12 Tense and Aspect (II)

Chapter Four From Word to TextI. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.of the following term does NOT mean the same as the relation of substitutabilityA. Associative relationB. Paradigmatic relationC. Vertical relationD. Horizontal relation2. Clauses can be used as subordinate constituents and the three basic types of subordinate clauses are complement clauses, adjuncts clauses and _______.A. relative clausesB. adverbial clausesC. coordinate clausesD. subordinate clauses3. Names of the syntactic functions are expressed in all the following terms EXCEPT ______.A. subjects and objectsB. objects and predicatorsC. modifiers and complementsD. endocentric and exocentric4. In English, case is a special form of the noun which frequently corresponds to a combination of perception and noun and it is realized in all the following channels EXCEPT _______.A. inflectionB. following a prepositionC. word orderD. vertical relation5. In English, theme and rheme are often expressed by _____ and ____.A. subject; objectB. subject; predicateC. predicate; objectD. object; predicate6. Phrase structure rules have _____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7. Which of the following is NOT among the three basic ways to classify languages in the worldA. Word orderB. Genetic classificationC. Areal classificationD. Social classification8. The head of the phrase the city Rome is ______.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9. The phrase on the shelf belongs to ______ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate10. The sentence They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves is a _____ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complexII. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.1.The relation of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations,partly to paradigmatic relations.2.One property coordination reveals is that there is a limit on the numberof coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction.3.According to Standard Theory of Chomsky, deep structure contain allthe information necessary for the semantic interpretation of sentences.4.In English, the object is recognized by tracing its relation to wordorder and by inflections of pronouns.5.Classes and functions determine each other, but not in any one-to-onerelation.ually noun phrases, verb phrases and adverbial phrases belong toendocentric types of constriction.7.In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct objectusually follows the verb.8.In the exocentric construction John kicked the ball, neitherconstituent stands for the verb-object sequence.9.A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.10.In a coordinate sentence, two (or more) S constituents occur asdaughters and co-heads of a higher S.III. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given.1.The subordinate constituents are words which modify the Heads andconsequently, they can be called m____________.2.John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman). The partin the bracket is a c_________ clause.3.In order to account for the case of the subject in passive voice, wehave another two terms, p____________ and n__________.4.There is a tendency to make a distinction between phrase and w_______,which is an extension of word of a particular class by way of modification with its main features of the class unchanged.5.Recursiveness, together with o_______, is generally regarded as thecore of creativity of language.6.Traditionally, p_________ is seen as part of a structural hierarchy,positioned between clause and word.7.The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identitythe s______ relationship between words in a sentence.8.Clause can be classifies into FINITE and NON-FINITE clauses, the latterincluding the traditional infinitive phrase, p__________, and gerundial phrase.9.Gender displays such contrasts as masculine: feminine: n_______.10.English gender contrast can only be observed in g__________ and a smallnumber of l__________ and they are mainly of the natural gender type. IV. Explain the following concepts or theories.1.Syntax2.IC analysis3.Relation of co-occurrence4.Category5.RecursivenessV. Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.VI. Answer the following question.1.What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction2.What are the basic functional terms in syntaxVII. Essay question.1.Explain an comment on the following sentence a and b.a.John is easy to please.b.John is eager to please.ment on the statement, “Linguistic structure is hiearchical”I. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.1.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but they arecapable of yielding an infinite number of sentences.2.Although, a single word can also be uttered as a sentence, normallya sentence consists of at least a subject, its predicate and an object.\3.The sentences are linearly structured, so they are composed of sequenceof words arranged in a simple linear order.4. his upon an idea.idea hit upon John.In the above sentences, the subject and object constituent by the sentences switch their position. Although sentence b is absurd, it is still grammatical, because John and an idea are of the same phrasal category.5.Though they are of a small number, the combinational rules are powerfulenough to yield all the possible sentences and rule out the impossible ones.6.In a sentence like Mary likes flowers, both Mary and flowers are notonly Nouns, but also Noun Phrases.7.The recursive property can basically be discussed in a category-basedgrammar, but not in a word-based grammar.8.An XP must contain an X which is called the phrasal head.9.In the phrase this very tall girl, tall girl is an obligatory elementand the head of the phrase.10.a. The man beat the child. b. The child was beaten by the man.In the above sentences, the movement of the child from its original place to a new place is a WH- movement.11.Tense and aspect, the two important categories of the verb, nowadaysare viewed as separate notions in grammar.12.The structuralists regard linguistic units as isolated bits in astructure (or system).13.IC analysis can help us to see the internal structure of a sentenceclearly and it can also distinguish the ambiguity of a sentence. 14.Structural linguists hold that a sentence does only have a linearstructure, but it has a hierarchical structure, made up of layers of word groups.15.In Saussure’s view, the linguist cannot attempt to explain individualsigns in a piecemeal fashion. Instead he must try to find the value of a sign from its relation to others, or rather, its position in the system.16.The theme-rheme order is the usual one in unemotional narration, whichis a subjective order.17.What is new in Halliday is that he has tried to relate the functionsof language to its structure.18.Sentence is a basic unit of structure in functional grammar.19.The interpersonal function of language refers to the idea held byHalliday that language serves ot establish and maintain social relations.20.Finite is a function in the clause as a representation, both therepresentation of outer experience and inner experience.21.The relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations,partly to paradigmatic relations.22.According to Chomsky, grammar is a mechanism that should be able togenerate all and only the grammatical sentences of a language.23.In English, the subject of a sentence is said to be the doer of anaction, while the object is the person or thing acted upon by the doer.Therefore, the subject is always an agent and the patient is always the object.24.In English, the object is recognized by tracing its relation to wordorder and by inflections of pronouns.25.Classes and functions determine each other, but not in any one-to-onerelation.26.The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, and there area limited number of sentences which can be produced.27.Structuralism views language as both linearly and hierarchicallystructured.28.Phrase structure rules provide explanations on how syntacticcategories are formed and sentences generated.29.UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specificgift which exists in the mind of a normal human being.30.Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb, and theywere separated in traditional grammar.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s).1.As is required by the ______, a noun phrase must have case and caseis assigned by verb, or preposition to the _________ position or by auxiliary to the ________ position.2.Adjacency condition states that a case _________ and a case _______should stay adjacent to each other.3.The general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of anyconstituent movement is called __________.4.The phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generatesentences at the level of _________.5.The application of syntactic movement rules transforms a sentence fromthe level of ________ to that of ______.6.In English there are two major types of movement, one involving themovement of an NP is called __________ movement and the other a WH-word is called _________movement.7.a. The boy ate the apple.c.The apple was eaten by the boy.In Sentence b, the boy and the apple are moved from their original positions in Sentence a to new positions, with the boy _________ to the right and the man ________ to the left.8.In the sentence the man was bitten by a dog, the man is both the _______subject and the ___________ object.9.The decision on where to make the cuts in IC analysis relies on ________:whether a sequence of words can be substituted for a single word and the structure remains the same.10.IC Analysis is different from the traditional parsing in that ICemphasizes the function of the _________ level-word group, seeing a hierarchical structure of the sentence as well.11.The subordinate constituents are words which modify the head andconsequently, they can be called __________.12.John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman).The part in the bracket is a __________ clause.13.In order to account for the case of the subject in passive voice, wehave another two terms, ________ and _________.14.English gender contrast can only be observed in ________ and a smallnumber of _______ and they are mainly of the natural gender type. 15.There is tendency to make a distinction between phrase and ________,which is an extension of word of a particular class by way of modification with its main features of the class unchanged.16.Recursiveness, together with _________, is generally regarded as thecore of creativity of language.17.Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicatewhich contains a ________ verb or a verb phrase.18.The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structureof a sentence is ________.19.The starting point of an utterance which is known in the givensituation and from which the speaker proceeds is named ________. 20.___________ structure can become the sole responsible structure forsemantic interpretation by the introduction of the trace theory. III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.sentence John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history is a _______ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. complexD. relational2. In the sentence Mary told Jane that John liked linguistics theintroductory word that is called _______.A. coordinating conjunctionB. conjunctionC. subordinatorD. embedded word3. The student The above segmentation truthfully reveals the _______ nature of sentence structure.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. horizontalD. parallel4. The sentence The tall man and women left can be illustrated by tree diagram _____.A.(1)B.(2)C. both (1) and (2)D. neitherA. satB. broughtC. pushedD. nonegiven above is NOT trueA.In both sentence a and sentence b, John is the logical subject.B.In structural concept, John is the structural subject of a sentence.C.It in sentence b is the structural subject of the matrix clause.D.John is the structural subject in both a and b.conclusion that a set of principles or rules govern language use is based on the observation that _________.make acceptability judgment about sentences they have never heard before.is a habit-structure.accounts for language acquisition.information must form part of syntactic movement.symbol N indicates a/an ________.category categorycategory D. lexical insertion rulethe following combination possibilities, ______ can NOT be generated from the following rule: NP→(Det)(Adj)N(PP)(S).A. NP→N →Det Adj S →Det N →Det Adj N PPS.advantage of X-bar syntax over phrase structure syntax is that X-bar.a ploliferation of redundant intermediate categories.us to identify indefinitely long embedded sentences.C. allows as to postulate categories other than lexical and phrasal.D. forces us to conclude that the ambiguity of phrases like the EnglishKing is lexical rather than structural.11. Which set of rules generates the following tree structuresA. S→NP→ N PP NP→ NP NP PPVP→ V NP VP→ V NP PPPP →P NP PP →P NPNP→ N NP →NVP VP D, S NP VPNP→ (NP/PP) NP →NP (NP /PP)VP →V NP VP →V NPPP →P NP PP →P NPNP→ N NP →Nseems they are quite fit for the job.b. They seem quite fit for the job.Sentence b is a result of ______ movement.. D. None13. The head of the phrase underneath the open window is _______.following statements are in accordance with Hallliday’s opinion on language EXCEPT _______.use of language involves a network of systems of choices.B. Language is never used as a mere mirror of reflected thought.is a system of abstract forms and signs.functions as a piece of human behavior.is more concerned with ____ relations in his approach to syntax.is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in Certain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category.C. BindingD. Co-command17. Clauses can be used as subordinate constituents and the three basictypes of subordinate clauses are complement clauses, adjunct clauses and _____.clauses clausesclauses clausesof the syntactic functions are expressed in all the following terms EXCEPT_____.and objects and predicatorsand complements D. endocentric and exocentricEnglish, case is a special form of the noun which frequently corresponds to a combination of preposition and noun and it is realized in all the following channels EXCEPT ______.a preposition order relation20. Clauses can be classified into finite and non-finite clauses, _____ including the traditional infinitive phrases, participial phrase and gerundial phrase.A. the formerB. the latter D. neitheris the _______ on case assignment that states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.A. Case Condition ConditionCondition Parameter.analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phrase…d. sentenceof the following italic parts is NOT an idiomA. How to you doB. How did you doC. He went to it hammer and tongs.D. They kept tabs on the Russian spy.we say that we can change the second word in the sentence she is singing in the room with another word or phrase, we are talking about ______.A. governmentB. linear relationsC. syntactic relationsD. paradigmatic relationsthe phrase structure rule S→NP VP, the arrow can be read as ______.A. hasB. generatesC. consists ofD. is equal toIV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.1.The following two sentences are ambiguous. Show the two readings ofeach by drawing its respective tree diagrams.(1)The ball man and woman left(2) Visiting professor can be interestinge an example to show what a tree diagram is (as it is used inTransformational-Generative Grammar).e an example to show what IC analysis is.4.What are the three general functions of language according to Halliday5.What distinguishes the structural approach to syntax from thetraditional one6.Some grammar books say there are three basic tenses in English-thepresent, the past and the future; others say there are only two basic tenses –the present and the past. Explain what tense is and whether it is justifiable to say there is a future tense in English.。

注意：tree diagram 是连续的线构成。

本笔记里有断裂是因为电脑图形无法画出连续的线，请大家自己将线连好。

也就是说，树形图必须都是连续的线。

Label是标在node旁边的。

Chapter 4 SyntaxContents4.1 The traditional approach4.1.1 Number, gender and case4.1.2 Tense and aspect4.1.3 Concord and agreement4.2 The structural approach4.2.1 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations4.2.2 Immediate constituent analysis4.2.2.1 IC analysis with brackets4.2.2.2 IC analysis with tree diagrams4.2.2.3 IC analysis with labelled tree diagrams4.2.2.4 Criterion of IC analysis4.2.2.5 Advantages of IC analysis4.2.2.6 Problems of IC analysis4.2.3 Endocentric and exocentric constructions4.3 The generative approachSyntax: is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.1. The traditional approachTraditionally, a sentence is seen as a sequence of words.(A sentence has a linear structure only.)Study of sentence involves study of the word, such as①classification of words (parts of speech/word class): noun, verb, adjective, adv, conj, prep, article, pronoun②identification of functions of words: subject, predicate.These parts of speech and functions are called categories.Category is also specifically used for the defining properties of these units (like noun or verb). Categories of noun: number, gender, caseCategories of verb: tense, aspect, voice1.1 Number, gender, case （这两条大家已熟悉，此处不再列出。

动词的时和体（Tense and Aspect）1.1 时，体概说1）时（Tense）：时（Tense）是一个语法范畴，它是表示时间区别的动词形式。

英语动词只有“现在时”和“过去时”，而没有“将来时”。

在现代英语中，能用以表示“将来”的语法手段是多种多样的。

2）体（Aspect）：体（Aspect）也是一个语法范畴，它表示动作或过程在一定时间内处于何种状态的动词形式。

英语动词有两个体：进行体（Progressive Aspect）和完成体（Perfective Aspect）。

进行体是由助动词be的一定形式加主动词的- ing分词构成。

完成体是由助动词have的一定形式加主动词的-ed分词构成3）时和体：时既可以单独使用，也可以与体结合。

这样，英语的限定动词词组就有8种时、体形式。

2. 16种时、体形式：2.1、一般现在时：1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况.2.时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…),oncea week, on Sundays,3.基本结构：动词原形（如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要改为第三人称单数形式）4.否定形式：am/is/ are +not; 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词.5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词.6.例句：. It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. Action speaks louder than words.2.2、一般过去时：1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为.2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month…),in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词的过去式4.否定形式：was/were +not; 在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词.5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词.6.例句：She often came to help us in those days. I didn't know you were so busy.2.3、现在进行时：1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为.2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.3.基本结构：am/is/are +doing4.否定形式：am/is/are +not +doing.5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首.6.例句：How are you feeling today? He is doing well in his lessons.2.4、过去进行时：1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作.2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等.3.基本结构：was/were +doing4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing.5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首.6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.2.5、现在完成时：1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态.2.时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.3.基本结构：have/has + done4.否定形式：have/has + not +done.5.一般疑问句：have或has.6.例句：I've written an article.The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.2.6、过去完成时：1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”.2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.3.基本结构：had + done.4.否定形式：had + not + done.5.一般疑问句：had放于句首.6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books2.7、一般将来时：1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事.2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon,in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.3.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词.5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首.6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain.2.8、过去将来时：1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中.2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.3.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do.4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do; would/should + not + do.5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首.6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day. I asked who was going there .2.9.将来完成时：1.概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态2.时间状语：by the time of; by the end of+时间短语（将来）;by the time+从句（将来）3.基本结构：be going to/will/shall + have done2.10. 现在完成进行时:1.概念：在过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直持续到说话为止2.基本结构：have/has +been+ doing3. 几种常见时态的相互转换英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换,以下是几种常见的转换形式：3.1 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换：在现在完成时中,延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用,瞬间动词却不能.但是,可用别的表达方式：①瞬间动词用于“一段时间+ ago”的一般过去时的句型中；②瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语,与一段时间连用；③瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间+ since + 一般过去时”的句型中,表示“自从……以来有……时间”的意思,主句一般用it is来代替It has been;④瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中.请看：A. He joined the League two years ago.B. He has been in the League for two years.C. It is two years since he joined the League.D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.3.2 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换：在一般现在时中,at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”,如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等.此短语可与进行时态转换.请看：Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing.3.3 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换：在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作.如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来,妈妈!”请看：The train is leaving soon.The train will leave soon.。

超实用高考英语专题复习：专题06-时态语态专题距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。

以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。

在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。

英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。

越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。

另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。

章里，我们主要关注句子的谓语动词。

英语谓语的核心是助动词(auxiliary)和实义动词，而对助动词与实义动词组合关系的探讨即是探讨时态问题。

动词除了能表达动作发生的时间，以及动作的状态外，还可以用来说明主语和谓语的关系，即主动和被动语态.我们通常所说的时态( tense and aspect)。

在英语中其实反映的是两个不同的概念，即tense(时)和aspect(态或体)。

与时间相联系的““时”，以及与动作的内在结构相关的“体”或“态”，这两方面组合在一起就构成了时态”。

一、tense(时)是用来规定事物发生的时间的。

在英文中主要有四种不同的时间标识1、现在时(present)2、过去时(past)3、将来时(future)4、过去将来时(past future)二、aspect(态)是用来规定动作完成的程度，反映说话者对事物的态度的。

The Second PeriodTeaching Aims:1.Learn and master the useful words and phrases.2.Train the students’ reading ability.3.Let the students learn about the French writer Jules Verne and his two famous science fictions.Teaching Important Points:1.Improve the students’ reading ability.2.Master the useful phrases.Teaching Difficult Points:1.How to make the students understand the passage better.2.How to help the students finish all the exercises in Post-reading.Teaching Methods:1.Discussion before reading to make students learn more about some scientific facts.2.Fast-reading method to get the general idea of the passage.3.Careful-reading method to get the detailed information in the text.4.Discussion after reading to help the students finish the tasks in Post-reading.Teaching Aids:1.the multimedia2.the blackboardTeaching Procedures:Step ⅠGreetings and RevisionGreet the whole class as usual.T:In the last period,we learnt some useful expressions used to express beliefs and doubts.Now,I’ll check your homework to see whether you can use them freely.Who’d like to act out your dialogue?(Two students stand up and act out their dialogue.)Step ⅡLead-in and Pre-readingT:Thank you for your good performance.Yesterday we talked about science fiction and also had a scientific test.By doing the exercises,we learnt some scientific facts.Today,let’s continue to learn more about scientific facts.Look at the pictures on the screen.(Show the following pictures on the multimedia.)amp-lob SteuoatbderewrbcrtcEleaighiitly LwaT:Here are three great inventions.Who can say when the inventions in the pictures were made?S1:Electric railway was invented in the early years of the 20th century.S2:Thomas Edison invented the light bulb in 1879.S3:Steam-powered boat was made in 1807.T:You’re quite right.Now,look at the screen,please.(Teacher shows the following on the screen.)your group.Record the results of your discussion.A few minutes later,I’ll ask your leader to report your result.Are you clear about that?Ss:Yes.T:OK.You can begin.(During the discussion,teacher goes among the students and joins them in the discussion.) T:(A few minutes later)Are you ready?Ss:Yes.T:OK.Let’s look at the first question.Who’d like to answer it?S4:Electricity was discovered in 1600 by Gilbert.T:Very good!The second question,who can try?S5:After electricity was discovered,people began to use it to serve people in many fields.Take industry for example,people use it to control machines and produce a great number of products,such as cars,planes,weapons,etc.S6:Electricity is also used in agriculture.With electricity people can control the temperature and humidity to make vegetables grow better.S7:In our daily life,electricity is very useful.For example,watching TV needs electricity, playing computers needs electricity,heaters need electricity,and even our watches need electricity. So,without electricity,our life would be a mess.T:What you said is quite right.Indeed,electricity is very important to us.It is used widely in every field.The last question.Who can explain it?S8:The earth on which we live is a big ball of very hot rock,which consists of three parts:the earth’s crust,the earth’s mantle and the earth’s core.The temperature inside is very high.It’s hot inside but cold outside.It has a shell just like an egg.There are some cracks in the shell of the earth in some places.Hot water shoots into the air through those cracks and steam comes up from pools of hot water.T:Well done!You do well in geography,indeed.Step ⅢReadingT:Yesterday,we talked about a famous writer,who is known for science fiction.Who is he?Ss:Jules Verne.T:Good.Do you remember the books written by him and talked about by us in the last period?Ss:Yes.(Students say out the titles of the books together.)T:Very good.Open your books and turn to Page 12.Let’s look at the reading passage.Before you read it,write down eight key words that you expect to find in the reading passage.Is that clear?Ss:Yes.(Students begin to write eight key words.After they finish,teacher says the following.)T:Now,read the passage quickly to check whether the words you’ve written are all in the passage.(Students begin to read the passage and then check their words.As answers are various,teacher may just check two or three students individually.)T:Well,re-read the passage carefully to further understand it.Then answer the questions on thescreen.(Show the following on the multimedia.)(A few minutes later,teacher asks some of them to answer the questions one by one.)Suggested answers:1.To make a living,Jules V erne had to write and sell stories.2.They will remind the readers of Dr Benjamin Franklin’s experiment with electricity.3.By taking the scientific developments of his day one step further.4.He is someone you will neither like nor dislike.He is very cruel because he keeps Aronnax and others as prisoners and destroys ships.But at other moments,he is gentle and weak because he cries about the lost lives of people drowned in ships that have sunk.5.The story begins with the discovery of an ancient document and ends up with them being shot out of a volcano in southern Italy with ever increasing speed and temperature.Step ⅣLanguage PointsT:Now,you’re familiar with the passage.But I think the following on the screen should also be paid attention to.(Show the following on the multimedia.)(Bb:make a living,lay the foundation of,come true,set out,turn out(to be)+adj./n.,defend…from/against…,be dressed in)Step ⅤPost-readingT:Now,read the passage again.Then finish Exercise 2 in Post-reading on Page 13.(After a while,teacher checks their answers with the whole class.)Suggested answers:2.During the time they do all they can to continue to live…3.They realize that they come to the surface of the monster4.his long-term guestsT:Well.Now,please look at Exercise 4.In Jules Verne’s times,the knowledge about the earth was very limited,and many scientific facts couldn’t be explained by people.But Jules Verne contained a lot of knowledge about the earth in his novel.Where do you think he might have got his ideas from?You can use all the knowledge you have learnt to explain the questions.Work in groups of four to have a discussion.(After a while,teacher checks their answers.Students may have various answers.)T:OK.Let’s go on with the exercises in Post-reading.Under water travel and space travel have many things in common.Do you know the differences and similarities between them?Work in groups of four to finish the chart of Exercise 3.T:Well done!If you were going to climb down into a very deep cave,which tools and things would you bring?What would be the most important dangers and things that could happen?Work in groups of five to discuss the questions and then finish the chart in Exercise 5.Is that clear?Ss:Yes.T:OK.You can begin.(Teacher gives them a few minutes.Teacher joins them in the discussion and gives some advice if necessary.)Step ⅥSummary and HomeworkT:In this period,we’ve read a passage about Jules Verne.By reading,we’ve learnt more about Jules Verne and his two novels.We’ve also learnt some useful expressions and done some concerned exercises.After class,try to make more sentences using them to master them better.Besides,read the passage over and over and prepare for retelling it.At last,preview the third period—Language Study.Class is over.Step ⅦThe Design of the Writing on the BlackboardStep ⅧRecord after Teaching（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。

得夺市安庆阳光实验学校高二英语Unit 12—Fact and Fantasy（II）人教版【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容：Unit 12—Fact and Fantasy（II）二. 难点句解析：1. One of the phenomena that attracted my attention was the structure of the human body and any animal that was alive.引起我注意的现象之一就是人体的结构和活着的动物。

phenomena是复数形式，单数是：phenomenon. 现象，奇迹，罕见的人才或事迹。

Snow is a natural phenomenon in winter.Harry’s rapid success made him a phenomenon in the business world. attract one’s attention：引起某人的注意2. When I found this amazing power placed within my hands, I hesitateda long time thinking how I should use it.当我发现我的双手有如此惊人的力量时，我犹豫了很长时间思考着我该如何使用这种力量。

hesitate：犹豫hesitate to do sth. Don’t hesitate to tell me if you have anyrequests.hesitate about doing sth. She’s still hesitating about sending her son to college.3. Although I knew how to create life, how to prepare a body for it with all its muscles and organs still remained a difficult job.尽管我知道如何创造生命，但如何为生命准备一个具有肌肉和各种器官的躯体仍然是一项艰巨的工作。

《英语语法》教学大纲课程名称：英语语法英文课程名称： English Grammar课程类别：专业必修课适用专业：英语语言文学总学时数：36学分数：2执笔者：外国语学院周世培编写日期：2006年7月6日一、课程的性质和任务《新编英语语法教程》是为教育技术学、英语教育学两个专业二年级学生开设的基础课程。

本教程是一部新型的、融合传统语法与现代语言学和语法学某些研究成果于一体的英语语法教材。

编写内容深入浅出，反映了各个学科体系最新研究成果；编写思想上，除了帮助学生打下扎实的语言基本功外，还照例培养学生分析问题、解决问题的能力，使学生对英语语法有一个比较系统的了解并能借助英语语法知识解决英语学习过程中的有关问题。

学生有计划地阅读英语语法教材，探讨英语语言的结构，通过各种练习，牢固地掌握英语语法，提高运用英语的能力提高学生的人文、科学素养，培养健康向上的人生观，使学生真正成为我国21世纪所需要的外语专门人才。

二、课程教学内容、要求及学时分配第一单元 Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy 总学时：2学时重点与难点：■ The concept of grammar.■ The category of grammar.■ Basic clause types and their transformation and expansion.内容与要求：■ Morphemes■ Words■ Phrases■ Clauses■ Sentences要求学生课后作练习并掌握本章所讲的句子结构。

第二单元 Subject-verb Concord 总学时：2学时重点与难点：■ Guiding principles.■ Problems of concord with a nominal clause as subject.内容与要求：■ The content of subject-verb concord.■ The three guiding principles .■ Problems of concord with nouns ending in -s要求学生课后做该部分练习，巩固上课所学并预习下一单元。