高中英语译林版英语选修九课时分层作业六

高中英语课时分层作业6Unit2SectionⅥLanguagepointsⅢProject含解析牛津译林版必修课时分层作业(六)[语言知识练习固基础]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．I am mixed up about these confusing(confuse)directions.2．The police went through the whole building but didn't find anything valuable.3．Do you have any difficulty in working(work) with others?4．The student，along with his parents，has been asked(ask) for information on the book so far.5．There is an increasing tendency(tend) for women to have children later in life.6．His English was so limited(limit) that he couldn't even tell the foreign friend where he was from.7．You should warn him of the importance of a balanced(balance) diet.8．Teaching little kids is really a challenging(challenge) task for me.9．There lived(live) a great thinker in Greece once upon a time.10．It's normal to feel(feel) nervous before an important exam.Ⅱ.完成句子1．铃响了，跑出来一个高个子男孩。

课时分层作业(九)(建议用时：35分钟)[语言知识练习固基础]Ⅰ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1．You must account about the missing money in the bank.about→for 2．It is generally thought traveling abroad can enrich one's knowledge.thought后加that 3．The wetlands are the home to a large variety of wildlife.去掉第二个the 4．In this world of technology，only the minority of people is equipped with computers.is→are 5．I will do everything beyond my power to make you satisfied.beyond→in 6．As is known to all，America is a developed country belong to the First World.belong→belonging 7．In no account shall you go to bed with the gas on.In→On 8．When asking his payment，he didn't answer it.asking→asked 9．Our friendship is basing on trust and honesty.basing→based 10．They were very hospitable，and made me home.me后加at Ⅱ.完成句子1．警察让我对那天在酒吧的所见做一个详细的描述。

The police let me give a full account of what I had seen in the bar that day.2．人们相信大多数的突发死亡都是由心脏受损引起的。

课时分层作业(六)(建议用时：30分钟)Ⅰ.单词拼写1．(疾病) often results from eating too much.2．He is very ill and unlikely to(痊愈)．3．We(抓住) at every chance to improve our work.4．He was the only one(在……之中) many who needed help.5．This wounded soldier was(无意识的) from his loss of blood.【答案】 1.Sickness 2.recover 3.snatch4．amongst 5.unconsciousⅡ.语法填空Recently it has been observed that more and more people are switching to organic vegetables and fruits. They are 1.(nature) and safe for the human body to consume. Organic farming 2.(increase) and evolved in a large way due to this large demand by now. Farmers are getting better at the art of growing organic vegetables and there are many 3.(help) tips that they share with other members of the organic farming circle. If you are a gardener and are 4.(interest) in growing organic vegetables, 5. is wise to be aware of these tips and choose 6.(good) organic garden tip that helps your garden to produce healthy and better vegetables.One helpful organic garden tip that works well for all farmers is 7. (make) your own fertilizer. This is 8.kind of fertilizer made of dry leaves, fruit peelings and kitchen food disposables. These materials are buried underground and kept there 9. some time. With fermentation(发酵) taking place, the soil becomes richer with nutrients. This means you get a fertilizer that does not have chemicals at all. This fertilizer enhances the soil and so the vegetables and fruits are 10.(healthy) and better.【答案】 1.natural 2.has increased 3.helpful4.interested5.it6.the best7.to make8.a9.for 10.healthierⅢ.阅读理解AThe koala，one of Australia's most treasured creatures，is in trouble.Affected by habitat (栖居地) loss and climate change，like many other unique Australian animals，koalas are being squeezed into smaller regions.But at present，it is a deadly disease，a somewhat silent killer that causes a further decline in the koala population，that is worrying many scientists about the fate of the koala.The killer is Chlamydia，which has caused symptoms in up to 50 percent of the wild koalas，with probably even more infected (感染) but not showing symptoms.It has been particularly severe in Queensland，where nearly all koalas are infected.The disease causes many symptoms including eye infections，which can lead to blindness，making it difficult for them to find their primary food.Treating Chlamydia in wild koalas is a challenge.There is no treatment available for it．Only a small percentage of the animals can be treated successfully and returned to the wild.Besides，there is no national plan in Australia to save the koala；it is up to each region to make management plans for its koala population.The good news is that researchers are working to test a vaccine (疫苗) that would help prevent further spread.If all goes well，plans can be carried out to distribute the vaccine more widely.But it's impossible to vaccinate all wild koalas.Another possibility would be to make vaccine distribution a routine part of treatment for the thousands of koalas brought into care centers every year after they are injured by cars or dogs.While it is a combination of problems that are affecting the wild koala population，many experts believe this vaccine would be an important step in helping koalas survive longer.It may buy enough time to give researchers a chance to solve some of the other problems facing Australia's koalas.【语篇解读】本文主要介绍澳大利亚的珍贵动物之一考拉现在处于困境之中。

课时分层作业(六)Ⅰ.单词拼写1．She divorced (离婚)her husband two years ago.2．My sister and I put Christmas decorations(装饰物)on the tree.3．It is apparent (明显地)to us that he hasn't done his work properly.4．The trees were a good protection(保护)against the wind.5．I'm fed up with rules and regulations(规章制度).6．The air was fragrant(芳香的)with scents from the sea and the hills.7．I will give assistance(帮助)to them.8．I insist that you withdraw(收回)your offensive remarks immediately.9．This glass dish looks very fragile(脆弱).10．She is having an affair(暧昧关系)with her boss.Ⅱ.单句语法填空1．Mrs Li gave birth to twins this morning.2．He raised his voice to make himself heard(hear).3．The young man was charged with robbery with violence.4．The judge sentenced him to five years in prison.5．You must ask permission(permit) if you want to leave early.6．It's said that his lameness resulted from an accident.7．A lot of problems remain to be solved(solve).8．Let me on behalf of our president Mr. Johnson, wish you a happy journey.9．He had his car repaired(repair) yesterday.10．Staying up late makes him at his worst in terms of physical situation.Ⅲ.阅读理解More students than ever before are taking a gap year(间隔年)before going to university.It used to be called the “year off” between school and universi ty.The gap­year phenomenon originated(起源)with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.This year，25，310 students who have accepted places in higher education institutions have put off their entry until next year，according to statistics on university entrance provided by the University and College Admissions Service(UCAS).That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year.TonyHiggins from UCAS said that the statistics are good news for everyone in higher education.“Students who take a well-planned year out are more likely to be satisfied with，and complete，their chosen course.Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible，” he said.But not everyone is happy.Owain James，the president of the National Union of Students(NUS)，argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship－young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education.“New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to ￡15，000 in debt.It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree.NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced to work during term time and the figure increases to 90% during vacation periods，”he said.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。

高中英语课时分层作业9SectionⅥ（含解析）牛津译林版必修2课时分层作业(九)(建议用时：35分钟)[语言知识练习固基础]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．He desires to go(go) to Tsinghua University to study after graduating from high school, so he is studying very hard.2．She is my favorite film star and I consider her superior to other stars.3．Though he has lost the ability to speak and see，he is always optimistic(optimism), even when things are at their worst.4．Not only was(be)Rome a city，but it was also to become the capital of one of the largest empires in history.5．Would you please look through the paper for me and see if there are any obvious mistakes?6．Do you think the approach he came up with will apply effectively to the situation of our firm?7．The floor was dirty，but he managed to clean (clean) it.8．New technologies have made it possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.9．By the time he was 14 years old，he had taught(teach)himself advanced mathematics.10．They are still fighting for survival(survive)．Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1．Not only you but also she have to attend the ceremony.have→has 2．He expressed a desire that the papers would be made public.would→should 3．You will pass your exams if you really apply you to your studies.第三个you→yourself 4．He made fortune in the coal and iron business before he went into politics.made后加a或his 5．I looked out your address and telephone number in the directory.out→up[高考题型练习提能力]Ⅰ.阅读理解AStephen Hawking was a British Scientist，professor and author who made great contributions to physics and cosmology (宇宙学)．His books helped to make science much easier to understand.Here is a brief introduction to his family and early years.As the eldest of Frank and Isobel Hawking's four children, Stephen Hanking was born into a family of thinkers.His Scottish mother earned her way into Oxford University in the 1930s－a time when few women were able to go to college.His father, another Oxford graduate, was a medical researcher.Stephen Hawking's birth came at an inopportune time for his parents, who didn't have much money.And England was dealing with World War Ⅱ.In an effort to look for a safer place，Isobel returned to Oxford to have their first child.The Hawkings would go on to have two other children, Mary(1943) and Philippa(1947)．And their second son, Edward, was adopted(收养)in 1956.In 1950, Hawking's father was sent to Africa and spent the winter months there doing research.He wanted his eldest child to go into medicine, but at an early age, Hawking showed an interest in science and the sky.That was clear to his mother, who, along with her children, often relaxed in the backyard on summer evenings and looked at the stars.“Stephen always had a strong sense of wonder，” she remembered.“And I could see that the stars would draw him.”Hawking was also frequently on the go.With his sister Mary Hawking, who loved to climb, designed different entry routes into the family home.He loved to dance and also took an interest in rowing, becoming a team coxswain (舵手) in college.【语篇解读】斯蒂芬·霍金是著名的科学家、教授和作家，他对物理学和宇宙学做出了巨大贡献。

课时分层作业(六)Ⅰ.单词拼写1．In football teamwork is even more important than i________skill.2．This winter's snowfall in the south was so huge that some roofs c________under the weight of snow.3．In a kingdom, the emperor has the s________power over every one.4．For some time, she________(凝视) at a pair of fur­lined high boots on display.5．The poor woman was buried in________(悲痛) after her son died.6．A dictionary is an________(极为有用的) aid in learning a new language.7．We should make a________(区别) between right and wrong.8．She now has a________over the people she used to take orders from.9．The problem will be discussed at length in________(随后的) chapters.10．Amity(和睦友好) between the two nations will contribute to the p________of the region.【答案】 1.individual 2.collapsed 3.supreme4.gazed 5.grief 6.invaluable 7.distinction8．authority 9.subsequent 10.prosperityⅡ.阅读理解AIn 1971 we were living in Wichita，Kansas—Lincoln was about seven，Brendan was three and Kristen was a baby.Mom was staying with us during the holidays.On Christmas Eve I stayed up very late.I was totally alone with my thoughts，alternating between joy and sorrow，and I got to thinking about my paper route(送报历程)，that tree，what my mother had said to me and how dad had tried to make things better.I heard a noise in the kitchen and discovered that it was mom.She couldn't sleep either and had gotten up to make herself a cup of hot tea which made her feel better.As she waited for the water to boil，she walked into the living room and discovered me there.She saw my open Bible and asked me what I was reading.When I told her，she asked if I would read it to her and I did.When the kettle began to whistle，she went and made her tea.She came back.I toldher how happy I was that she was with us for Christmas and how I wished that dad could have lived to see his grandchildren and to enjoy this time because he always loved Christmas so much.It got very quiet for a moment and then she said，“ Do you remember that time on Twelve Mile Road when you bought that tree with your paper route money？〞“Yes，〞 I said，“ I've just been thinking about it you know.〞She hesitated for a long moment，as though something was bottled up so deeply inside her soul that it might take surgery to get it out.Finally，great tears rolled down her face and she cried，“ Oh, son, please forgive me.That time and that Christmas have been a burden on my heart for twenty­five years.I wish your dad were here so I could tell him how sorry I am for what I said.〞【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。

课时分层作业(二) Section Ⅲ、Ⅳ(建议用时：35分钟)[语言知识练习固基础]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．He is an active participant (participate) in the civil rights movement.2．Not only did he learn English well but also he spoke French very well.3．Do tell me the way you think of to solve (solve) the problem as soon as possible.4．We tried hard，and eventually we were able to get Mike to lend (lend) us his car just for a day.5．With the world changing fast，we have something new to deal (deal) with all by ourselves every day.6．The teacher wondered whether those seated (seat) at the back of the classroom could hear him.7．The teacher couldn't make himself paid (pay) attention to because his teaching manner was unattractive.8．He was seen washing (wash) the car at seven this morning.9．With the boy leading (lead) the way，we had no trouble finding (find) the way leading to Zhongshan Park.10．The factory being built (build) at present is a paper making factory.Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1．Not only his parents but also he like going for a walk after supper.like→likes 2．I'll have my bike repairing tomorrow.repairing→repaired 3．A lot of countries participated the Winter Olympic Games in Changping in 2018.participated后加in 4．It was three weeks after Tom came home.after→before 5．I liked it for the first time I visited the West Lake.去掉for[高考题型练习提能力]Ⅰ.阅读理解An Invisible SmileMr Dawson was an old grouch，and everyone in town knew it.Kids knew not to gointo his yard to pick a delicious apple. Old Dawson，they said，would come after you with his gun.One Friday，12­year­old Janet was going to stay all nightwith her friend Amy. They had to walk by Dawson's house onthe way to Amy's house，but as they got close，Janet sawhim sitting on his front porch and suggested they crossover to the other side of the street.Like most of the children，Janet was scared of the old man.Amy said not to worry. Mr Dawson wouldn't hurt anyone.Still，Janet was growing more nervous with each step closer to the old man's house.When they got close enough，Dawson looked up with his usual frown (皱眉)，but when he saw it was Amy，a broad smile changed his entire face as he said，“Hello Miss Amy.I see you've got a little friend with you today.”Amy smiled back and told him Janet was staying overnight and they were going to listen to music and play games.Mr Dawson said that sounded fun，and offered them each a fresh picked apple off his tree. They gladly accepted.Mr Dawson had the best apples in the whole town.When they left，Janet asked Amy，“Everyone says he's the meanest man in town.How come he was so nice to us？”Amy explained that when she first started walking past his house he wasn't very friendly and she was afraid of him，but she pretended he was wearing an invisible smile and so she always smiled back at him. It took a while，but one day he half­smiled back at her.After some more time，he started smiling real smiles and then started talking to her.Just a “hel lo”at first，then more.She said he always offers her an apple now，and is always very kind.“An invisible smile？”questioned Janet.“Yes，”answered Amy，“my grandma told me that if I pretended I wasn't afraid and pretended he was smiling an invisible smile at me and I smiled back at him，sooner or later he would really smile. Grandma says smiles are contagious．”If we remember what Amy's grandma said，that everyone wears an invisible smile，we too will find that most people can't resist our smile after a while.We're always on the go trying to accomplish so much，aren't we？It's so easy to get caught up in everyday life that we forget how simple it can be to bring cheer to ourselves andothers.Giving a smile away takes so little effort and time，let's make sure that we're not the one that others have to pretend to be wearing an invisible smile.【语篇解读】Dawson通常是很冷淡的，孩子们很害怕他，但是Amy和他的关系很好，这是因为Amy听了奶奶的话，认为他有着看不见的笑容，Amy会向他微笑，慢慢地Dawson真的开始微笑了，他们的关系也越来越好了。

高中英语课时分层作业6UsingLanguage含解析外研版选修60929349课时分层作业(六)[语言知识练习固基础]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．It was considerate(consider) of Jack to turn off the radio when I was sleeping in the bedroom.2．The driver was at a loss when he heard that he was forbidden to drive for speeding.3．Her mother scolded(scold) her for not cleaning up her room this morning.4．Many people agree with the government's prediction(predict) that the economy will improve.5．How can you do it like this? I am really ashamed of what you have done.6．We are in complete agreement with the suggestions mentioned(mention) in your letter.7．Thank you from the bottom of my heart for your generous donation.8．The crops will not be ready for harvesting until there is some sunshine to ripen(ripe) them.9．We give dogs time, space and love we can spare, and in return, dogs give us their all.10．Jerry didn't regret giving/having given(give) the comment but felt he could have expressed it differently.Ⅱ.单句改错1．The car belonged to Mr.Smith was driven away.belonged→belonging2．I can't seem to bring in mind the name of the bookshop where I bought the book.in→to3．We have been on good term with our neighbors for all these years.term→terms 4．Without your help, we can't have finished the work ahead of time.can't→couldn't 5．It was unwise of you to make out such an obvious excuse for your absence from school yesterday.out→up[高考题型练习提能力]Ⅰ.阅读理解AIt's a familiar feeling.Your friend has made the team for Saturday's big game, and you take certain pleasure in telling him you can't be there to watch him play.You smile, but that voice in you asks, why him and not you?Envy is a fault that we like to keep secret.It raises its ugly head when we focus on what we want but don't possess now, or we may even wish for and take pleasure in someone losing it.Feelings of unfairness are part of being human，but when you focus on them, you can never get out of your dark emotions.And that makes you feel bad.So is there a solution? Is there anything you can do to stop the most ungenerous emotions?Well, why not turn envy on its head, and make it the encouragement you need for self­improvement? The best weapon against envy is not to compete where you can't shine，but to do your absolute best where you can.Start by making peace with yourself, and accept the gifts which make you unique.Make an agreement with yourself to be the best you can be.Then find out exactly the circumstances and qualities in others that start your envy.Is it someone's singing voice, their work promotion, or their new car? Envy shows us the things we'd like to have, so make a plan to earn what's important to you.Sign up for a night class.Start a training program.Give up a treat or two, and start saving for what you want.And aim for real pleasure in the achievements and good fortune of others.Cheer on your friend when he scores that goal.Enjoy your best friend's wedding day.Then go out and do something special，and make you wonderfully proud of yourself.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。

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课时分层作业(九)（建议用时：40分钟)Ⅰ。

单词拼写1．A （漫不经心的) newspaper reader wouldn’t like articles on politics every day。

2．Primary school teachers use a lot of (视觉的） aids.3．I benefited much from my (联系） with him.4．He always takes the lead in （响应) to the government’s call。

5．I looked at the map to (使恢复） my memory of the road。

6．He bought the house at considerable (费用）．7．The company has met their export (目标)．8．The event is (值得的) of being remembered.9．He won't let it trouble his （良心)．10．Wet weather is a （特征) of life in this area.【答案】1。

课时分层作业(六)Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．You can rely on him to respond a challenge.2．Up to present，we've had no news about him.3．The two teams competed the championship.4．So many languages can he speak that he should have no problem (travel)around the world.5．You made no mention your plan in your letter.6．You will never know how much your (encourage)meant to me.7．Nowadays，children often prefer watching TV to (read)．8．The sea air has made a (differ)to her health.9．I enjoy doing something more (challenge)．10．I think is worthwhile having such a companion.【答案】 1.to 2.the 3.for 4.traveling 5.of 6.encouragement 7.reading8.difference 9．challenging 10.itⅡ.阅读理解One day I was driving a group of friends to a family seminar(研讨会) in Holmes County，Ohio.The village of Berlin was about an hour from our home.The seminar is usually half a day except on Saturday.In my hurry，I left the house without cash and without food.I comforted myself with the thought that I could go without and it wouldallow me to concentrate more on the rich teaching that I would receive.It was a beautiful day and the drive was pleasant through countryside.I enjoyed conversationwith my friends about the things of the Lord as we drove.When we arrived I found myplace and settled in to enjoy the seminar.The morning passed swiftly and I noticedno hunger.When the noon hour came I went to the van(面包车) to spend some time alonewith the Lord.On the church grounds and in the shade of the tree people began to openlarge picnic baskets.I knew it would be impossible to think about this feast goingon in front of me.I started the van and drove into the village of Berlin.I found the Christian bookstore and spent some time browsing among the books.One of my favorite places onearth is a good bookstore.Standing there I sensed someone behind me.I turned and was shocked to see Lois standing there.She smiled “I couldn't stand the thought of yougoing hungry so I brought you some money.”My heart welled up with love for her inthat moment.We ate lunch and kissed goodbye.I went back to the seminar and she madethe hour­long trip back home.The two things stand out in my mind.First，Lois would know that I was hungry so I would not have to go without food.Second，when she went to the church and saw I was gone she knew exactly where she would find me.【语篇解读】本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。

课时分层作业(五)Ⅰ.单词拼写1．The majority(多数)of Greek words are about science and technology.2．People from all over the world have made great contributions(贡献)to American culture.3．He focused(集中……在……)his attention on his study.4．All athletes want to participate(参加)in the Olympic Games.5．In our school students who love music are encouraged(鼓励)to sing in the hall.6．We consider(考虑)going outing this weekend.7．He insisted(坚持)that he shouldn't be punished because of this mistake.8．There were 14 people killed in the accident，including(包括)2 women and a child.9．One of the aims of the organization is to preserve(保存)culture and natural heritage.10．The poor boy left school since their parents were divorced(离婚).Ⅱ.单句语法填空1．The children's attention was focused on the stage.2．We made a contribution(contribute) to the famine relief fund.3．Thank you for your support and participation(participate).4．A new problem has reared up in production.5．He considers it necessary to study English.6．He insisted that all of us should be(be) there on time by any means.7．Your support is important to our work.Whatever you can do helps.8．The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be entirely free from dust.9．The manager put forward a suggestion that we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.10．I truly believe that beauty comes from within.Ⅲ.阅读理解It brings a whole new meaning to the term “windowshopping〞．Ocado is launching a “virtual (虚拟的)〞 high street shop with pictures of groceries. Customers scan the barcodes (条形码) of products they want to buy using their smartphones—and the goods are delivered to the front door. The new “shopping window〞 is being launched in central London and could be rolled out across the country.Ocado says the novel project could be a taste of the future of shopping as busy commuters (上下班往返的人)are able to order their groceries without being forced to pack and carry home their items.It comes after a similar trial by Tesco carried out in a South Korean subway. The supermarket giants created a virtual store consisting of posters of shelves stocked with goods. After the success of the trial, Tesco is reportedly planning on bringing the virtual supermarket to Britain.The Ocado wall will operate on a trial basis at the One New Change shopping centre until September 1. Customers have to download the Ocado On The Go app before they can buy products from the “window shop〞. If the trial proves successful, Ocado plans to set up new walls in other empty shop units around the UK.Ocado co-founder Jason Gissing said：“We hope this trial is a hit and, based on its success, we'll be looking at options around continuing this ‘virtual window-shopping’ approach in other places.〞Ocado spokesman Ben Lovett add ed: “The shop will be a printed window displa y featuring some of our most popular items. Barcodes underneath will let you scan the items and drop them into your basket on the app. Then you simply book a delivery and get on with your day.〞Ocado has never l aunched a “real〞 store and it is the first time it has had a physical presence on the high street.A spokesman for the online grocer said 15% of Ocado orders are now placed on mobile phones.【语篇解读】英国网络杂货店Ocado在伦敦设立了虚拟的购物窗，顾客只需用手机扫描想要购置的商品的条形码，商品就会被送到购物者的家中。

课时分层作业（六)（建议用时：35分钟)[语言知识练习固基础］Ⅰ。

单句语法填空1．Those who disobey （obey)must be punished by law。

2．The uncertain （certain) weather delayed our journey。

3．He often promised he would soon quit drinking (drink)，but he couldn't control himself when he saw the wine at the party.4．The parents spend so much money on their children that they just want to have their children equipped with good education。

5．College graduates are finding themselves in a situation where too many job seekers are fighting for survival。

6．This great prediction （predict）is coming true.7．Millions of fans admire his athletic ability,motivation （motivate） and confidence.8．There was a car crash yesterday and one driver was killed instantly （instant）．9．Nowadays，to do many things，what you need is to own (own） a smartphone。

10．The words came out in a rush when he looked at the title of the composition.Ⅱ。

课时分层作业(六)(建议用时：40分钟)[语言知识练习固基础]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．To show our respect，we usually have to take our gloves off whoever(who) we are to shake hands with.2．We struggled so much to seek for help，but we never lost hope.3．Sorry，I'm late，for my bike broke down on the half way.4．It seems that he is afraid to tell his parents the failure in the exams.5．Today there is a trend towards less formal clothing.6．Most people are not extremes in either direction but do have a tendency (tend) that they prefer.7．He declined to go (go) to the cinema with me，saying that he was busy going over his lessons.8．With the development of the central and western China，more and more cities have sprung up in what was a wasteland ten years ago.9．The Town Hall completed(complete) in the 1800s was the most distinguished building at that time.10．The number of robberies in the area is on the decline.Ⅱ.完成句子1．随着年龄的增长，我们越来越聪明。