1月现代语言学自考试题

全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码：00541一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题1分，共26分)1.关于语言与言语的关系，下列说法中不正确的一项是( )。

A.用文字记录下来的就是语言，用声音说出来的就是言语B.语言具有内在的一致的规律，而言语则不同，很难找到一致的规律C.语言是言语活动中社会成员约定俗成的共同使用的部分，是均质的D.言语具有个人特点，因此不同于社会约定俗成的“语言”2.最早的比较全面系统地阐述“语言”一般理论的著作通常认为是德国学者( )的《论人类语言结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响》。

A.黑格尔B.康德C.洪堡特D.歌德3.元音音质的差别主要是由下列( )决定的。

A.发音体B.共鸣腔的不同形状C.发音源D.发音部位4.下列各组辅音中都是双唇音的一组是( )。

A.［ｐ］［ｐ‘］B.［ｐ］［ｆ］C.［ｐ］［ｎ］D.［ｂ］［ｋ］5.语音的本质属性是( )。

A.物理属性B.生理属性C.心理属性D.社会属性6.北京人把“分配”［f n55p‘ei51］说成［f m55p‘ei51］，这种语音变化形象是( )。

A.同化B.异化C.弱化D.脱落7.下列四组合成词中，( )含有不成词语素。

A.火车B.热爱C.心疼D.端详8.一般说来，前缀在构词中通常( )。

A.只改变词的具体意义、不改变词的词类B.只改变词的抽象意义、不改变词的词类C.只改变词的词类、不改变词的具体意义D.只改变词的词类、不改变词的抽象意义19.“一张上海”这句话表面上看起来是词语搭配不当，其实是“买一张去上海的车票”这句话在特定场所(售票处)对话省略。

这种现象说明了( )。

A.语境对语法的作用B.修辞对语法的作用C.语汇对语法的作用D.语音对语法的作用10.“学习外语”和“政治学习”中的“学习”是( )。

A.边缘类的词B.兼类词C.同音词D.词性完全相同的词11.义素分析的基本方法是( )。

浙江省2018年1月自考语言学概论试题课程代码：10044一、判断题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）判断下列各题，正确的在题后括号内打“√”，错的打“×”。

1.语言学直到19世纪才成为一门科学，在这之前的语言研究只能称之为“语文学”。

( )2.语言既是一种物质实体，又是一种社会现象。

( )3.语言获得主要是通过有意识的教或学的形式，即所谓直觉习惯和模仿强化等来完成的。

( )4.词的内部语素与语素的组合形式不完全等同于句法结构的形式，即词的构造具有某些特殊类型。

( )5.一般说，前缀在构词中除了改变词的抽象意义外，也往往改变词的词类。

( )6.大脑的语言功能完全是通过后天的学习、训练获得的。

( )7.一部分思维活动完全可以摆脱语言独立进行。

( )8.作为来源语的母语对作为目标语的外语会产生影响，这就叫做“语言迁移”。

( )9.目前汉字输入就已经可以采用语音合成技术。

( )10.文字改革必须要注意解决书面语的历史继承性问题，否则就会割断历史文化传统，引起多数人的反对。

( )二、单项选择题(本大题共14小题，每小题1分，共14分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1.关于语言研究，下列说法中不正确的是( )Ａ.语言的研究可以着重于语言的“本体”，重点研究语音、语法、语汇、语义等系统内部的结构规律Ｂ.语言的研究指的就是对于语言和人脑思维之间关系的研究Ｃ.语言的研究可以从不同的角度，采用不同的方式来进行Ｄ.由于研究的范围、目的、方法等等的不同，会形成各种不同的语言学派2.下列说法正确的是( )A.语言符号具有任意性，因此不同的语言符号之间都是独立存在、互不联系的Ｂ.语言是一个系统，这个系统具有相对的封闭性，很少受到外界各种因素的影响C.语素是可以自由运用的最小的语言单位D.无论从语音学还是从语义学的角度来看，语素都是最小的不可再分的单位3.关于语言的组合关系，下列说法中不正确的一项是( )A.组合关系又称句段关系，其实质就是同义词或近义词的组合与替换问题Ｂ.我们通常所说的“词类”，指的就是一种在组合关系中具有相同语法功能的类C.语言单位的组合，只能采取线性的序列形式D.在语链中，在同一位置上出现的语言单位处在共同的组合关系之中，具有共同的句法功能4.普通语言学指的是( )A.语言学研究中的初级阶段B.语言学研究的低级对象C.对人类语言进行一般性研究的科学D.对某一门语言进行普遍而适用的研究的学问5.下列各组辅音中，发音部位相同的一组是( )A.［p］［f］B.［p］［m］C.［t］［p］D.［k］［m］6.下列关于韵律特征的表述中，不正确的一项是( )A.韵律特征指的是语音中除音质特征之外的音高、音长和音强方面的变化。

浙江省2018年1月自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码：10044一、判断题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内打“√”，错的打“╳”。

每小题1分，共10分)1.语言是民族的重要标志也是最可靠的标志。

( )2.语音本质上是一种社会现象。

( )3.音强变化在许多语言中有区别意义的作用。

( )4.舌面元音的音质差别是由口腔的不同形状决定的。

( )5.根据词的音节数量，汉语的词一般分成单纯词和合成词。

( )6.所有的语法规则都是互相联系着共同起作用的。

( )7.语言诸要素语音、语汇、语法中，语音发展变化最快。

( )8.语调是任何一种语言都有的语法手段。

( )9.“觉得不舒服”和“睡得不舒服”结构相同。

( )10.已知的所有自源文字都是意音文字、词语文字。

( )二、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题2分，共26分)1.普通话音节zhi中的元音i是( )。

A.舌面前元音B.舌面后元音C.舌尖前元音D.舌尖后元音2.辅音［s］和［x］的区别是( )。

A.送气与否B.清音和浊音C.擦音和塞擦音D.发音部位不同3.［k］是( )。

A.塞音B.擦音C.鼻音D.塞擦音4.前低不圆唇元音是( )。

A.［e］B.［u］C.［a］D.［o］5.造成现代汉语词的音形关系复杂的原因有( )。

A.语音偶合B.历史音变C.词义分化D.以上都是6.语法规则的“递归性”是指( )。

A.相同的规则可以在一个结构里重复使用B.语法规则可以相互推导和解释C.语法规则的变化过程十分缓慢D.对语言成分和结构进行类的概括7.汉语普通话中“啊”的音变属于语流音变中的( )。

A.同化B.异化C.脱落D.加音8.汉字“末”属于下列哪一种造字法( )。

A.象形B.指事C.会意D.形声9.我国解放前的“洋泾浜语”是语言的( )。

A.借用B.双语现象C.转用D.混合10.下列属于意译词的是( )。

自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案高等教育自学考试，简称自考，是一种对自学者进行以学历考试为主的，个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合的'高等教育考试制度，创立于20世纪80年代初。

下面是店铺收集整理的自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案，希望大家喜欢。

Ⅰ.Multiple ChoiceDirections:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates _______.( )A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication2.Of the following sound combinations，only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( )A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。

全国2018年1月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.( 2% ×10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. ( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at theend of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which stateexplicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______. ( )A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. ( )1A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. （）A. right B. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest that formalinstruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.( ) A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is composed ofdiscrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meaningful.12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the softpalate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.214. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words. Aphrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop”meaning a certain sound and “pop”meaning popular are inrelationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort tostudy meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English. English haslost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brainis called l .20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second languageacquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% ×10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "the institution whereby humans communicateand interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrarysymbols." Most linguists today accept the view of language as a set of "habituallyused symbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principlelonger than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound length are tied tothe sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asintonation.23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify themeaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, we3do not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different.Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and“performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when wordsare borrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g.,Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Titlealone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, betweenfriends, neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are ableto transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively little disruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. hyponymy36. commissives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interference4V. Directions: Answer the following questions.( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language withexamples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order tounderstand the relationship between language and thought.5。

自考语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的主要对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 地理答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言的属性？A. 任意性B. 线条性C. 离散性D. 社会性答案：B3. 语言学的分支学科包括以下哪些？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 语用学D. 以上都是答案：D4. 语言的最小意义单位是？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子5. 下列哪个选项是语言的符号性特征？A. 语言的抽象性B. 语言的创造性C. 语言的任意性D. 语言的规则性答案：C6. 语言的演变不包括以下哪一项？A. 语音变化B. 词汇变化C. 语法变化D. 语言的消亡答案：D7. 语言的交际功能包括以下哪些？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会互动D. 以上都是答案：D8. 语言的方言差异主要体现在以下哪些方面？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 以上都是答案：D9. 语言学研究方法中，不包括以下哪一项？B. 实验法C. 调查法D. 推理法答案：D10. 下列哪一项不是语言的交际功能？A. 命令B. 请求C. 描述D. 抒情答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的目的是______语言现象。

答案：描述和解释2. 语言的______性是指语言符号和它所代表的对象之间没有必然的联系。

答案：任意性3. 语言的______性是指语言符号的排列组合是有一定规则的。

答案：规则性4. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以无限地创造新的意义。

答案：创造性5. 语言的______性是指语言是人类社会特有的现象。

答案：社会性6. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以表达抽象的概念。

答案：抽象性7. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以表达具体的事物。

答案：具体性8. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以传达说话人的情感、态度等。

答案：情感性9. 语言的______性是指语言符号可以用于不同的交际场合。

自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案高等教育自学考试，简称自考，是一种对自学者进行以学历考试为主的，个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合的`高等教育考试制度，创立于20世纪80年代初。

下面是店铺收集整理的自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案，希望大家喜欢。

Ⅰ.Multiple ChoiceDirections:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates _______.( )A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication2.Of the following sound combinations，only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( )A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。

浙江省2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题2分，共20分)1.______ is NOT a design feature of human language. ( )A. Cultural transmissionB. DisplacementC. Duality of structureD. Prescriptivism2. Vibration of the vocal cords results in ______. ( )A. aspirationB.nasalityC. obstructionD. voicing3. The word “simplifications”has ______ morphemes in it. ( )A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 54. “We vowed to fight on until all our demands were met”is a sentence. ( )A. coordinateB. complexC. compoundD.simple5. The relationship between “fruit”and “apple”is ______. ( )A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy6. “Interviewer”and “interviewee”are a pair of ______ opposites. ( )A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. relational7. The maxim of ______ requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation. ( )A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner8. The regular consonant changes found among cognates in the Germanic languages were known as ______Law. ( )A. Bopp'sB. Grimm'sC. Jones'D. Rask's9. When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes . ( )A. creole... pidginB. pidgin... creoleC. regional dialect...lingua francaD. lingua franca...regional dialect10. A child who knows the general plural form may apply the rule to irregular nouns and produce “foots”. This is called ______. ( )A. assimilationB. transferC. overgeneralizationD. underextension二、填空题(在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。

语言学概论自考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学是研究什么的学科？A. 语言的发音B. 语言的结构C. 语言的使用D. 语言的起源答案：B2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 索绪尔是哪位语言学家的理论奠基人？A. 乔姆斯基B. 索绪尔C. 布隆菲尔德D. 皮尔斯答案：B4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 句子D. 语素答案：D5. 下列哪个选项是语言的同步研究？A. 语言的历史发展B. 语言的地理分布C. 语言的当前状态D. 语言的方言差异答案：C6. 什么是语言的同源词？A. 同义但不同词根的词B. 来自不同语言的词C. 来自同一词根的词D. 来自同一语言的词答案：C7. 语言的词汇量通常随着什么而增加？A. 语言使用者的年龄B. 语言使用者的受教育程度C. 语言使用者的社交范围D. 所有上述因素答案：D8. 什么是语言的方言？A. 一种语言的书面形式B. 一种语言的口语形式C. 一种语言的变体D. 一种语言的古语形式答案：C9. 语言的语音变化通常是由什么引起的？A. 社会因素B. 心理因素C. 生理因素D. 所有上述因素答案：D10. 什么是语言的语法规则？A. 语言的发音规则B. 语言的书写规则C. 语言的构造规则D. 语言的词汇规则答案：C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述语言的功能有哪些？答案：语言的功能主要包括表达思想、交流信息、社会互动、文化传承、认知发展等。

2. 什么是语言的变体？请举例说明。

答案：语言的变体是指一种语言内部由于地理、社会、功能等因素而形成的不同形式。

例如，汉语的普通话和粤语就是方言变体。

3. 语言学研究方法有哪些？答案：语言学研究方法包括观察法、实验法、调查法、统计法、比较法、描写法和理论分析法等。

三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述语言与文化的关系。

全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题之南宫帮珍创作课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1.There is a difference between what we know, which is our linguistic competence, and howwe use this knowledge in actual speech production and______, which is our linguisticperformance. ( )A. creationB. communicationC. comprehensionD. perception2.The sounds that begin and endthe words church and judge arevoiceless and voiced______,respectively. ( )A. affricatesB. stopsC. velarsD. palatals3.Morphemes which represent such grammatical categories as number, tense, gender, and caseare called _______ morphemes. ( )A. freeB. boundC. derivationalD. inflectional4.XP may contain more than just X. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain head, ______and complement. ( )A. modifierB. determinerC. qualifierD. specifier5. ______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form while _______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. ( )A. Reference, senseB. Sense, referentC. Sense, referenceD. Referent, sense6. According to John Austin’s theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Sound changes may include the loss of a sound or sounds. The so-called apocope refers to the omission of a vowel segment________. ( )A. in word-initialB. in word-middleC. in word-finalD. in syllable-initial8. In contrast to Standard American English, Black English is the distinct variety of English native to black populations in the USA. We regard Black English as________. ( )A. a regional dialectB. a social dialectC. a situational dialectD. an ethnic dialect9. Among the language centers, ______is responsible for physical articulation of utterances. ( )A. the motor areaB. Broca’s areaC. Wernicke’s areaD. the angular gyrus10. The language at ________ stage begins to reflect the distinction between sentence-types, such as negative sentences, imperatives, and questions. ( )A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiwordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. A is one of the defining properties of human language, which means there is in general no natural relation between meanings and sounds.12. Among the three branches of phonetics, the study of the physical properties of the streams of sounds producedin speech is known as a phonetics.13. In using the morphological rules, we must guardagainst o in that different words may requiredifferent affixes to create the same meaning change.14. Universal Grammar is a set of principles and p of grammar which, according to Chomsky, is inherited genetically by all human beings.15. The synonyms such as economical, thrifty, and stingyare different in their e meaning.16. Most of the violations of the four maxims under the Cooperative Principle give rise to conversationali .17. When there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness, then ruleeoccurs.18. A pidgin is a m language developed as a medium oftrade, or through other extended but limited contact,between groups of speakers who have no other language in common.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptualfunctions in a particular hemisphere of the brain iscalled 1.20. Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. Generally speaking, it refers tochildren’s development of their f language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for trueor F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you mustexplain why you think so. ( 2% × 10=20% )21. ( ) “There’s a motorcycle coming" is seen as,out of context, a statement that a motorcycle is coming.But in a particular context, it might be a warning to a pedestrian not to step onto a road. When the study ofmeaning is considered in the context of use, it becomes abranch of linguistics called pragmatics.22．( )To distinguish between phonemes and phones,linguists use slashes／／for phonetic segments and square brackets [ ] for phonemic segments．23． ( )Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem and also change the part of speech of the original word．24．( )In addition to sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a 1exical category or a phrasal category that performs a particular grammatical function．25． ( )The word“flower”and “flour”, which are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, are homophones．26．( )As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.27．( )The meaning representation of words may change, becoming broader, narrower, or shifted．The word knight once meant “youth”, but was elevated in meaning in the age of chivalry；When Juliet tells Romeo, “I’m too fond.”She is not claiming she likes Romeo too much．She means “I am too foolish．”These are two examples of semantic broadening．28．( ) In sociolinguistics, speech community refers to a group of speakers who constitute a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language．Speakers of English in general might be treated as such a community.29． ( )Generally speaking, the left hemisphere of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body．30．( )The optimum age for SLA always accords with the maxim of’“the younger the better”．IV. Directions: Explanin the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30% )32.voicing34.finite clauseponential analysis38.speech variety39.linguistic relativism40.the nativist view of language acquisitionV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% × 2=20% )41. What is the distinction between langue and parole? Why did Saussure make such a distinction?42. What are the differences between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? And give examples to illustrate them.2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参考谜底全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20% )1. The purpose of Chomsky’s definition is to focus attention on the purely ______ properties of language, and these properties can be studied from a mathematically precise point of view.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. semanticD. structural2. We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.A. vowelsB. consonantsC. soundsD. speech sounds3. A(n) ______ refers to the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.A. rootB. stemC. affixD. morpheme4. All sentences in all languages can be represented by constituent structure trees, and all have syntacticrules that determine the linear order of words and their ______ structure.A. linearB. hierarchicalC. constituentD. syntactic5. In semantic analysis of a sentence, a(n) ______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element in a sentence. （）A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. predicate6. Speaker A: Can you answer the telephone?Speaker B: I’m in the bath.Speaker B is violating the maxim of ______.（）A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner7. New words may be formed from existing words by the removal of a suffix thought to be part of the old word. Such a process is called ______, e.g., caretake from caretaker.A. back-formationB. clippingC. blendingD. abbreviating8. It is insulting to a woman to be called a spinster, but it is not insulting to a man to be called a bachelor. There is nothing inherently ______ about the word spinster. The connotations reflect the sexist views society has about an unmarried woman as opposed to an unmarried man.A. importantB. unusualC. pejorativeD. commendatory9. Human linguistic ability depends primarily on human ______. （）A. brainB. vocal cordsC. tongueD. articulatory organs10. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with more complex grammatical structures. （）A. prelinguisticB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multi-wordⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed tochange the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. D linguistics is the systematic description and elucidation of all linguistic changes through time. It studies the historical development of language over a period of time. For example, a study of the changes English has undergone since the time of Shakespearewould be a diachronic study.12. The phonemes of a language cannot be strung togetherin any random order to form words. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, enda word, and follow each other, in other words, thereare s rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.13. Morphology can be divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and d morphology.14. Syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. It is universally found that syntactic rules comprise a speaker’s system of i linguistic knowledge known as linguistic competence.15. Pairs of words which exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the lexical items are called r opposites.16. Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studiesof m , but what distinguishes them is whether the context of use is considered.17. In Old English the word order is different from thatof Modern English, and there are two negatives, “ne”(“not”) and “næfre” (“not”+“ever”=“never”).So d rule is one of the grammatical rules in Old English.18. When a pidgin comes to be adopted by a community asits native tongue and is learned by children as theirfirst language, it becomes c.19. The c age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period of brain lateralization.20. In second language learning, instrumental motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is f , and integrative motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social. III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （ 2%×10=20% ）21.（）Language is arbitrary by nature. And it is entirely arbitrary.22.（）In producing stops or plosives, theobstruction created by the speech organs istotal or complete, with the obstructionaudibly released and the air passing outagain, such as English stops [p] and [t] inpit. In producing [p] and [t] the flow of airis blocked through the mouth only.23.（）From the semantic point of view, the meaningof a compound is always perceived from themeanings of its components.24.（）According to the “principles-and-parameters” theory, “principles” refer tohighly abstract properties of grammar whichare applied to language in general and whichgenerate phrases and at the same timerestrain the power of Move a, while“parameters”allow general principles tooperate in certain restricted ways, accordingto which particular grammars of naturallanguages vary.25.（）In discussing the sense relations betweensentences, Y is a prerequisite of X. So if Yis true, X must be true.26.（）According to Austin’s classification ofperlocutionary acts, speech acts fall intofive general categories, which arerepresentatives, directives, commissives,expressives and decalrations.27.（）For some speakers of American English, theword ask is pronounced [æks], but the wordasking is pronounced [æskIŋ]. It isinteresting that in Old English the verb askwas aksian, with the/k/preceding the/s/. Thismeans that a historical metathesis ruleswitched these two consonants, producing askin most dialects of English. Metathesis isthe phonological process that reorderssegments, often by transposing two adjoiningsound segments.28.（）Language varieties may be standard andnonstandard. Nonstandard varieties areregarded as substandard languages. Onlystandard varieties are regarded as the onlycorrect, logical and pure, and are effectivein expressing ideas in communication.29.（）Language is the only means of expressing thought.30.（）The Error Analysis approach shows that thereare striking similarities in the ways inwhich different L2 learners acquire a newlanguage.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30% )31. descriptive linguistics32. diphthong33. morphological rules34. case condition35. collocationalsynonyms36. declarations37. Grimm’s Law38. registers39. language centers40. formal instructionV. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20% )41. Explain syntactic movement, NP-movement and WH-movement with examples.42. Explain the term “euphemism”with examples. Describe the use of euphemisms in social communication. What will result in euphemistic clichés?2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参考谜底全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题I . Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. ( 2% × 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factors over and above their linguistic ______.( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our______, which is a bony structure at the end of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______.( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented throughPhrase Structure Rules, which state explicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form isdefined as the “situation in which thespeaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer” was proposed by ______.A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought aboutby the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a strongeraffinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, whichshows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain forprocessing.A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction onsecond language acquisition suggest thatformal instruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language whichmeans language iscomposed of discrete units at twolevels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which aremeaningful. 12. In the production of v, the back of the tongue isbrought into contact withthe soft palate, or velum,e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit thatusually comprises a number of words. A phrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop” meaning a certain sound and“pop”meaning popular are in relationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is oftenconsidered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology haveoccurred in the history of English. English has lost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns. 18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety anda high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptualfunctions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l.20. I is the language that a learner constructs at agiven stage of second language acquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.（2% × 10=20%)21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "theinstitution whereby humans communicate andinteract with each other by means ofhabitually used oral-auditory arbitrarysymbols." Most linguists today accept the viewof language as a set of "habitually usedsymbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern oftones over stretch of speech in principlelonger than a word, in other words, when pitch,stress and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known as intonation.23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems,during the process of which they modify themeaning of the original word but usually donot change its part of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels ofstructure, D-structure and S-structure, we donot mean that the syntactic representationsof these two levels must be different. Sincesyntactic movement occurs to all sentences,so the representations of the twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between whathe called “constatives”and“performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms ofnouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakersstarted saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. Thisanalogical change does not occur when wordsare borrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms are FirstName (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g., Smith),Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title +Title (e.g., Mr. President), Title alone (e.g.,Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside ofmarked settings, between friends, neighboursand colleagues, first names are alwayspreferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, peoplesuffering damage to the left hemisphere areable to transfer their language centers to theright hemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively littledisruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35.missives37. sound assimilation38.idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic featuresof compounds in English language with examples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop andblend each other in order to understand the relationship between language and thought.全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices bestcompletes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, orD in the brackets. (2% × 10=20% )1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity. ( )A. performanceB. paroleC. langueD. competence2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ( )A. randomB. rule-governedC. haphazardD. unpredictable3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ( )A. phonemeB. wordC. compoundD. morpheme4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ( )A. lexicalB. phrasalC. syntacticD. phonetic5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ( )A. “buy” and “sell”B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold”D. “alive” and “dead”6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.A. directivesB. declarationsC. commissivesD. representatives7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., OldEnglish noun had four cases, i.e., nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ( )A. possessiveB. vocativeC. accusativeD. locative8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ( )A. SocialB. EthnicC. RegionalD. Situational9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.( )A. nerve fibersB. nervesC. neuronsD. cerebral cortex10. By the time children are going beyond the ______stage, they begin to incorporate some ofthe inflectional morphemes. ( )A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill inONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for“correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people whatthey should say and what they should not, it is said to be p.12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tlanguages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show variousgrammaticalrelations or categories such as number, tense and case.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporatedinto the other.15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to bethe basic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is called p, which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in thatit explains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.17. The method of r of a parent language from acomparison of its daughterlanguages is called the comparative method.18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors socialattitude, emotions andvalue judgements.19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical periodhypothesis, but also the view that human’slanguage a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.20. If the target language functions as a foreignlanguage, the learner is likely to benefit from ani motivation.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for falsein the brackets in front of each statement. If you think astatement is false, you must explain why you think so.( 2% ×10=20% )21. ( ) The arbitrary nature of language is absolute,i.e., there are no words in world languages thatmaintain a correspondence between form and sound.22. ( ) Certain strings of phonemes are permissibleand others are not. If a word beginswith an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1bIk/does notsound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing ofphonemes.23. ( ) The different stresses used in a compound donot usually affect the meaning of thecompound.24. ( ) The recursive properties of phrase structurerules enable these rules to generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If Xentails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y.26. () Performatives are sentences that do notstate a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.27. ( ) Another kind of change that can be thoughtof as “economy of memory” results in a reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example,children and adults are presently saying Idreamed last night(instead of dreamt).This kind of change has been called rule simplification.28. () One striking fact about the asymmetrybetween male and female terms in manylanguages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most partis unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or bycompounding.29. ( ) Research findings have shown that languageprocessing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.30. ( ) The grammatical errors that occur in secondlanguage acquisition can allbe explained by mother tongue interference.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33.sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37.stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40.Broca’s areaⅤ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” ispronounced [æks], and children’s speechshows a number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal”for “animal”. Nowexplain sound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movementand sound addition by examples.42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.全国2009年1月自考现代语言学试题I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best。

全国2018 年 1 月自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2% X 10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by manyother factors over and above their linguisticA. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our , which is a bony structure at theend of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. (A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “ manuscript ” is a two-morpheme cluster which containsA. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which stateexplicitly all and only the possible combinations of the of a language, for example, in En glish, NP ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S).A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “ situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer ” was proposed byA. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) act is the change brought about bythe utterance. (A. prelocuti onaryB. locuti onaryC. illocutio naryD. perlocutio nary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that _____ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinitythan could possibly have been produced by accident.( )A. Germa nicB. Persia nD. Lithua nianC. Sa nskrit8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a .( )A. con ceptual meaningB. conno tative meaningC. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic liste ning research tells us a sig nal coming in the left ear will first go to the _____ hemisphere, from where it is tran sferred to the left side of the brain for process ing. ( )A. rightB. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal in struct ion on sec ond Ian guage acquisiti on suggest that formalin structio n may help lear ners perform some of the followi ng types of tasks except ___ .( ) A. pla nned speech B. writ ingC. casual and spontan eous con versati onD. career-orie nted exam in ati on11. Directions: Fill in the bla nk in each of the follow ing stateme nts with one word, the firstletter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, andyou are not allowed to cha nge the letter give n. (1% x 10=10%)11. Double a _____ refers to the property of Ianguage which means Ianguage is composed ofdiscrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meanin gless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meanin gful.12. In the producti on of v ______ , the back of the ton gue is brought into con tact with the softpalate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [ n ] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that gover n which affix can be added to what type ofs ____ to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally in depe ndent unit that usually comprises a nu mber of words. Aphrase structure tree diagram assigns a _h ___ structure to sentences.15. The words such as “ pop”meaning a certain sound and “ pop ” meaning popular are inrelati on ship of c ____ homony ms.16. The c ____ view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort tostudy meaning in a pragmatic sen se.17. Exte nsive cha nges in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of En glish. En glish haslost most of its i ______ endin gs, by which it is no Ion ger possible to ide ntify the functionalroles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict f ______differe ntiati on betwee n a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brainis called l _____ .20. I ____ is the Ianguage that a learner constructs at a given stage of second Ianguageacquisiti on.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the follow ing stateme nts is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you thi nk so and the n give the correct vers ion. (2% x 10=20%)21. ( ) Accord ing to Hall (1968), la nguage is "the in stituti on whereby huma ns com muni cateand in teract with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols."Most lin guists today accept the view of Ian guage as a set of "habituallyused symbols."22. ( ) Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principleIon ger tha n a word, in other words, whe n pitch, stress and sound len gth are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as inton ati on. 23. ( ) Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify themeaning of the origi nal word but usually do not cha nge its part of speech.24. ( ) When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, wedo not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different.Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the twolevels look different.25. ()“ He has been to New York ” presupposes “ He has been to America” .26. ()John Searle made a distinction between what he called “ constatives” and“ performatives ” .27. ()Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when words areborrowed from foreign languages.28. ()The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g.,Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Title alone(e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, between friends,neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.29. ()Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are ableto transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively little disruption.30. ()The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early languageIV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if n ecessary. ( 3% 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. hyponymy36. commissives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10% 1=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language withexamples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order to understandthe relationship between language and thought.。

浙江省 2018 年 1 月自考语言学概论试题课程代码： 10044一、判断题(本大题共10 小题，每小题1 分，共10分)判断下列各题，正确的在题后括号内打“V”，错的打“X” 。

1．语言是识别民族的主要标准，相互理解程度是区分语言与方言的惟一标准。

( )2．语言的统一只能通过消灭共同语以外的少数民族语言和方言来实现。

( )3．非音质音位包括“调位” 、“重位”和“时位”等。

( )4．单音节词一定是单纯词。

( )5．广义的构形包括附加表示词类特征的后缀形式，而狭义的构形只是指纯粹的词尾形式。

( ) 6．洋泾浜语是母语不同的人在相互交往时所使用的由两种语言或多种语言混杂而成的交际工具。

( )7．第一语言即母语主要是习得的。

( )8．三千多年来，汉字无论在字体方面还是在性质方面都发生了根本性的变化。

( )9•普通话中的音位/p/的区别特征是“双唇、闭塞、送气、清音”。

( )10．大脑的语言功能完全是通过后天的学习、训练获得的。

( )二、单项选择题(本大题共14小题，每小题1分，共14 分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1下列不能改变舌面元音的特征的一项是( )A .舌位的高低 E.舌位的前后C.唇的圆展D .声带是否振动2. ___________________________________ 元音音质的差别主要是由决定的。

( )A .共鸣腔的不同形状 E.发音体C.发音源 D .发音部位3.关于音位和音位变体的关系，下列说法中不正确...的一项是( )A .音位是从具体音素中抽象概括出来的功能音类，音位变体则是音位在特定语音环境中的具体体现E.音位是用来概括反映一组音素的辨义作用的功能单位，音位变体则是音位在各种语音环境里的实际发音C.同属一个音位的变体无主次之分D .同属一个音位的变体有主次之分，通常从中选出一个作为代表4. __________________________________________________ 一个音位具有什么样的区别特征，是由决定的。

自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案自学考试《现代语言学》自测试题带答案Ⅰ.Multiple ChoiceDirections:Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best pletes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.The famous ation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates _______.( )A.the conventional nature of languageB.the creative nature of languageC.the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal munication2.Of the following sound binations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( ) A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。

( )A.hierarchicalB.linearC.tree diagramD.vertical4.It is the _______ on Case assig____ent that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.( )A.Case ConditionB.parameterC.Adjacent ConditionD.Adjacent Parameter5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to mit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.( )A.misivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.parativeD.historical parativeA.vocal thoughtB.subvocal thoughtC.covert thoughtD.overt thought10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition_______.( )nguage acquisition is a process of habit formationnguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beingsC.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire languageD.Humans are equipped with the neuralprerequisites for language and language useⅡ.Blank FillingDirections:Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word,the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11.In the course of time， the study of language has e to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies， such as sociology and psychology.12.Clear [1] and dark[]are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound binations， thus they are said to be inc________ distribution.13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word，but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning. 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other.Ⅲ.True of False questionDirections: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. I (2%×10=20%)21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( )22.In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel suchas/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension.( )23.A pound is the bination of only two words.( )24.“The student” in the sentence “Thestuden t liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category.( )25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.( )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition，unlike entailment，is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.( )27.The division of English into Old English，Middle English， and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.( )nguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as wellas attitudes about social taboos or racism.( )29.If a child is deprived of linguisticenviro____ent， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.( )30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language， they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.Ⅳ.DefinitionDirections: Explain the following terms, using one or two exles if necessary.(3%×10=30%)31.cultural transmission (as a design feature of human language)32.phonic medium of language33.voicing 34.inflectional morphemesn35.reference36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturationⅤ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship amonglinguistic elements Support your statement with exles.42.Describe the process of language perception，prehension and production.参考答案一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每题2分，共20分)1.A2.A3.B4.C5.D6.A7.B8.C9.D 10.A二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每题1分，共10分)11.social12.plementary13.root14.plex15.plementary1 6.utterance17.metathesis18.bilingualismteralization 20.transfer三、判断题(本大题共10小题，每题2分，共20分)21.F 22.T 23.F 24.T 25.F 26.T 27.F 28.T 29.T 30 F四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每题3分，共30分)31.One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not geically transmitted，rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language munication， i.e.the speech sounds. Voicing is a phoic feature of some sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-(e)s ，-est in English.35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers toin the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality. For exle ，if we say，“The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation. The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。

现代语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 现代语言学研究的核心是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的演变C. 语言的规则D. 语言的功能答案：C2. 以下哪项不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 语言学中的“phoneme”指的是什么？A. 音位B. 音素C. 音节D. 音标答案：A4. 下列哪个选项是“语言接触”的结果？A. 语言的消亡B. 语言的产生C. 语言的融合D. 语言的孤立答案：C5. 以下哪种语言现象不属于词汇变化？A. 合成B. 派生C. 借用D. 语音变化答案：D6. 语言学中的“transformational grammar”是什么？A. 转换语法B. 句法分析C. 语义分析D. 语音学答案：A7. 以下哪个术语与语言的“社会功能”无关？A. 语言的规范B. 语言的变异C. 语言的习得D. 语言的交际答案：C8. “语言的普遍语法”是哪位语言学家提出的？A. 费尔迪南·德·索绪尔B. 诺姆·乔姆斯基C. 爱德华·萨丕尔D. 威廉·冯·洪堡特答案：B9. 以下哪种语言现象不属于语用学研究范畴？A. 言语行为B. 语境分析C. 语音变化D. 隐喻答案：C10. “语言的相对性原则”是哪种语言理论的核心？A. 结构主义B. 形式主义C. 功能主义D. 心理语言学答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的创始人是________。

答案：费尔迪南·德·索绪尔2. 语言学中，________是指语言的最小意义单位。

答案：语素3. 语言的________是指语言在特定社会环境中的使用。

答案：语境4. 语言学中的________是指语言的音韵结构。

答案：音韵学5. 语言的________是指语言的词汇和语法结构。

答案：形式6. 语言学中的________是指语言的规则系统。

全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830L Directions: Read each of the following statements carerully. Decide which one of ihe four chokes best completes the statement and put the letter A t B, C or D in the brackets. (2^x10=20%)L Modem linguistics is the scientific study of language, therefore modern Linguists emphiisize Ehe imporunce of language data collected from ____________ .A. newspapers and magazinesB. ihe language peopie actually speakC\ writings by the most famous authorsD. radio broadcasts [ j2. To form the present tense, 3rd person singulitr, of the verb “【each*； we have to add “vs", insteadot'just ' -s，h to it This is required by the ______________ o f English.A. assimilation ruleB. sequential ruleC. deletion rule D, mmpholcgLca] rule [ ] 3“ Case Condition, Adjacency Condition and param&ters are important components in the well-known theory of _____________________ _A. traditional grammar C. universal grammarB. functionaJ grammarD r phrase structure grammar [ J4 The level of syntactic representation that exists after movement cak虧place is commonly termedAS the ”A. phrase stnicwre C. surface structure B, deep structureD, syntactic structure [ )15. _________ is an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing the meaning ofwords.A. Predication analysisB. Comportential analysisC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics [ ]6. The Cooperative PrincipJe was firsi proposed by _ ______A. John AuMinB. Jokn SearleC. Geoffrey LeechD. Paul Grice [ ]7. Languages in the world can be classified into families, such as the Indo-European family, theSino-Tibciaii family, the Afroasiatic family, the Austronesian family* the Austro-Tai Family, and the Altaic family. Among them ________________________ is the first and most widely investigatedlanguage family of the world.A. Sino-Tibetan B , AfroasiaticC. AustronesianD. Indo-European [ ]8. A person who spends a long time going through college or university tend5 to speak withlanguage features which derive from oneS constant use of the ___________ language.A. writtenB. spokenC. literalD. coHoquial [ ]9. _____ . is the language center wiihin the brain responsible for converting a visual stimulusinto an auditory form and vice versa.A. The angular gyrusB. Broca鲁areaC. Wernicke's areaD. Cerebral cortex [ 110. The acquisidon of a second language is dependent on a combination of learner facrors. Whichof the following is NOT an individual learner factor?____________ .A. aptitjdeB. moiivauonC. instructionD. cognitive style [ 1II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are notallowed lo change the letter Eiven. ( 1 % «10=10*<)11. Language is not an i___________ phenomenon, it is a social activity carried out in a certainsocial environment by human beings.12. While phonetics i$ interested in all the speech sounds us&d in all human languages^ phonologyis interested in the system ot' sounds of a p__________ language.13. A can be divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes according to their positionsin the words.14. A f _________ verb, informally called the main verb of A sentence, expresses existence,2action or occurrence which is limited by person, number, case.15. WPa【we can depend on to make a disunction between polysemy and homonymy is thee . of the words in question.16. The ac( performed when an utterance achieves a particular effect on the behaviour, beliefs,feelings* etc.»of a listener is called p__________ act.17. In old English the affixation of the suffix -yan to an adjective would change the word into ac _________ verb, just as the Modem English suffix m added io adjectives io form suchverbs as blacken, whiten. redden and awaken,18. A pidgin is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium ofcomnunicaiion. As a c_________ __ language, a pidgin may contain significant grammaticalfeatures of two or more languages.19. J_________ communication refers to the process of using language within an individual tofacilitate one^ own thought and speech behavior.20. Starting from the prelinguistic cooing and ______________ stage, children move through theone-word, two-word and mulnwcrd stages, gradually acquiring the adult linguistic system as they grow.III. Directions^ Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. Lf you think a statement is false^ you mustexplain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%xl0=20%)21. ( ) The distinction be[ween langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist E deSaussure. Langutt refers LO lhe abstracL Linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech community while parole refers (o the concrete use of conventions and rules, thusvarying from person to person.322.()The conclusions we reach about rhe phonology of a particular language can be generalizediruci the stud}' of another language-23.()The word ''microphone" consists of two morpheme, of which micro* U a rwt* and "phone" is&n affix.24.() Strictly speaking, (he statement that (he subject usually precedes the ¥亡出and the direct object usually foDows the verb is true in terms of both structural and logical concepts.25.(} In semantic analysis. predication, which is the abstractiuR of the meaning of a sentence►can only apply to statements bu( not to imperative and interrogative forms.26.()There are different kinds of antonyms because swords opposite in meaning dono( contrast each other only cn a single dimension.27.()[jnguiige change is one of the subjects of synchronic linguiilics because ic studies problemsconnected with【ht：charEicieristics cf a lajiguuge as ic exists one dme b for example4theGreat Vowel Shift28+() Some speakers of English are perfectly comfortable using the word anymore in sentences ^uch 加tht following: Tfcioh are expenfiive anyrrLqne.Other speakers of English can use anymore only it there is a negative element, such asrioL in the semence^ Tc*ols are not cheap anymore.This difference between speakers can be linked to a particular region of (he country or itiA panicuiar j;ueial chisg or ethnic group.29”(旧eca空Wernicke? area and angulargjius are all iocated in rhe left hemisphere of the brain.XThere is no biological basis for humans to prefer one panic jlar language over any other. 30.(Our Inn莒uagt： facuky pcrmjis us La acquire any human Language io which we ajeexposed.[V- Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for tlJustration* (3%xlO=JO%)3 f ’ productivity32. front vowel33. articulatory phaneiics34. morphology435. selecdonal restrictions3& commissives37, acronym鹑一standard language39. social dialect40. behaviorist learning theoryV. Answer the following questions. ( 10%*2=20% )41. What [ypc of movement is involved in lhe general question transformation in English? Work out thedeep-structure represenuuon for Che sentence H Will the shop owner hire her?"42. Provide a( least two evidences for the view (hat there is a critical period of language acquisition.5。

《现代语言学》自考真题试题与答案解析卷面总分：98分答题时间：80分钟试卷题量：49题一、单选题（共39题，共78分）1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what ______ is and how it works.• ngue• B.linguist• nguage• D.learning正确答案：C语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结;其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性;最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。

2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium oflanguage and individual sounds within that range as ______.• A.vowels• B.consonants• C.sounds• D.speech sounds正确答案：D在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。

这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。

3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.• A. the internal structure• B.morpheme• C.the rules by which words are formed• D.word正确答案：B正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。

4.The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.• rge• B.small• C.finite• D.infinite正确答案：C对于任何一种自然语言，一套句法规则可以产生出无穷多的句子，也就是说，任何语言的句法规则都是有限的，而说话人能够说出和理解的句子的数量是无限的。

全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试语言学概论试题课程代码：00541一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1．“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约谓之不宜”的提出者是（）A．老子B．孔子C．荀子D．庄子2．声音的强弱决定于（）A．频率的大小B．振幅的大小C．发音体的松紧D．说话的速度3．语音中声带振动的浊辅音是（）A．乐音B．噪音C．乐音和噪音的混合体D．纯音4．舌尖前不送气清塞音是（）A．［t］B．［d］C．［ts］D．［s］5．汉语北京话中，有的人把“一般儿大”(同样大)说成“一边儿大”，这种现象在语音学上叫（）A．同化B．异化C．弱化D．增音6．把词分为单纯词和合成词所依据的是（）A．音节的数量B．语素的数量C．词的用途D．词的地位7．“背黑锅”、“走后门”、“碰钉子”都属于（）A．惯用语B．谚语C．成语D．简缩词语8．外语学习中，学习者往往会建立一种不同于母语也不同于外语而只属于个人的语言系统，这就是（）A．交叉语B．双语C．混合语D．中介语19．外语学习中，学习者的母语会对其所学的外语产生影响，这种现象叫（）A．语言接触B．语言迁移C．语言混同D．语言杂糅10．机器翻译可以分为四个层级，其中最高的一级是（）A．语境平面的翻译B．语义平面的翻译C．句法平面的翻译D．单词平面的翻译11．汽车司机行驶到路口，看见红灯就会马上停车，这是一种（）A．感性思维B．逻辑思维C．发散思维D．推理思维12．人大脑的右半球掌管（）A．语言活动B．直观动作的思维活动C．抽象思维D．判断和推理13．一般认为人大脑语言功能的临界期最迟是（）A．2至3岁B．6至8岁C．9至10岁D．12至13岁14．从语言形式本身看，双词句标志着儿童产生了最早的（）A．语音能力B．语义能力C．语法能力D．构词能力15．在儿童语言获得过程的某一阶段，儿童说出的话很像大人打电报时所用的表达方式，这个阶段他们的语言被称作“电报式语言”，这个阶段是（）A．咿呀学语阶段B．单词阶段C．简单句阶段D．复杂句阶段16．小脑的主要功能是（）A．连接大脑左右两半球B．负责内脏功能C．控制人体运动的平衡D．负责掌管记忆功能17．最小的音义结合的语言单位是（）A．音素B．语素C．义素D．义位18．文字起源于（）A．结绳B．图画C．结珠D．穿贝19．语言间亲属关系最重要的标志是（）A．语音对应关系B．词汇对应关系2C．语法对应关系D．文字对应关系20．要确定几种未定的“话”是属于同一“语言”的不同“‘方言”，还是不同的“语言”，应当依据（）A．说话者相互理解程度B．语言结构本身差异的程度C．共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D．说话者的民族二、多项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题2分，共20分)1.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ( ) study.A. comparativeB. diachronicC. up-to-dateD. descriptive2. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is ( ) phonetics.A. auditoryB. acousticC. articulatoryD. none of the above three3. What the element ‘-es’indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’past tense, and ‘-ing’progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also ( ).A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones4. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generatvie linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ( ) theory.A. speech actB. TGC. principles-and-parametersD. minimalist programme5. One way to analyze lexical meaning is ( ).A. predication analysisB. stylistic analysisC. componential analysisD. proposition analysis6. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ( ) because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. constative act7. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar ( ).A. Sir William JonesB. John FirthC. M. A. K. HallidayD. F. D. Saussure8. A bilingual speaker often uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another1bilingual speaker, a speech situation known as ( ).A. discourse role-switchingB. activity role-switchingC. social role-switchingD. code-switching9. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’( ).A. second languageB. first languageC. foreign languageD. interlanguage10. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around ( ).A. 7800B. 6800C. 5800D. 4800二、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.12. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i________.13. According to its position in the new word, a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t________.20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in theprocess of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community. This adaptation process is calleda ________.三、判断说明题(判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“T”，错误的填“F”，并说明理由。

浙江省2018年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

每小题2分，共20分)1. English consonants can be classified into stops. fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of ( ).A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicing2. The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ( ).A. phoneticsB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics3. According to Chomsky, ( ) is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue4. “Sweets”and “candy”are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are ( ) synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic5. Different meanings can be associated with one linguistic form, but there is no basic meaning among them. This is known as ( ).A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. antonymy6. “How fast did he drive when he ran the red light?”( ) “He ran the red light”.A. entailsB. contradictsC. presupposesD. includes7. The word “lab”is formed through ( ).A. back formationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation8. ( ) in the brain fulfills the function of speech production.A. Angular gyrusB. Broca’s areaC. The right hemisphereD. Wernicke’s area9. When a child uses “mummy”to refer to any woman, most probably his “mummy”means ( ).A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male + Parent10. ( ) is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone二、在下列空格中填上以给出字母开始的恰当的单词。