. desire to purchase goods and servicesC. government regulation of marketsD. study of consumer behaviorWhich of the following is a fundamental branch of physics that deals with the nature and properties of light?A. MechanicsB. ThermodynamicsC. OpticsD. Quantum mechanics。

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1.青蛙内外和分子内外题coincide.。

.differ分子的相似和外表的相似does not necessarily____， for example，几乎所有的青蛙都长的差不多， but他们的内部分子是____.2.青蛙/蜥蜴/两栖动物皮肤和毒物题permeable/porous.。

.absorbed#青蛙/amphibian的皮肤是如此的____，所以大自然中的有毒物怎样____皮肤毒害青蛙。

#一种蜥蜴extinct是因为他们的皮如此的____，以至于很容易____poisonous gas.(no5)【注解】amphibian：两栖动物。

permeable：可渗透的porous：多孔的，可渗透的3.人的眼睛聚焦细节能力把周围转为背景题focus on.。

.background#The human eyes have the ability to ____on object. So when it happens， the environment will diminish to____.4.苍蝇死而复生对野营者骚扰题resurgence一个地方已经很多年没有受到什么(mxx)fly害虫骚扰了，但(mxx)fly最近变多了，导致了很多camper很不爽，指责the____of the fly is due to the purification of 当地的水源。

5.萤火虫发光和人造光能源效率比较题outstrips.。

.rivals/ approach#Natre‘s energy efficiency often____human technology： despite the intensity of the light fireflies produce，the amount of heat is negligible;only recently have humans developed chemical light-producing system whose ef ficiency____the firefly’s system.【注解】engender：[v]产生，导致，生育manipulate：[v]操纵outstrip：[v]比。

Desertification is a critical environmental issue that affects numerous regions around the world.It refers to the process by which fertile land becomes increasingly arid and less productive,ultimately transforming into desertlike conditions.This phenomenon is driven by a combination of natural and humaninduced factors.Natural Causes of Desertification:1.Climate Change:Shifts in climate patterns,such as prolonged periods of drought,can lead to desertification.These changes can be due to natural climate variability or exacerbated by global warming.2.Soil Erosion:The loss of topsoil due to wind and water erosion can lead to a decrease in the lands ability to support vegetation,contributing to desertification.HumanInduced Causes of Desertification:1.Deforestation:The removal of trees and vegetation for agriculture,logging,or other purposes can lead to soil degradation and erosion,which in turn can lead to desertification.2.Overgrazing:When livestock is allowed to graze on land without proper management, it can lead to the depletion of vegetation,soil compaction,and erosion.3.Poor Agricultural Practices:Unsustainable farming methods,such as monoculture and intensive tillage,can deplete the soil of nutrients and organic matter,making it more susceptible to desertification.4.Urbanization and Industrialization:The expansion of urban areas and industrial activities can lead to the degradation of surrounding land,contributing to desertification. Effects of Desertification:1.Loss of Biodiversity:As habitats become inhospitable,many plant and animal species may disappear,leading to a loss of biodiversity.2.Food Security:Desertification can reduce agricultural productivity,threatening food security for local communities and contributing to global food shortages.3.Economic Impact:The loss of productive land can have significant economic consequences for communities that rely on agriculture for their livelihoods.4.Migration and Conflict:As resources become scarce,people may be forced to migrate in search of better living conditions,potentially leading to social tensions and conflicts.Mitigation and Prevention Strategies:1.Sustainable Land Management:Implementing practices such as crop rotation, agroforestry,and conservation tillage can help maintain soil health and prevent erosion.2.Reforestation and Afforestation:Planting trees and promoting the growth of vegetation can help stabilize soil,reduce erosion,and improve the water cycle.3.Water Management:Efficient use of water resources and the development ofwatersaving technologies can help combat the effects of drought and desertification. 4.Policy and Legislation:Governments can enact policies to regulate land use,promote sustainable practices,and protect vulnerable ecosystems.Desertification is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach to address.By understanding its causes and effects,and implementing effective strategies,we can work towards preserving our planets ecosystems and ensuring the longterm sustainability of our environment.。