Mid-Term Exercises of Linguistics_____________________________________________________________________ I．Blank Filling1. Linguistics is the scientific systematic study of __________ .2. To many people, a linguist is the same as a ________ , one who can speak several Languages fluently.3. In professional usage, the ______ is a scholar who studies Language objectively, observing it scientifically, recording the facts of Language, and generalizing from them.4. ______ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech; _______ phonetics studies the way the sounds of speech are perceived by the human ear.5. The ancient theories of the origin of Language were of ____origin.6. The theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ___ theory.7. A commonly held view among the classic Greeks was that at some ancient time there was a“___ “ who gave the correct, natural name to everything.8. The theory that Language arose from instinctive emotional cries, expressive of pain or joy has been called the ___ theory.9. The theory that primitive Language was an imitation of natural sound, such as animal cries, has been called the theory .10. The symbols are said to be arbitrary because they do not ___ what they represent.11. Language is called upon not only for communication, but also for ___ and cultural ____.12. Language is an ___ system of articulated sounds made use of by a group of humans as a means of carrying on the affairs of their society.13. The earliest grammar of any Language was ___ grammar by the Hindu scholar Panini.14. The Language of Britain was ___ when the Romans invaded the land in 55 and 54BC.15. The Celtic Language was influenced by ___ during the roman occupation after AD 44.16. The three Teutonic groups established in England by the successive invasions afterAD450 were: ___, ___ and __.17. As a result of the Norman Conquest of 1066, vast quantities of ___ words were added to the English vocabulary.18. The most memorable writing in the Middle English period was ___ by Geoffrey Chaucer.19.As Samuel Johnson’s A Dictionary of the English Language established a uniform standard for ___ and word use, so Bishop Lowth’s and other grammarians’ wo rks standardized English ___.20. When sounds are produced, the air-stream sent out from the lungs passes through the ___ contained in the larynx.21. A sound which is made with the glottis wide open is called a ___ sound.22. Consonant sounds can be either ___ or ___, while all vowel sounds are ___.23. The shape of the ___ and ___ cavities can be changed, and each change producesa different sound.24. The differences between the vowel in the word tea and the vowel in the word two is that the first is made with the lips ___ and the front of the tongue humped, and the second is made with the lips ___ and the back of the tongue humped.25. The sounds /t/, /d/, /p/, and /b/ are made when the ___ in the mouth is suddenly opened and the air allowed to escape in a little puff or explosion.26. The sounds /f/ and /v /are the result of air escaping under friction between the lower ___ and upper ___.27. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the ___ and the lips.28. _________ sounds are produced by retracting the body of the tongue from the neutral position.29. V owels can be described by referring to the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. If the front of the tongue is at the highest point near thehard palate, a ___ vowel is produced. If the back of the tongue is at the highest point near the soft palate, a ___ vowel is produced.30.If, in making a vowel sound, the organs of speech remain in one position without moving to another, the result is a ___ vowel. If the organs of speech start in the position for one vowel and then immed8iately glide to the position of another, the result is a ___.31. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called___.32. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p, and an unreleased p are ___ of the p ___.33. The contrast between k and g enables us to distinguish between words which would otherwise by ___.34. Conventionally a phoneme is put in ___ while an allophone is put in ___ brackets.35. The sounds and the meaning of a word are ___.36. Morphology is the study of word ___ and the internal ___ of words.37. The most elemental grammatical units in a Language are ___.38. Some morphemes are ___ in that they must be joined to other morphemes, and are always parts of word and never words by themselves. Other morphemes are ___ in that they need not be attached to other morphemes.39. Bound morphemes may be subdivided into ___ and ___ morphemes.40. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belongs to “___ class’, while the largest part of noun s, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to “___ class”.41. According TG grammarians, perhaps the most important fact about the sentences of human Languages is that all sentences have both a ___ structure and a ___ structure.II. Short-answer Questions:Explain each of the following linguistic views in no more than 50 words. .ment on the saying “Language is culturally-transmitted”.2.Words can form by compounding, blending ,back-formation, acronym andborrowing,etc.Give two .words for each of them.Mid-Term Exercises of LinguisticsAnswer SheetName_______________________ Student Number ________________ I.Blank filling.II.Short answer questions.12.。
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