动词的ing形式作定语和状语
编稿：张桂琴审稿：梁晓
概念引入：
Do you know the boy playing basketball? 你认识那个正在打篮球的男孩儿吗？
They lived in a house facing south. 他住在一所朝南的房里里
Knowing all this ,they made me pay for the damage.
尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿。
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
我们已经作好充分准备了，现在可以考试了。
语法讲解：
V-ing 形式
V-ing 形式由“do＋ing” 构成, 其否定形式是“not doing”, V-ing 可以带宾语或状语构成V-ing 短语, 没有人称和数的变化, 但有时态和语态的变化。
现在分词作定语
现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前,说明其修饰名词的性质或特征,表示“供作…之用”和“ …的”。
a walking stick (a stick used for walking)
drinking water (water for drinking)
a waiting room (a room for waiting)
working people the rising sun
分词是短语形式, 应放在所修饰的名词后, 相当于一个定语从句。
They are visitors coming from several countries.
who come from several countries.
Three days later I received a letter offering me the job.
which offered me the job.
The girl standing there is my classmate.
who stands there
现在分词作状语
现在分词作状语时, 分词的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语, 分词必须和句中的主语含有逻辑上的主谓关系, 否则不能用现在分词作状语。
但要注意它的各种形式变化:
完成式
主动形式被动形式
一般式V-ing being V-ed
完成式having V-ed having been V-ed
e. g. Hearing the bell, the students began to enter the classroom.
听见铃声, 学生们开始走进教室。
(听见和进入两个动作同时发生)
The building being built now is our new library.
现在正在建造的这栋楼房是我们的新图书馆。
(being built为现在分词的被动形式, 表示动作正在进行之中)
Having done the work, he went home.
完成了工作, 他就回家了。
现在分词在句中作状语, 修饰谓语动词或整个句子, 表示动作发生的原因、时间、方式、结果、条件、伴随状况等。
现在分词一般不用作表目的地状语(通常用不定式表目的地状语)。
1)表时间状语
Walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.
(=When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.)
Waiting for the bus, he read a copy of China Daily.
(=While waiting for the bus, he read a copy of China Daily.)
2) 表原因状语
Being ill, he didn’t go to school.
(=as he was ill, he didn’t go to school.)
既然你是一个学生, 你就应该努力学习。
Being a student, you should study hard.
(=Since you are a student, you should study hard.)
由于想到它或许在家, 所以我就给他打了电话。
Thinking he might be at home, I called him.
(As I thought he might be at home, I called him.)
3)表方式、伴随情况的状语: 作伴随状语的
分词表示的动作, 必须是主语的一个动作, 或是与谓语所表示的动作(或状态)同时发生, 或是对谓语表示的动词(或状态)作进一步地补充说明。
e.g. He sat on the sofa, watching TV.
(=He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.)
他们笑着谈着走进了教室。
Laughing and talking , they went into the classroom.
他斜靠(lean)着墙站着。
He stood leaning against the wall.
(＝He stood and leaned against the wall.)
4) 表结果
e.g. Her mother died in 1990, leaving her with her younger brother.
(=Her mother died in 1990, and left her with her younger brother.)
全国到处在传唱这首歌曲, 使它成了一首最受欢迎的歌曲。
The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song.
5) 表条件
Using your head, you will find a way.
(=If you use your head, you will find a way.)
一直往前走, 你就会看到一座白色地房子。
Walking ahead, you will see a white house.
6) 与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard．
我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许, 我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式。
With the lights burning, he fell asleep.
他点着灯睡着了。
7)作独立成分:
Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看, 他一定是个演员。
【高清课堂：356774 ，非谓语动词之-ing形式，ing形式的各种形式的用法】
-ing 形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。
-ing 形式作定语用时，其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。
如：
The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.
I have three letters to write.
-ing 形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。
（1 ）不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：
I have told them to come again tomorrow.
（2 ）在see, watch, hear, feel 等之后，如果用-ing 形式作宾补，表示没有听到或看到动作的结束；而用不带to 的不定式作宾补时，不定式表示听到或看到了动作的结束。
如：I hear her singing in the room.
I hear her sing in the room.
-ing 形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。
-ing 形式在句中作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语，如：
Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again.
I looked into the window to see what was going on inside.。
