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论文中文题目摘要摘要内容感知图像缩放的目标是在任意改变图像大小时保持图像中的主体特征不变。
这里介绍一种内容感知图像缩放方法，缝剪切(seam-carving)。
一条缝就是图像中从顶部到底部，或者从左到右的一条8连通的最优的像素路径，其中最优性是通过一种图像能量函数定义的。
通过重复地剪切和添加缝，就可以改变图像的大小,同时保持图像中的主体特征不变。
图像的主体特征一般也就是指图像中的显著性区域，图像能量函数可以设计为图像中像素的显著性的分配函数。
基于直方图对比度（Histogram Contrast，HC）方法是一种基于全局对比度的显著性区域检测方法，该方法同时考虑了全局对比度和空间位置的影响，这里使用其作为图像能量函数。
关键词：内容感知图像缩放；Seam-Carving；显著性检测；全局对比度论文中文题目ABSTRACTABSTRACTThe target of content-aware image resizing is to retain the main characteristics of the image when change the size of the image discretionarily. Here a content-aware image scaling method called seam-carving is introduced. A seam is an optimal 8-connected path of pixels on a single image from top to bottom, or left to right, where optimality is defined by an image energy function. By repeatedly carving out or inserting seams we can change the aspect ratio of an image and retain the main characteristics of the image. The main characteristics of the image generally refers to the salient region , the image energy function can be designed as a function which assign the saliency value to each pixel. Histogram-based contrast(HC) method is a kind of global contrast based salient region detection method, which simultaneously evaluates global contrast difference and spatial coherence，here it is used as the image energy function.Key Words: Content-Aware Image Resizing; Seam-Carving; Saliency Detection; Global Contrast目录摘要 .............................................................................................................................................. I ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................... II 目录 . (1)第一章绪论（小三、黑体、居中） (2)第二章像素显著性 (3)2.1像素显著性值的定义 (3)2.2加速计算 (3)2.3颜色空间平滑 (4)第三章Seam_Carving (5)3.1能量函数的定义 (5)3.2Seam-Carving的提出 (5)3.3缝的代价 (6)3.4最优缝的寻找 (6)第四章分析与总结 (7)第一章绪论（小三、黑体、居中）如今显示设备的多样性和多用途性对数字媒体提出了新的要求。
福建省泉州实验中学2024届高三毕业班适应性训练英语试题注意事项1．考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回．2．答题前，请务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用0．5毫米黑色墨水的签字笔填写在试卷及答题卡的规定位置．3．请认真核对监考员在答题卡上所粘贴的条形码上的姓名、准考证号与本人是否相符．4．作答选择题，必须用2B铅笔将答题卡上对应选项的方框涂满、涂黑；如需改动，请用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案．作答非选择题，必须用05毫米黑色墨水的签字笔在答题卡上的指定位置作答，在其他位置作答一律无效．5．如需作图，须用2B铅笔绘、写清楚，线条、符号等须加黑、加粗．第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．---What does PM 2. 5 mean？---It's a professional_____________ indicating the condition of air pollution.A．number B．markC．term D．item2．______ for the free tickets, I would not have gone to see films so often.A．If it is not B．Had it not beenC．Were it not D．If they were not3．_______ with all sorts of affairs, the manager had little time to have a good sleep.A．Occupying B．Being occupiedC．Occupied D．Having occupied4．My wife sometimes _____ someth ing she has long been looking for. That’s why she enjoys window shopping. A．looks up B．looks for C．picks up D．picks out5．Breaking up is the business of the two lovers, ________ no other person should be involved.A．which B．in thatC．that D．in which6．But for your instruction, I ______ such great progress in so short a time. Thanks a lot.A．wouldn’t make B．hadn’t madeC．won’t make D．wouldn’t have made7．— I am gaining weight. I need to see a doctor.— But I think you eat too much. ___________.A．Neglect of health is doctor’s wealth B．Laugh at your ills, and save doctors’ billsC．Diet cures more than the doctor D．An apple a day keeps the doctor away8．As its economy is maturing，China’s _________a greater role in critical issues like climate and development. A．defining B．assuming C．guaranteeing D．assuring9．He had a great dearie to have a home of his own, ______ he had always lived with his grandmother.A．or B．and C．so D．for10．____ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.A．Not knowing B．Knowing not C．Not known D．Known not11．I need help now! I have to fix a leaking pipe in my bathroom but I’m not sure ______to begin.A．what B．whichC．where D．when12．___________the effect of culture shock, he is trying to read a lot about it before going to France for further study. A．To reduce B．ReducedC．Reducing D．Having reduced13．—Alice has just lost her husband to heart failure.—Her ______ smile can’t hide her sorrow.A．arbitrary B．artificialC．compulsory D．conventional14．________ they choose Chinese company is that China has the most advanced technology of high speed railway in the world.A．When B．ThatC．Where D．Why15．________ the danger of drunk driving, many drivers promised never to drive after drinking.A．Realizing B．To have realizedC．Realized D．Having realized16．While we were listening to the speech attentively, a voice _____ to announce the result of the election.A．broke in B．broke up C．broke off D．broke down17．—Amazing! You wear slippers at work.—Don’t you know it’s a fashion?A．must B．should C．can D．may18．I think that this is the best mobile phone available in the world. No other one can ________it.A．compare B．match C．produce D．win19．My teacher asked me to copy _____ article _____ second time．A．an; the B．an; a C．the; a D．the; the20．China's Beidou Navigation Satellite System has started providing global services, ________ to become complete around 2020.A．being scheduled B．scheduled C．to schedule D．scheduling第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
2023-2024学年黑龙江省哈尔滨市六校高二下学期期末联考英语试卷Four Must-visit Campsites in Western AustraliaFair HarvestPlaying host to campers looking for a more environmentally-friendly stay, Fair Harvest has an outdoor kitchen made from wood harvested on site and a farm cafe where you can buy fresh produce and home cooked meals. Guests are free to wander in the gardens, go bushwalking in the private forest, or take a class in the on-site yoga (瑜伽) barn — the only campsite yoga studio in the area. Lucky BayIn 2017, a scientific study was carried out to discover which Australian beach had the whitest sand and Lucky Bay, in Cape. Le Grand National Park on the southern coast of Western Australia, emerged victo rious. Up close, the beach is often frequented by kangaroos bounding at the sand’s edge. The Lucky Bay campground sits right behind the beach and is well-equipped with toilets, showers, barbecues and picnic tables-though campers do need to bring their own drinking water. Rottnest IslandMore commonly a day trip destination, Rottnest is a car-free island best explored by bike and ringed by glorious Indian Ocean beaches. There are options for luxurious glamping (豪华野营) at Discovery Parks Rottnest Island, but those looking for a more traditional camping experience should head instead to the Rottnest Island campground. Here, you’ll find bathroom blocks, a camp kitchen and barbecues, but the highlight is the site’s large population of quokkas, which are close rela tives of the kangaroo.ImintjiLocated at the foothills of the Wunaamin Miliwundi Ranges, Imintjii is a simple yet well-maintained campground that includes washing facilities, fire pits, barbecue shelters,outdoor seating and water taps. It’s a great base f or visiting the dramatic landscapes of Bell Gorge, Tunnel Creek and Windjana Gorge. It’s also one of the few campsites in the world that are famous for their own art center, with works by local artists on sale.1. What can campers do at Fair Harvest?A．See kangaroos. B．Buy home-cooked meals.C．Admire the whitest sand. D．Get works from local artists.2. Which is the best way to tour Rottnest Island?A．Walking. B．Driving. C．Taking a boat. D．Riding a bike. 3. Where should campers go if they want to visit Bell Gorge?A．Imintji. B．Lucky Bay. C．Fair Harvest. D．Rottnest Island.Born on March 21, 1958, in Louisiana, Grant Cardone is not a typical celebrity. He didn’t come from a wealthy family. He’s not a Hollywood superstar, nor does he have some amazing tal ents, like script-writing, politics or athleticism. However, what he has is something that is available to us all, and that is a determination to succeed.At the age of 25, Cardone took the first job that he could find. That job was as a car salesman. It was a title and a position that Grant was not very fond of. However, the economy was slow, which meant he didn’t have many options, so he made it work.Cardone was committed to becoming the best salesperson he could be. So, he invested (投资) heavily in his own self-improvement by reading books and studying his craft and his industry. After committing himself to becoming his very best, his income quickly doubled. And soon thereafter, he became one of the best car salesmen in the country. He eventually moved on to running his own business, and was extremely smart and disciplined (自律的) with his money. Cardone only spent money on what was absolutely necessary for food and housing. He would place anything left over into an investment fund just for the property market.Cardone’s focus on learning more so that he could earn more, along with having the discipline to invest his extra money, instead of wasting it on useless things, helped him become a self-made millionaire just five years later by the age of 30.Cardone has since gone on to become a well-known international businessman, speaker and the owner of Cardone Capital, a $ 1.5 billion investment firm. He’s authored the New York Times bestselling books If You’re Not First, You’re Last, and other famous books like The 10X Rule, and Axiom Award winning Sell or Be Sold. In addition to this, he also founded Cardone University, a popular sales training platform that has over 50,000,000 and growing users.It took Cardone only five years to completely change his entire life. With the right mindset and sufficient willpower, just imagine what five years could do for you.4. Why did Cardone choose to become a car salesman?A．To meet a superstar. B．To do research on cars.C．To support himself. D．To maintain his interest.5. How did Cardone handle his money?A．He bought many clothes. B．He helped his family members.C．He spent it on useful things. D．He put most of it in the bank.6. What does paragraph 5 mainly tell us about Cardone?A．His achievements. B．The plans for his company.C．His experiences of education. D．The reasons for his popularity.7. What can we learn from Cardone’s story?A．Failure is the mother of success.B．Investment is risky but rewarding.C．Making money calls for professional advice.D．Success requires determination and efforts.A team of researchers at the University of Cambridge have created an innovative floating device that uses solar power to transform polluted water or seawater into clean hydrogen (氢气) fuel and purified water.This device is particularly beneficial for areas with limited resources or without access to the electricity, as it can operate with any open water source and does not rely on external power sources. It takes its inspiration from photosynthesis, the process by which plants turn sunlight into food. However, unlike earlier versions of the “artificial leaf”, which could produce green hydrogen fuel from clean water sources, this new device operates from polluted or seawater sources and can produce clean drinking water-at the same time.“In remote or developing regions, where clean water is relatively scarce and the basic facilities necessary for water purification are not readily available, water splitting (分解) is extremely difficult,” said Ariffin Mohamad Annuar, a member of the research team. “The device that could work using polluted water could solve two problems at once: it could split water to make clean fuel, and it could make clean drinking water.”The device that can make clean fuel and clean water at once using solar power alone could help address the energy and the water crises facing so many parts of the world. For example, the indoor air pollution caused by cooking with “dirty” fuels, such as kerosene, is responsible for more than three million deaths annually, according to the World Health Organization. Cooking with green hydrogen instead could help reduce that number significantly.“It’s such a simple design as well: in just a few steps, we can build a device that works well on water from a wide vari ety of sources,” said Ariffin Mohamad Annuar. “In addition, the new device uses more of the sun’s energy. The light-driven process for making solar fuels only uses a small portion of the solar spectrum (光谱) —there’s a whole lot of the spectrum that goes unused.”8. What do we know about the new device?A．It can hardly produce clean hydrogen fuel.B．It needs a lot of power to function properly.C．It is not as convenient as the “artificial leaf”.D．It can turn polluted water into purified water.9. What does the underlined word “scarce” in paragraph 4 mean?A．Insufficient. B．Cheap. C．Available. D．Useless.10. Which word can best describe the new device?A．Costly. B．Environmentally-friendly.C．Outdated. D．Complex.11. Why does the author mention the example in paragraph 5?A．To stress the harm of air pollution to human beings.B．To predict how many people will buy the new device.C．To show the potential impact of the new device on the world.D．To explain the skills of selling the new device to the poor people.Recent research has found that Martian (火星的) soil contains all the essential nutrients necessary for growing rice, planetary scientist Abhilash Ramachandran of the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, reported at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, providing new possibilities for agriculture on the Red Planet.The study, conducted by a team of researchers from the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, tested simulated (模拟的) Martian soil to determine its suitability for growing rice. The researchers found that the soil contained all the essential nutrients needed for the crop to grow.However, it would be a bit challenging for the plants to survive in the soil that has perchlorate, a chemical that has been detected on Mars’ surface and can be poisonous to plants.The team grew rice plants in a Martian soil simulant primarily made of Mojave Desert basalt (玄武岩). However, the new-grown plants developed slighter shoots and thinner roots than the plants that grew from the potting mix. Even replacing just 25 percent of the simulant with a potting mix made a big difference, the team found.The team of researchers then conducted an experiment to grow rice in soil containing perchlorate. They used a wild rice variety and two genetically edited varieties, which were designed to stand up to environmental stressors such as drought, and tested them in Mars-simulated soil with and without perchlorate.The study revealed that a concentration of three grams of perchlorate per kilogram of soil resulted in no growth of rice plants. However, when the concentration was reduced to one gram per kilogram, one of the genetically edited lines successfully grew both a shoot and a root, while the wild variety was only able to grow a root.“We want to send humans to Mars but we cannot take everything there. It’s going to be expensive,” said Ramachandran. The discovery could be a game-changer for future missions to Mars, as it could enable astronauts to grow their own food on the planet, reducing the need for costly and complex resupply missions.12. How did the researchers conduct their study?A．By asking questions. B．By carrying out experiments.C．By making a case study. D．By referring to former studies.13. The gene-edited variety grows better in one kilogram of soil containing ______.A．one gram of perchlorate B．two grams of perchlorateC．three grams of perchlorate D．four grams of perchlorate14. Why did the researchers want to grow rice on Mars?A．To find a wonderful way to make money.B．To support the growing population on Earth.C．To help astronauts feed themselves on Mars.D．To enable people to eat new varieties of rice.15. What’s the best title for the text?A．What Should We Grow on Mars?B．How Did Martian Soil Change Over Time?C．People Are Likely to Live on Mars Years LaterD．Martian Soil May Have All the Essential Nutrients Rice NeedsWriting a poem is about observing the world within or around you. 16 , from love to loss to the gate at the old farm. Writing poetry seems difficult. However, with the right approach, you can write a poem that you can be proud to share with others.Pick a specific theme or idea. This can make it easier for you to narrow down what images and descriptions you are going to use in your poem. For example, you may decide to write a poem around the theme of love and friendship. 17 .Avoid cliché(陈词滥调). Your poetry will be much stronger if you avoid cliches, which are phrases that have become so familiar that they have lost their meaning. 18 . By doing so, your reader is surprised and attracted by your writing. If you feel a certain phrase or image is too familiar to your reader, replace it with a more unique one.19 . Poetry is made to be read out loud. So you should write your poem with a focus on how it sounds on the page. Pay attention to the structure of your poem and your word choice. Notice how each line of your poem flows into one another and how placing one word next to another creates a certain sound.Get feedback(反馈) from others. You can also share your poem with other poets to get feedback from them and improve your poem. 20 , where you discuss your poems with other poets and work on your poetry together. Or you may take a poetry writing class, where you work with an instructor and other poets to improve your writing.Urquhart finished running 1,402 kilometers over the course of 28 days in Antarctica, setting the record for the longest-ever run in a polar region.Australian Urquhart is an _________ mar athon runner. But running on Antarctica’s Union Glacier _________ Urquhart to a wholly different challenge. “No female had _________ this before,” she says.Urquhart spent 10 months preparing for the challenge, turning to some _________ training methods.A container company _________ her to put a treadmill (跑步机) in a refrigerated storage unit and run for hours each weekend, while she also _________ with an automotive parts company to train inside an industrial wind tunnel.The _________ Urquhart faced in Antarctica were numerous. She had to fight through temperatures as low as -20℃ and winds as _________ as 50 miles per hour — moments in which Antarctica lived up to its _________ as the coldest, windiest and driest place on the Earth. Urquhart would__________ stumbled (绊倒) as she struggled to put one foot in front of the other. She would usually wear four layers but had to __________ her body temperature while running. Happily, Urquhart’s body soon __________ to the physical rigors (严酷) of running 30 miles each day.A huge __________ has been formed behind her run in Antarctica. “It was actually showing what females are __________ of doing and that we can push our __________ and explore what seems impossible,” says Urquhart.21.A．attractive B．experienced C．independent D．ordinary22.A．admitted B．applied C．exposed D．expanded23.A．attempted B．evaluated C．appreciated D．enhanced24.A．simple B．realistic C．unusual D．typical25.A．allowed B．forced C．begged D．warned26.A．dealt B．chatted C．agreed D．partnered27.A．choices B．challenges C．decisions D．secrets28.A．gentle B．strong C．graceful D．basic29.A．satisfaction B．guarantee C．glory D．reputation30.A．frequently B．actually C．purposely D．precisely31.A．pay attention to B．put up with C．make up for D．get along with 32.A．responded B．compared C．adapted D．related33.A．policy B．inspiration C．schedule D．objective34.A．fond B．afraid C．capable D．proud35.A．researches B．speeds C．paces D．limits阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Research and Implementation of Vehicle Marks Recognition System Based on Seam Carving and
Deep Learning
作者： 王霞[1]
作者机构： [1]福建船政交通职业学院信息工程系,福建福州350007
出版物刊名： 梧州学院学报
页码： 33-43页
年卷期： 2018年 第6期
主题词： Seam Carving;深度学习;特征提取;车标识别;系统开发
摘要：车标识别作为智能交通的重要组成部分,对于有效识别存在号牌污染的违法车辆具有重要的补充作用,广泛应用于肇事车辆信息确认、复杂路况下的车辆布控、车辆监管等领域,工程价值较大。
基于上述背景,提出了一种基于Seam Carving和深度学习的的一般车标特征提取算法,可以利用提取的有限车标核心特征点快速构建车标二维逼真模型,具有自主性高、人工干预少、适应性好等优势。
在VS2012环境下开发了验证环境并对算法进行了实际验证,结果表明本文所提算法可以在较短的时间内有效重建车标二维逼真模型,准确率和稳定性较高,车标纹理性等符合视觉特征。
2011年职称英语完型填空新增文章译文---理工类运动的年轻人智商更高理A瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院和该校校医院的一项最新研究表明，身体健康的年轻人智商更高，进入大学学习的可能性也更高。
研究结果发表在美国国家科学院学报上。
这项研究的取样样本是1950-1976年入伍的120万新兵。
这些新兵报到时接受了体能测试和智能测试，研究人员对这两类测试数据进行了分析。
研究表明，健康的体能和优秀的只能测试结果之间的联系很明显。
最突出的就是科学思维和语言理解能力与身体健康有关。
但是智商测试结果中只是健康在起作用，而与力量无关。
“身体健康是指，一个人心肺功能好，能将充分的氧气源源不断地输入给大脑，”瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院教授和瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院校医院首席内科医师Michael Nilsson如是说，“也许这就是为什么智商测试结果与健康之间存在明显联系，而与肌肉力量无关的原因之一。
我们还发现生长因子也很重要。
”通过研究双胞胎的数据，研究人员可以得出结论，智商差异来自后天的环境因素而不是先天的基因，身体健康，智商越高。
“我们还发现，在15-18岁之间加强身体锻炼的青少年往往认知能力也较强，”瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院研究员，Aby健康中心医师Maria Aberg说，“倘若情况果然如此，那么体育应成为学校中重要的一门学科，而且如果我们想要学好数学和其他理论学科，体育课是非常有必要的。
”研究人员还将新兵服兵役入伍报到时的体格测试和智商测试的结果与他们后来生活中的社会经济地位进行了比较。
那些18岁时身体健康的人学历更高，很多都能胜任高要求的工作。
吸烟会加重青少年的抑郁情绪理B有些青少年可能会一口接一口地吸烟来消除抑郁，进行所谓的“自我治疗”。
然而加拿大Toronto和Montreal大学的科学家却发现，事实上，吸烟会加重某些青少年的抑郁情绪。
“这项研究是检验吸烟是否可以给青少年带来精神欢愉的几项研究之一，”首席研究员Michael Chaiton如是说，他是Toronto大学Ontario烟草研究组织的助理研究员，“尽管吸烟能在短时间能起到自我治疗的作用，能振奋精神，但根据青少年自我报告的情况，我们发现，从长远看，吸烟的青少年往往有更多的抑郁症状。
《IEEEsignalprocessingletters》期刊第19页50条数据《IEEE signal processing letters》期刊第19页50条数据https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_info_57_1/1.《Robust Video Hashing Based on Double-Layer Embedding》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html2.《Removal of High Density Salt and Pepper Noise Through Modified Decision Based Unsymmetric Trimmed Median Filter》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html3.《Performance Comparison of Feature-Based Detectors for Spectrum Sensing in the Presence of Primary User Traffic》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html4.《An Optimal FIR Filter With Fading Memory》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html5.《Piecewise-and-Forward Relaying in Wireless Relay Networks》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html6.《Non-Shift Edge Based Ratio (NSER): An Image Quality Assessment Metric Based on Early Vision Features》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html7.《Joint Optimization of the Worst-Case Robust MMSE MIMO Transceiver》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html8.《A New Initialization Method for Frequency-Domain Blind Source Separation Algorithms》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html9.《A Method For Fine Resolution Frequency Estimation From Three DFT Samples》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html10.《Position-Patch Based Face Hallucination Using Convex Optimization》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html11.《Signal Fitting With Uncertain Basis Functions》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html12.《Optimal Filtering Over Uncertain Wireless Communication Channels》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html13.《The Student's -Hidden Markov Model With Truncated Stick-Breaking Priors》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html14.《IEEE Signal Processing Society Information》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html15.《Acoustic Model Adaptation Based on Tensor Analysis of Training Models》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html16.《On Estimating the Number of Co-Channel Interferers in MIMO Cellular Systems》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html17.《Period Estimation in Astronomical Time Series Using Slotted Correntropy》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html18.《Multidimensional Shrinkage-Thresholding Operator and Group LASSO Penalties》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html19.《Enhanced Seam Carving via Integration of Energy Gradient Functionals》letters_thesis/020*********.html20.《Backtracking-Based Matching Pursuit Method for Sparse Signal Reconstruction》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html21.《Performance Bounds of Network Coding Aided Cooperative Multiuser Systems》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html22.《Table of Contents》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html23.《Bayesian Estimation With Imprecise Likelihoods: Random Set Approach》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html24.《Low-Complexity Channel-Estimate Based Adaptive Linear Equalizer》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html25.《Tensor Versus Matrix Completion: A Comparison With Application to Spectral Data》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html26.《Joint DOD and DOA Estimation for MIMO Array With Velocity Receive Sensors》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html27.《Regularized Subspace Gaussian Mixture Models for Speech Recognition》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html28.《Handoff Optimization Using Hidden Markov Model》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html29.《Standard Deviation for Obtaining the Optimal Direction in the Removal of Impulse Noise》letters_thesis/020*********.html30.《Energy Detection Limits Under Log-Normal Approximated Noise Uncertainty》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html31.《Joint Subspace Learning for View-Invariant Gait Recognition》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html32.《GMM-Based KLT-Domain Switched-Split Vector Quantization for LSF Coding》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html33.《Complexity Reduced Face Detection Using Probability-Based Face Mask Prefiltering and Pixel-Based Hierarchical-Feature Adaboosting》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html34.《RLS Algorithm With Convex Regularization》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html35.《Solvability of the Zero-Pinning Technique to Orthonormal Wavelet Design》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html36.《Power Spectrum Blind Sampling》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html37.《Noise Folding in Compressed Sensing》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html38.《Fast Maximum Likelihood Scale Parameter Estimation From Histogram Measurements》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html39.《Elastic-Transform Based Multiclass Gaussianization》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html40.《Improving Detection of Acoustic Signals by Means of a Time and Frequency Multiple Energy Detector》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html41.《Efficient Multiple Kernel Support Vector Machine Based Voice Activity Detection》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html42.《Performance Analysis of Dual-Hop AF Systems With Interference in Nakagami-$m$ Fading Channels》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html43.《Illumination Normalization Based on Weber's Law With Application to Face Recognition》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html44.《A Robust Replay Detection Algorithm for Soccer Video》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html45.《Regularized Adaptive Algorithms-Based CIR Predictors for Time-Varying Channels in OFDM Systems》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html46.《A Novel Semi-Blind Selected Mapping Technique for PAPR Reduction in OFDM》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html47.《Widely Linear Simulation of Continuous-Time Complex-Valued Random Signals》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html48.《A Generalized Poisson Summation Formula and its Application to Fast Linear Convolution》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html49.《Multiple-Symbol Differential Sphere Detection Aided Differential Space-Time Block Codes Using QAM Constellations》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html50.《Low Rank Language Models for Small Training Sets》原⽂链接:https:///doc/f83f6c1c4ad7c1c708a1284ac850ad02de800787.html /academic-journal-foreign_ieee-signal-processing-letters_thesis/020*********.html。
抹香鲸呼吸英语作文Title: The Breath of the Sperm Whale: A Unique Physiology of Respiration.The sperm whale, a majestic creature of the deep seas,is renowned for its immense size, powerful jaws, and captivating social behaviors. However, it is its unique respiratory system that truly sets it apart from other cetaceans. This essay delves into the fascinating world of sperm whale respiration, exploring the anatomy, physiology, and adaptations that allow this remarkable mammal to thrive in its aquatic habitat.The sperm whale's respiratory system is remarkable for its efficiency and adaptability. Unlike terrestrial mammals, which rely on lungs to extract oxygen from the air, the sperm whale has evolved to extract oxygen from water. This adaptation is crucial for survival in the deep sea, whereair pockets are scarce and water is the primary source of oxygen.The sperm whale's respiratory system begins with its nostrils, which are located on the top of its head in apair of slits known as "blowholes." When the whale needs to breathe, it rises to the surface, opening its blowholes to allow air to flow into its lungs. This process is remarkable for its efficiency; the whale can inhale and exhale in just a few seconds, ensuring that it spends as little time as possible at the surface, where it is vulnerable to predators.Once air enters the lungs, the sperm whale'srespiratory system takes on an even more remarkable feat. Unlike most mammals, which have alveoli in their lungs to increase the surface area for oxygen exchange, the sperm whale's lungs are filled with spongy tissue. This tissue is rich in blood vessels, allowing for efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange even in the absence of alveoli. This unique anatomy allows the whale to extract oxygen from water even while diving deep, where oxygen levels are significantly lower than at the surface.In addition to its anatomical adaptations, the sperm whale's respiratory system is also physiologically flexible. The whale can adjust its breathing rate and depth according to its needs, allowing it to conserve energy while cruising at depth or to increase oxygen intake during periods ofhigh activity. This flexibility is crucial for survival in the demanding environment of the deep sea.Moreover, the sperm whale's respiratory system is intricately connected to its social and reproductive behaviors. Pods of sperm whales often synchronize their breathing patterns, rising to the surface together to breathe and then descending back into the depths. This synchronized breathing is thought to enhance social bonding within the pod and may also serve as a communication mechanism, allowing whales to stay in touch even in the dark, deep sea.In conclusion, the sperm whale's respiratory system isa marvel of evolutionary adaptation and physiological efficiency. Its unique anatomy and physiology allow it to thrive in the oxygen-poor environment of the deep sea,extracting oxygen from water and adjusting its breathing patterns to meet the demands of its lifestyle. This remarkable system is not only crucial for the whale's survival but also serves as a fascinating window into the world of cetacean biology and evolution. As we continue to explore the mysteries of the deep sea, the sperm whale's respiratory system remains a fascinating and essential component of our understanding of this remarkable mammal and its remarkable habitat.。
Seam Carving和显著性分析的图像缩放方法研究王玺;夏清国;窦召虎;李群组【期刊名称】《计算机工程与应用》【年(卷),期】2011(047)030【摘要】提出一种基于Seam Carving和显著性分析相结合的图像缩放方法.通过不断移除(插入)缝合线来实现对图像尺寸的缩小(放大).通过研究Seam Carving在图像缩放及目标保留移除中存在的问题,已有的基于像素点计算图像能量函数的方法会对某些图像失效,提出一种基于显著性区域求解图像能量函数的SDRS方法.实验结果表明,Seam Carving方法对自然图像的处理能够达到令人满意的效果.Seam Carving万法和SDRS万法的结合,也是一个创新点.%A new image resizing based on Seam Carving and salient region analysis is prcscntcd.By repeatedly carving out or inserting seams in different directions the aspect ratio of an image can be changcd.The original Seam Carving method fails when it meets some special images on resizing, object reserving, and object removing,With the analysis of the method called Seam Carving and the definition of the energy function, another method Salient Region Detection and Segmentation (SRDS) is introduced into the paper.The experiments on real image show that Seam Carving is acceptable in nature image processing.The combine of the Seam Carving and the SRDS is an innovation.【总页数】5页(P168-171,197)【作者】王玺;夏清国;窦召虎;李群组【作者单位】西北工业大学计算机学院,西安710129;解放军94153部队;西北工业大学计算机学院,西安710129;解放军94153部队;西北工业大学计算机学院,西安710129【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP391.4【相关文献】1.Seam Carving图像缩放技术的研究与应用 [J], 魏慕伦2.基于seam carving的内容感知图像缩放算法研究 [J], 陈小娥;杨薇薇3.结合边缘检测的Seam Carving图像缩放算法 [J], 杨剑炉4.基于最小位移可视差的连续Seam Carving算法在图像缩放中的研究 [J], 崔嘉;宋磊;陆宏菊;唐明晰;戚萌5.结合视觉显著图的Seam Carving图像缩放方法 [J], 郭正红;张俊华;郭晓鹏;梅礼晔因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
2024年高考英语第二次模拟考试高三英语（考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分）注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置上。
2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。
写在本试卷上无效。
3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30 分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听每段对话前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1．What does the woman suggest doing?A．Going on a diet. B．Having some ice cream. C．Seeing a play.2．What is the man doing?A．Showing a way. B．Asking for directions. C．Making an invitation. 3．Where does the conversation take place?A．In a theater. B．In a shop. C．In a children’s park.4．Why does the man call the woman?A．To buy a plane ticket. B．To book a hotel room. C．To leave a message for someone. 5．What are the speakers talking about?A．A teacher. B．A task. C．A movie.第二节(共15小题，每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面 5 段对话或独白。
Unit 1 EnvironmentEarth’s Health in Sharp Decline, Massive Study Finds大规模研究发现：地球的“健康”每况愈下The report card has arrived from the largest ever scientific Earth analysis, and many of the planet’s ecosystems are simply not making the grade.有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析结果表明，地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。
The UN-backed Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report found that nearly two-thirds of Earth’s life-supporting ecosystems, including clean water, pure air, and stable climate, are being degraded by unsustainable use.由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出，由于不可持续的使用，地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统（包括干净的水源、纯净的空气以及稳定的气候）正遭受破坏。
Human has caused much of this damage during the past half century. Soaring demand for food, fresh water, timber, fiber and fuel have led to dramatic environmental changes, from deforestation to chemical pollution, the report says. The already grim situation may worsen dramatically during the first half of the 21st century, the report’s authors warn.以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。
为什么海洋探索如此重要英语作文含译文全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Why Ocean Exploration is Super Duper Important!You know what's really really cool? The ocean! It's this gigantic body of water that covers most of our planet. And did you know that we've only explored a tiny part of it? That's right, there's still so much of the ocean left to discover and learn about!Can you imagine how many awesome creatures are swimming around down there that we don't even know about yet? I bet there are fish and whales and sharks and octopuses and so many other amazing animals just waiting to be found. And who knows what other mind-blowing stuff is hiding in the depths of the sea?That's why ocean exploration is SO important. By sending scientists and explorers and underwater vehicles down into the ocean, we can find out more about the plants and animals that live there. We can learn how to better take care of the ocean and all its incredible life. And who knows, we might even discoversome game-changing cure for diseases or a new source of energy or something!Exploring the ocean isn't just about finding the cool new creatures though. It's also about understanding how the ocean works and why it's so vital for the whole world. See, the ocean produces most of the oxygen we breathe and helps control the weather patterns and climate. Crazy, right? If we don't take good care of the ocean, it could really mess things up for everyone on Earth.That's another big reason why ocean exploration matters - so we can figure out how to protect the ocean better. By studying things like ocean currents, coral reefs, and how pollution affects marine life, scientists can come up with ways to keep the ocean healthy for all the amazing animals and plants that live there. And a healthy ocean means a healthy planet for us humans too!Ocean exploration also allows us to learn more about the ocean floor and what's underneath it. There could be hidden mountains, trenches, and formations we've never seen before just waiting to be discovered. Who knows, maybe we'll even find atlantis down there! Ok, maybe not Atlantis, but you get the idea - there's so much uncharted territory under the sea.And get this - we know more about the surface of Mars than we do about the ocean floors on our own planet! That's because exploring the ocean is super difficult and dangerous. The immense water pressure, cold temperatures, and total darkness down in the deep parts of the ocean makes it an incredibly challenging environment. But you know what? That just makes me want to explore it even more! Imagine how rewarding it would be to make a discovery in such an extreme place.I haven't even talked about all the high-tech gadgets and vehicles used for ocean exploration yet. From underwater drones and remote operated vehicles to sensor networks and deep sea submersibles, the equipment is just so awesome. I would love to get up close looks at shipwrecks, underwater volcanoes, and mysterious creatures using those sweet ocean exploration tools.So in summary, ocean exploration is crucial because it helps us discover new life, understand the vital role the ocean plays on Earth, figure out how to protect the ocean better, uncover what's beneath the seafloor, and push the boundaries of science and exploration. Pretty cool stuff, right?I hope I get to be an ocean explorer when I grow up. Imagine being the first person to find a rainbow-colored fish species or a new hidden trench deeper than anything we've seen before?How rad would that be! Our planet is covered in ocean, and there's still so much about it left to uncover and appreciate. That's why we need to keep exploring - for the awesome discoveries, yes, but also to safeguard this invaluable resourcefor generations to come.So next time you're swimming in the ocean or just looking out over those beautiful blue waters, remember - that's just the tiny part we can see. There's a whole other world lurking beneath the surface, just waiting to be uncovered. And I can't wait to help make that happen one day!标题:为什么海洋探索如此重要!你知道什么东西真的太酷了吗?就是海洋!这是覆盖了我们地球大部分的一个巨大的水体。
芝加哥的屋顶绿化由于当城市中宝贵的房屋建筑用地已所剩无几，城市规划者开始将目光转向空中。
寻找绿色空间也不例外。
欧洲的绿色屋顶长期以来为人们提供了环境、审美和经济方面的利益。
这种想法是否也会植根在美国植根呢？在伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，当市长理查德•戴利看到了欧洲花园般的屋顶之后，便开始了绿色屋顶的创意。
在最近的一次电话采访时他说：“我认为，如果把芝加哥所有平坦的屋顶都利用起来，可以开辟数千英亩的土地用于美化环境，还有利于建筑物供暖、降温，以及进入排污系统的雨水控制。
”他继续说：“当你透过窗户眺望看这个城市时，你看到的不是钢筋混凝土，而是为对环境的美化。
所以我想，这就是我们应该做的到事情。
”绿色屋顶通常是由无需经常维护的抗旱植物组成（如景天属暑天景植物）。
这些屋顶的厚度均小于4英寸（10厘米），可直接在上面种植或制作成已有植物预先栽种在上面的种植垫。
即使斜屋顶也可以进行绿色屋顶处理。
利用率较高的绿色屋顶系统可以包括多种植物和园林要素，如树木，但只有在平坦的屋顶上才行。
这种绿色屋顶需要更深的种植材料或土壤替代物，它们更重，更昂贵，并且需要更多的维护。
绿化屋顶的最大好处之一是水资源管理。
它们能吸收落在屋顶上的大约50%%-60%%的雨水，这些雨水一部分通过植物蒸发（或“呼气”）回到大气中而消耗掉了，另一部分水保留在土壤中或其他培养媒介中，。
其余的则缓慢地、在人们的控制下缓慢地流入城市雨水排水系统，这个过程有助于抑制城市供水系统中大量雨水激增的现象，而要扩充该系统的费用是很昂贵的。
位于东兰辛伊斯兰莘市的密歇根州立大学植物和土壤学家布拉德•罗说：“在许多城市，甚至一场雷雨就可能造成（雨水的排水系统）溢流，并与污水混在一起。
谁知道它们会流到哪儿去呢？”绿色屋顶的支持者还列举出其他好处，如节省能源。
一个绿色屋顶可以降低多少能源成本，这取决于屋顶类型和使用该屋顶当地的气候。
比较温暖的气候是节省能源的最佳条件，因为与降低取暖费相比，使用绿色屋顶能够更有效地减少空调费用。
Unit 1 Sources of EnergyText APetroleumSentence structure analysis1. Instead of originating in accumulating woody matter, petroleum may be the product of the accumulating fattymatter of ocean organisms such as plankton, the myriads of single-celled creatures that float in the surface layer of the ocean. (Para.2) 石油，并不是来自于逐渐积聚的木质物质，而可能是来自于逐渐积聚的海洋生物的脂肪物质。
比如浮游生物：大量浮游在海水表层的单细胞生物。
这是一个简单句，主语petroleum，谓语动词may be，表语product，构成句子主干。
instead of 介词短语作状语，such as plankton是product一词的同位语，the myriads of single-celled creatures that float in the surface layer of the ocean是名词性短语，做plankton的同位语。
2. It is only necessary that the organisms settle down into the ooze underlying shallow arms of the ocean underconditions of oxygen shortage. (Para. 3) 生物有机体只需在缺氧的条件下沉积到海湾浅水处的淤泥里。
该句的框架为：it is +adj.+that从句，it做形式主语，真正的主语是that从句的内容。
现在分词短语underlying…做后置定语修饰ooze。
UNIT 3 SEA EXPLORATION背景介绍海洋升温和酸化对海洋生物和陆地都有负面影响，生物多样性的现状也同样令人忧虑。
鉴于目前这样的局面，联合国“海洋科学促进可持续发展十年”计划即将启动，教科文组织总干事奥德蕾·阿祖莱(Audrey Azoulay)在2020年世界海洋日致辞，呼吁全世界的人为保护海洋行动起来。
The oceans occupy most of the Earth's surface—about 70%—to the point of giving our planet its unmistakable colour.As such, they can tell the state of the Earth's health: to observe them is to know where we stand.In terms of climate, the warming and acidification of the oceans have harmful consequences for marine life and for land; there is of course the rise in water levels which threatens communities settling along the coasts.There is also a risk that is even more worrying since the oceans are no longer able to perform the climate regulation function that they have long fulfilled.As far as biodiversity(生物多样性) is concerned, the diagnosis is even more alarming.We are well aware of these interacting crises, in particular thanks to the work of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.We also know where we must act.However, we still have to reflect matters and cooperate widely in order to manage the unavoidable and prevent the uncorrectable.COVID-19 affords us this opportunity to come together and set up ambitious programmes of action.This is true for climate; it is true for biodiversity; it is also true for the oceans, as the United Nations Special Envoy for the Ocean, Peter Thomson,explained：“If there were ever a tide in human affairs that should be taken, this is it.”It is indeed our responsibility to seize this moment.We must firstly learn more about the depths, which remain largely unknown to us and still hold many secrets that only we can reveal.Secondly, we must give free rein to imagination and innovation, which we need in order to deal with this worrying situation.This is why we have made innovation the theme of 2020 World Oceans Day.We must also seize this moment to sound the alarm, perhaps more widely than we have done so far, because no technical solution can replace a widespread, personal understanding of the threats to the oceans, their mysteries and their beauty.1．What has made people worried about the oceans according to Paragraph 2? B A．So many living things disappear in the oceans.B．The oceans fail to work properly as they used to.C．Water levels may rise at a fast speed.D．Human activities can't be prevented in a way.解析：细节理解题。
2021年1月计算机工程与设计Jan.2021第42卷第1期COMPUTER ENGINEERING AND DESIGN Vol.42No.1快速缝翘曲图像重定向算法赵亮，杜振龙，彭宏京+（南京工业大学计算机科学与技术学院，江苏南京211816）摘要：针对现有适用于小型显示设备的图像重定向算法焦点区域检测不精确、算法处理速度慢的问题，提出一种快速缝翘曲（FSW）图像重定向算法。
建立一个与人类感知更加相关的自适应能量图，该能量图合并梯度幅度、深度图、显著性、面部、边缘和直线检测；提出一种利用行（列）像素之间最优匹配关系快速寻找最优高能量缝的方案实现快速、精确的焦点区域检测；通过给焦点和非焦点区域设置缩放因子以及使用线性插值方法，有效实现快速缝翘曲图像重定向。
实验结果表明，该算法可更好保留复杂图像的重要内容及结构信息，其处理速度相较于其它算法也有明显提升％关键词：图像重定向；焦点区域检测；最优匹配关系；寻缝方案&缝翘曲中图法分类号：TP391文献标识号：A文章编号：1000-7024（2021）01-0167-08doi：10.16208/j.issnl000-7024.2021.01.025Fast seam warping image retargeting algorithmZHAO Liang,DU Zhen-long,PENG Hong-jing+(College of Computer Science and Technology&Nanjing Tech University,Nanjing211816,China)Abstract：Aiming at the problems of inaccurate focus area detection and low algorithm processing speed of existing image retargeting algoQithms suitable foQsma l display devices&a fast seam waQping(FSW)imageQetaQgeting algoQithm was pQoposed.An adaptiveeneQgymapwhichwasmoQeQelatedtohumanpeQceptionwasestablished.TheeneQgymapwascombinedwithgQadient amplitude&depthmap&salience&face&edgeandlinedetection.AschemefoQquicklyfindingtheoptimalhigh-eneQgyseamusing theoptimalmatchingQelationshipbetweenQows(columns)ofpixelswasalsopQoposedtoachievefastandaccuQatefocusaQea detecton.By setting the scaling factors for the focus and non-focus areas and using the linear interpolation method,the fast seam warping image retargeting was realized effectively.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can better retain the importantcontentandstructureinformationofcompleximagesanditsprocessingspeedissignificantlyimprovedcomparedwith otheralgorithms.Key words：image retargeting；focus area detection；optimal matching relationship；seam finding scheme；seam warping/引言如今，硬件显示设备的多样性给信息呈现带来了新的挑战，特别是在图像显示领域。
小学上册英语第四单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.My sister is my best _______ who is always ready to help.2.What is the name of the famous explorer who discovered the New World?A. Vasco da GamaB. Ferdinand MagellanC. Christopher ColumbusD. Marco Polo3. A frog has smooth ______ (皮肤).4.Many animals are ______ in the wild.5.My dad is a _____ (商人) who travels internationally.6.What is 4 x 2?A. 6B. 8C. 10D. 127.The __________ is a famous historical building.8.Metals are usually good ______ of heat.9.The _______ (松鼠) climbs trees quickly.10.We are having a ________.11.What is the opposite of "dark"?A. LightB. DimC. BrightD. FaintA12.The process of ______ can create sedimentary layers.13.The __________ is a large tree found in rainforests. (热带树)14.What is the main purpose of a garden?A. To grow foodB. To decorateC. To relaxD. To entertainA15.My ________ (朋友) is learning to play the guitar.16.The ________ (program) provides resources.17. A tree has _____ (叶子) that help it make food.18.She is _______ (climbing) the stairs.19.The _____ (bark) can be used for crafts.20.What is the name of the famous artist known for his paintings of water lilies?A. Claude MonetB. Vincent van GoghC. Pablo PicassoD. Salvador Dalí21.She is wearing a _____ (dress/shirt) today.22.My favorite book is _______ (小妇人).23.What do you call the process of making something less harmful?A. MitigationB. RegulationC. ConservationD. ProtectionA24.What do you call the festival of lights celebrated by Hindus?A. DiwaliB. EidC. ChristmasD. Hanukkah25.The main gas produced during combustion is ______.26.My sister is having a birthday ____ (party) next week.27.What do we call the main character in a story?A. VillainB. ProtagonistC. AntagonistD. NarratorB28.The chemical formula for lithium carbonate is _______.29.What is the largest ocean on Earth?A. Atlantic OceanB. Arctic OceanC. Indian OceanD. Pacific OceanD30.The invention of ________ changed how we live daily.31.The __________ is formed by the accumulation of organic matter.32. A _______ can measure the temperature of water in a container.33.What is the fastest land animal?A. CheetahB. HorseC. LionD. Kangaroo34.What is the name of the famous bridge in New York City?A. Golden Gate BridgeB. Brooklyn BridgeC. Tower BridgeD. Sydney Harbour BridgeB35.I call my grandmother __________. (外婆)36.She is studying to be a ________.37.The ______ (植物的生长速度) can vary based on conditions.38.What do we call a person who loves nature?A. EnvironmentalistB. ScientistC. BotanistD. Naturalist39.What is the main character in a story or play called?A. HeroB. VillainC. ProtagonistD. AntagonistC40.What is the capital of Morocco?A. CasablancaB. RabatC. MarrakechD. AgadirB Rabat41.The tortoise is much ______ (慢) than the rabbit.42.What is a baby sheep called?A. CalfB. LambC. KidD. Foal43.The _____ (叶子) of the plant are green and help in photosynthesis.44.The _______ can be used for making perfumes.45. A liquid that dissolves a solute is called a ________.46. A __________ is a region known for its cultural heritage.47.How many days are in a leap year?A. 365B. 366C. 364D. 36048.The ______ (植物种类) varies across regions.49.What is the name of the famous mountain range in North America?A. Rocky MountainsB. Appalachian MountainsC. Sierra NevadaD. Cascade RangeA50.The invention of the steam engine revolutionized ________ (工业).51.The stars are _______ (shining) brightly tonight.52.The process of neutralization results in water and a ______.53.What is the common name for a large, furry animal found in North America?A. LionB. Polar bearC. Grizzly bearD. Koala54.What do we call the main character in a story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. Supporting characterD. Narrator55.Dolphins communicate using ______.56.She enjoys ________ (collaborating) with others.57.What do you wear on your feet?A. HatB. ShoesC. GlovesD. Belt58.What do you call a person who bakes bread?A. BakerB. ChefC. CookD. All of the aboveD59.She sings _____ (well/badly).60.She is _____ (wearing) a hat.61.The _____ (clouds/trees) are white.62.My brother often plays _______ (名词) with his friends. 他觉得这个游戏很_______ (形容词).63.My toys remind me of happy times spent with my ________ (家人).64.What do we call the study of fungi?A. MycologyB. BotanyC. ZoologyD. BacteriologyA65.I help my mom with _____ (清洁) the house.66.I like to explore new places and try new ________ (食物) when I travel.67. A strong acid has a pH less than ______.68.The ostrich lays the largest ________________ (蛋).69.I love watching ______ (动画片) on Saturday mornings. They always make me laugh.70.What is 15 7?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 9C 871.The chemical formula for ammonia is ______.72.What is the name of the famous ancient city in Italy?A. PompeiiB. RomeC. HerculaneumD. All of the above73.My favorite childhood memory is playing ________ (游戏) with my cousins during summer vacations.74.On hot days, I enjoy eating __________. (冰激凌)75.What is the name of the toy that you can build with small plastic bricks?A. LegoB. PuzzleC. DollD. Action figure76.The capital of Cuba is __________.77. A substance that can conduct electricity when dissolved in water is called a(n)_______.78.I like to ________ in the summer.79.Carbon dioxide is produced during ______ respiration.80.The chicken pecks at _____ grains.81.The ______ (生长速度) can be affected by temperature.82.Which word means the opposite of "happy"?A. JoyfulB. SadC. ExcitedD. AngryB83.I like to watch ______ (纪录片) about animals and nature. It helps me learn more about our planet.84.The hummingbird can hover in ______ (空中) thanks to its wings.85.I like to collect ________ from different places.86.What do we call the layer of gases surrounding the Earth?A. LithosphereB. HydrosphereC. AtmosphereD. BiosphereC87.Which instrument is typically played with a bow?A. FluteB. TrumpetC. ViolinD. GuitarC Violin88.Which tree produces acorns?A. MapleB. PineC. OakD. BirchC89.What is the shape of a basketball?A. SquareB. CircleC. OvalD. Rectangular90.What do you call a young giraffe?A. CalfB. FoalC. PupD. KitA91.What is the color of the sky on a clear day?A. GreenB. BlueC. YellowD. RedB92.What is the main purpose of a refrigerator?A. CookingB. FreezingC. CoolingD. HeatingC93. A __________ is a type of animal that can glide.94.How many wheels does a bicycle have?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5A95.I have a ________ (玩具名称) that sings songs.96.Did you see the _______ (小海豹) basking in the sun?97.The chemical formula for citric acid is ________.98.I enjoy ________ books after dinner.99.My ______ is a great cook.100.The axolotl can regenerate its _______.。
2024届高考英语时文阅读之语法填空专项训练专题01海洋探险Why the Caribbean Island of Grand Cayman加勒比海之大开曼岛探险基础篇should be on your radar？巩固篇Diving to new depths in French Polynesia挑战潜水法属波利尼西亚67-Year-Old Kayaker needs help near end of营救穿越大西洋的67岁皮划艇运动员提高篇Atlantic crossing专项微练单句语法填空名词专项训练真题精选高考模拟衔接名校真题演练【原创题】【基础篇】There’s no better introduction to island life than the famed SevenMile Beach, touted as one of the 1 (fine) in the Caribbean.Facing west, this crescent of pearl-white sand is a picture-perfectsunset spot 2 where the island’s best hotels, water sportsand diving operations are located.Grand Cayman’s finest treasures, however, lie beyond 3(it) shoreline. There are an impressive 356 diving sites dotted around the archipelago, 4 (range) from shallow reefs to fascinating shipwrecks home 5 colourful tropical fish, reef sharks and sea turtles. Scuba divers can take the plunge with one of the island’s top-notch diving schools or try another aquatic exploit — there’s paddle boarding, windsurfing, kayaking, sailing or nocturnal snorkelling among glittering bioluminescence. Families love the boat trip to Stingray City, the highlight of 6 is standing on a waist-deep sandbar as soft-to-stroke stingrays feed from your hand.Above sea level, there’s a fantastic hike in the Mastic Reserve, which 7 (protect) by the National Trust as the largest area of untouched old-growth forest on the island. The rugged, 2.3-mile Mastic Trail weaves through black mangrove and ancient woodland, thriving in native flora and alive with yellow-chested bananaquit and squawking parrots — both endemic to the island.More wildlife is found in the Queen Elizabeth II Botanic Park, 8 (include) the island’s most exotic resident: the endangered blue iguana. A decade ago, less than 25 of these Caymanian critters9 (remain) on the island, but thanks to 10 dedicated conservation mission, more than 1,000 now roam.【答案】1.finest2. and3. its4. ranging5. to6.which7. is protected8. including9. remained 10. a【巩固篇】Swivelling their hips to the furious beat of pahu drums,dancers whirl like dust devils across a sandy stage erected1 the beach. An audience watches, mesmerised, as themusic grows louder and movements become 2(fast), until the scene becomes a blur of floaty, floral fabrics,swishing, grassy fronds and cascading, velveteen petals.Slowing the tempo, a new troupe emerges to the gentlestrumming of a ukulele, sweeping 3 arms upwards in a motion mimicking the peaks and troughs of Pacific Ocean waves. Wearing garlands of jasmine draped around their necks and delicate frangipani flowers tucked behind their ears, these women on the atoll of Rangiroa 4 (be) the very picture of Polynesian paradise,5 image that’s attracted countless curious explorers and travellers to these distant shores.6 in September 2022, the Farerei Haga Rangiroa is the newest addition to a calendar of festivals held to celebrate the culture and traditions of French Polynesia. Gathering talents from the Tuamotu Archipelago and further afield, evening dance shows are part of the energetic, six-day programme, featuring coconut-shelling, va’a (outrigger canoe) racing and lifting stones weighing as much as 160kg — an impressive feat7 once served as a competition to win the hand of a8 (chief) daughter.Dressed in beach shirts and board shorts, dignitaries sing prayers inside an arena made of fishing nets and oyster shells. Attired equally casually, the country’s president speaks 9 (enthusiastic) of a future when more cruise ships 10 (arrive), as an ocean liner on the horizon blasts its horn.【答案】1. on2. faster3. their4. are5. an6. Launched7.that8. chief’s9. enthusiastically 10. will arrive【提高篇】Aleksander Doba, a 67-year-old kayaker 1 isattempting a solo, unsupported crossing of the Atlantic Ocean,2 (need) a new rudder. The rudder on Doba's custom kayakbroke in a storm on February 13 in the notorious Bermuda Triangle.That was within days of the estimated completion time for hismonths-long voyage, according to social media posts by AndrzejArminski, 3 kayak designer who built Doba's vessel, called OLO. Arminski noted on Google+ that Doba is unhurt, 4 that he will not be able to paddle against the stiff trade winds with a broken rudder.Since January 1, after three months of steady progress across the Atlantic and 90 percent of his journey complete, Doba 5 (fight) unexpected storms and paddling in circles. Communication with Doba has been tricky because he has been unable 6 (contact) his support team since December 20 due to a technical glitch with his satellite phone. The 7 (connect) was reestablished on February 6 with a text from Doba that said, "Finally, after 47 days it is possible not only to receive text messages but also send them too." He also has been able to broadcast his position to Arminski on a GPS personal tracker device, called SPOT. The AA batteries used by the tracker failed, but Doba rigged up a new connection with AAA batteries, although they must be protected 8 (care) from ocean spray.Doba, a retired engineer from Poland, left Lisbon, Portugal, in his kayak on October 6, 2013. He was bound for Smyrna Beach, Florida, 4,700 nautical miles away. Doba had been aiming 9 reach Florida between February 10 and February 20, 2014. Doba's friend and supporter Piotr Chmielinski, also an adventure kayaker, told National Geographic that he plans to go to Bermuda on Monday, February 17, to assist in repairs to Doba's kayak.The Virginia-based Chmielinski says he hopes to help Doba at sea, 10 possible, to minimize disruption to the journey. They may need to seek the nearest harbor, most likely Bermuda, to make repairs to the boat.【答案】1. who/that2. needs3. a4. but5. has been fighting6. to contact7. connection8. carefully9. to 10. if【专项微练：名词】1．（2023春·福建三明·高一统考期中）The country put up a strong ____________ (defend) against the enemy’s invasion. (所给词的适当形式填空)【答案】defence/defense【详解】考查名词。
暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。
也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。
它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。
也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。
这是黄河滩上的一幕。
牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。
只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。
这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的，像些胖娃娃。
如果走近了，会发现它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而单纯的表情。
如果稍稍长久一点端详这张张面庞，还会生出无限的怜悯。
参考译文：Besidethispicturewithprofusionsofcolors,agroupofsheeparelowingtheir heads, eating by the river bank. Hardly none of them would spare some time toraise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, takinguseofeveryminutetoenjoytheirlastchewbeforebeingdrivenhome.Thisapictureof the Yellow River bank, in which the shepherd disappears, and no one knows wherehe is resting himself. Only the sheep, however, as free creatures, are joyfullyappreciating the dusk. The exuberant water plants have nutrited the sheep, makingthem grow as fat as balls. When approaching near, you would find their lily-whiteeth and a variety of innocent facial impressions.Globalizationismakingtheworldsmaller,fasterandricher.Still,9/11,avianflu,and Iran remind us that a smaller, fatster world is not necessarily a safer world.Our world is bursting with knowledge - but desperately in need of wisdom. Now, whensound bites are getting shorter, when instant messages crowd out essays, and whenindividual lives grow more frenzied, college graduates capable of deep reflectionare what our world needs.For all these reasons I believed - and I believe even more strongly today - in theunique and irreplaceable mission of universities.科技进步正在使我们能够探索宇宙的边陲、物质最基本的成分及生命的奇迹.与此同时，今天，人类所做的及没能做到的事情，不仅危害到这个星球上的生命，也危害到该星球的寿命。
基于GrowCut的改进Seam Carving图像自适应方法的开题报告1. 研究背景图像自适应方法是一种在保持图像特征的情况下，对图像进行缩放的方法。
在现实生活中，人们经常需要对图像进行缩放，如将高清电影放到普通电视上观看，或将大分辨率的照片缩小到合适的大小。
传统的图像缩放方法，如双线性插值和双三次插值等，虽然可以保持图像的平滑和连续性，但缩放后的图像通常会失去一些细节和真实感，造成了较大的失真和模糊，尤其在图像缩小的过程中。
因此，图像自适应方法逐渐成为了一种新的图像缩放方法。
Seam Carving作为一种有效的图像自适应方法，可以通过去除最不重要的像素，来缩放图像的尺寸，而不会造成较大的失真和模糊，因为它保留了图像的关键部分和细节。
然而，传统的Seam Carving方法也存在一定的不足，如过多的图像裁剪，显著的时间消耗，以及有限的针对不同类型图像的应用能力等。
2. 研究目的通过基于GrowCut的改进Seam Carving方法，探索一种更优秀的图像自适应方法，能够更好地保持图像的特征和细节，同时能够解决传统Seam Carving方法的不足。
3. 研究内容本研究将围绕以下内容展开：（1）综述图像自适应方法的发展现状和应用领域；（2）详细介绍传统的Seam Carving方法，包括其原理、优劣分析以及应用场景等；（3）研究基于GrowCut的改进Seam Carving方法的原理和流程，在现有Seam Carving算法的基础上，利用GrowCut算法对图像进行优化处理；（4）通过大量的实验验证，对比改进方法和传统方法的表现，评估改进方法的优劣性，同时探索改进方法的应用领域和发展方向。
4. 研究意义本研究将对于图像自适应方法的研究和发展做出一定的贡献，有助于提高图像自适应方法的效率和准确性，同时解决传统图像自适应方法的不足。
此外，研究所得到的实验数据和技术手段，将为相关领域的研究提供一些参考和借鉴意义。
A Fast Seam Carving Method Based on MergingSeams in SubimagesFarzin YaghmaeeFaculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Semnan UniversitySemnan, IranF_yaghmaee@semnan.ac.irAbdorreza Alavi Gharahbagh Electrical and Computer Engineering Department,Semnan UniversitySemnan, IranAbdorreza.alavi@students.semnan.ac.irAbstract— Display devices based on its different screens and resolutions, need image resizing to retain the image’s quality. Common image resizing methods cannot save or protect important objects or its results are non-photorealistic. Seam carving as a new method has been widely used for content-aware image and video resizing with little distortion in comparison with common methods.Unfortunately, seam carving is a complex algorithm and for high resolution videos or images has a long run time and is not usable in real-time applications. In this paper, a novel fast method in order to accelerate simple seam carving and decrease computational burden is presented. In this method image is divided into three equal horizontal or vertical sections, while the traditional seam carving is applied to the middle section. In the top and down sections, the algorithm estimates seam with respect to the middle part seam using an approximated Dijkstra method. Experiments have demonstrated better computational efficiency of presented method when it faces the current seam carving method .It is also preserving the image’s information as effectively as the original seam carving method.Keywords—Seam carving, image resizing, Dijkstra method.I.I NTRODUCTIONDue to the rise of internet, communications, media devices with different screens such as cell phones, personal computers, etc., image resizing is going to be an important research area. All customers want images and videos to fit their devices screens, in a way that minimizes distortion. Traditional methods such as resizing, stretching or cropping do not satisfy customer requirements. In 2007 Avidan and Shamir proposed a new method called seam carving, which operates in a discrete fashion and is able to reduce or enlarge image’s dimension. Although seam carving remains an important tool for image retargeting, it has its limitations. This algorithm always removes or inserts low energy pixels until the desired image size is achieved, without considering the real visual effect. The ROI’s with relatively low energy cannot sustain from being carved out. Denser regions of interest in the image and sometimes the orientation of the image make it unavoidable that the seams bypass the important regions thereby distorting it and at last the main disadvantage is its long computation time that limits its application for real time systems. In [3], energy functions are defined by using DCT coefficients and motion vectors (MVs), instead of fully decoded pixel domain information. Based on this new energy function, the time of computation is significantly reduced. [4] Used two approaches to accelerate the original seam carving method. One is to update the cumulative minimum energy map partially around the seam and another is to process several seams using the divide and conquer method. In [5] the concept of a video ribbon is defined and video condensation as a method that information is removed from the space-time video volume is implemented. The method used in [5] can only be applied to the videos processing and not suitable for images. [6] Performs seam carving in wavelet transform domain. This approach reduces the computational complexity of image resizing but its test results are acceptable for gray scale images. [7] By combining seam carving with scaling and cropping algorithm and de¿ning a cost function based on image energy and dominant color descriptor can automatically ¿nd an optimal sequence of operations to resize the image. The main disadvantage of [7] is its complicate structure.In the proposed method the image is divided into three equal sections (horizontal or vertical). The seam is only computed for the middle section. After finding seam for middle part, algorithm estimates seams for top and bottom sections with respect to middle part seam. For finding seam in top and bottom sections, proposed method only search five rows or columns each time. The search depth or number of rows is selected based on some simulations. It is obvious that computational burden of proposed method is so lower than simple seam carving. The cost function for each pixel similar to original seam carving method is defined by gradient energy function.The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we review original seam carving method, gradient energy function, dynamic programming and Dijkstra algorithm briefly. The details of proposed method will be explained in Section 3 and the results of our retargeting method will be compared to original algorithm in Section 4. Conclusion is derived from Section 5 based on discussion of results that are presented.2013 8th Iranian Conference on Machine Vision and Image Processing (MVIP)II. R ELATED W ORKSThe main idea of the seam carving algorithm is to remove unnoticeable pixels while preserving the significant content of the image. The pixel importance can be measured by some metric measuring such as gradient operator, entropy operator, etc. Hence, an energy map and cumulative energy matrix of the input image find the optimal seam. Seam is an optimal 8-connected path of pixels on a single image from top to bottom (vertical seam), or left to right (horizontal seam). The seams should be• Monotonic – A seam has one and only pixel in each row for a vertical seam (in each column for a horizontal seam) • 8 connected – Being found a pixel on the seam, the next pixel that constitute the seam is one of its three neighbors on the next row/column. • Removal / Insertion of such a seam do not cause much visual attention. With above conditions seam is defined as a path of pixels having the minimum cumulative energy and finally remove the seam from the image and repeat these steps until the image is in its desired size.A. Generating the energy mapThere are some ways to extract the unimportant pixels from an image. In original seam carving an energy value is assigned to each pixel by using gradient energy function that is defined in (1). This value can be computed by Sobel masks (fig. 1) in both horizontal and vertical directions [1]:(1)Fig. 1. Sobel masks for gradient operatorB. Optimal seam detectionA vertical seam for an N×M image is defined as [1]: (2)Similar to (2) a horizontal seam is defined as:{}(){}11(),,,()(1)1m myyj jj S S y j j where j y j y j ====∀−−≤ (3)The cost of the seam is defined as the sum of the energies of the pixels along the seam path [1]. An optimal seam would have the minimum seam cost. In order to find this seam, Dijkstra algorithm [8] is the best method. This method is a graph search algorithm that solves the single-source shortest path problem for a graph with nonnegative edge path costs, producing the shortest path tree. This algorithm is often used in routing and as a subroutine in other graph algorithms. Due to Dijkstra algorithm the cumulative minimum energy map M for the second row to last row is defined as follows [1]:(,)(,)min((1,1),(1,),(1,1))M i j e i j M i j M i j M i j =+−−−−+ (4)Then the optimal seam would be found by taking the minimum pixel value in the last row of which would be the end of the optimal seam path. Then optimal seam path is tracked by going upwards in matrix M and finding the minimum value among the three adjacent pixels right above the first one. The above calculations were all described for vertical seams. For horizontal seams all the implementation can simply be done on the transposed version of the image.III. P ROPOSED M ETHODIn original seam carving method for removing first row or column, all pixels of energy map should be computed and the method spends most of its time to compute this map. When the first seam is removed, it is necessary to re-compute the energy map only for pixels locate at border of removed seam. But Dijkstra algorithm should check all pixels to obtain optimal seam. It is obvious that for high resolution images it becomes computationally unfeasible to do the resizing in real-time. For decreasing computational burden in the proposed method, image is divided into three equal sections (Equality in the number of rows or columns in three sections is not necessary and only is assumed for simplicity), see fig. 2.Fig. 2. Image is divided to three equal sections.The original seam carving method is applied to the middle part of image. It is clear that all computations of this step are about 30% of full image. After finding the seam for middle part, algorithm estimates seams for the top and bottom sections with respect to middle part seam. For finding the seam in the top and bottom sections, the algorithm start from the end of the middle part seam. In these sections Dijkstra algorithm supposes that the start point is fixed and only end point is unknown. In the proposed method Dijkstra only search five rows or columns each time. Because of known start point and limited search depth or number of rows, totalprocess of algorithm is decreased in comparison with traditional seam carving. For showing the amount of this decrease, a simple comparison between original seam carving and proposed method for an M×N image is given in table 1. For the first step, in original seam carving for deletion one row or column, the gradient operator should be computed for all pixels. The computation of the gradient operator for one pixel needs about five sums and no multiple (multiplications in 2 or 1 with positive or negative signs are not considerable in computation cost). The total computations for this step with respect to above details are about 5×M×N summation. In the second step (finding the minimal seam), each pixel should be checked with three neighbor pixels located at the upper row (the borders pixels are not important in compare to all pixels and can be discarded for simplicity). In this step the algorithm need about 3×M×N comparisons. In the proposed method, in the middle part, computations are similar to original seam carving method but at the top and the bottom parts, gradient operator and comparisons only computed in the area for tracking optimal seam (see fig. 3), that means only about 35 pixels should be checked in 5 rows. As a result of above descriptions, the proposed method need 5×M×N/3 summation for middle part and 35×M ×2/3 for top and the bottom parts for computing energy map and 3×M×N/3 comparisons for middle part and 35×M×3/5×2/3 for top and bottom parts for finding optimal seam.TABLE I. A COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPUTATIONAL BURDEN INORIGINAL SEAM CARVING AND PROPOSED METHOD FOR AN M×N IMAGE . Original seam carving Proposed methodFirst step(summation)5×M×N 5×M×N/3+35×M ×2/3 Second step(comparison)3×M×N M×N+14×MThe search depth that chooses 5 in the proposed method do not have a fixed value and is selected based on some simulations. Fig.3 shows a search depth equal to 4. Only for these pixels, energy value is computed and the optimal seam is checked. At next five rows or columns, new search starts from the end of updated seam.Fig. 3. start point is dark and white pixels shows the area for tracking optimal seamIf the middle part portion is increased in the image, thecomputational time increases and proposed method is tend to original seam carving method. About search depth, it is clear that increasing this parameter, increase computational time but for the result, it is not a critical parameter. If search depth setto one, each pixel only compared with three pixels at next row or column (this is so good for run time) but if the image has a similar texture in the top or bottom section, output image has a sharp cutting area see fig.4. For this reason search depth should be chosen higher than 1(in our simulation this value is set to 5).Fig. 4. Original image and result of proposed method. Search depth is supposed 1.IV. S IMULATION RESULTTo validate the ef ¿ciency and effectiveness of the proposed seam carving method, the algorithm was tested on a database of 100 images of some different categories. The original Images are all 600×800 pixels and all of images resized to 400×800 images. In proposed method search depth is selected 5 that is the best value based on simulation results and all images are divided into three equal sections. Theexperiments were performed in a core i5 laptop with 4 GB memory. The results demonstrate that the proposed method results have acceptable quality. Fig. 5 shows four selected images of different categories with their normal scaled, original seam carving and proposed method. Despite the fact that results have little differences, it can be observed that the proposed algorithm performs better or at least the same as the simple seam carving method.Table II shows the ratio of runtime in proposed method to runtime in original seam carving as percent. As shown in Table 1 the proposed method has much lower runtime (about 30%) in all cases than the original method. Therefore, the proposed method can be practically applied to retarget the size of the images in all cases.TABLE II. RATIO OF RUNTIME IN PROPOSED METHOD TO RUNTIME INCONVENTIONAL SEAM CARVING AS PERCENTImage name Runtime efficiencyA 67.1%B 72.8%C 69.8%D 76.8%V.C ONCLUSIONIn this paper a new method is proposed for improving computational efficiency and memory requirement of the conventional seam carving method. As the graph cut approach for the seam carving needs the seam energy map of the entireimage and requires huge computation times as well as large storage space, in proposed algorithm image is divided to three equal horizontal or vertical sections, traditional seam carving is applied only to middle section. For this reason the computational cost and storage space is so lower than original seam carving. In the top and down sections, the algorithm estimates seam with respect to the middle part seam with an approximated Dijkstra method. Simulation results on 100 images of different categories show that the proposed seam carving method are about 30% faster than the original seam carving without losing the quality of the retargeted image.REFERENCES[1]S. Avidan and A. Shamir. “Seam carving for content-aware imageresizing”. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 26(3), 2007.[2]S. Avidan and A. Shamir. “Seam carving for media retargeting”.Communications of the ACM, 2009. Vol 52, No. 1.[3]H.-M. Nam, K.-Y. Byun, J.-Y. Jeong, K.-S. Choi, and S.-J. Ko, “Lowcomplexity content-aware video retargeting for mobile devices,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 56, No. 1, February 2010. [4]Jinseok Lee and Daijin Kim, “Fast Seam Carving Using Partial Updateand Divide and Conquer Method”, IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology (ISSPIT), 14-17 Dec.2009., Pohang, South Korea.[5]Li, Z., Ishwar, P., Konrad, J., “Video condensation by ribbon carving”.IEEE Transaction on Image Processing, Vol 18, No. 11, November 2009.[6]K. Mishiba and M. Ikehara, “Seam carving in wavelet transformdomain”, 18th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 11-14 Sept. 2011, Brussels, Belgium.[7]Wei-Ming Dong, Guan-Bo Bao, Xiao-Peng Zhang, Jean-Claude Paul,“Fast Multi-Operator Image Resizing and Evaluation”, Journal of Computer Science and Technology, Volume 27, Issue 1, pp 121-134 , January 2012.[8]Cormen, Thomas H., Leiserson, Charles E., Rivest, Ronald L.; Stein,Clifford. “Introduction to Algorithms.” MIT Press and McGraw-Hill, 2001, Second edition, pp. 595–601. ISBN 0-262-03293-7.ABCDOriginal image Seam carving Proposed methodFig. 5. Four selected images of different categories with their normal scaled and result of conventional seam carving and proposed method.。
