A Simple, Fast Parallel Implementation of Quicksort and its Performance Evaluation on SUN E

“Rising” Intonation on “Falling” TonesMasayuki GibsonCornell UniversityThe nature of the interaction between sentence level intonation and lexical tone varies from language to language. This is clearly evident in how “rising” intonation (an intonational contour that is perceived as rising) interacts with the lexical tones on words near the right edge of the utterance in different languages. Adherents of the ToBI-style notation (Pierrehumbert and Beckman 1988, e.g.) analyze such utterances as bearing a H boundary tone at the right edge. While this is a reasonable analysis, it is a necessarily language-dependent one that is insufficient to capture the typological variation that is apparent upon inspection of data from multiple languages. Yi Xu’s (2005) PENTA model treats tones and intonation as separate functions that are implemented by the Phonetics in parallel. This model assumes that tone and intonation do not interact in the Phonology. Results from production and perception experiments that were conducted in several languages for this study, including Shiga Japanese, Mandarin, Cantonese, and North Kyeongsang Korean suggest that any model of speech melody must allow for both language-specific phonetic implementation and for the interaction of tone and intonation in the Phonology.Shiga Japanese: Unlike in Tokyo Japanese, finally-accented words in SJ retain the drop in pitch associated with the accent on a final light syllable, thus maintaining the contrast between finally-accented and unaccented words. The realization of the pitch drop in this dialect does not seem to require a lengthening of that final mora/syllable. Meanwhile, when pronounced with an echo question intonation, the final mora of a finally-accented word still displays a sharp rise after the drop associated with the accent. The realization of this rise is accompanied by a drastic lengthening of the last mora (doubling its length in most cases). (See Figure 1a) Mandarin: Echo questions in Mandarin (Putonghua) are characterized by a raising of the overall pitch level that causes a final lexical falling tone to be in a higher range than in a declarative utterance (but falling nonetheless). Yuan (2004) shows that in echo questions the F0 is shifted up from the start of the utterance and that the pitch range of the final syllable is increased. Results from the present production study confirm this. Yuan’s observation that the effect of the echo question intonation on the tones is tone-specific is also corroborated; the first and second tones seem simply to be shifted upwards, whereas the third tone gets pulled down just as low as a declarative third tone but then ends much higher and the beginning of the fourth tone gets shifted upwards to a greater degree than the end. Overall, we don’t see duration effects in Mandarin that are comparable to those seen in SJ, but we do see a slight lengthening of the final syllable for one speaker that could be attributed to phonetic marking of focus (see Chen 2002). (See Figure 1b)Cantonese: In Hong Kong Cantonese, the intonational rise of an echo question is realized on the final syllable. The results of the present study show that, unlike in Shiga Japanese, a final falling tone in Cantonese does not complete its fall before the rise is initiated (c.f. Wu 1990, who reports that “the rise starts after the fall” and Yip 2002, who claims that the tone starts where it would in a declarative context and ends “high”). Like in Mandarin, we see some tone-specific effects. Also like in Mandarin, the duration of the final syllable is not affected to the degree that we see in SJ. (See Figure 1c)North Kyeongsang Korean: Despite its status as a so-called “pitch accent” language, NKK behaves quite differently from Japanese when it comes to the reconciliation of a lexical HL sequence with a rising intonation. If the HL sequence falls on the last two syllables of an echo question, we still see a lower F0 on the second syllable, though it doesn’t drop as low as it does in a declarative context. This is similar to the Mandarin case. However, if the HL sequence falls on a single syllable, there is no fall; the pitch simply rises and keeps rising. (See Figure 1d) An adequate model of speech melody must minimally include a phonological component and a phonetic component. The phonological component must be able to do “repairs” like tone deletion (to handle NKK) and TBU lengthening (to handle SJ). The “rising” intonation scheme must also be sensitive to the tonal category (to handle the tone-specific phonetic implementation in Cantonese and Mandarin), rendering parallel implementation of tones and intonation impossible to maintain. Such a model would not only give us better descriptive power but would also go further than the other models mentioned above in accounting for cross-linguistic differences in perception. For example, Cantonese speakers are better able to identify the sentence type of an echo question but not as good at identifying the final lexical tone, whereas the reverse is true for Mandarin speakers. This asymmetry is likely due to the fact that, while the tone-specific implementation of intonation reinforces differences among the tones in Mandarin, it nearly neutralizes several of the tones in Cantonese.a. SJ: + “rising” intonationb. Mandarin: + “rising” intonationc. Cantonese: + “rising” intonationd. NKK (1 syll): + “rising” intonatione. NKK (2 syll): + “rising” intonationFigure 1: A schematic representation of the interaction of lexical HL tones with “rising” intonation associated with echo questions in (a) Shiga Japanese, (b) Mandarin, (c) Cantonese, (d,e) North Kyeonsang Korean.。

Package‘fastICA’November27,2023Version1.2-4Date2023-11-27Title FastICA Algorithms to Perform ICA and Projection PursuitAuthor J L Marchini,C Heaton and B D Ripley<***************>Maintainer Brian Ripley<***************>Depends R(>=4.0.0)Suggests MASSDescription Implementation of FastICA algorithm to perform IndependentComponent Analysis(ICA)and Projection Pursuit.License GPL-2|GPL-3NeedsCompilation yesRepository CRANDate/Publication2023-11-2708:34:50UTCR topics documented:fastICA (1)ica.R.def (5)ica.R.par (6)Index7 fastICA FastICA algorithmDescriptionThis is an R and C code implementation of the FastICA algorithm of Aapo Hyvarinen et al.(https: //www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/ahyvarin/)to perform Independent Component Analysis(ICA)and Projection Pursuit.1UsagefastICA(X,p,alg.typ=c("parallel","deflation"),fun=c("logcosh","exp"),alpha=1.0,method=c("R","C"),row.norm=FALSE,maxit=200,tol=1e-04,verbose=FALSE,w.init=NULL)ArgumentsX a data matrix with n rows representing observations and p columns representing variables.p number of components to be extractedalg.typ if alg.typ=="parallel"the components are extracted simultaneously(the default).if alg.typ=="deflation"the components are extracted one at atime.fun the functional form of the G function used in the approximation to neg-entropy (see‘details’).alpha constant in range[1,2]used in approximation to neg-entropy when fun== "logcosh"method if method=="R"then computations are done exclusively in R(default).The code allows the interested R user to see exactly what the algorithm does.ifmethod=="C"then C code is used to perform most of the computations,whichmakes the algorithm run faster.During compilation the C code is linked to anoptimized BLAS library if present,otherwise stand-alone BLAS routines arecompiled.row.norm a logical value indicating whether rows of the data matrix X should be standard-ized beforehand.maxit maximum number of iterations to perform.tol a positive scalar giving the tolerance at which the un-mixing matrix is considered to have converged.verbose a logical value indicating the level of output as the algorithm runs.w.init Initial un-mixing matrix of dimension c(p,p).If NULL(default) then a matrix of normal r.v.’s is used.DetailsIndependent Component Analysis(ICA)The data matrix X is considered to be a linear combination of non-Gaussian(independent)compo-nents i.e.X=SA where columns of S contain the independent components and A is a linear mixing matrix.In short ICA attempts to‘un-mix’the data by estimating an un-mixing matrix W where XW =S.Under this generative model the measured‘signals’in X will tend to be‘more Gaussian’than the source components(in S)due to the Central Limit Theorem.Thus,in order to extract the independent components/sources we search for an un-mixing matrix W that maximizes the non-gaussianity of the sources.In FastICA,non-gaussianity is measured using approximations to neg-entropy(J)which are more robust than kurtosis-based measures and fast to compute.The approximation takes the formJ(y)=[E{G(y)}−E{G(v)}]2where v is a N(0,1)r.v.log cosh(αu)and G(u)=−exp(u2/2).The following choices of G are included as options G(u)=1αAlgorithmFirst,the data are centered by subtracting the mean of each column of the data matrix X.The data matrix is then‘whitened’by projecting the data onto its principal component directionsi.e.X->XK where K is a pre-whitening matrix.The number of components can be specified bythe user.The ICA algorithm then estimates a matrix W s.t XKW=S.W is chosen to maximize the neg-entropy approximation under the constraints that W is an orthonormal matrix.This constraint en-sures that the estimated components are uncorrelated.The algorithm is based on afixed-point iteration scheme for maximizing the neg-entropy.Projection PursuitIn the absence of a generative model for the data the algorithm can be used tofind the projection pursuit directions.Projection pursuit is a technique forfinding‘interesting’directions in multi-dimensional datasets.These projections and are useful for visualizing the dataset and in density estimation and regression.Interesting directions are those which show the least Gaussian distribu-tion,which is what the FastICA algorithm does.ValueA list containing the following componentsX pre-processed data matrixK pre-whitening matrix that projects data onto thefirst p principal compo-nents.W estimated un-mixing matrix(see definition in details)A estimated mixing matrixS estimated source matrixAuthor(s)J L Marchini and C HeatonReferencesA.Hyvarinen and E.Oja(2000)Independent Component Analysis:Algorithms and Applications,Neural Networks,13(4-5):411-430See Alsoica.R.def,ica.R.parExamples#---------------------------------------------------#Example1:un-mixing two mixed independent uniforms#---------------------------------------------------S<-matrix(runif(10000),5000,2)A<-matrix(c(1,1,-1,3),2,2,byrow=TRUE)X<-S%*%Aa<-fastICA(X,2,alg.typ="parallel",fun="logcosh",alpha=1,method="C",row.norm=FALSE,maxit=200,tol=0.0001,verbose=TRUE)par(mfrow=c(1,3))plot(a$X,main="Pre-processed data")plot(a$X%*%a$K,main="PCA components")plot(a$S,main="ICA components")#--------------------------------------------#Example2:un-mixing two independent signals#--------------------------------------------S<-cbind(sin((1:1000)/20),rep((((1:200)-100)/100),5))A<-matrix(c(0.291,0.6557,-0.5439,0.5572),2,2)X<-S%*%Aa<-fastICA(X,2,alg.typ="parallel",fun="logcosh",alpha=1,method="R",row.norm=FALSE,maxit=200,tol=0.0001,verbose=TRUE)par(mfcol=c(2,3))plot(1:1000,S[,1],type="l",main="Original Signals",xlab="",ylab="")plot(1:1000,S[,2],type="l",xlab="",ylab="")plot(1:1000,X[,1],type="l",main="Mixed Signals",xlab="",ylab="")plot(1:1000,X[,2],type="l",xlab="",ylab="")plot(1:1000,a$S[,1],type="l",main="ICA source estimates",xlab="",ylab="")plot(1:1000,a$S[,2],type="l",xlab="",ylab="")#-----------------------------------------------------------#Example3:using FastICA to perform projection pursuit on a#mixture of bivariate normal distributions#-----------------------------------------------------------if(require(MASS)){x<-mvrnorm(n=1000,mu=c(0,0),Sigma=matrix(c(10,3,3,1),2,2)) x1<-mvrnorm(n=1000,mu=c(-1,2),Sigma=matrix(c(10,3,3,1),2,2)) X<-rbind(x,x1)a<-fastICA(X,2,alg.typ="deflation",fun="logcosh",alpha=1,ica.R.def5 method="R",row.norm=FALSE,maxit=200,tol=0.0001,verbose=TRUE)par(mfrow=c(1,3))plot(a$X,main="Pre-processed data")plot(a$X%*%a$K,main="PCA components")plot(a$S,main="ICA components")}ica.R.def R code for FastICA using a deflation schemeDescriptionR code for FastICA using a deflation scheme in which the components are estimated one by one.This function is called by the fastICA function.Usageica.R.def(X,p,tol,fun,alpha,maxit,verbose,w.init)ArgumentsX data matrixp number of components to be extractedtol a positive scalar giving the tolerance at which the un-mixing matrix is consideredto have converged.fun the functional form of the G function used in the approximation to negentropy.alpha constant in range[1,2]used in approximation to negentropy when fun=="logcosh"maxit maximum number of iterations to performverbose a logical value indicating the level of output as the algorithm runs.w.init Initial value of un-mixing matrix.DetailsSee the help on fastICA for details.ValueThe estimated un-mixing matrix W.Author(s)J L Marchini and C HeatonSee AlsofastICA,ica.R.par6ica.R.par ica.R.par R code for FastICA using a parallel schemeDescriptionR code for FastICA using a parallel scheme in which the components are estimated simultaneously.This function is called by the fastICA function.Usageica.R.par(X,p,tol,fun,alpha,maxit,verbose,w.init)ArgumentsX data matrix.p number of components to be extracted.tol a positive scalar giving the tolerance at which the un-mixing matrix is consideredto have converged.fun the functional form of the G function used in the approximation to negentropy.alpha constant in range[1,2]used in approximation to negentropy when fun=="logcosh".maxit maximum number of iterations to perform.verbose a logical value indicating the level of output as the algorithm runs.w.init Initial value of un-mixing matrix.DetailsSee the help on fastICA for details.ValueThe estimated un-mixing matrix W.Author(s)J L Marchini and C HeatonSee AlsofastICA,ica.R.defIndex∗multivariatefastICA,1∗utilitiesica.R.def,5ica.R.par,6fastICA,1,5,6ica.R.def,3,5,6ica.R.par,3,5,67。

Journal of International Education and Development2022, VOL. 6, NO. 10, 96-99DOI: 10.47297/wspiedWSP2516-250017.20220610Implementation Plan of International Trade Classroom Teaching Reform in the New Media EnvironmentAiqin WangTaishan University, Taian, ShandongABSTRACTNew media technology has become a necessary means of classroomteaching in colleges and universities. In the process of educatingstudents, strengthening the use of new media resources and promotingclassroom teaching to keep pace with the times will help to achieve themutual penetration of new media resources and various disciplines, sothat they can go together and form a synergistic effect. This paper putsforward the implementation plan of the classroom teaching reform ofinternational trade under the new media environment from threeaspects: optimizing the classroom teaching content, building thecurriculum platform, and reforming the classroom teaching methods,which is conducive to improving the enthusiasm of students and thequality of classroom teaching.KEYWORDSNew media; International trade; Teaching reform1　Optimizing Classroom Teaching Content(1)　Guiding principlesIn teaching, the guiding ideology of "teaching is integrated and production, teaching and research are conducted in parallel" not only enables students to master the basic theory of international trade, but also enables students to carry out the training of "production, learning and research are conducted in parallel" by linking knowledge points together, so as to improve their practical operation ability. In the course of lectures, the basic theoretical knowledge of international trade is presented to students through systematic and perfect chapter design, so that students can learn the basic knowledge of international trade step by step from simple to deep, from easy to difficult, and form a relatively complete basic framework system of international trade.The curriculum content design is carried out around one key point and three key links. One key point is to find an effective way to integrate ideological and political elements, and to cultivate students' patriotism, integrity awareness and contract spirit by explaining the background, national policies, and professional ethics of foreign trade industry contained in the knowledge points. The three key links are: first, pay close attention to and accurately find hot and difficult issues in the field of international trade, guide students to find problems, and cultivate the ability to actively think about problems; Second, interdisciplinary, multi perspective, scientific analysis of the dynamic international trade system, through case discussions, thematic design and other ways to improve students' ability to use theory to analyze international trade issues; Third, through heuristic teaching, inquiry based teaching, problem oriented teaching, in combination with professional skills competition, special simulation practice, off campus practice and other ways, students' innovationJournal of International Education and Development97 awareness is cultivated and their ability to solve problems is improved.(2)　Teaching design of international trade theoryThe course of international trade mainly includes two parts: international trade theory and international trade policy. The theoretical knowledge of international trade is abstract, obscure and boring. How to explain the part of international trade theory well is the key and difficult point in this course. To solve this problem, we need to build a systematic curriculum teaching system so that students can flexibly use theoretical knowledge to explain new international trade phenomena. The development system of international trade theory is very perfect, from classical international trade theory to neo classical international trade theory, and then to contemporary new international trade theory; From the theory of trade protection to the theory of free trade, these theories are not independent of each other, but are closely related. Only by building a systematic and perfect theoretical system of international trade can students truly understand the theoretical connotation.In the teaching process, follow the teaching idea of "leading out the theory - introducing the historical background - explaining the theoretical content - students commenting on the theory". When introducing the new trade theory, first of all, review the previous trade theory related to it to introduce the new theory to be explained; Secondly, introduce the historical background of the theory; Then, the main content of the theory is introduced in detail, and the explanation of the theoretical content is interspersed with cases to enhance the ability of the theory to solve practical problems; Finally, we will comment on the historical progress and limitations of the theory, actively guide students to participate widely, let students comment on the theory according to their own understanding, and teachers will summarize[1].(3)　Integration of ideological and political elementsUnder the new media environment, the smooth implementation of classroom teaching reform is inseparable from the cultivation of students' moral quality. Actively integrate ideological and political elements into the teaching, always put the cultivation of students' ideological and moral quality in the first place, integrate patriotism into the teaching. In the process of teaching the professional knowledge of international trade, professional quality and patriotism are integrated into it, which is suitable for the needs of the educational reform of colleges and universities, students can not only learn the subject, but also improve their comprehensive quality. In classroom teaching, we always integrate excellent traditional Chinese culture and advanced socialist culture into the classroom at the right time, and guide students to make use of their knowledge to contribute to the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.2　Building a Course Platform(1)　Building a perfect online teaching systemThe teaching reform of courses cannot be separated from the support of a perfect online teaching system. The course of international trade has been jointly built and shared by the Shandong Higher Education Curriculum Alliance, and has reached the Online Review Standards for Platform Courses. At present, it has been run simultaneously on the Smart Tree platform and offline courses. There are 764 minute learning videos on the Smart Tree platform, which cover all the contents of the ten chapters of the international trade course. Each learning video is designed with pop-up questions. Each chapter has 2-5 open chapter discussion questions, 10 chapter testAiqin Wang 98questions, and 150 final test questions.(2)　Use self-compiled textbooksThe textbook has distinctive features, closely follows the hot spots of the industry. The teaching materials are rich in supporting resources and guidance cases and exercises. Instead of simply teaching students to learn theoretical knowledge, it focus on the basic operating skills and practical application abilities of international trade, so that students can have the basic skills to engage in international trade and adapt to the requirements of their posts as soon as possible after work. It pays attention to the combination with China's foreign trade practice, and each important knowledge point is accompanied by the latest international trade related cases in recent years. By integrating the latest cases into the teaching of knowledge points in the textbook, students can use the theoretical knowledge of the textbook to solve specific problems in practical business, which not only improves students' interest, but also enhances students' sense of achievement and cultivates their comprehensive quality[2].(3)　Organic combination of online and offlineUnder the new media environment, advanced technical means have greatly promoted the smooth progress of classroom teaching reform. The online teaching tool Learning Connect is mainly used to achieve the organic combination of online and offline. In the classroom teaching process, we use Learning Connect to upload courseware, teaching plan and other materials to the Learning Connect platform, and upload the pre class preview content, homework after class, group discussion and other content to the Learning Connect in time. In the classroom, we use the signing in, random questions, classroom discussion, homework and other functions of the Learning Connect platform to achieve an organic combination of online and offline, and improve students' interest in learning.3　Reforming Classroom Teaching Methods(1)　Adopt online and offline hybrid teaching methodUnder the new media environment, both online and offline teaching methods are indispensable, online and offline hybrid teaching methods must be adopted. In the teaching of international trade, the online wisdom tree teaching platform is mainly used for self-study, preview and review. In class, the relevant functions of the learning through teaching platform help to explain the basic content of the classroom, so as to improve students' participation in the classroom.(2)　Use case teaching methodBased on the actual needs of international trade posts, adhere to the principle of close integration of theory and practice, introduce the latest cases related to international trade theory and policy in classroom teaching, reform and design the teaching content. Following the teaching mode of "case derivation - theoretical knowledge explanation - practical case analysis - knowledge point review", by inserting the latest international trade cases into the teaching of knowledge points, students have not only deepened their grasp of theoretical knowledge, but also improved their ability to solve practical problems, and fully solved the problem that the classroom teaching is dominated by single knowledge transfer and the communication between teachers and students is seriously insufficient, to truly improve students' sense of participation and initiative and return the99 Journal of International Education and Developmentclassroom to students[3].(3)　Adopt methods such as "heuristic teaching, research-based learning and ability training"We should pay attention to the use of "heuristic teaching, research learning, ability training" and other methods to cultivate students' innovative consciousness, thinking mode and knowledge application ability; Change from "teaching centered" to "learning centered". In the explanation of knowledge points closely related to the practical problems of international trade, such as tariff policy, trade protection policy, non-tariff measures and other knowledge points, the teaching method of "arranging problems in advance - students looking for information before class - class group discussion - teachers' comments" is adopted to give full play to students' subjective initiative and ability to participate in the class.FundingFund projects: The special project of Tai'an City's teaching science planning "Research on the practical path of integrating curriculum ideology and politics into professional teaching under the new media environment (TJK202106ZX046)".About the AuthorAiqin Wang (1982-02), Female, Taishan University, Associate Professor, Research Field: Human Resource Management, International Trade.References[1] Li Ling, Xu Yuqin. Analysis of the Teaching Reform Path of Ideological and Political Courses in Colleges andUniversities under the New Media Environment, New West [J], 2019, (35).[2] Li Fen. Teaching Reform of Ideological and Political Theory Course in Colleges and Universities under the New MediaEnvironment, Western Quality Education [J], 2018, (24).[3] Li Mingwen, Yu Shuya. Research on the Reform of College Teaching Methods in the New Media Environment,Western Radio and Television [J], 2018, (04).。

密码学报 ISSN 2095-7025 CN 10-1195/TNJournal of Cryptologic Research, 2020, 7(6): 799-811 ©《密码学报》编辑部版权所有.E-mail: ***************.cn Tel/Fax: +86-10-82789618SM4算法快速软件实现**基金项目：北京市自然科学基金(4202037); CCF-腾讯科研基金(CCF-Tencent RAGR20200123);国家重点研发计划 (2017YFB1400700);科学研究与研究生培养共建项目(JD 100060630);国家级大学生创新创业训练计划(201910006159, 201910006107)Foundation: Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (4202037); CCF-Tencent Open Fund (CCF-Tencent RAGR 20200123); National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFB1400700); Co-Funding Project of Beijing Municipal Education Commission for Scientific Research and Graduates Training (JD 100060630); National Students 1 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (201910006159, 201910006107)收稿日期：2019-11-13 定稿日期：2020-01-13张觌气I 华气张习肚王肌刘建伟31. 北京航空航天大学软件开发环境国家重点实验室，北京1001912. 密码科学技术国家重点实验室，北京1008783. 北京航空航天大学空天网络安全工业与信息化部重点实验室，北京1001914. 北京卫星信息工程研究所，北京100086通信作者：郭华，E-mail: *************.cn;张习勇，E-mail: ************************摘要：SM4是对称分组密码国家标准•加解密计算效率是衡量算法实现性能的重要指标，而目前关于SM4软件实现方法方面的研究不多.利用比特切片技术，结合支持单指令多数据(SIMD)的AVX2指令 集，本文提出了一种SM4算法的快速软件优化实现方法，使用256位的YMM 奇存器实现了 SM4算法的256分组数据并行加解密.首先基于已有的选择函数构造了新的选择函数，之后改进了搜索算法，基于新的选择函数和改进的搜索算法化简了 S 盒的逻辑表达式，将实现逻辑表达式所需的逻辑门电路数量由 3000(最简与或式)降至497.在Intel Core I7-7700HQ (Kabylake) @2.80 GHz 处理器上，实现速度达到了 2580 Mbps,同公开文献中的最好结果 1795 Mbps (Intel Core i7-5500U (Broadwell-U) @2.40 GHz)相比，实现效率提高了 43%.基于比特切片技术的软件实现优化方法无需内存或高速缓存查表，因此该方法可抵抗缓存-计时侧信道攻击，从而安全性得到了提升.本文提出的优化方法具有可扩展性，不仅适用于 在X86平台上借助拓展指令集AVX2实现，还可利用RISC 指令集在资源受限，安全性要求高的ARM等嵌入式平台上实现.此外，新的选择函数和搜索算法具有通用性，可用于其它一般逻辑函数的化简.关键词：SM4算法；软件优化实现；比特切片；SIMD 技术中图分类号：TP309.7 文献标识码：A DOI: 10.13868力.cnki.jcr.000407中文引用格式：张笑从，郭华，张习勇，王闯，刘建伟.SM4算法快速软件实现[J].密码学报，2020, 7(6): 799-811.[D0I ： 10.13868/ki.jcr.000407]英文引用格式：ZHANG X C, GUO H, ZHANG X Y, WANG C, LIU J W. Fast software implementation ofSM4[J]. Journal of Cryptologic Research, 2020, 7(6): 799-811. [DOI: 10.13868/ki.jcr.000407]Fast Software Implementation of SM4ZHANG Xiao-Cong b3, GUO Hua b2, ZHANG Xi-Yong 4, WANG Chuang 1, LIU Jian-Wei 31. State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China2. State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing 100878, China800Journal of Cryptologic Research密码学报Vol.7,No.6,Dec.20203. Key Laboratory of Aerospace Network Security(Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), Beihang University,Beijing100191,China4. Beijing Institute of Satellite Information Engineering,Beijing100086,ChinaCorresponding author:GUO Hua,E-mail:*************.cn;ZHANG Xi-Yong,E-mail:xiyongzhang@Abstract:The SM4algoiithm is China's national standard of symmetric block cipher,and its effi­ciency is one of the most important features.So far,insufficient work has been done on fast software implementation of SM4algorithm.Exploiting bit-slicing technique and SIMD(single instruction mul­tiple data)instruction set AVX2,this paper presents a fast implementation of SM4algorithm which can process256blocks in parallel via256bits YMM registers.Firstly,a new selection function is constructed based on existing ones.Then,the logic circuit generating algorithm corresponding to the selection function is improved.Furthermore,the number of gates of the S box is reduced from3000to ing an Intel Core i7-7700HQ(Kabylake)@2.80GHz processor,the software performance is2580 Mbps,43%ahead of SM4's benchmark on software implementation which is1795Mbps(Intel Core i7-5500U(Broadwell-U)@2.40GHz).Bit-sliced implementation does not require to store a table in memory or in cache,hence it is immune to side channel attacks such as cache attack and timing attack. The improved method presented in this paper can be implemented on various computing platforms, which means that it is suitable to X86architecture with extended instruction set AVX2,and is also suitable to embedded systems with RISC instructions and limited resource.Note that the improved selection function and the improved logic circuit generating algorithm are a generic approach,which can be used to the reduction of general logical functions.Key words:SM4;software implementation:bit slicing;SIMD1引言SM4分组密码算法⑴是我国自主设计的对称分组密码，为众多信息系统提供安全、完整的数据加密方案.SM4算法的高效软件实现为我国应用在安全产品(如IPSec、VPN、SSL、TLS等)上的密码算法由国际标准替换为国家标准提供了强有力的支撑，为SM4算法广泛用于政府办公、公安、银行、税务、电力等自主可控要求高的信息系统提供了可靠的保障.目前关于SM4算法的软件优化实现方面的相关工作不多，多使用查表的方法何，但由于代替表规模相对较大，CPU在做查表操作时，表中数据在内存和cache 之间频繁对换导致查表延时较大，且不利于高效并行加/解密多组消息.此外，查表法无法抵抗缓存-计时侧信道攻击，因此在一定程度上制约了SM4的软件实现性能和安全性.1996年Intel推出单指令多数据的SSE(Streaming SIMD Extensions)指令集后，Biham同于1997年提出一种新的对称分组密码快速软件实现方法，核心思想是将处理器视为以1比特为单位的单指令多数据处理器，随后被Matthew Kwan称为比特切片(bit slicing)⑷.比特切片方法在64位平台上实现了64组DES消息的并行加解密，将逻辑门个数从理论上需要的132个每比特输出优化到10()个每比特输岀.之后研究者们对门函数个数进一步进行了优化，使得标准逻辑门(与、或、非、异或)和非标准逻辑门均达到了平均50+个每比特输出.2011年Roman Rusakov同又将门函数的个数降至平均44个逻辑门每比特输岀.比特切片方法可大大提高实现效率，也可用于搜索密钥，对RISC和CISC的指令集平台均适用，且具有更好的安全性.为了提高软件实现速度，国内外许多学者尝试将采用SIMD(Single Instruction Multiple Dada,单指令多数据)技术用于密码算法的软件实现.A.Adomnicai和T.Peyrin何给出改进的比特切片方法“Fixslicing”，在ARM和RISC-V平台实现了AES.2012年Intel推出高级向量指令集(Advanced Vector Extensions,AVX)后，众多学者开始研究如何利用AVX指令集加速对称分组密码算法的实现速度，尤其是轻量级密码算法的实现速度.Seiichi Matsuda和Shiho Moriai卩】利用AVX指令集加速切片实现，给张笑从等：SM4算法快速软件实现801出了轻量级密码算法面向云端的实现，将SSE指令与比特切片方法结合并应用到PRESENT/Piccolo,使两者的实现吞吐量分别达到4.3cycle/byte和4.57cycle/byte.2013年，Neves和Aumasson同将AVX2指令应用到SHA-3候选算法BLAKE上并提高了其实现性能.最近，郎欢等何利用X86架构下的SIMD 指令给出了高效的SM4实现，他们釆用C语言调用AVX2指令接口方式实现，在并行查表的基础上，给出了两种不同的方法.2014年Kostas Papapagiannopoulos等人口°】将比特切片方法修改为nibble切片方法，并减少了访问内存，在AVR处理器上给出了高效实现.此外，研究者们将比特切片方法和其它方法结合，对SM4算法进行软件实现，也取得了较好的效果. SM4算法公布不久，Fen Liu等【切破解了SM4算法S盒的结构，公布了S盒的代数表达式及具体参数值.之后，Hao Liang等问基于已破解的SM4中S盒结构，提出了基于复合域的SM4实现方法，将S 盒的有限域求逆运算变换到复合域中实现，并在FPGA上进行验证.Jingbin Zhang等问提出了SM4在复合域中的软件实现，使用X86架构普通指令实现，速率达到20Mbps.最近，A.Eldosouky和W. Saad")针对物联网应用的效率、安全需求改进了轻量级密码算法LED的比特切片方法，并在嵌入式处理器ARM Cortex-A53进行了实现验证.O.Hajihassani等1151利用比特切片方法进一步提高了高级加密算法AES的加解密吞吐率.总的来说，在国密标准SM4算法的软件优化实现方法取得了一些进展，但和其他对称加密算法如AES相比，SM4的软件优化实现仍需进一步研究.本文利用比特切片方法，结合支持单指令多数据(SIMD)的AVX2指令集，提出了一种SM4算法的快速软件优化实现方法，使用256位的YMM寄存器实现了SM4算法的256分组数据并行加解密.该方法首先对待加密的明文消息通过SIMD版本的数据编排算法进行预处理；之后提出了一种改进的化简逻辑表达式的新方法，将实现逻辑表达式所需的逻辑门电路数量由3000降至497;最后使用反编排算法得到密文.在Intel Core i7-7700HQ(Kabylake)@2.80GHz处理器上，结合x86平台拓展指令集AVX2和上述方法对SM4算法进行软件实现，实现速度达到了2580Mbps.相比于传统的查表实现(Intel Core i7-5500U(Broadwell-U)@2.40GHz)、未优化的比特切片实现(Intel Core i7-5500U(Broadwell-U)@2.40 GHz)、SM4软件优化实现公开文献的最佳结果[9](Intel Core i7-550()U(Broadwell-U)@2.40GHz),新方法的实现效率分别提升了 1.8倍、2.6倍和43%.综上所述，本文主要贡献如下：(1)提出了一种通用的对称分组密码算法的软件优化实现方法，该方法通用于所有对称加密算法的快速软件实现.(2)提出的基于比特切片的软件优化实现方法无需内存或高速缓存查表，因此可抵抗缓存-计时侧信道攻击"1,从而安全性得到了提升.(3)提出的优化方法具有较强的通用性.该方法可用于所有对称加密算法的软件优化实现，并适用于不同的软件架构：在CISC架构平台如X86适合借助SSE、AVX2、AVX512等拓展指令集实现，在RISC架构(ARM,RISC-V)的平台可使用普通指令集实现.(4)新的选择函数和搜索算法具有通用性，可用于一般逻辑函数的化简.本文其余内容组织如下：第2节介绍SM4算法及AVX2指令；第3节介绍新的选择函数及基于选择函数的改进的搜索算法；第4节介绍SM4的基于比特切片和AVX指令的软件优化实现方法；第5节介绍实验结果；第6节总结全文.2预备知识2.1SM4简介SM4算法釆用非平衡Feistel结构"1,分组长度和密钥长度各为128比特，解密算法与加密算法结构相同，区别在于轮密钥使用顺序相反.下面首先介绍SM4的轮函数.设明文输入为(Xo,X“X2,X3)6(Z护)4,密文输出为(Yo,m,⑹€(Z跻丫,轮密钥为rk：6Zf2, 1=0,1,••-,31.SM4加密算法的轮函数F如图1所示.轮函数F每次迭代的输入为(Xi,X,+l,X；+2,X<+3),输出为(X,+l,X,+2,X;+3,尢+4),尢+4的计算方法如下：802Journal of Cryptologic Research 密码学报 Vol.7, No.6, Dec. 2020X ：+4 = F(Xi, Xi+i, Xi+2, X ：+3)= X ： + T(Xi+i + Xi+2 + X+3 + rki)其中，rk.为当前迭代的轮密钥，T 为一个Z/2 t Zf 的可逆变换.T 为一个Zf t Z 舁的可逆变换，由非线性变换T 和线性变换L 复合而成，即T(・)= L(r(-)).非线性变换t 由4个并行的S 盒构成.设输入为A = (ao,ai,a2,a3)€ (Z®)4,输出为B = (feo,&i,&2, &3)€ (Z 寻)4,贝！I ：(6(), bi, &3)= r(A) = (Sbox(ao), Sbox(ai), Sbox(a2), Sbox@3))对于每个S 盒的8位输入，前4位作为行，后4位作为列，输岀即为查找表中对应行列所对应的值.S 盒如图2所示.D C B A 95926857E 13F 18O 48O 96A A 389A E 65D B 84C 6C F F D 8851E B A 4692O A 3497C 1B 455B C 3B 6F F 56141C 3C O 5E BF 8C 8852C 68561E 6C 89D 56O 1O 95D D F 85724E 7E 7O A F F O 61B C D 263A 9B B 7E O B 2129EC 24F 143E C 3A 741O 3644F 9B 26739F 9 49EB 45D 5E 23F 92F D 7B E 6A 3O 385C 3D O 31D 591A 388F 24A A C O 1267 73A 5A B 2255O F F D E OB C 79B 8A.5B 5627B 72D 4887A 178A AE C B 7D 3O 9E 1D D 231C 8B 774 1EF 83483746D D D 6QE B E O 765D C 36F D C 9D C A 19 313F O B 2E B 5C AC 29C F 7 69 498D B A O 3E 64 9C 2E 724E 528A CF 7F A F B 55D A 24984E 9A O C 71E 6A D 27F 17DE 951A 8O 485E 3A 397 O 7237B 4OF E 6B B 19O964B O 62O B A F D 1C 6F 6B C 478E 4A O D 5D A 9 8D 29E 461D E E 1D 8O 814 cF C 2 2 29 3 o 7 o F 33A c o 1 F6 5 D F 5图2 SM4代替表Figure 2 Substitution table in SM4 algorithm图1 SM4轮函数Figure 1 Round function in SM4 algorithm L 是线性变换，非线性变换丁的输出是线性变换L 的输入.设输入为B t Z 沪，输出为C t Z 沪，则C = L(B) = B + (£«2) + (£ « 10) + (£ « 18) + (£ « 24)其中，《代表循环左移，如E «2代表循环左移2位.2.2 SIMD 技术及AVX2指令集SIMD (single instruction multiple data)技术可实现同一操作并行处理多组数据.目前支持SIMD技术的处理器厂商主要有Intel. AMD 、ARM 等.目前大多数PC 及服务器采用的是Intel 处理器，而Intel 处理器中的SSE/AVX 指令集采用的正是SIMD 技术.AVX (Advanced Vector Extensions)指令 集1181是256-bit 宽向量指令集，指令操作对象称为YMM 的256-bit SIMD 寄存器.该寄存器内容分为2个128-bit lane. AVX 指令操作对象为lanes,该指令不支持跨越lanes 的操作.AVX2指令集是AVX 指令集的扩展和改进，也称为Haswell New Instructions,支持跨越lanes 的操作.AVX2 支持 8 道 32-bit 整数异或(vpxor)、移位(vpslld),置换(vpermd)、查表(vpgatherdd)等. 2013年Inter 在22 nm Haswell 微架构处理器上正式推出AVX2指令集.表1给出了部分AVX2指令,这些指令可用于对称分组密码的切片实现.3构造新的选择函数及搜索算法“选择函数” 119＞是Mattew 为比特切片方法中简化实现S 盒逻辑门电路数量而提出的一种逻辑函数 表达形式.选择函数的思想为二分法，每次分得两个子函数，直至最终分解到的子函数可以直接实现.经研究发现，对于上述特定问题选择函数形式比其他常用的标准形式优越许多.如上所述，对于SM4算法 的S 盒，使用最简与或形式、最简或与形式、最简与或非形式等需要逻辑门数约为3000,而使用己知的3张笑从等：SM4算法快速软件实现803表1相关AVX2指令总结Table1Summary of relevant AVX2instructionsAVX2指令C/C++接口功能描述vpshufhw_mm256_shufflehi_ep订64道64位数据重排vpshuflw_mm256_shufflelo_ep订64道64比特数据重排vpshufd_mm256_shu田e_epi328道32比特数据重排vpermq_mm256_permute4x64_epi644道64比特数据重排vpslld_mm256_slli_epi328道32比特逻辑左移vpsrld_mm256_srli_epi328道32比特逻辑右移vpxor_mm256_xor_si25625&比特逻辑异或vpor_mm256_or_si256256-比特逻辑或vpgatherdd_mm256_load_si256/_mm256_store_si2568道32比特查表vmovdqa_mm256_load_si256/_nim256_store__si256加载/存储256比特数据(要求内存对齐) vmovdqu_mm256_loadu_si256/_mm256_storeu_si256加载/存储256比特数据(不要求内存对齐)个选择函数形式时，可将逻辑门数限制在：N sm4=12+8x(2'+22+---+28-2)=1032.使用本文提出的新的选择函数及改进的搜索算法，可进一步将逻辑门数减至497门.一般来说，使用的选择函数越多,搜索越充分，越能减少逻辑门数量.本节首先基于已有的选择函数构造新的选择函数、之后基于新的选择函数给出改进的搜索算法，最后 介绍如何使用新的选择函数及改进的搜索算法化简S盒的逻辑表达式.3.1选择函数简介为化简比特切片方法中实现S盒所用的逻辑门电路数量，Mattew提出了化简逻辑门电路的算法及“选择函数”的概念.使用选择函数，DES中实现S盒的逻辑门电路数量从平均70门每比特输出被约简到平均45门每比特输岀.设凡为8比特逻辑函数，即F o(abcdefgh),从输入abcdefgh中任选一个比特，记为sei,给岀选择函数基本形式：F o=(Fi and sei)or(F2and not sei)不妨设sei为d,规定：Fi=Fi(abcefgh),F2=F2(abcefgh)由于Fi与F2均唯一存在，从而8比特逻辑函数被分解成7比特逻辑函数，这一过程称为利用“选择函数”的一次选择.Mattew给出了三种“选择函数”表达式：F。

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Values are input via the country-specific touchscreen key-board.Operator Guidance • I ntuitive work with the IND890: working with the IND890 is very easy thanks to the self-explanatory icons, which are also supported by text instructions • S ettings can be made quickly and effectively: no matter whether you have to adapt data from the connected balances or the inter-faces used. Everything can be found in the respective submenu with a few touches of the screen • E very user is shown only the e lements required for the task in hand • D eltaTrac ® uses the bar color to indicate quickly and easily whether or not the target weight has yet been reached, or exceeded. This simplifies and accelerates processes./IND8906M ETTLER T OLEDO IND890 PC Weighing TerminalTouch it …… direct input:Touchscreens in every IND890 as standardNaturally intuitive …… credible, simple and new:• U nique software design – self-explanatory icons combined with an attractive, logical software structureC o n v i n c i n g A r g u m e n t sImpressively … …clear:• O ptimized navigation and input for operation via touchscreen • M enu path display for improved navigationHealthy outlook …… clear and unmistakable:• A dvantageous display options • P rogressive designwith ELO boxPin-sharp ……outstanding display even at an unfavorable viewing angleDisplays with 1A resolution 1024 x600 with IND890-101280 x 800 with IND890-157M ETTLER T OLEDO IND890 PC Weighing TerminalHygienic … … easy to clean:• P rotection rating IP69k: Cleaning with high-pressure cleaner • S urface roughness of RA < 0.8 µm • A voidance of dirty edges thanks to easy-to-clean designWhatever you want …… Individually adaptable thanks to the free programmability of the IND890.How much can it do?Numerous applications possible:• U p to 4 balances at the same time • C ertifiable • S um scale • A nalog or digitalBest connections …… easy connection and disconnectionof cables thanks to simple plug connec-tions – IP protection remains.Top condition … … top performance:Ideal performance combination of processor, RAM and mass storage.Any location … … is suitable for use:VESA 2 Mount 100 x 100 for using standard mounting systems.Universal …… with VGA interface as standard:• Connection of a standard PC to the HMI box• Connection of a standard monitor to the ELO box 11ELO box: Electronics box2VESA: Video Electronics Standards Association8M ETTLER T OLEDO IND890 PC Weighing TerminalInSite™ – the Global, PC-based Configuration ToolConfiguring the IND890 could not be simpler: e ither connected ino nline mode or for preparation as off-line configuration. This hasproven to be particularly time-saving if the configuration also has to be transfered to further IND890 ter-minals. The functions for the com-position and archiving as well as the saving and retrieval of docu-ments are also particularly useful. /insiteThe IND890 weighing software has been specially developed for use on a touchscreen. With its icons, it offers a completely new type of weight data recording, not previously available in weighing terminals.Innovative – Simple – Intuitive:Modern Weight Data RecordingS o f t w a r e a n d T o o l sReal-time Weight Values for Time-critical Control Processes The IND890 can autonomously control weight-dependent processes. A connected dosing system also shuts down correctly if the operating system is executing a different task at this precise moment. This is particularly advantageous in fast or automated processes, where re -liability is the top priority. In some cases, this function may mean that it is not necessary to have thec onnection to a PLC 2 . IND890-Base – Standard Application IncludedThe multilingual IND890-Base soft-ware is a universally applicable weighing and service program for basic weighing tasks. It is a com-prehensive weighing solution for customers, but also providess upport for calibration officers and METTLER TOLEDO service techni -cians.Today’s Sophisticated Solutions – Simple ImplementationIf a standard application solution is no longer appropriate, speciala pplications can also be implement-ed. The integrated Microsoft ® technology offers software developers an ideal tool for fast and efficient implementation of customized solutions.Irrespective of the development en-vironment, there is simple drag-and-drop access to a wide range of system and weighing functions.Globally ConnectedThe use of the Windows operating systems allows remote configu-ration and maintenance of your ap-plication on the IND890. Software updates and e-mail services take place via the internet, VNC 1 or InSite ®.1VNC: Virtual Network Computing 2PLC: Programmable logic controller9M ETTLER T OLEDO IND890 PC Weighing Terminalmanually by operator guidance or by a regulation intervention from a dynamic checkweigher.Unnecessary material losses are thus avoided and statutory fill quantities and net weight specifica -tions are complied with. The soft -ware conforms to internal as wellas external, international standardssuch as ISO and GMP . In combina -tion with the IND890 for immediatedata recording, analysis and pro -cess control, supplies the necessary statistical data forassessing, documenting and control -ling the cost-effectiveness of a fill-ing process./freeweighnet The ® dosing and formulation system simplifies formu-lation processes. The intuitiveo perator guidance throughout the whole formulation process ensures uniform batch quality. At the same time, material use and process speed are optimized and the amount of manual work is reduced.Whether you are in the food, pharma -ceutical, chemical, cosmetic or manufacturing industry – ® has many advan-tages and can bring great benefit to your company:• Increased productivity• Complete batch documentation • G uaranteed consistently high product quality • R eliability and stability of pro -cesses • M ore efficient batch production/formweighnetThe quality of industrial filling pro -cesses ranges from stable and easy to control through to highly dispersive and difficult to control.Irrespective of the requirements forthe filling process, the use of enables systematicmonitoring and control of fillingprocesses, ensures conformity andhelps control losses arising fromoverfilling.As the fill quantities of liquid, pasty,powdery or solid products arechecked by taking random samplesimmediately after filling, precise system settings are ensured – eitherThe use of * for statistical quality control and * for professional formulation processing has proven to be a particularlys uccessful combination. These profitable tools can be used with the IND890 directly in production.A New Standard: IND890 and * or * ® ®* In preparation – more information at your local METTLER TOLEDO representative10M ETTLER T OLEDO IND890 PC Weighing TerminalTests and DiagnosisDimensionsT e c h n i c a l D a t aThe status of the IND890 terminal is analyzed using the integrated test and diagnosis functions. If neces -sary, direct measures for optimizing the system are taken.Communication with connected devic -es and balances can thus be tested very easily at any time, in order to avoid possible downtime, before amalfunction occurs.IND890-10 DeskIND890-10 PanelIND890-15-HMI Desk11M ETTLER T OLEDO IND890 PC Weighing TerminalHousing dimensions (maximum: H x W x D)IND890-10:253 x 320 x 241 mm IND890-15-HMI:350 x 490 x 349 mm IND890 ELO box:50 x 122 x 400 mmOperating environment–10°C to 40°C (14°F to 104°F), at 10 % to 85% relative humidity, non-condensingDisplayIND890-1010.2" Widescreen TFT Touchscreen display, resolution 1024 x 600IND890-1515,4" Widescreen TFT Touchscreen display, resolution 1280 x 800Processor typesIND890-10AMD Geode LX800 Processor IND890 ELO boxIntel Atom Processor 1.6 GHz RAM memoryFrom 256 MB to 2 GB Power supply unitWide-range power supply unit 100 – 240 V AC, 50/60 Hz, 250 mA with country-specific power lineData interfacesEthernet (standard), RS232, RS422, RS485, USBWeighing interfacesIDNet, analog, SICSGross dispatch weight (including packaging)IND890-10Desk: 5.5 kg Panel: 4.5 kg IND890-15-HMIDesk: 11.4 kg Panel: 8.5IND890 ELO box6.3 kg ApprovalsEC Conformity CE marking with declaration of conformity – admission for certification or pattern approval EC Directive 2009/23/EEC; EN 45 501; OIML R76; NTEP compliant – Electrical Safety EC Directive 2006/95/EEC; EN 61010-1, UL, CSA approved Electromagnetic compatibility EC Directive 2004/108/EEC; EN 61000-6-2, EN 61000-6-3Order numbersIND890-10 110/230 VDesk: 22019982Panel: 22019983IND890-15-HMI 110/230 VDesk: 22019984Panel: 22019985IND890 ELO box 110/230 VDesk: 22019986Data interfacesEthernet standardRS232: 22020258RS422/485: 22020259Balance interfacesAnalog: 22020254IDNet: 22020253SICS-RS232: 22020255 SICS-RS422: 22020256Technical DataIND890-15-HMI Panel IND890-ELO-BoxFor more information /ind890Mettler-Toledo AGIndustrialCH-8606 GreifenseeTel. +41-44-944 22 11Fax +41-44-944 31 70Subject to technical changes© 04/2011 Mettler-Toledo AGPrinted in Switzerland MTSI 44098080ServiceAdvantages Installation &Set-up • Precise, reproducible results through correct installation• Tried and tested data exchange with peripheral devices and systems• Predetermined operating sequences improve user productivity• Integration in work and maintenance processes• Fast and efficient process start-upInstrument qual-ification • Documented performance in line with process requirements• Regular inspections when used in production processes• Risk of infringing regulations is minimizedCalibration • Accuracy check over entire weighing range• Accuracy check at different points on weighing platform• Brief and compliant calibration certificate• Use of industry-specific and statutory tolerance standards• Reduction in product loss and/or overfilling• Reduction in liability risk due to products which do not comply with specifications Preventive maintenance• Inspection of critical components to identify potential faults• Inspection of audit and error logs to prevent unexpected downtime• Test operation for determining weighing and application performance• Reliable operation, avoidance of unexpected costs• Increased service life and yield return of balances The first step is selecting the right scale. Whether the desired results can be achieved is then dependent on factors such as precise installation, set-up,c alibration, maintenance, product and service, which ensure the performance,r eliability and durability of the scale.Through efficient maintenance and the adaptation of our service to your process and operating requirements, we can help you achieve accurate, reliable and comprehensible weighing results as well as the desired increase in productivity.Lifelong Constant Performancethrough Precision ServiceOur global service organization offers the following significant advantages:• Properly maintained devices which ensure productivity and optimize process performance.• Problem-free compliance with industry-specific standards and regulations • Clear and precise documentation to minimize the risk of infringements17025。

Agilent Connectivity Hardware for PC-to-Instrument ConnectionsData Sheetwith Agilent GPIBInstrument Control ProductsIntroducing Agilent GPIB Instrument Control Products Agilent connectivity products enable:• Easy connection to GPIB instruments based on simple plug-and-play setup and configuration• Use of PC-standard interfaces that are prevalent even on notebook PCs, such as USB and LAN• A wide selection of interfaces to fit your test system application– PCI, PCIe®, USB and LAN• Use of industry-standard I/O libraries which makes integrationof existing instruments and software programs in a singlesystem easy, even if you use multiple instrument vendors.Table of ContentsConnecting is as easy as 1-2-3 (3)Agilent IO Libraries Suite 16.0 (4)Agilent 82357B USB/GPIB Interface Converter (5)Agilent 82350B High-Performance PCI GPIB Interface Card (6)Agilent 82351A High-Performance PCI Express® (PCIe)GPIB Interface Card (7)Agilent E5810A LAN/GPIB Gateway (8)Agilent GPIB Instrument Control Products Summary (9)Related Agilent Literature (10)Contact Agilent.........................................................................Back coverConnecting is as Easy as 1-2-3Establish a connection in less than 15 minutesAgilent IO Libraries Suite eliminates the many working hours it takes to connect and configure PC-controlled test systems, especially if it involves instruments from multiple vendors. In fact, with IO Libraries, connecting your instruments to a PC is as easy as connecting a PC to a printer. Easily mix instruments from different vendorsAgilent IO Libraries Suite eliminates headaches associated with trying to combine hardware and software from different vendors. The software is compatible with GPIB, USB, LAN and RS-232 test instruments that adhere to the supported interface standards, no matter who makes them.When you install the IO Libraries Suite, the software checks for the presence of other I/O software on your computer. If it finds another ven-dor’s VISA libraries, it automatically installs in a side-by-side mode that allows you to use the existing I/O software and the Agilent software together in multi-vendor systems.Work in the environment that’s comfortable to youIn addition, the IO Libraries are compatible with a variety of applica-tion development environments and programming APIs including Agilent or NI VISA, VISA COM, SICL, Agilent 488 (compatible with NI-488.2), and Agilent VEE. There is flexibility to choose the software and hardware of your choice to get your job done. Works with millions of existing instruments from hundreds of vendorsAgilent connectivity products and IO Libraries are trusted and known for their reliability. The IO Libraries ships with more than 150 instruments from Agilent Technologies. If you already own an Agilent connectivity product or instrument, you can download the latest version of Agilent IO Libraries Suite for free.Agilent IO Libraries Suite 16.0PC softwareOperating system• Windows® 7 32-bit and 64-bit (Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, Ultimate,Enterprise)• Windows Vista® SP1 and SP2 32-bit and 64-bit (Home, Home Premium, Business, Ultimate,Enterprise Editions)• Windows XP Pro or Home edition service pack 3 or later, 32-bit onlyPC hardwareProcessor600 MHz class (800 MHz or greater recommended)RAM• Windows XP: 256 MB minimum (1 GB or greater recommended)• Windows Vista or Windows 7: 1 GB minimumHard disk space required 1.5 GBDisplay800 x 600, 256 colorsVB6VISA COM, VISA, SICL, Agilent 488, Excel VBAC/C++, Managed C++VISA COM, VISA, Agilent 488.NET languages (, C#)VISA COM, VISA, Agilent 488LabVIEW VISA, Agilent 488MATLAB VISANote: Agilent IO Libraries Suite supports VEE Pro program development with drivers and/or Direct IO.Connection Expert Automatically scans and configures your instrument IO, helps you get connected quickly and easilyand displays the status of your interfaces and instrumentsInteractive IO Lets you quickly send commands to instruments and read responsesIO Monitor Lets you monitor and debug I/O calls made on any of Agilent’s supported buses using Agilent SICL,VISA, VISA COM, or Agilent IVI instrument drivers (released after September 18, 2010)IO control Provides easy access to the IO Libraries Suite from the Windows system trayviFind32Debug utility uses VISA functions to find resources and lists them in a console windowSee the following URL for more information or for the latest updates: /find/iosuiteAgilent 82357B USB/GPIB Interface ConverterFeatures• Fast and easy connection to GPIB instruments • Uses standard USB and IEEE-488 interfaces • Maximum GPIB transfer rate of 1.15 MB/s • Parallel polling capabilityBest for• Easiest GPIB connectivity • Notebook computer GPIB connectionConnect GPIB instruments quickly and easily to your computer’s USB portThe Agilent 82357B USB/GPIBinterface provides a direct connection from the USB port on your desktop and laptop computers to GPIB instru-ments. Once the software is loaded, your computer automatically detects the 82357B when it is connected to the USB port of the computer.The 82357B is a plug-and-play device. It is also hot-pluggable, making it easy to connect and disconnect without having to shut down thecomputer. No external power supplies are necessary.The 82357B USB/GPIB interface implements USB 1.1 (12 Mbits/s) and is compatible with USB 2.0. The 82357B USB/GPIB interface uses a thin, flexible, high-quality USB cable that is USB 2.0-compliant. The USB cable is shielded, and the connector is specified to 1,500 insertions, ensur-ing a durable connection and reliabledata transfer.Includes Agilent IO Libraries Suite and VISA/SICL programming manuals on CD-ROM AccessoriesNoneBoosting performance with simplest connectivityAgilent 82350B High-Performance PCI GPIB Interface CardFeatures• PCI IEEE-488 interface for PCs • Transfer rates up to 900 KB/s • Dual processor support on the latest Windows operating systemBest for• Maximum GPIB throughput for all configurationsHigh performance formanufacturing test applicationsThe 82350B is Agilent’s highest-performance GPIB interface. With a direct PCI computer connection, transaction overhead is minimized for the best overall performance.The 82350B card de-couples GPIB transfers from PCI bus transfers. Buffering provides connectivity and system performance that is superior to direct memory access (DMA). The hardware is software-configurable and compatible with the plug-and-play standard for easy hardware installation. The GPIB interface card plugs into a 5 volt PCI slot in thebackplane of your PC.Includes Agilent IO Libraries Suite and VISA/SICL programming manuals on CD-ROMAccessoriesGPIB cables/adapter (see page 9)This traditional GPIB connection still offers the highest throughputAgilent 82351A High-Performance PCI Express ® (PCIe) GPIB Interface CardFeatures• Compact half-height size (68.9 mm)• High transfer rate of 1.4 MB/s • High flexibility via up-plugging (to x4 or x8 PCIe slots)• 3.3 V signal level for lower power consumptionBest for• Bandwidth-intensive PC applications • Adding GPIB connection for PCIe based PCs or workstationsHigh transfer rate fordemanding test applicationsThe Agilent 82351A PCIe-GPIB interface card is designed forintegration into next generation PCs or workstations. It offers fast data transmission for various demanding test applications that require data to be transferred to memory fast enough without any loss or overwriting. PCIe (PCI Express) is an evolutionary version of PCI that offers a higher transfer rate across a low number of wires. It is also backward-compatible with PCI software, so you don’t need to perform any code re-configuration. The powerful bus architecture of PCIe allows bidirectional data transmis-sion, and the implementation of anew class of test applications.Includes Agilent IO Libraries Suite and VISA/SICL programming manuals on CD-ROMAccessoriesGPIB cables/adapter (see page 9)New standard for high-speed internal devicesAgilent E5810A LAN/GPIB GatewayFeatures• Remote access and control of GPIB instruments via LAN • Easy setup and use via digital display and web browserBest for• Connection to remote GPIB and RS-232 instrumentation • Shared test systemsRemote access and collaboration with GPIB instruments via your LANThe E5810A can use DHCP, if avail-able, to automatically configure nec-essary network parameters, including its IP address. The gateway can be controlled from multiple locations and by multiple users via your LAN, so it is easy to share control of instru-ments from locations worldwide.For easy remote access, enter the IP address from the digital display as the URL in your web browser and gain access to connected GPIB and RS-232 instruments. Then use your browser to send instrument com-mands interactively, and quickly see your measurement results. Use the digital display and LEDs to check the IP address and troubleshoot locally.System useFor system environments, the E5810A gateway can be mounted on a rack. The rack mount kit (Option 100) allows two devices to be placed side-by-side in one rack width. With its built-in power supply, there are noadditional power modules to mount.Includes Agilent IO Libraries Suite and VISA/SICL programming manuals on CD-ROMAccessories• GPIB cables/adapter (see page 9)• Rack Mount Kit (Option 100)Take advantage of LAN technology for your GPIB instruments and test systemsAgilent GPIB Instrument Control Products Summary CablesAgilent also offers a variety of cables that provide easy and reliable connec-tions. Agilent cables are engineered for exceptional reliability and durability, even under the harshestconditions.Cable Length 10833D GPIB cable0.5 meter 10833A GPIB cable 1 meter 10833B GPIB cable 2 m10833C GPIB cable 4 m10833F GPIB cable 6 m10833G GPIB cable8 mAdaptersThe 10834A GPIB-to-GPIB adapter can help when limited rear-panel space and other design consider-ations make cabling difficult. The 10834A adapter extends the first cable by 2.3 cm away from the rear panel to provide clearance for other connectors, switches, and cables.GPIB board82350B PCI/GPIB card• GPIB connection for PCI-based PCs orworkstations• Maximum throughput for allconfigurations up to 900 KB/s82351A PCIe/GPIB card• GPIB connection for PCIe-based PCsor workstations• High throughput applications up to1.4 MB/sUSB converter82357B USB/GPIB card• GPIB connectivity, even for notebookcomputers• Easiest GPIB instrument set-up to PC LAN converter E5810A LAN/GPIBgateway• Connection to remote GPIB andRS-232 instruments• Test-system sharing and collaborationamong multiple usersCable10833x GPIB cables• Connection between GPIBinstruments (daisy-chain)• Connection from GPIB instrument tothe PCI/GPIB or PCIe/GPIB card• Connection from GPIB instrument tothe LAN/GPIB gatewayAdapter10834A GPIB-to-GPIBadapter• 2.3-cm clearance at GPIB instrument’srear panelTypical configurations of PC-to-instrument connectionRelated Agilent LiteratureThis article is the fourth of a series of four application notes with System Developers in mind. It explains with great depth how you can simplify test integration by taking advantage of open connectivity standards. Meet your throughput requirements yet stay within budget.Where to download: /find/gpibAgilent Email Updates/find/emailupdates Get the latest information on the products and applications you select.LAN eXtensions for Instruments puts the power of Ethernet and the Web inside your test systems. Agilent is a founding member of the LXI consortium.Agilent Channel Partnersw w w /find/channelpartners Get the best of both worlds: Agilent’s measurement expertise and product breadth, combined with channel partner convenience. AdvancedTCA ® Extensions for Instrumentation and Test (AXIe) is an open standard that extends the AdvancedTCA ® for general purpose and semiconductor test. Agilent is a founding member of the AXIe consortium.PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation (PXI) modular instrumentation delivers a rugged, PC-based high-performance measurement and automation system.Agilent Advantage Services is com-mitted to your success throughout your equipment’s lifetime. We share measurement and service expertise to help you create the products that change our world. To keep you com-petitive, we continually invest in tools and processes that speed up calibra-tion and repair, reduce your cost of ownership, and move us ahead of your development curve./quality/find/advantageservicesFor more information on AgilentTechnologies’ products, applications or services, please contact your local Agilent office. The complete list is available at:/find/contactus Americas Canada (877) 894 4414 Brazil (11) 4197 3500Mexico 01800 5064 800 United States (800) 829 4444Asia Pacific Australia 1 800 629 485China 800 810 0189Hong Kong 800 938 693India 1 800 112 929Japan 0120 (421) 345Korea 080 769 0800Malaysia 1 800 888 848Singapore 180****8100Taiwan 0800 047 866Other AP Countries (65) 375 8100 Europe & Middle East Belgium 32 (0) 2 404 93 40 Denmark 45 70 13 15 15Finland 358 (0) 10 855 2100France 0825 010 700**0.125 €/minuteGermany 49 (0) 7031 464 6333 Ireland 1890 924 204Israel 972-3-9288-504/544Italy39 02 92 60 8484Netherlands 31 (0) 20 547 2111Spain 34 (91) 631 3300Sweden0200-88 22 55United Kingdom 44 (0) 118 9276201For other unlisted Countries:/find/contactusRevised: October 14, 2010Product specifications and descriptions in this document subject to change without notice.© Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2011Printed in USA, May 6, 20115989-1889ENPCIe and PCI Express are US registered trademarks and/or service marks of PCI-SIG.Windows, Windows Vista and Microsoft are trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.。

ebs wip 事务处理类型1.事务处理类型包括串行事务处理和并行事务处理。

Transaction processing types include serial transaction processing and parallel transaction processing.2.串行事务处理是一次只处理一个事务，而并行事务处理可以同时处理多个事务。

Serial transaction processing handles only onetransaction at a time, while parallel transaction processing can handle multiple transactions simultaneously.3.事务处理类型的选择取决于系统的性能要求和业务需求。

The selection of transaction processing types depends on the system's performance requirements and business needs.4.对于需要高吞吐量和低延迟的系统，通常会选择并行事务处理。

For systems that require high throughput and low latency, parallel transaction processing is usually chosen.5.而对于一些简单的应用场景，串行事务处理可能已经足够满足需求。

For some simple application scenarios, serial transaction processing may already be sufficient to meet the needs.6.事务处理类型的选择还需要考虑系统的可扩展性和容错性。

The selection of transaction processing types also needs to consider the system's scalability and fault tolerance.7.在选择事务处理类型时，还需要平衡系统的资源利用和性能表现。