语言学导论期中作业1

语言学导论作业答案第一次作业答案Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?D：MeaningfulnessIf a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______.C：descriptiveThe distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.错误Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.正确Modern linguistics regards the written language as _____.C：secondaryA diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.错误Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.错误Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _____ and meanings.B：soundsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.B：True_____ is the study of meaning in language.D:SemanticsThe branch of linguistic study called _____ is concerned with how speakers use the sentences of a language to achieve effective and successful communication.B:pragmaticsWhen language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas, it serves a _____ function.D:phaticBy _____, we mean language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.C:displacementLanguage serves the ________ function when it is used to express the speaker's feeling or attitude or to arouse a certain feeling or attitude in the hearer.C:emotiveForeign language learners' errors may be caused by ________.D:all the above threeWhich one of the following statements does not account for the primacy of speech over writing in linguistic analysis? _______B:Speech is more complex than writing.A ______ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.C:stem_____ studies the changes in language and language use with respect to social factors.A:Sociolinguistics_____ are produced when the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate ant the back of the throat and the air is allowed to pass through it.C:NasalsOf the following sounds, ______ is a rounded vowel.B: [u:]Which of the following statements is FALSE:A : Language is just for communication.There are ______ morphemes in the word "policemen".B:threeThe syllabic structure of the word "children" is ______.A:CVCCVC第二次作业答案Some languages are inferior, or superior, to other languages.正确答案：错误For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction on the part of adults.正确答案：正确Observations of children in different language areas of the world reveal that the developmental stages are similar, possibly universal, whatever the nature of the input.正确答案：正确Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.正确答案：正确A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.正确答案：错误Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.正确答案：错误The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.正确答案：错误Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages.正确答案：错误Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.正确答案：错误The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.正确答案：正确Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words.正确答案：正确Hyponymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.正确答案：错误“Smog” is a word formed by the word-forming process called acronymy.正确答案：错误Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.正确答案：错误Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.正确答案：错误What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.正确答案：正确The Cooperative Principle is advanced by Paul Grice.正确答案：正确The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by Halliday.正确答案：错误Componential analysis is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.正确答案：正确“alive” and “dead” are complementary antonyms.正确答案：正确第三次作业答案1 Morphemes that may constitute words by themselves are ______. Free morphemes or Content morphemes2 Words which consist more than one free morphemes are called _____. transparent words3 Morphemes that can not occur alone are called _________. bound morphemes4 A ____ is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity Root5 ______ affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to. Inflectional6 An ______ is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Affix7 A ____ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added. Stem8 The word "brunch" is formed by way of _____ from "breakfast" and "lunch". Clipping9 ______ is a branch of linguistics which studies teh internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology10 _______ is the study of teh formation of sentences in a language. Syntax11 The _______ relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent. Paradigmatic 12 "Poor John" and "ran away" are the _____ constituents of the sentence "Poor John ran away". Immediate13 The phrase "on the shelf" is an ______ construction. pp （prepositional phrase）14 Michael A. K. Halliday has developed the ______ grammar. TG15 The transformational-generative grammar was proposed by the American linguist Noam ______. Chomsky in 195716 "WTO" is an ______ made up from teh first letters of the name of the organization "World Trade Organization". Acronyms17 ____ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content. Word第四次作业答案The statement "His car is yellow" entails the statement "He has a car". 正确答案：错误All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. 正确答案：正确In first language acquisition, imitation plays ___. A：a minor role B：a significant role C：a basic role D：no role 正确答案：A_____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A：Words B：Morphemes C：Phonemes D：Sentences 正确答案：BBound morphemes are those that ____. A：have to be used independently B：can not be combined with other morphemes C：can stand as words on their own D：have to be combined with other morphemes 正确答案：DThe meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _____. A：lexical B：morphemic C：grammatical D：semantic 正确答案：CA ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A：back B：central C：front D：middle 正确答案：CSense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. 正确答案：错误The sound /f/ is ____. A：voiced palatal affricate B：voiced alveolar stop C：voiceless velar fricative D：voiceless labiodental fricative 正确答案：DSince /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _____. A：in phonemic contrast B：in complementary distribution C：the allophones D：minimal pair 正确答案：A The assimilati on rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ______. A：identical B：same C：exactly alike D：similar 正确答案：D____ is a voiced alveolar stop. A：/z/ B：/d/ C：/k/ D：/b/ 正确答案：BThe sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A：voiceless B：voiced C：vowel D：consonantal 正确答案：AAccording to Grice’s theory, a conversational implicature arises when the cooperative principle and its maxims are _______. A:strictly observed B:secretly and deliberately violated C:blatantly or apparently violated D:Both A and B 正确答案：CTeaching culture in our language classes can _______. A:get the students familiar with cultural differences B:help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will C:emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices D:All of the above. 正确答案：DWhich of the following statements about machine translation is likely to be wrong? _______. A: Machine translation has always been a chief concern in computational linguistics. B:There are areas where machine translation surpasses human translations. C:Sooner orlater, machine translation will replace human translation completely. D:In some areas, human translations surpasses machine translation. 正确答案：CWhich of the following qualities is not the requirement of a good test? _______. A:Objectivity B:Reliability C:Validity D:Both A and C 正确答案：AMany Chinese English learners may, at the beginning stage, produce “mans” and “photoes” as the plural forms of “man” and “photo”. This is most likely the result of _______ in the process of foreign language learning. A:Negative transfer B:Overgeneralization C:Positive transfer D:mother tongue interference 正确答案：BThe relation between the two words “buy” and “sell” can be described as____. A: gradable antonymy B:converse antonymy C:complementary antonymy D:synonymy 正确答案：B_______are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words. A:Roots B:Stems C:Affixes D:Compounds 正确答案：CThe syllabic structure of the word “achieved” is ______. A:VCCVCC B:VCVCC C:VCVVCVCD:VCCVCVC正确答案：BThe Cooperative Principle that language users are believed to follow was initially proposed by_________. A:Grice B: Austin C:Chomsky D:Saussure 正确答案：ALanguage serves the _______ function when it is used to talk about languageitself. A:recreational B:metalingual C:phatic D:performativ e 正确答案：B。

语言学概论期中考试试卷《语言学概论》期中考试试卷学号：姓名：得分：一、名词解释：（10分，每个小题2分）1、语言：2、音位：音位是从社会功能的角度划分出来的语音单位，它是特定语言或方言中具有区别意义作用的最小的语音单位。

3、语法形式：4、聚合关系：就所有的语法成分（小到语素和词，大到词组和句子）之间的关系而言，从线性的不同位置看能不能替换关系，这就是聚合关系。

5、非音质音位：指由音高，音强，音长这些非音质特征构成的音位，他在语音组合的线性序列中不占位置，所以又叫超音段音位，包括调位，重位，时位。

二、填空题：（20分，每空1分）1、＿古代印度＿＿＿＿＿、＿中国＿＿＿＿＿、＿古希腊＿＿＿＿＿具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。

2、一个符号，如果没有＿＿＿＿＿＿，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有＿＿＿＿＿＿，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。

3、语音同其它声音一样，也具有＿音长＿＿＿、音重、＿音强＿＿＿、＿音质＿＿＿四个物理要素。

4、音素可分为元音和辅音两大类，其根本区别在于＿气流是否受阻＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。

5、语法的＿组合规则＿＿＿＿＿和＿聚合规则＿＿＿＿＿构成一种语言的语法规则。

6、从语法结构角度分类，一般把世界上的语言分为黏着语＿＿＿＿、＿屈折语＿＿＿、＿孤立语＿＿＿、＿复综语＿＿＿四种类型，汉语属于＿孤立语＿＿＿。

7、＿相对＿＿＿反义词的意义所概括反映的都是同类现象中的两个对立的方面。

8、词汇的变化主要体现在＿新词的产生＿＿＿＿＿、＿旧词的消亡＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿词义的替换＿＿＿三个方面。

三、判断题：（10分，每小题2分）1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。

（错）2、在现代社会，文字比语言更重要。

（错）3、从本质上看，语言其实是一种符号系统。

（对）4、“天、地、水、人”这些词只有一个音节，都是单义词。

（错）5、语言的发展变化是逐渐发生的，没有突变。

（对）四、单项选择题：（10分，每小题2分）1、汉语拼音方案是以（ C ）字母为基础制订的。

《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)语言学导论练题及答案1. 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学。

它涉及语言的结构、演化、语音、语法、语义、语用等方面的研究。

2. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？- 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知。

- 语法学：研究语言的规则和结构。

- 语义学：研究语言意义的构成和理解。

- 语用学：研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。

- 社会语言学：研究语言与社会的关系。

3. 什么是语言的结构？语言的结构是指语言中各个层次（如语音、词汇、句子等）的组织方式和规则。

4. 语音学研究的是什么？语音学研究语音的产生、传播和感知。

它关注语音的音素、音位、音节以及音系等方面。

5. 语法学研究的是什么？语法学研究语言的规则和结构。

它涉及句子的构成和分析，包括词类、短语、句法关系等。

6. 语义学研究的是什么？语义学研究语言意义的构成和理解。

它关注词汇、句子和篇章层面的语义关系和意义表达。

7. 语用学研究的是什么？语用学研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。

它关注言语行为、话语策略和交际意图等。

8. 社会语言学研究的是什么？社会语言学研究语言与社会的关系。

它探讨语言在不同社会群体中的变化、语言的地位和使用情境等。

9. 语言学在日常生活中的应用有哪些？- 语言教育：帮助人们研究和教授语言。

- 语音技术：开发语音识别和合成等技术。

- 翻译和口译：促进不同语言之间的交流和理解。

- 语言规范：制定语法规则、文字标准等。

- 语义分析：帮助机器理解和处理自然语言。

10. 语言学为理解人类语言能力提供了哪些洞见？语言学研究揭示了语言是人类认知和交流的基本工具，提供了对语言产生、理解、学习和变化的深入认识。

[0181]《语言学导论》第1批作业[单选题]When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas, it serves a _____ function.A:expressiveB:evocativeC:performativeD:phatic参考答案：D[判断题]The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.参考答案：错误[单选题]_____ is the study of meaning in language.A:SyntaxB:Applied linguisticsC:MorphologyD:Semantics参考答案：D[单选题]By _____, we mean language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.A:cultural transmissionB: interchangeabilityC:displacementD:creativity参考答案：C[单选题]Which of the following statements is FALSE:A:Language is just for communication.B:Language is one of many ways in which we experience the world.C: Language is a sign system.D:Language is arbitrary and conventional.参考答案：A[单选题]Of the following sounds, ______ is a rounded vowel.A:[au]B: [u:]C:[ju:]D:[e]参考答案：B[单选题]There are ______ morphemes in the word "policemen".A: twoB:threeC:fourD:five参考答案：B[单选题]The syllabic structure of the word "children" is ______.A:CVCCVCB:CCVCCCVCC:CCVCCVCD:CVVCCVC参考答案：A[单选题]_____ are produced when the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate ant the back of the throat and the air is allowed to pass through it.A:Semi-vowelsB:AffricatesC:NasalsD:Glides参考答案：C[单选题]_____ studies the changes in language and language use with respect to social factors.A:SociolinguisticsB:Comparative linguisticsC:SyntaxD:Computational linguistics参考答案：A[单选题]A ______ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.A:rootB:free morphemeC:stemD:suffix参考答案：C[单选题]Which one of the following statements does not account for the primacy of speech over writing in linguistic analysis? _______A:Speech existed long before writing systems came into being.B:Speech is more complex than writing.C:Genetically children learn to speak before learning to write.D: Written forms just represent in this way or that the speech sounds.参考答案：B[单选题]Foreign language learners' errors may be caused by ________.A:borrowing patterns from the mother tongueB:extending patterns form the target language, e.g. by analogyC:expressing meanings using the words and grammar which are already knownD:all the above three参考答案：D[单选题]Language serves the ________ function when it is used to express the speaker's feeling or attitude or to arouse a certain feeling or attitude in the hearer.A: phaticB:informativeC:emotiveD:directive参考答案：C[单选题]Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.A：FalseB：True参考答案：B[判断题]Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.参考答案：错误[单选题]If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______.A：prescriptiveB：analyticC：descriptiveD：linguistic参考答案：C[单选题]Modern linguistics regards the written language as _____.A：primaryB：betterC：secondaryD：unchangeable参考答案：C[单选题]Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _____ and meanings.A：senseB：soundsC：objectsD：ideas参考答案：B[单选题]Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A：ArbitrarinessB：DisplacementC：DualityD：Meaningfulness参考答案：D[判断题]A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.参考答案：错误[判断题]Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.参考答案：正确[单选题]The branch of linguistic study called _____ is concerned with how speakers use the sentences of a language to achieve effective and successful communication.A:sociolinguisticsB:pragmaticsC:syntaxD:computational linguistics参考答案：B第2批作业[判断题]A person's social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.参考答案：错误[判断题]Componential analysis is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.参考答案：正确[判断题]The standard language is a better language than nonstandard languages.参考答案：错误[判断题]Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words.参考答案：正确[判断题]Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.参考答案：错误[判断题]The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by Halliday.参考答案：错误[判断题]Bilingualism and diglossia mean the same thing.参考答案：错误[判断题]Hyponymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.参考答案：错误[判断题]What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.参考答案：正确[判断题]“alive” and “dead” are complementary antonyms.参考答案：正确[判断题]Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.参考答案：正确[判断题]Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.参考答案：错误[判断题]Some languages are inferior, or superior, to other languages.参考答案：错误[判断题]For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction on the part of adults.参考答案：正确[判断题]Observations of children in different language areas of the world reveal that the developmental stages are similar, possibly universal, whatever the nature of the input.参考答案：正确[判断题]Pidgins are linguistically inferior to standard languages.参考答案：错误[判断题]The kind of name or term speakers use to call or refer to someone may indicate something of their social relationship to or personal feelings about that individual.参考答案：正确[判断题]“Smog” is a word formed by the word-forming process called acronymy.参考答案：错误[判断题]The Cooperative Principle is advanced by Paul Grice.参考答案：正确[判断题]Two speakers of the same language or dialect use their language or dialect in the same way.参考答案：错误第3批作业[填空题]The _______ relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.参考答案：paradigmatic[填空题]"Poor John" and "ran away" are the _____ constituents of the sentence "Poor John ran away".参考答案：immediate[填空题]Michael A. K. Halliday has developed the ______ grammar.参考答案：systemic-functional[填空题]The transformational-generative grammar was proposed by the American linguist Noam ______.参考答案：Chomsky[填空题]The word "brunch" is formed by way of _____ from "breakfast" and "lunch".参考答案：blending[填空题]_______ is the study of teh formation of sentences in a language.参考答案：Syntax[填空题]____ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content.参考答案：Morpheme[填空题]A ____ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an affix can be added.参考答案：stem[填空题]Morphemes that may constitute words by themselves are ______.参考答案：free morphemes[填空题]A ____ is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity.参考答案：root[填空题]______ affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to.参考答案：Inflectional[填空题]"WTO" is an ______ made up from teh first letters of the name of the organization "World Trade Organization".参考答案：acronym第4批作业[判断题]All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.参考答案：正确[单选题]In first language acquisition, imitation plays ___.A：a minor roleB：a significant roleC：a basic roleD： no role参考答案：A[单选题]The syllabic structure of the word "ac hieved” is ______.A:VCCVCCB:VCVCCC:VCVVCVCD:VCCVCVC参考答案：B[单选题]_______are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A:RootsB:StemsC:AffixesD:Compounds参考答案：C[单选题]The relation between the two words "buy” and "sell” can be described as____.A: gradable antonymyB:converse antonymyC:complementary antonymyD:synonymy参考答案：B[单选题]Many Chinese English learners may, at the beginning stage, produce "mans” and "photoes” as the plural forms of "man” and "photo”. This i s most likely the result of _______ in the process of foreign language learning.A:Negative transferB:OvergeneralizationC:Positive transferD:mother tongue interference参考答案：B[单选题]Which of the following qualities is not the requirement of a good test? _______.A:ObjectivityB:ReliabilityC:ValidityD:Both A and C参考答案：A[单选题]Which of the following statements about machine translation is likely to be wrong?_______.A: Machine translation has always been a chief concern in computational linguistics.B:There are areas where machine translation surpasses human translations.C:Sooner or later, machine translation will replace human translation completely.D:In some areas, human translations surpasses machine translation.参考答案：C[单选题]Teaching culture in our language classes can _______.A:get the students familiar with cultural differencesB:help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture willC:emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practicesD:All of the above.参考答案：D[单选题]According to Grice's theory, a conversational implicature arises when the cooperative principle and its maxims are _______.A:strictly observedB:secretly and deliberately violatedC:blatantly or apparently violatedD:Both A and B参考答案：C[单选题]The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A：voicelessB：voicedC：vowelD：consonantal参考答案：A[单选题]Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _____.A：in phonemic contrastB：in complementary distributionC：the allophonesD：minimal pair参考答案：A[单选题]The sound /f/ is ____.A：voiced palatal affricateB：voiced alveolar stopC：voiceless velar fricativeD：voiceless labiodental fricative参考答案：D[单选题]The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _____.A：lexicalB：morphemicC：grammaticalD：semantic参考答案：C[单选题]____ is a voiced alveolar stop.A：/z/B：/d/C：/k/D：/b/参考答案：B[单选题]The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ______.A：identicalB：sameC：exactly alikeD：similar参考答案：D[单选题]A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A：backB：centralC：frontD：middle参考答案：C[单选题]_____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A：WordsB：MorphemesC：PhonemesD：Sentences参考答案：B[单选题]Bound morphemes are those that ____.A： have to be used independentlyB：can not be combined with other morphemesC：can stand as words on their ownD： have to be combined with other morphemes参考答案：D[判断题]The statement "His car is yellow" entails the statement "He has a car".参考答案：错误[判断题]Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.参考答案：错误[单选题]Language serves the _______ function when it is used to talk about language itself.A:recreationalB:metalingualC:phaticD:performative参考答案：B[单选题]The Cooperative Principle that language users are believed to follow was initially proposed by_________.A:GriceB: AustinC:ChomskyD:Saussure参考答案：A。

语言导论试题及答案解析一、选择题1. 语言的基本功能是什么？A. 交流思想B. 表达情感C. 记录历史D. 以上都是答案：D2. 下列哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 创造性C. 稳定性D. 可变性答案：C3. 语言学研究的主要对象是什么？A. 语言结构B. 语言使用C. 语言发展D. 所有以上答案：D二、填空题4. 语言的最小意义单位是________。

答案：语素5. 语言的音位系统是由________构成的。

答案：音位6. 语言的语法规则包括词法规则和________。

答案：句法规则三、简答题7. 请简述语言的任意性特征。

答案：语言的任意性是指语言符号与其所代表的对象之间没有必然的、自然的联系，而是一种社会约定俗成的关系。

8. 什么是语境对语言理解的影响？答案：语境是指语言交流发生的社会环境和上下文环境。

语境对语言理解的影响体现在它能够提供额外的信息，帮助听者或读者更准确地理解说话者的意图和话语的含义。

四、论述题9. 论述语言与文化的关系。

答案：语言与文化是相互依存、相互影响的。

一方面，语言是文化的载体，通过语言可以传承和表达文化；另一方面，文化也影响语言的发展和使用，不同的文化背景会产生不同的语言习惯和表达方式。

10. 请分析现代科技对语言发展的影响。

答案：现代科技对语言发展有着深远的影响。

首先，科技的发展促进了语言的传播和交流，如互联网使得语言信息传播速度加快，范围扩大。

其次，科技改变了语言的使用方式，例如语音识别和机器翻译技术的发展，使得语言处理更加高效。

最后，科技还催生了新的语言形式和表达方式，如网络语言和数字媒体语言的出现。

五、案例分析题11. 阅读以下对话，分析其中的语言现象。

- A: “你今天看起来很高兴。

”- B: “是的，我通过了驾照考试。

”答案：这段对话中体现了几个语言现象。

首先是礼貌原则，A通过赞美B来开启对话；其次是话题转换，B通过回答A的问题并提供额外信息来转换话题；最后是语境的利用，B的回答提供了他高兴的原因，这有助于A更好地理解B的情绪状态。

英语语言学导论练习题英语语言学导论是一门研究英语语言结构、发展和使用的学科。

以下是一些练习题，旨在帮助学生更好地理解英语语言学的基本概念和理论。

练习题一：语音学1. 描述英语中的元音和辅音的区别。

2. 列举至少五种英语中的双元音，并说明它们的发音特点。

3. 解释“音位”和“音素”的区别，并给出例子。

练习题二：形态学1. 定义“形态学”并解释其在语言学中的重要性。

2. 举例说明英语中的派生词和复合词。

3. 描述英语中的不规则动词变化，并给出几个例子。

练习题三：句法学1. 简述句法研究的主要内容。

2. 用树状图表示一个简单英语句子的结构。

3. 解释“主语”、“谓语”和“宾语”在句子中的作用。

练习题四：语义学1. 定义“语义学”并解释其研究范围。

2. 描述“同义”和“反义”的概念，并给出英语例子。

3. 解释“语境”如何影响语言的意义。

练习题五：语用学1. 什么是语用学？它与语义学有何不同？2. 描述“指示语”、“礼貌原则”和“合作原则”在交际中的作用。

3. 举例说明如何在不同的社交场合中使用不同的语言风格。

练习题六：社会语言学1. 解释社会语言学研究的主要内容。

2. 讨论语言变异与社会身份之间的关系。

3. 描述双语现象及其对语言使用者的影响。

练习题七：心理语言学1. 心理语言学是如何研究语言的？2. 描述“语言习得”的过程及其理论。

3. 讨论“母语”和“第二语言”学习之间的差异。

练习题八：历史语言学1. 定义“历史语言学”并解释其研究目的。

2. 描述英语的发展历史和主要变化。

3. 讨论语言接触和借用对语言发展的影响。

完成这些练习题将有助于加深对英语语言学各个方面的理解，并提高分析和应用语言学理论的能力。

希望这些练习题能对你的学习有所帮助。

Mid-Term Exercises of Linguistics_____________________________________________________________________ I．Blank Filling1. Linguistics is the scientific systematic study of __________ .2. To many people, a linguist is the same as a ________ , one who can speak several Languages fluently.3. In professional usage, the ______ is a scholar who studies Language objectively, observing it scientifically, recording the facts of Language, and generalizing from them.4. ______ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech; _______ phonetics studies the way the sounds of speech are perceived by the human ear.5. The ancient theories of the origin of Language were of ____origin.6. The theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ___ theory.7. A commonly held view among the classic Greeks was that at some ancient time there was a“___ “ who gave the correct, natural name to everything.8. The theory that Language arose from instinctive emotional cries, expressive of pain or joy has been called the ___ theory.9. The theory that primitive Language was an imitation of natural sound, such as animal cries, has been called the theory .10. The symbols are said to be arbitrary because they do not ___ what they represent.11. Language is called upon not only for communication, but also for ___ and cultural ____.12. Language is an ___ system of articulated sounds made use of by a group of humans as a means of carrying on the affairs of their society.13. The earliest grammar of any Language was ___ grammar by the Hindu scholar Panini.14. The Language of Britain was ___ when the Romans invaded the land in 55 and 54BC.15. The Celtic Language was influenced by ___ during the roman occupation after AD 44.16. The three Teutonic groups established in England by the successive invasions afterAD450 were: ___, ___ and __.17. As a result of the Norman Conquest of 1066, vast quantities of ___ words were added to the English vocabulary.18. The most memorable writing in the Middle English period was ___ by Geoffrey Chaucer.19.As Samuel Johnson’s A Dictionary of the English Language established a uniform standard for ___ and word use, so Bishop Lowth’s and other grammarians’ wo rks standardized English ___.20. When sounds are produced, the air-stream sent out from the lungs passes through the ___ contained in the larynx.21. A sound which is made with the glottis wide open is called a ___ sound.22. Consonant sounds can be either ___ or ___, while all vowel sounds are ___.23. The shape of the ___ and ___ cavities can be changed, and each change producesa different sound.24. The differences between the vowel in the word tea and the vowel in the word two is that the first is made with the lips ___ and the front of the tongue humped, and the second is made with the lips ___ and the back of the tongue humped.25. The sounds /t/, /d/, /p/, and /b/ are made when the ___ in the mouth is suddenly opened and the air allowed to escape in a little puff or explosion.26. The sounds /f/ and /v /are the result of air escaping under friction between the lower ___ and upper ___.27. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the ___ and the lips.28. _________ sounds are produced by retracting the body of the tongue from the neutral position.29. V owels can be described by referring to the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. If the front of the tongue is at the highest point near thehard palate, a ___ vowel is produced. If the back of the tongue is at the highest point near the soft palate, a ___ vowel is produced.30.If, in making a vowel sound, the organs of speech remain in one position without moving to another, the result is a ___ vowel. If the organs of speech start in the position for one vowel and then immed8iately glide to the position of another, the result is a ___.31. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called___.32. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p, and an unreleased p are ___ of the p ___.33. The contrast between k and g enables us to distinguish between words which would otherwise by ___.34. Conventionally a phoneme is put in ___ while an allophone is put in ___ brackets.35. The sounds and the meaning of a word are ___.36. Morphology is the study of word ___ and the internal ___ of words.37. The most elemental grammatical units in a Language are ___.38. Some morphemes are ___ in that they must be joined to other morphemes, and are always parts of word and never words by themselves. Other morphemes are ___ in that they need not be attached to other morphemes.39. Bound morphemes may be subdivided into ___ and ___ morphemes.40. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belongs to “___ class’, while the largest part of noun s, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to “___ class”.41. According TG grammarians, perhaps the most important fact about the sentences of human Languages is that all sentences have both a ___ structure and a ___ structure.II. Short-answer Questions:Explain each of the following linguistic views in no more than 50 words. .ment on the saying “Language is culturally-transmitted”.2.Words can form by compounding, blending ,back-formation, acronym andborrowing,etc.Give two .words for each of them.Mid-Term Exercises of LinguisticsAnswer SheetName_______________________ Student Number ________________ I.Blank filling.II.Short answer questions.12.。

语言学期中考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪个选项是“语言”的正确定义？A. 一种交流的工具B. 一种数学符号C. 一种艺术形式D. 一种物理现象答案：A2. 语言的起源可以追溯到：A. 古代文明B. 史前时期C. 现代科学D. 宗教信仰答案：B3. 语言的语法规则包括：A. 词法和句法B. 词法和音位学C. 句法和音位学D. 词法和语义学答案：A4. 在语言学中，“语用学”研究的是：A. 语言的物理属性B. 语言的社会功能C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的内在结构答案：B5. “语言习得”通常指的是：A. 学习第二语言B. 学习母语C. 学习计算机语言D. 学习任何语言答案：D6. 以下哪个选项是“方言”的正确定义？A. 一种语言的书面形式B. 一种语言的口头形式C. 一种语言的变体D. 一种语言的方言答案：C7. 语言的“词汇”包括：A. 单词和短语B. 单词和句子C. 短语和句子D. 单词和音节答案：A8. 语言的“音位学”研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的书写C. 语言的语法D. 语言的意义答案：A9. “双语者”是指：A. 同时使用两种语言的人B. 学习两种语言的人C. 只使用一种语言的人D. 无法使用任何语言的人答案：A10. 语言的“语义学”研究的是：A. 语言的发音B. 语言的意义C. 语言的语法D. 语言的使用答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言是一种________的工具。

答案：交流2. 语言的起源可以追溯到________时期。

答案：史前3. 语言的语法规则包括词法和________。

答案：句法4. 在语言学中，“语用学”研究的是语言的________功能。

答案：社会5. “语言习得”通常指的是学习________。

答案：任何语言6. “方言”是指一种语言的________。

答案：变体7. 语言的“词汇”包括单词和________。

答案：短语8. 语言的“音位学”研究的是语言的________。

西南大学《语言学导论》网上作业题及答案（0181）《语言学导论》网上作业题及答案 1：第一批作业2：第二批作业3：第三批作业4：第四批作业5：第五批作业6：第六批作业 1：[单选题]Which of the following sounds is an unvoiceddental fricative? _______A: [s]B:[ts]C:[w]D:[t]参考答案：A正确2：[单选题]Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _____ and meanings.A：senseB：soundsC：objectsD：ideas参考答案：B正确3：[单选题]Modern linguistics regards the written language as _____.A：primaryB：betterC：secondaryD：unchangeable参考答案：C正确4：[单选题]Which of the following is not a design feature of human languageA：ArbitrarinessB：DisplacementC：DualityD：Meaningfulness参考答案：D正确5：[单选题]If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______.A：prescriptiveB：analyticC：descriptiveD：linguistic参考答案：C正确6：[判断题]The distinction between competence and performance wasproposed by F. de Saussure.参考答案：错误正确7：[判断题]Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.参考答案：正确正确8：[判断题]A diachronic study of language is the description of languageat some point in time.参考答案：错误正确9：[判断题]Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.参考答案：正确正确10：[判断题]Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimesdescriptive.参考答案：错误正确11：[单选题]Linguistics studies particular language, not languages ingeneral.A：FalseB：True参考答案：A正确12：[单选题]Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study oflanguage.A：FalseB：True13：[单选题]_____ is the study of meaning in language.A:SyntaxB:Applied linguisticsC:MorphologyD:Semantics参考答案：D正确14：[单选题]The branch of linguistic study called _____ is concerned with how speakers use the sentences of a language to achieve effective andsuccessful communication.A:sociolinguisticsB:pragmaticsC:syntaxD:computational linguistics15：[单选题]When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information orideas, it serves a _____ function.A:expressiveB:evocativeC:performativeD:phatic参考答案：D正确16：[单选题]By _____, we mean language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.A:cultural transmissionB: interchangeabilityC:displacementD:creativity参考答案：C正确17：[单选题]Language serves the ________ function when it is used to express the speaker's feeling or attitude or to arouse a certain feelingor attitude in the hearer.A: phaticB:informativeC:emotiveD:directive参考答案：C正确18：[单选题]Foreign language learners' errors may be caused by ________.A:borrowing patterns from the mother tongue B:extending patterns form the target language, e.g. by analogy C:expressing meanings using the words and grammar which are already knownD:all the above three参考答案：D正确19：[单选题]Which one of the following statements does not account for the primacy of speech over writing in linguistic analysis? _______ A:Speech existed long before writing systems came into being.B:Speech is more complex than writing.C:Genetically children learn to speak before learning to write.D: Written forms just represent in this way or that the speech sounds.参考答案：B正确20：[单选题]A ______ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to whichan affix can be added.A:rootB:free morphemeC:stemD:suffix参考答案：C正确21：[单选题]_____ studies the changes in language and language use withrespect to social factors.A:SociolinguisticsB:Comparative linguisticsC:SyntaxD:Computational linguistics参考答案：A正确22：[单选题]_____ are produced when the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate ant the back of the throat and the air is allowed to passthrough it.A:Semi-vowelsB:AffricatesC:NasalsD:Glides参考答案：C正确23：[单选题]The syllabic structure of the word "children" is ______.A:CVCCVCB:CCVCCCVCC:CCVCCVCD:CVVCCVC参考答案：A正确24：[单选题]There are ______ morphemes in the word "policemen".A: twoB:threeC:fourD:five参考答案：B正确25：[单选题]Of the following sounds, ______ is a rounded vowel.A:[au]B: [u:]C:[ju:]D:[e]参考答案：B正确26：[单选题]Which of the following statements is FALS。

语言学概论习题导论一、填空：1.语言学是研究语言的科学，（语言）是语言学的研究对象。

语言学的基本任务是研究（语言）的规律，使人们懂得关于（语言）的理性知识。

2.（中国）（印度）（希腊-罗马）是语言学的三大发源地。

3.我国传统语文学包括（文字）（音韵）（训诂）等三门分支学科，合称“小学”。

4.在19世纪逐步发展和完善起来的（历史比较语言学）不但宣告语言学的真正独立，而且为普通语言学的研究奠定了基础。

5.普通语言学的奠基人物是（索绪尔）和洪堡特。

前者所著的（《普通语言学教程》）在语言学发展史上起到了划时代的作用。

6.结构主义语言学派可以分为三派，分别是（布拉格学派）（哥本哈根学派）（美国学派）。

7.运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为（编码）（发送）（传递）（接收）（解码）五个阶段。

二、名词解释：1.语言学：语言学就是专门以语言为研究对象的一门独立的科学。

语言学的任务就是研究语言的性质、功能、结构及其运用等问题，揭示语言存在和发展的规律，使人们理解并掌握语言的理性知识。

2.语文学:又叫传统语言学，指19世纪历史比较语言学产生之前的语言研究，这时的语言研究尚未独立，语言学作为其他学科的附庸而存在，语言研究的主要目的是为了阅读古籍和语言教学，从而为统治者治理国家或为其他学科的研究服务。

3小学:中国传统的语文学，包括分析字形的文字学、研究字音的音韵学、解释字义的训诂学，围绕阐释和解读先秦典籍来展开研究，因此又被人们称为经学的附庸。

4.普通语言学:是对人类语言从理论方面进行研究的一门学科，它探索各种语言所共有的规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同特点。

5.应用语言学:广义:泛指语言学理论的各种实际应用，包括语言文字教学、词典编撰、文字制定、文学作品的翻译和语言分析、病理语言学、人工智能、机器翻译等的新语言学科。

狭义:专指把语言理论应用于语言教学，(包括本族语教学和外语教学)。

6.理论语言学:普通语言学的一个部分，与应用语言学相对，主要以语言系统的描写、语言运用机制、语言能力以及语言发展的历史为研究对象，是综合各种语言的基本研究的成果，归纳成语言的一般规律的语言学科。