Evolutionary theory as a tool for predicting extinction

2022年考研考博-考博英语-浙江大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题It is astonishing to know that children and youth ( ) the biggest segment of the country's homeless population.问题1选项A.substitute forB.make outC.make upD.make up for【答案】C【解析】substitute for代替，取代；make out理解，认出；make up有很多意思，这里指组成；make up for弥补，补偿。

句意：令人惊讶的是，儿童和青年构成了该国无家可归人口的最大部分。

选项C符合句意。

2.单选题A theory is an organized set of principles that is designed to explain and predict some phenomenon. Good theories also provide specific testable predictions, or ( ) about the relation between two or more variables.问题1选项A.hypothesisB.conceptionC.ideaD.meaning【答案】A【解析】hypothesis假设；conception概念，设想；idea想法，主意；meaning意义，意图。

句意：理论是一套有组织的原理，用来解释和预测一些现象。

好的理论也提供了具体的可测试的预测，或者关于两个或两个以上变量之间关系的假设。

选项A符合句意。

3.单选题It is disturbing to note how many crimes we do know about were detected（） , not by systematic inspections or other security procedures.问题1选项A.by accidentB.on scheduleC.in generalD.at intervals【答案】A【解析】by accident偶然，意外的；on schedule按时；in general总之，通常；at intervals不时。

Challenges of Highly Adaptable Information Systems Stephen Cook,Rachel Harrison,Timothy Millea&Lily SunApplied Software Engineering Research GroupUniversity of Reading18th August2003Keywords:architecture description,autonomic computing,design pattern language,e-learning, information system architecture,simulation,software evolution,system dynamics1IntroductionThe success of personal,networked computing(most obviously in the form of the World Wide Web) has encouraged computerisation in application domains that were previously found(or assumed)to be unsuitable for it.Some of these domains are characterised by:•imprecise and volatile requirements;•frequent reconfigurations of processes,strategies and objectives;•complex rules with innumerable exceptions;•high(and often rising)user expectations(e.g.for usability,customisation).In other words,information systems in these domains must be highly adaptable if they are to satisfy users’complex and rapidly evolving requirements.This position paper identifies four current research areas in software engineering that are critical success factors for the development of highly adaptable information systems.The e-learning domain is used as a running example.Section2introduces some background material and related work in the areas of information system architecture,software evolution and e-learning.Section3outlines the issues that define this research programme.Section4relates these concerns to current research in the Applied Software Engineering Research Group at the University of Reading.2Background and Related Work2.1Architecture and evolution in information systemsThe architecture and the evolution of any information system are closely related,as illustrated by their definitions.IEEE Standard1471-2000defines architecture as:‘The fundamental organization of a system embodied in its components,their relation-ships to each other,and to the environment,and the principles guiding its design andevolution.’[12]The phenomenom of software evolution,first identified by Lehman and Belady[15],refers to a process of continual change in software systems,particularly in the growth of their functionality and complex-ity.Implicitly,each incremental step in the evolution of a software system involves the adaptation of some of its architectural properties and the preservation of others.The architectural properties of any particular system are not equally adaptable.Some may be so difficult(and therefore expensive)to change,that they are effectively invariants of a system,or of a product line of systems,or even of an entire enterprise.This kind of architectural property can be thought of as an investment that is intended,in part,to reduce the costs of future adaptations to the system.(Arguably,the return on investment of architectural work should be measured in terms of reducing the system’s maintenance costs.)However,over the lifetime of a system,its evolu-tion may expose either weaknesses or inflexibility in its architecture(especially if the evolution was unanticipated),which in turn may raise the costs of ownership and even threaten the viability of the system.The behaviour of these relationships is not yet well understood;case studies of real-world domains that require highly adaptable information systems can improve our knowledge.2.2Flexible e-learning systemsComputer-based training(CBT)and distance-learning are well-established,niche alternatives to tra-ditional(‘chalk-and-talk’)models of education.The e-learning[19]concept builds on these traditions but also adds powerful new ingredients drawn from network-centric computing,computer-supported co-operative work(CSCW),adaptive environments,flexible processes and component-based software reuse.Effectively,e-learning may be regarded as a new paradigm of education that could improve flexibility,quality and participation in education and training[17,13].Ambitious plans are already being made for e-learning to play a major role in expanding higher education[5];the University of Reading is directly involved in these initiatives through its leadership of the Thames Valley New Technology Institute1.Considerable resources have been applied to e-learning by industrial trainers,educational institutes and software producers.Several COTS products(e.g.Lotus LearningSpace2,Blackboard3,Oracle iLearning4)are available and have established a baseline of functionality that enables a tutor to publish teaching materials online,create discussion forums,organise assessments,and link to other resources[2,10].However current e-learning products have been less successful so far in providing more advanced functionality.For example,although many learning systems can provide simple customisation(e.g.a choice of font families),richer forms of personalisation currently depend on personal,usually face-to-face,interaction between teacher and learner.Consequently,if current e-learning systems were to simply replace traditional educational models,there would be a significant risk that the quality of the learning experience would deteriorate.The challenges facing the next generation of e-learning systems include the provision of:•improved ability to adapt rapidly and transparently to changes in a learner’s profile and his/her progress through a learning package;•better mechanisms for discovering and comparing relevant learning resources;•the ability to specify the requirements of an instructional component and delegate the discovery of a resource that satisfies it to another process(e.g.a software agent);•low-maintenance systems that are easy to inter-operate with both external resources and other education management systems.This implies that e-learning systems face the challenge of how to evolve rapidly to become seman-tically rich,highly dynamic,distributed and personalised to the needs of individual users.3Architectural Challenges of Highly Adaptable Systems3.1Assessing information system evolvabilityThe IEEE definition of architecture cited in section2.1assigns a major role to architecture in defining the evolutionary principles of software-intensive systems.This role is poorly supported by existing modelling languages and tools,which tend to focus on system structure,operational behaviour and communications.However,the architectural properties of a system have to be considered at various levels of abstraction,from policies and principles(the‘Contextual’level)down to servers and programs (the‘Components’level)[20].Consequently,architects and other stakeholders are often hampered in assessing whether the architecture of a system supports its expected evolution across the range of their concerns.Some support for assessing architectural adaptability is provided by scenario-based methods(e.g. ATAM[8]).The explicit identification of architectural commonalities and variability has been recog-nised as particularly important in product-line engineering[9].However,these approaches may not 1/News/hefce/2002/NTIs.htm2/products/learnspace.nsf/wdocs/3/4/scale up gracefully in domains such as e-learning that are characterised by complex and rapidly chang-ing concepts.The variabilities in,for example,‘teaching resources’cover a potentially vast range of cross-cutting concerns(e.g.teaching methods and technologies,language and culture of learning milieu,students’level of education and prior experience,applied vs.theoretical focus of course).Com-pared with physical products,it is much more difficult to identify a stable,core‘chassis’that could be adapted using standardised,bolt-on components.3.2Architectures for low-maintenance information systemsHighly adaptable information systems are implicitly expected to adapt intelligently to a continuous stream of events,both from within the system and from its environment.Currently,complex adap-tations of software usually require manual intervention by skilled(hence expensive and often scarce) personnel.Unless intelligent adaptive processes can be largely automated,it will be impossible to prevent highly adaptable systems from becoming‘support-bound’as they increase in scale.3.3Using design patterns in rapidly evolving domainsThe design of highly adaptable systems should make use of design patterns[11]to achieve the following benefits:•simplified software maintenance(assumption:the explicit use of well-known design patterns makes systems easier to understand);•more adaptable systems(many‘classic’design patterns are directed at solving problems of system evolution).However,it is unclear how design patterns should be used in domains that are evolving rapidly. For example,some approaches(e.g.[4])have chosen to add explicit and detailed domain knowledge to individual patterns but to leave implicit any relationship to‘deeper’,domain-independent patterns such as those catalogued in[11].This approach could lead to inflexible,rather than evolvable,designs if there is a high risk that the knowledge will be modified in the future.3.4Assessing the dynamics of architecturally complex systemsIt will not be possible to accurately predict either the dynamic behaviour or the evolution of highly adaptable systems by purely static analysis of their programs;some form of behavioural modelling or simulation will be essential.These models will need to take account of:•the technological environment in which the system operates;•the social and business processes that the system is intended to support;•the‘global software process’[16]in which the evolution of the system is managed.Models will also need to take account of a wide range of timescales,from very short-term(as services vary dynamically during a user’s online session)to much longer-term(as services,agents and resources evolve through both technological and business life cycles).4Proposed Research Programme4.1Architecture description languages for evolutionary propertiesA case study of the e-learning domain can explore practical approaches to assessing system evolvability (section3.1)by investigating:•which concepts of evolution are most relevant to highly adaptable information systems,•how the concepts could be represented as a simple grammar,and•how to anchor them to software engineering theory.The results could assist the design of a structured language for unambiguously describing the evo-lutionary requirements and capabilities of a system in architectural terms(i.e.defining an evolution viewpoint and its model,to use the terminology of IEEE1471-2000[12]).4.2Architectures for autonomic information system servicesOne approach that could mitigate the risk of highly adaptable systems becoming support-bound (section3.2)is autonomic computing.The term autonomic takes its meaning from the self-regulation of the central nervous system,in which functions such as heart beat rate,blood sugar levels and perspiration are adjusted without conscious thought and according to changing external conditions. By analogy,autonomic computing systems should regulate and maintain themselves to provide an optimal level of service without the conscious intervention of either the user or maintenance staff.The e-learning domain provides an opportunity to assess the emerging results of our‘Autonomic Computing–Creating self-Evolving Software Systems’(ACCESS)project.ACCESS5introduces a model in which the evolution of a software system is guided by resolving the expressed concerns of its stakeholders.The resolution process operates within a space of possibilities defined by a software component market.This approach to automated‘just-in-time’system evolution develops ideas on ultra-rapid evolution that were proposed by Bennett et al.[6].A schematic diagram of ACCESS’s proposed architecture is shown infigure1.Figure1:ACCESS schematic architectureThe ACCESS approach is by intention domain-independent and its architecture is highly abstract. Applying it to a specific rapidly evolving domain such as e-learning will raise many questions,including:•is a market-based metaphor suitable for an activity such as education that has multiple,poten-tially conflicting,objectives?•most competitive social situations,including markets,require a regulatory function that is independent of the broking function(i.e.the‘autonomic system’infigure1);how should this be provided in an e-learning context?•fairness in market-based allocation systems depends critically on all stakeholders having similar access to reliable information,but feedback to stakeholders is only implicit in the ACCESS 5EPSRC grant no.GR/S19066/01architecture;what additional,possibly domain-specific,feedback channels are needed to ensure fair access for stakeholders to information?4.3Design pattern languages for rapidly evolving domainsThe issue of how to relate design patterns to domain knowledge(section3.3)can be addressed by investigating whether the concepts of system evolution provide an effective rationale for structuring design patterns in rapidly evolving domains.For example,Simon[18]suggested that the qualities of hierarchical and nearly decomposable organisation make it easier for a system to evolve.This may imply that when systems are required to be highly adaptable,their atomic design patterns should be as domain-independent as possible,and the binding to a specific domain should be achieved at a higher level,i.e.through an arrangment of selected patterns into a pattern language[1].This approach could be seen as a generalisation of the coordination patterns that Andrade et al.[3]proposed as a mechanism for allowing business rules to evolve independently of core business concepts.It is also implicitly related to Lehman’s SPE taxonomy[14];the concept of patterns as reusable,domain-independent solutions seems similar to Lehman’s P-type components(which are less likely to evolve),while pattern languages seem closer to his E-type components(which inevitably evolve).Case studies and experiments are needed to explore which of these concepts are both relevant and scalable to the demands of e-learning systems.The development of new IT courses at Reading Uni-versity provides an opportunity to conduct pilot studies,e.g.to compare the effectiveness of different approaches to the design and use of pattern languages for the e-learning domain.4.4Simulation of architectural evolutionPrevious simulation studies of software evolution(e.g.[7])have usually treated a software system as a black-box component and have not attempted to consider the effects of the system’s architecture.On the other hand,simulation models of computer networks do take account of network architecture but often model the architecture as a simple,recursive structure.These approaches,if taken separately, may not be sufficient to produce accurate predictions of the dynamics of highly adaptable systems on either short-or long-term timescales.One of the questions that we plan to investigate is whether models of software evolution can be improved by introducing selected information about the system’s architecture.For example,referring again to Lehman’s SPE classification of software components,does knowing the proportions of E-and P-type components in a system improve predictions of the course of its evolution?The ultimate goal would be to discover which architectural properties(i.e.fundamental design choices)of highly adaptable systems are most important in determining the shape of a system’s subsequent evolution. 5ConclusionsThe demands of highly adaptable information systems provide a challenge for many aspects of software engineering,especially those related to architecture and evolution.The e-learning domain is very suitable for investigating these problems because it is entering a phase of rapid change.Furthermore, this rapidly evolving domain has a direct impact on many higher education institutions,which creates opportunities for researchers to also explore the practicality of candidate solutions to the problems that this paper has identified.References[1]Alexander,C.,Ishikawa,S.and Silverstein,M.,1977.A Pattern Language:Towns,Buildings,Construction.New York:Oxford University Press.[2]Anderson,M.D.,1997.Critical elements of an Internet based asynchronous distance educationcourse.Journal of Educational Technology Systems,26(4),383–388.[3]Andrade,L.,Fiadeiro,J.,et al.,2000.Patterns for coordination.In:Catalin-Roman,G.andPorto,A.,ed.Coordination Languages and Models.Springer-Verlag(Lecture Notes in Computer Science,1906),317–322.[4]Avgeriou,P.,Papasalouros,A.,et al.,2003.Towards a pattern language for Learning Managementcational Technology&Society,6(2),11–24.[5]Beller,M.and Or,E.,1998.The crossroads between lifelong learning and information technol-ogy:a challenge facing leading universities.Journal of Computer Mediated Communication,4(2) December,.[6]Bennett,K.,Munro,M.,et al.,2001.An architectural model for service-based software with ultrarapid evolution.In:Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference On Software Maintenance (ICSM2001):Systems and Software Evolution in the Era of the Internet,Florence,Italy,7–9 November2001.Los Alamitos,CA:IEEE Computer Society,292–300.[7]Chatters,B.W.,Lehman,M.M.,et al.,2000.Modelling a software evolution process:a long-termcase study.Journal of Software Process:Improvement and Practice,5(2–3),95–102.[8]Clements,P.,Kazman,R.and Klein,M.,2002.Evaluating Software Architectures:Methods andCase Studies.Boston,MA:Addison-Wesley(Software Engineering Institute series).[9]Coplien,J.,Hoffman,D.and Weiss,D.,monality and variability in software engineer-ing.IEEE Software,15(6)November/December,37–45.[10]El-Tigi,M.and Branch,R.M.,1997.Designing for interaction,learner control,and feedbackduring Web-based cational Technology,37(3),23–29.[11]Gamma, E.,Helm,R.,et al.,1995.Design Patterns:Elements of Reusable Object-OrientedSoftware.Boston,MA:Addison-Wesley(Professional Computing series).[12]IEEE Computer Society,2000.IEEE Recommended Practice for Architectural Description ofSoftware-Intensive Systems,IEEE-Std-1471-2000.New York:IEEE.[13]Learning Systems Architecture Lab,2002.SCORM Best Practices Guide for Content Developers.Pittsburgh,PA:Carnegie Mellon University.[14]Lehman,M.M.,1980.Programs,life cycles,and laws of software evolution.Proceedings of theIEEE,68(9),1060–1076.[15]Lehman,M.M.and Belady,L.A.(eds.),1985.Program Evolution:Processes of Software Change.London:Academic Press(A.P.I.C.Studies in Data Processing,27).[16]Lehman,M.M.and Kahen,G.,2000.A brief review of feedback dimensions in the global soft-ware process.In:Ramil,J.F.,ed.FEAST2000Workshop:Feedback and Evolution in Software and Business Processes,London,UK,10–12July2000.London:Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine,44–49.[17]Schweizer,H.,1999.Designing and Teaching an Online Course:Spinning Your Web Classroom.Needham Heights,MA:Allyn and Bacon.[18]Simon,H.A.,1969.The Sciences of the Artificial.Cambridge,MA:M.I.T.Press.[19]Sloman,M.,2001.The E-Learning Revolution:From Propositions to Reality.London:CIPD.[20]Zachman,J.A.,1987.A framework for information systems architecture.IBM Systems Journal,26(3),276–292.。

英语哲学思想解读50题1. The statement "All is flux" was proposed by _____.A. PlatoB. AristotleC. HeraclitusD. Socrates答案：C。

本题考查古希腊哲学思想家的观点。

赫拉克利特提出了“万物皆流”的观点。

选项A 柏拉图强调理念论；选项B 亚里士多德注重实体和形式；选项D 苏格拉底主张通过对话和反思来寻求真理。

2. "Know thyself" is a famous saying from _____.A. ThalesB. PythagorasC. DemocritusD. Socrates答案：D。

此题考查古希腊哲学家的名言。

“认识你自己”是苏格拉底的名言。

选项A 泰勒斯主要研究自然哲学；选项B 毕达哥拉斯以数学和神秘主义著称；选项C 德谟克利特提出了原子论。

3. Which philosopher believed that the world is composed of water?A. AnaximenesB. AnaximanderC. ThalesD. Heraclitus答案：C。

本题考查古希腊哲学家对世界构成的看法。

泰勒斯认为世界是由水组成的。

选项A 阿那克西美尼认为是气；选项B 阿那克西曼德认为是无定；选项D 赫拉克利特提出万物皆流。

4. The idea of the "Forms" was put forward by _____.A. PlatoB. AristotleC. EpicurusD. Stoics答案：A。

这道题考查古希腊哲学中的概念。

柏拉图提出了“理念论”，即“形式”。

选项B 亚里士多德对其进行了批判和发展；选项C 伊壁鸠鲁主张快乐主义；选项D 斯多葛学派强调道德和命运。

5. Who claimed that "The unexamined life is not worth living"?A. PlatoB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Epicurus答案：C。

22年高考英语试卷22年高考英语试卷 1年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语这篇论文一共10页，满分120分。

考试需要120分钟。

注意事项：1. 答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名、考生号、考场号和座位号填写在答题卡上。

用2B铅笔将试卷类型(A)填涂在答题卡相应位置上。

将条形码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。

因笔试不考听力，选择题从第二部分的“阅读”开始，试题序号从“21”开始。

2. 作答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑;如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。

3. 非选择题必须用黑色字迹钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应位置上;如高改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案;不准使用铅笔和涂改液，不按以上要求作答的答案无效。

考生一定要保持答题卡的清洁:考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一起交回。

第一部分听力第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1.What will the speakers do next?A. Check the map.B.Leave the restaurant.C.Park the car.2.Where are the speakers?A.Ata bus stop.B.At home.C.At the airport.3.What did the speakers do last week?A. They had acelebration dinner.B.They went to see a newbornbaby.C.They sent a mail to their neighbors.4. Why does the man make the phone call?A. To cancel a weekend trip.B. To make anappointment.C. To get some information.5.What does the man probably want to do?A. Do some exercise.B. Getan extrakey.C. Order room service.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

2018年人工智能伦理高考英语作文题真题解析With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), it has become a hot topic in various fields. As AI technology continues to advance, it has raised various ethical concerns and dilemmas. In this essay, we will delve into the 2018 AI ethics essay question from the high school entrance examination and provide a detailed analysis.The 2018 AI ethics essay question focuses on the ethical challenges posed by the development of AI. It requires students to discuss the potential benefits and risks of AI, as well as their own opinions on this matter. Considering the format of an essay, we can start by introducing the topic and providing a clear thesis statement.Introduction:Artificial intelligence, or AI, has emerged as a powerful tool in today's world. However, its rapid growth has brought about ethical implications that demand careful consideration. In this essay, we will explore the potential advantages and drawbacks of AI, and express our personal perspectives regarding its ethical dimension.Body Paragraph 1: Advantages of AIArtificial intelligence possesses several undeniable advantages. Firstly, AI applications enhance efficiency and productivity in various industries. For instance, in healthcare, AI algorithms can analyze medical data and improve diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, AI technology is capable ofautomating repetitive and mundane tasks, allowing humans to allocate more time and energy to creative and complex endeavors. Additionally, AI-driven robots can perform tasks hazardous to humans, such as exploring dangerous environments or defusing bombs.Body Paragraph 2: Risks and Ethical Concerns of AIWhile the benefits of AI are apparent, the technology also comes with inherent risks and ethical concerns. One of the main issues is the impact of AI on employment. As AI becomes more advanced, there is a concern that it may replace human workers, leading to unemployment and social inequality. Another significant concern is the potential misuse of AI, including cyber attacks or the development of autonomous weapons. Moreover, AI algorithms can reinforce biased or discriminatory practices if they are trained on biased datasets. Such biases can lead to discrimination in areas like hiring, lending, and law enforcement.Body Paragraph 3: Personal Opinion on the Ethical Dimension of AIIn my opinion, while AI offers promising advantages, its ethical implications cannot be ignored. To ensure the responsible and ethical use of AI, it is crucial to establish comprehensive regulations and guidelines. Governments and organizations should collaborate to develop frameworks that prioritize human well-being, privacy protection, and accountability. Additionally, educational institutions should incorporate AI ethics into their curricula to raise awareness and encourage critical thinking among future generations.Conclusion:In conclusion, the development of AI brings both benefits and challenges to society. As individuals, we must recognize and address the ethical concerns associated with AI technology. By fostering a balance between innovation and ethics, we can harness the potential of AI for the betterment of humanity.Word Count: 481Note: The above word count is for reference only. You may continue to expand on the analysis and include additional perspectives to reach the desired 1000-word count.。

新进化论英语Evolutionary TheoryThe concept of evolution has captivated the scientific community and the general public for centuries. From the groundbreaking work of Charles Darwin to the modern advancements in genetic research, the theory of evolution has undergone a remarkable transformation, shedding light on the intricate processes that govern the natural world. This paper delves into the foundations of evolutionary theory, its key principles, and the evidence that supports its validity, ultimately highlighting its significance in our understanding of the world around us.At the core of evolutionary theory lies the principle of natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin. This mechanism suggests that individuals within a species possess variations in their traits, and those with the most advantageous characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits to their offspring. Over successive generations, this process leads to the gradual adaptation and transformation of species, enabling them to better suit their respective environments.One of the primary lines of evidence supporting the theory of evolution is the fossil record. The discovery of a vast array of fossilized remains, ranging from simple single-celled organisms to complex multicellular life forms, has provided a tangible timeline of the Earth's biological history. The systematic arrangement of these fossils, with the oldest and most primitive forms at the bottom and the more advanced species towards the top, corroborates the notion of gradual change over time. Furthermore, the presence of transitional fossils, such as the famous Tiktaalik, a fish-like creature with limb-like appendages, demonstrates the gradual evolution of organisms and the interconnectedness of various species.Another compelling evidence for evolutionary theory comes from the field of comparative anatomy. Researchers have observed striking similarities in the anatomical structures of diverse organisms, ranging from the pentadactyl (five-fingered) limb structure shared by mammals, birds, and reptiles to the vestigial structures, such as the remnants of pelvic bones in whales, which point to their ancestral land-dwelling origins. These shared characteristics, often referred to as homologous structures, provide strong evidence for the common evolutionary origin of these species.The advent of modern molecular biology has further bolstered the theory of evolution. The discovery of DNA and the understanding of genetic inheritance have shed light on the mechanisms ofevolutionary change at the most fundamental level. Comparative analysis of the genetic sequences of different species has revealed striking similarities, indicating their shared evolutionary lineage. Moreover, the phenomenon of genetic mutations, which can introduce beneficial or deleterious changes, has been observed to drive the process of natural selection and adaptation.In addition to the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology, the theory of evolution is supported by numerous other lines of evidence, including biogeography, developmental biology, and the observed instances of evolution in action, such as the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.Despite the overwhelming scientific consensus on the validity of evolutionary theory, it has not been without its critics. Some individuals, motivated by religious or ideological beliefs, have challenged the theory, proposing alternative explanations for the origin and diversity of life. However, the scientific community has consistently reaffirmed the robustness of evolutionary theory, and the vast majority of the evidence continues to support its fundamental principles.In conclusion, the theory of evolution has emerged as one of the most comprehensive and well-supported scientific theories in the modern era. From the groundbreaking work of Charles Darwin to thelatest advancements in molecular biology, the evidence for evolution has continued to accumulate, providing a deep understanding of the mechanisms that govern the natural world. As our scientific knowledge continues to expand, the theory of evolution remains a crucial framework for understanding the origins, adaptations, and diversification of life on Earth.。

【Passage 1】Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females.与博弈论有着紧密联系的是特定寄生蜂种群中的性别比例，该种群有着大量的雌蜂。

In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males.在这些种群中，受精卵发展成为雌蜂，而未受精的卵发展成为雄蜂。

A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.雌蜂储存精子，并通过受精与否决定每个卵的性别。

By Fisher‘s genetic argument that the sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted, it should pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters.通过F的遗传论据，性别比例将会倾向于那些将后代数量最大化的个体，并因此大量的基因复制得以被传输。

而这应该会使得雌蜂生产等量的雌雄幼体。

Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis.H认为，蜂卵将在它们寄主-其他昆虫的幼虫中进行发育，新长成的成年蜂会立即进行交配并分散开。

高二英语哲学思考单选题70题(答案解析)1.The concept of “being” is often associated with _____.A.existenceB.non-existenceC.absenceD.presence答案：A。

“being”通常与“existence”（ 存在）相关联。

选项B“non-existence”（ 不存在）与“being”概念相反；选项C“absence”（ 缺席）和选项D“presence” 在场）与“being”的关系不如“existence”紧密。

2.The essence of a thing is best described as _____.A.appearanceB.qualityC.natureD.color答案：C。

事物的本质最好用“nature”来描述。

选项A“appearance” 外表）不是本质；选项B“quality” 质量）和本质有区别；选项D“color” 颜色）与本质无关。

3.What word represents the fundamental nature of existence?A.realityB.imaginationC.fantasyD.dream答案：A。

“reality”代表存在的基本性质。

选项B“imagination”（ 想象）、选项C“fantasy”（幻想）和选项D“dream”（梦）都不是关于存在的基本性质。

4.The term “ontological” is related to _____.A.ethicsB.logicC.existenceD.aesthetics答案：C。

“ontological”与“existence”（ 存在）相关。

选项A“ethics” 伦理）、选项B“logic” 逻辑）和选项D“aesthetics” 美学）与“ontological”的关系不紧密。

U n i t1H u m a n R e f l e c t i o n s TranslationPart A1.对一些人来说，婚姻是爱情的坟墓；而对另一些人来说，婚姻是拯救那些过着孤单生活的人的好办法。

译：For some, marriage is the grave of love, while for others, marriage is an effective salvation for those who lead a solitary life.2.此次会议肩负着重大的历史责任，必然将对该组织的发展产生深远影响。

译：Blessed with a great historical responsibility, the Conference is destined to have far-reaching impact on the development of the organization.3.所有这些都寄寓着人们对美好生活的向往，因此得以代代流传。

译：All of these show people’s yearning for a better life, so they have been carried forward generation after generation.4.总统警告说，如果国会现在通过这一法案，那么他一直努力维护的脆弱的和平进程可能就会破裂。

译：If Congress approved the bill now, the president warned, the fragile peace process that he is trying to keep could fall apart.5.夫妻之间必须能够容忍彼此性格上的一些瑕疵，否则的话她们的婚姻很可能会以离婚而告终。

译：The couple must be tolerant of the little imperfections in each other’s character, otherwise their marriage may end up in divorce.Part B爱情是一部电话机，渴望它响起时，它却总是悄无声息；不经心留意时，它又叮铃铃地响起。

高中英语科技论文翻译单选题40题1. The term "nanotechnology" is often translated as "_____".A. 纳米技术B. 微观技术C. 微观科学D. 纳米科学答案：A。

“nanotechnology”常见且准确的翻译就是“纳米技术”，B 选项“微观技术”通常用“microtechnology”，C 选项“微观科学”一般是“microscopic science”，D 选项“纳米科学”是“nanoscience”。

2. "Artificial intelligence" is best translated to "_____".A. 人工智慧B. 人造智能C. 人工智能D. 人工智力答案：C。

“Artificial intelligence”最准确和常用的翻译是“人工智能”，A 选项“人工智慧”不太符合常见表达，B 选项“人造智能”不够准确，D 选项“人工智力”不是常用的翻译。

3. The phrase "genetic engineering" can be translated as "_____".A. 基因工程B. 遗传工程C. 基因技术D. 遗传技术答案：B。

“genetic engineering”常见的翻译是“遗传工程”，A 选项“基因工程”不太准确，C 选项“基因技术”通常是“genetic technology”，D 选项“遗传技术”一般是“genetic technique”。

4. "Quantum mechanics" is usually translated to "_____".A. 量子力学B. 量子机械学C. 量子物理学D. 量子动力学答案：A。

“Quantum mechanics”准确的翻译是“量子力学”，B 选项“量子机械学”这种表述不常见，C 选项“量子物理学”是“Quantum Physics”，D 选项“量子动力学”是“Quantum Dynamics”。

托福阅读真题第190篇TheCosmologicalPrinciple（答案文章最后）The Cosmological PrincipleParagraph 1：Cosmologists attempt to understand the origin and structure of the universe as a whole. They begin their search with an assumption about the nature of the universe —namely, that in looking out from our vantage point in the cosmos, we see essentially the same kind of universe that an observer stationed in any other part of it, no matter how remote, would see. As far as our telescopes can reach, we see galaxies and clusters of galaxies distributed in more or less the same way in every direction. This assumption that the universe is uniform ona large scale is called “the cosmological principle.”1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O Cosmologists make the assumption that the universe would appear basically the same from anywhere within it.O Cosmologists simplify their assumptions because they are basically trying to understand the whole universe.O Cosmologists make an assumption about the universe basically in an effort to avoid stationing observers in remote places.O Cosmologists incorrectly assumed the universe to be far simpler that it really is when viewed on a larger scale.Paragraph 2：One thing that is certain is that the universe is expanding. In every direction we look, distant galaxies are moving away from each other. Until the 1960s, the expansion ofthe universe was the primary fact of cosmological significance that cosmological theories had to accommodate. There were two general classes of cosmological theories that fit with the expanding universe: the evolutionary (Big Bang) theory and the steady-state theory.2. According to paragraph 2, what is true of both the evolutionary and steady-state theories?O Both were based on the work of the same observer of the galaxies.O Both were used to overturn the theories of the early twentieth century.O Both took 30 years to become widely accepted by cosmologists.O Both accommodate the fact that the galaxies are moving apart.Paragraph 3：The essential idea of the evolutionary cosmology is that there was a beginning—a moment of creation at which the universe came into existence in a hot, violent explosion—the Big Bang. In the beginning, the universe was very hot, very dense, and very tiny. As the explosion evolved, the temperature dropped, the distribution of matter and energy thinned, and the universe expanded. From the current observed rate of expansion, we conclude that the creation event occurred between ten and twenty billion years ago.3. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a feature of the Big Bang cosmology?O A sudden, hot explosion of the universeO A reduction in the density of matter over timeO A significant rise in temperature over timeO An expansion of the universeParagraph 4：The steady-state theory is based on an idea called the “perfect cosmological principle.” It is “perfect” in that it maintains that the universe is uniform not only in space but in time. Thus it is the hypothesis that the large-scale universe has always been the way it is now and will be this way forever in the future. This view is consistent with philosophical approaches that reject the notion of an absolute beginning of the universe as unacceptable. The steady-state universe would have no beginning and no end.4. Why does the author state that “The steady-state universe would have no beginning and no end.”?O To present evidence against the steady-state view of the universeO To clarify why the steady-state view is attractive to certain philosophical approachesO To contrast cosmology with philosophyO To indicate that the steady-state view is the most accepted cosmologyParagraph 5：In an expanding universe, the galaxies move away from each other, spreading matter more thinly over space. On the other hand, the perfect cosmological principle requires that the density of matter in the universe remain constant over time. To make the steady-state theory compatible with the expanding universe, its proponents introduced the notion of continuous creation. As the universe expands and the galaxies move farther apart, new matter—in the form of hydrogen—is introduced into the universe. The rate at which the hypothesized new matter is created is far too small for this creation to be detected with available instruments, but continuous creation provides just enough matter to form new stars and galaxies thatfill in the space left by the old ones. Thus in the steady-state universe there is evolution of stars and galaxies, but the general character and the overall density of the universe remains unchanged over time. In this special sense, the steady-state universe itself does not evolve.5. Which of the following is true of the concept of “continuous creation”?O It suggests that hydrogen for new stars is created as galaxies move farther apart.O It asserts that matter in the universe becomes denser as hydrogen is created.O It explains why the galaxies are moving away from each other.O It predicts a change in density of matter in the universe over time.6. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is characteristic of the steady-state theory?O The rate of expansion it predicts is too slow to be measured by current instruments.O New stars and galaxies are formed, but the large-scale properties of the universe remain the same.O The density of matter changes over time as the universe evolves.O The creation of new galaxies will eventually stop the universe from expanding.Paragraph 6：Both of these views—steady-state and Bing Bang—allow for cosmic expansion. However, the discovery in the 1960s of a comparatively small star-like objects called quasars tipped the scales in favor of the Big Bang cosmology. Astronomers determined that almost all quasars are very distant.Given how bright quasars appear even at such great distances, astronomers concluded that quasars typically have an output of light that is 1,000 times greater than that of a whole spiral galaxy composed of billions of stars.7. Paragraph 6 answers which of the following questions about quasars?O What is the ratio of the number of quasars to the number of spiral galaxies?O Why was the discovery of quasars of importance for cosmologists?O Why were quasars not discovered before the 1960s?O How do quasars produce so much light?Paragraph 7：Quasars are such distant objects that the light now reaching us from quasars left them billions of years ago. This means that when we observe quasars today we are seeing that state of the universe billions of years ago. Thus the fact that almost all quasars are very far away implies that earlier in the history of the universe quasars were developing more frequently than they are now. This evolution is consistent with the Big Bang theory. But it violates the perfect cosmological principle, and so it is inconsistent with the steady-state view.8. Which of the following best describes the relationship between paragraphs 6 and 7?O Paragraph 6 makes a claim about support for the Big Bang cosmology and paragraph 7 describes how the distribution of quasars provides that support.O Paragraph 6 describes the similarities between the steady-state and Big Bang theories, while paragraph 7 explains the differences between them.O Paragraph 6 presents a question about quasars whileparagraph 7 provides several possible answers to that question.O Paragraph 6 describes the chemical composition of quasars while paragraph 7 describes the locations of quasars.Paragraph 7：Quasars are such distant objects that the light now reaching us from quasars left them billions of years ago. This means that when we observe quasars today we are seeing that state of the universe billions of years ago. ■Thus the fact that almost all quasars are very far away implies that earlier in the history of the universe quasars were developing more frequently than they are now. ■This evolution is consistent with the Big Bang theory. ■But it violates the perfect cosmological principle, and so it is inconsistent with the steady-state view.■9. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.In turn this means that over a period of billions of years the large-scale distribution of the kinds of galaxies the universe contains has fundamentally changed.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Evolutionary and steady-state theories have been proposed to explain the large-scale structure of the universe.Answer ChoicesO The Big Bang theory maintains that the continuouscreation of matter is the explanation for why the universe is expanding at a constant rate.O While the steady-state cosmology rejects the belief that the universe has an end, it accepts the possibility that the universe had a beginning.O The distribution of quasars suggests that the large-scale structure of the universe has changed over time and thus makes the evolutionary theory more plausible than the steady-state theory.O The evolutionary theory maintains that the universe had a beginning with a high density explosion and has been expanding to yield a less dense distribution of matter ever since.O The steady-state theory maintains that the expanding universe has existed forever, with new matter being continuously created to keep the large-scale density of matter the same as we observe it today.O The extreme brightness of quasars is proof of an explosion that marked the beginning of the universe as hypothesized by the evolutionary cosmology.。

02.人工智能养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

一、阅读理解1Some are concerned that AI tools are turning language learning into a weakening pursuit. More and more people are using simple, free tools, not only to decode text but also to speak. With these apps’ conversation mode, you talk into a phone and a spoken translation is heard moments later; the app can also listen for another language and produce a translation in yours.Others are less worried. Most people do not move abroad or have the kind of on-going contact with a foreign culture that requires them to put in the work to become fluent. Nor do most people learn languages for the purpose of humanising themselves or training their brains. On their holiday, they just want a beer and the spaghetti without incident.Douglas Hofstadter, an expert in many languages, has argued that something profound (深刻的) will disappear when people talk through machines. He describes giving a broken, difficult speech in Chinese, which required a lot of work but offered a sense of satisfaction at the end.As AI translation becomes an even more popular labor-saving tool, people can be divided into two groups. There will be those who want to stretch their minds, expose themselves to other cultures or force their thinking into new pathways. This group will still take on language study, often aided by technology. Others will look at learning a new language with a mix of admiration and puzzlement, as they might with extreme endurance (耐力) sports: “Good for you, if that’s your thing, but a bit painful for my taste.”But a focus on the learner alone misses the fundamentally social nature of language. It is a bit like analysing the benefits of close relationships to heart-health but overlooking the inherent (固有的) value of those bondsthemselves. When you try to ask directions in broken Japanese or ruin a joke in broken German, you are making direct contact with someone. And when you speak a language well enough to tell a story with perfect timing or put delicate differences on an argument, that connection is more profound still. The best relationships do not require a medium.1. What is the first two paragraphs mainly about?A. Communicating through apps is simple.B. Apps provide a one-way interactive process.C. Using apps becomes more and more popular.D. AI tools weaken the needs of language learning.2. What is Douglas’ attitude to language learning?A. Favorable.B. Objective.C. Doubtful.D. Unclear3. What do we know about the second group mentioned in paragraph 4?A. They are keen on foreign culture.B. They long to join in endurance sports.C. They find Al tools too complex to operate.D. They lack the motivation to learn language.4. How does the author highlight his argument in the last paragraph?A. By providing examples.B. By explaining concepts.C. By stating reasons.D. By offering advice.【答案】1. D 2. A 3. D 4. A【解析】这是一篇说明文。

2023年6月的六级作文真题英文回答：Artificial Intelligence: A Tool for Progress or a Threat to Employment?The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has sparked a great deal of debate and discussion about its potential impact on the future of employment. Some argue that AI will lead to widespread job displacement, while others believe that it will create new opportunities and enhance human capabilities.On the one hand, AI has the potential to automate many tasks that are currently performed by humans, ranging from data entry and customer service to manufacturing and even creative work. This could lead to significant job losses in certain industries, particularly those that rely on repetitive or predictable tasks.On the other hand, AI can also create new opportunities by enabling the development of new products, services, and industries. For example, AI is being used to develop self-driving cars, personalized medicine, and advanced robotics, which could lead to the creation of new jobs in fields such as software engineering, data analysis, and robotics maintenance.Ultimately, the impact of AI on employment is likely to be complex and multifaceted. While it is true that some jobs may be lost to automation, it is also likely that new jobs will be created in other areas. The key challenge will be to ensure that workers have the skills and training necessary to adapt to the changing demands of the labor market.Chinese 回答：人工智能，促进进步的工具还是影响就业的威胁？人工智能（AI）的快速发展引发了许多关于其对未来就业的潜在影响的争论和讨论。

高二英语生物进化单选题50题1. Charles Darwin proposed that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors through a process he called “natural selection”. Which of the following best describes natural selection?A. Organisms randomly change their characteristics to adapt to the environment.B. Nature selects the organisms with favorable traits to survive and reproduce.C. All organisms in a population will survive and reproduce equally.D. The environment creates new traits for organisms to adapt.答案：B。

解析：选项A中说生物随机改变特征来适应环境，这是错误的，自然选择不是随机改变特征。

选项B正确地阐述了自然选择的概念，即自然选择具有有利特征的生物使其生存和繁殖。

选项C 中说种群中的所有生物都会平等地生存和繁殖，这与自然选择中适者生存的概念相悖。

选项D说环境为生物创造新的特征来适应，这是错误的，是生物自身存在变异，环境选择有利的变异。

2. The theory of evolution states that species change over time. What is the main driving force behind these changes?A. Human interferenceB. Genetic mutation and natural selectionC. The will of the organisms themselvesD. A sudden change in the Earth's climate答案：B。

达尔文进化论关于natural selection：Darwin 的natural selection本来需要long time evolution 来验证，本文则是用了两个relatively short evolution's examples 来support natural selection。

开头，达尔文认为自然选择are too slow for people to witness. 首先说达尔文提出由于物种进化需要很长的时间，因此不可能会被人类观察到。

但是最近的一些发现却说明某些物种进化时间很短，可以被科学家所观察。

然后，提出了一个关于环境与物种生存周期的假说，还说某个科学家研究一种鱼类证明了这个假说的合理性。

自然选择对生物的影响（与达尔文的不同）两个例子，guppy 在predator多和少池塘里生活，大小不同（offspring 的大小多少）和一种鸟在小岛上适应干旱( large &small) 讲Darwin的nature selection，开始讲到生物的自然演变要经历很长的时间，这种限制是Darwin当时不能用experiment证明nature selection的原因（第一题考），然后讲了现代生物学家发现在短期可以观察到nature selection给动物的一些特性带来的变化。

1st一种鱼，人为控制条件。

有一种鱼，在predator多的时候，life-span, size, mate, reproduction都有变化，为什么变化。

然后，再将一部分放入predator（掠食者）少的pool 中，offspring(后代)发生了很多changes，比如比它们的ancestor（祖先）size上要大，下egg少了，等等。

整个实验耗时11y；举例时用guppy这种鱼，他们生活在下游时由于predator很多，所以繁殖的速度很快；但当科学家把他们带到上游生活（那里的predator 很少），他们的繁殖的速度明显变慢了。